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<button aria-controls="toc-Mode_and_manner-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mode and manner subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mode_and_manner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meaning_of_the_Greek_verb_baptizein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meaning_of_the_Greek_verb_baptizein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Meaning of the Greek verb baptizein </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meaning_of_the_Greek_verb_baptizein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Derived nouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apparel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apparel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Apparel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apparel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meaning_and_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meaning_and_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Meaning and effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Meaning_and_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Meaning and effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Meaning_and_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christian_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Christian traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecumenical_statements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenical_statements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Ecumenical statements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenical_statements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Validity_considerations_by_some_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Validity_considerations_by_some_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Validity considerations by some churches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Validity_considerations_by_some_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_by_other_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_by_other_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Recognition by other denominations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_by_other_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Officiant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officiant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Officiant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officiant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practitioners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practitioners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Practitioners </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practitioners-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Practitioners subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Practitioners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Protestantism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anabaptist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anabaptist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Anabaptist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anabaptist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Baptist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Churches_of_Christ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches_of_Christ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Churches of Christ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches_of_Christ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheranism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheranism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Lutheranism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheranism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.5 Methodism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moravianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moravianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.6 Moravianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moravianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformed_Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformed_Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.7 Reformed Protestantism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformed_Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Protestants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Protestants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.8 United Protestants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Protestants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Catholicism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Eastern Orthodoxy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Other groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jehovah's_Witnesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Jehovah's Witnesses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freemasonry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freemasonry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Freemasonry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freemasonry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-practitioners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-practitioners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Non-practitioners </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-practitioners-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Non-practitioners subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Non-practitioners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Quakers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salvation_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salvation_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Salvation Army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salvation_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hyperdispensationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyperdispensationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Hyperdispensationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyperdispensationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debaptism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debaptism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Debaptism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debaptism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Comparative summary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptism_of_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptism_of_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Baptism of objects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Baptism_of_objects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Baptism of objects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Baptism_of_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boats_and_ships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boats_and_ships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Boats and ships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boats_and_ships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_bells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_bells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Church bells </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_bells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dolls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dolls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Dolls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dolls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_initiation_ceremonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_initiation_ceremonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Other initiation ceremonies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_initiation_ceremonies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other initiation ceremonies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_initiation_ceremonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mystery_religion_initiation_rites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mystery_religion_initiation_rites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Mystery religion initiation rites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mystery_religion_initiation_rites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gnostic_Catholicism_and_Thelema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gnostic_Catholicism_and_Thelema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Gnostic Catholicism and Thelema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gnostic_Catholicism_and_Thelema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandaean_baptism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandaean_baptism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Mandaean baptism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandaean_baptism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sethian_baptism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sethian_baptism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Sethian baptism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sethian_baptism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yazidi_baptism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yazidi_baptism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Yazidi baptism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yazidi_baptism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_practice_of_wudu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_practice_of_wudu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Islamic practice of wudu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_practice_of_wudu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptism_in_the_Yadav_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptism_in_the_Yadav_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Baptism in the Yadav community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptism_in_the_Yadav_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Baptism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 114 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" > 114 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doop" title="Doop – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Doop" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taufe" title="Taufe – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Taufe" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="معمودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معمودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismo" title="Baptismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Baptismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%A5%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܡܥܡܘܕܝܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܥܡܘܕܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bautismu" title="Bautismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bautismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C9%99ftiz" title="Vəftiz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vəftiz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="অপ্সুদীক্ষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অপ্সুদীক্ষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Хрышчэнне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хрышчэнне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Хрост – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хрост" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptaes" title="Baptaes – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Baptaes" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Кръщение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кръщение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taf_(Begriffsklearung)" title="Taf (Begriffsklearung) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Taf (Begriffsklearung)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badeziant" title="Badeziant – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Badeziant" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B3_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Хэрээснэг бололго – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хэрээснэг бололго" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptisme" title="Baptisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Baptisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%C4%95%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Тĕне кĕртни – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕне кĕртни" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyag" title="Bunyag – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bunyag" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99est" title="Křest – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Křest" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubhabhatidza" title="Kubhabhatidza – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kubhabhatidza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedydd" title="Bedydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bedydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A5b" title="Dåb – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dåb" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taufe" title="Taufe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Taufe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ristimine" title="Ristimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ristimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Βάπτισμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βάπτισμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bautismo" title="Bautismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bautismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bapto" title="Bapto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bapto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataio" title="Bataio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bataio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="غسل تعمید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غسل تعمید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B3pur" title="Dópur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Dópur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bapt%C3%AAme" title="Baptême – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baptême" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doop_(sakramint)" title="Doop (sakramint) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Doop (sakramint)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiste" title="Baiste – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Baiste" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baisteadh" title="Baisteadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Baisteadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bautismo" title="Bautismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bautismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хих чакхдаккхар – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хих чакхдаккхар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE_(%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%AE)" title="બાપ્તિસ્મા (બૅપ્ટિઝમ) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બાપ્તિસ્મા (બૅપ્ટિઝમ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9-l%C3%AE" title="Sé-lî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sé-lî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%A1%80" title="세례 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세례" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մկրտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մկրտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बपतिस्मा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बपतिस्मा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99%C4%87e%C5%84ca" title="Křćeńca – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Křćeńca" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1tenje" title="Krštenje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krštenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptis" title="Baptis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Baptis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismo" title="Baptismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Baptismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%B4" title="Аргъуыд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Аргъуыд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrn" title="Skírn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skírn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battesimo" title="Battesimo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battesimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="טבילה לנצרות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טבילה לנצרות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90s%C9%94_t%C9%9B_l%C9%A9m_s%C9%94%CA%8A_s%C9%94nz%C9%A9" title="Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm sɔʊ sɔnzɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm sɔʊ sɔnzɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D(%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8,_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8)" title="ಬ್ಯಾಪ್ಟಿಸಮ್(ದೀಕ್ಷಾಸ್ನಾನ, ಜ್ಞಾನಸ್ನಾನ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ಯಾಪ್ಟಿಸಮ್(ದೀಕ್ಷಾಸ್ನಾನ, ಜ್ಞಾನಸ್ನಾನ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubatizo" title="Ubatizo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ubatizo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C3%A8m" title="Batèm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Batèm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noqkirin" title="Noqkirin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Noqkirin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismus" title="Baptismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Baptismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C4%ABbas" title="Kristības – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kristības" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krik%C5%A1tas" title="Krikštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krikštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duip" title="Duip – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Duip" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C3%ADsimo" title="Batísimo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Batísimo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battesim" title="Battesim – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Battesim" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereszts%C3%A9g" title="Keresztség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Keresztség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Крштевање – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Крштевање" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batisa" title="Batisa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Batisa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ജ്ഞാനസ്നാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജ്ഞാനസ്നാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बाप्तिस्मा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बाप्तिस्मा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="تعميد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تعميد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembaptisan" title="Pembaptisan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembaptisan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doop_(sacrament)" title="Doop (sacrament) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Doop (sacrament)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="बप्तिस्मा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बप्तिस्मा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E7%A4%BC" title="洗礼 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="洗礼" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A5p" title="Dåp – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dåp" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A5p" title="Dåp – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dåp" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batisme" title="Batisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%81" title="بپتسمہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بپتسمہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%BA%D8%B3%D9%84" title="تعمید غسل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تعمید غسل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6%C3%B6p" title="Dööp – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Dööp" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrzest" title="Chrzest – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chrzest" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batismo" title="Batismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botez" title="Botez – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Botez" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaisem" title="Battaisem – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Battaisem" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unuchay" title="Unuchay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Unuchay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%89%D1%A3%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Крещѣня – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Крещѣня" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Крещение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крещение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag%C3%ABzimi" title="Pagëzimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pagëzimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatt%C3%ACu" title="Vattìu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vattìu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="බෞතිස්මය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බෞතිස්මය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Baptism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88" title="بپتسمو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بپتسمو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviatos%C5%A5_krstu" title="Sviatosť krstu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sviatosť krstu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krst" title="Krst – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krst" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzest" title="Krzest – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Krzest" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Крштење – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Крштење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1tenje" title="Krštenje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Krštenje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptis" title="Baptis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Baptis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaste" title="Kaste – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dop" title="Dop – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dop" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bautismo" title="Bautismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bautismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="திருமுழுக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருமுழுக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abellez" title="Abellez – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Abellez" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83" title="Чумылдыру – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чумылдыру" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9E%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="జ్ఞానస్నానం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జ్ఞానస్నానం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99" title="พิธีรับเข้าเป็นคริสต์ศาสนิกชน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พิธีรับเข้าเป็นคริสต์ศาสนิกชน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Ғусли таъмид – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ғусли таъмид" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaftiz" title="Vaftiz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vaftiz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Хрещення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хрещення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%81" title="بپتسمہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بپتسمہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batezo" title="Batezo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Batezo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BB%ADa_t%E1%BB%99i" title="Rửa tội – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rửa tội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateme" title="Bateme – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bateme" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buny%C3%A1g" title="Bunyág – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bunyág" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E7%A4%BC" title="洗礼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="洗礼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E7%A6%AE" title="洗禮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="洗禮" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E7%A6%AE" title="洗禮 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="洗禮" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptisa" title="Baptisa – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Baptisa" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35856#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Baptism%22">"Baptism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Baptism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Baptism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Baptism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Baptism%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Baptism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (February 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptism_in_the_Jordan_River_140308-N-HB951-058.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Baptism_in_the_Jordan_River_140308-N-HB951-058.jpg/250px-Baptism_in_the_Jordan_River_140308-N-HB951-058.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Baptism_in_the_Jordan_River_140308-N-HB951-058.jpg/330px-Baptism_in_the_Jordan_River_140308-N-HB951-058.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Baptism_in_the_Jordan_River_140308-N-HB951-058.jpg/500px-Baptism_in_the_Jordan_River_140308-N-HB951-058.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A baptism by immersion in the <a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/60px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/120px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Mandaeism" title="Category:Mandaeism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Drabsha" title="Drabsha"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/120px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/250px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="1615" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Prophets</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Names for adherents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)#Nasoraean_Mandaeans" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nasoraeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mandaean_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mandaean texts">Scriptures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_Ginza" title="Right Ginza">Right Ginza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Ginza" title="Left Ginza">Left Ginza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John" title="Mandaean Book of John">Mandaean Book of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qulasta" title="Qulasta">Qulasta</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Qulasta_prayers" title="List of Qulasta prayers">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haran_Gawaita" title="Haran Gawaita">Haran Gawaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_of_the_Great_Shishlam" title="The Wedding of the Great Shishlam">The Wedding of the Great Shishlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Hibil_Ziwa" title="The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa">The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Abatur" class="mw-redirect" title="Diwan Abatur">Diwan Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Thousand_and_Twelve_Questions" title="The Thousand and Twelve Questions">The Thousand and Twelve Questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_Exalted_Kingship" title="Scroll of Exalted Kingship">Scroll of Exalted Kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_of_the_Great_Shishlam" title="The Coronation of the Great Shishlam">The Coronation of the Great Shishlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Ri%C5%A1aia_Rba" title="Alma Rišaia Rba">Alma Rišaia Rba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Ri%C5%A1aia_Zu%E1%B9%ADa" title="Alma Rišaia Zuṭa">Alma Rišaia Zuṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zihrun_Raza_Kasia" title="Zihrun Raza Kasia">Zihrun Raza Kasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Parwanaya" title="Scroll of the Parwanaya">Scroll of the Parwanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Zodiac" title="Book of the Zodiac">Book of the Zodiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmut_Ku%C5%A1%E1%B9%ADa" title="Dmut Kušṭa">Dmut Kušṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Rivers" title="Scroll of the Rivers">Scroll of the Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Ancestors" title="Secrets of the Ancestors">Secrets of the Ancestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Ancestors" title="Scroll of the Ancestors">Scroll of the Ancestors</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_priest" title="Mandaean priest">Priests</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rishama" title="Rishama">Rishama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzibra" title="Ganzibra">Ganzibra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmida" title="Tarmida">Tarmida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shganda" title="Shganda">Shganda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Individual leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miriai" title="Miriai">Miriai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlama_beth_Qidra" title="Shlama beth Qidra">Shlama beth Qidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazai_of_Gawazta" title="Zazai of Gawazta">Zazai of Gawazta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_Bar_Danqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anush Bar Danqa">Anush Bar Danqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Bihram" title="Yahya Bihram">Yahya Bihram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhil_Aidan" title="Dakhil Aidan">Dakhil Aidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabbar_Choheili" title="Jabbar Choheili">Jabbar Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattar_Jabbar_Hilow" title="Sattar Jabbar Hilow">Sattar Jabbar Hilow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najah_Choheili" title="Najah Choheili">Najah Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Choheili" title="Salah Choheili">Salah Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brikha_Nasoraia" title="Brikha Nasoraia">Brikha Nasoraia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Rituals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">Masbuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masiqta" title="Masiqta">Masiqta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamasha_(ablution)" title="Tamasha (ablution)">Tamasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishama_(ablution)" title="Rishama (ablution)">Rishama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushta" title="Kushta">Kushta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabin" title="Qabin">Qabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misha_(Mandaeism)" title="Misha (Mandaeism)">Misha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ritual food and drink</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mambuha" title="Mambuha">Mambuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halalta" title="Halalta">Halalta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamra_(Mandaeism)" title="Hamra (Mandaeism)">Hamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pihta" title="Pihta">Pihta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatira" title="Fatira">Fatira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zidqa_brikha" title="Zidqa brikha">Zidqa brikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofani" title="Lofani">Lofani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_(Mandaeism)" title="Sa (Mandaeism)">Sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukrana" title="Dukrana">Dukrana</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Belief in Oneness of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brakha" title="Brakha">Daily prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauma" title="Sauma">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zidqa" title="Zidqa">Almsgiving</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Objects and symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drabsha" title="Drabsha">Drabsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasta_(Mandaeism)" title="Rasta (Mandaeism)">Rasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burzinqa" title="Burzinqa">Burzinqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandama" title="Pandama">Pandama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klila" title="Klila">Klila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taga_(Mandaeism)" title="Taga (Mandaeism)">Taga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riha_(Mandaeism)" title="Riha (Mandaeism)">Riha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandola" title="Skandola">Skandola</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_cosmology" title="Mandaean cosmology">Cosmology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Mandaeism)" title="Mana (Mandaeism)">Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_(Mandaeism)" title="Manda (Mandaeism)">Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_d-Hayyi" title="Manda d-Hayyi">Manda d-Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yushamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibil" title="Hibil">Hibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitil" title="Shitil">Shitil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_(Mandaeism)" title="Anush (Mandaeism)">Anush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ziwa" title="Sam Ziwa">Sam Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihram" title="Bihram">Bihram Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Adathan">Adathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadathan">Yadathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilmai" title="Shilmai">Shilmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidbai" title="Nidbai">Nidbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawar_Ziwa" title="Yawar Ziwa">Yawar Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simat_Hayyi" title="Simat Hayyi">Simat Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yufin-Yufafin" title="Yufin-Yufafin">Yufin-Yufafin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsab" title="Nsab">Nsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nbat" title="Nbat">Nbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubran" title="Gubran">Gubran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihlun" title="Shihlun">Shihlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfeil" class="mw-redirect" title="Urfeil">Urfeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marfeil" class="mw-redirect" title="Marfeil">Marfeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saureil" title="Saureil">Saureil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zihrun" title="Zihrun">Zihrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etinsib_Ziwa" title="Etinsib Ziwa">Etinsib Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piriawis" title="Piriawis">Piriawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarwan" title="Tarwan">Tarwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yura_(Mandaeism)" title="Yura (Mandaeism)">Yura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurba" title="Yurba">Yurba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukashar" title="Yukashar">Yukashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziwa_(Aramaic)#Mandaeism" title="Ziwa (Aramaic)">Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrat" title="Shahrat">Shahrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Malwasha">Malwasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishimta" title="Nishimta">Nishimta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinanukht" title="Dinanukht">Dinanukht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishlam" title="Shishlam">Shishlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezlat" title="Ezlat">Ezlat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkinta" title="Shkinta">škina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmuta" title="Dmuta">Dmuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mshunia_Kushta" title="Mshunia Kushta">Mshunia Kushta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_kasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam kasia">Adam kasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_pagria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam pagria">Adam pagria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatrin" title="Shatrin">Shatrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laufa" title="Laufa">Laufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitfun" title="Hitfun">Hitfun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibil" title="Tibil">Tibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Suf" title="Sea of Suf">Sea of Suf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniawis" title="Siniawis">Siniawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matarta" title="Matarta">Matarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(Mandaeism)" title="Ur (Mandaeism)">Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krun" title="Krun">Krun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaf_(Mandaeism)" title="Gaf (Mandaeism)">Gaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_(Mandaeism)" title="Qin (Mandaeism)">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahreil" title="Zahreil">Zahreil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anathan" title="Anathan">Anathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giu_(Mandaeism)" title="Giu (Mandaeism)">Giu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shdum" title="Shdum">Shdum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartai-Zartanai" title="Zartai-Zartanai">Zartai-Zartanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag_and_Mag" title="Hag and Mag">Hag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag_and_Mag" title="Hag and Mag">Mag</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar#Festivals" title="Mandaean calendar">Festivals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parwanaya" title="Parwanaya">Parwanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Dehwa Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_d-Shishlam_Rabba" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehwa d-Shishlam Rabba">Dehwa d-Shishlam Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Daimana" title="Dehwa Daimana">Dehwa Daimana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Hanina" title="Dehwa Hanina">Dehwa Hanina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Haris" title="Abu al-Haris">Abu al-Haris</a> (Ashoriya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar#Festivals" title="Mandaean calendar">Ead Fel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yardna" title="Yardna">Yardena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Manda" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth Manda">Beth Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkinta" title="Shkinta">Shkinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andiruna" title="Andiruna">Andiruna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Brakha" title="Brakha">Prayers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidra_d-Nishmata" title="Sidra d-Nishmata">Sidra d-Nishmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asut_Malkia" title="Asut Malkia">Asut Malkia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushuma" title="Rushuma">Rushuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahma_(Mandaeism)" title="Rahma (Mandaeism)">Rahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabahatan" title="Tabahatan">Tabahatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumhata" title="Shumhata">Shumhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bshuma" title="Bshuma">Bshuma</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px lightblue solid; border-bottom:1px lightblue solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mandaeism" title="Template:Mandaeism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mandaeism" title="Template talk:Mandaeism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mandaeism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mandaeism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Baptism (from <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: βάπτισμα, romanized: váptisma, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'immersion, dipping in water')<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a> of <a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">initiation</a> almost invariably with the use of water.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> It may be performed by <a href="/wiki/Aspersion" title="Aspersion">sprinkling</a> or <a href="/wiki/Affusion" title="Affusion">pouring</a> water on the head, or by <a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">immersing in water</a> either partially or completely, traditionally three times, once for each person of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McKim2014-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hale2012-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Classical2012-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic gospel">synoptic gospels</a> recount that <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">baptised Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Baptism is considered a <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a> in most churches, and as an <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinance (Christian)">ordinance</a> in others. Baptism according to the <a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a>, which is done in most <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainstream Christian">mainstream Christian</a> denominations, is seen as being a basis for <a href="/wiki/Christian_ecumenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian ecumenism">Christian ecumenism</a>, the concept of unity amongst Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Pizzey2019-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Baptism is also called christening,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> although some reserve the word "christening" for the <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">baptism of infants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In certain Christian denominations, such as the Catholic Churches, Eastern Orthodox Churches, Oriental Orthodox Churches, Assyrian Church of the East, and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Churches</a>, baptism is the door to <a href="/wiki/Church_membership" title="Church membership">church membership</a>, with candidates taking <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_vows" title="Baptismal vows">baptismal vows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hammett2019-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haithcox1881-18">[18]</a> It has also given its name to the <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist churches and denominations</a>. Certain schools of Christian thought (such as Catholic and Lutheran theology) regard baptism as necessary for <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a>, but some writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> (1484–1531), have denied its necessity.<a href="#cite_note-cross2005baptism-19">[19]</a> Though water baptism is extremely common among Christian denominations, some, such as <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a>, do not practice water baptism at all.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Among denominations that practice baptism, differences occur in the manner and mode of baptizing and in the understanding of the significance of the rite. Most Christians baptize using the trinitarian formula "in the name of the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a>, and of the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a>, and of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>"<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> (following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a>), but <a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Oneness Pentecostal">Oneness Pentecostals</a> baptize using <a href="/wiki/Baptism_in_the_name_of_Jesus" title="Baptism in the name of Jesus">Jesus' name only</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The majority of Christians <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">baptize infants</a>;<a href="#cite_note-23">[a]</a> many others, such as <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Church">Baptist Churches</a>, regard only <a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">believer's baptism</a> as true baptism.<a href="#cite_note-Vandiver2021-24">[23]</a> In certain denominations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental</a> Orthodox Churches, the individual being baptized receives a <a href="/wiki/Cross_necklace" title="Cross necklace">cross necklace</a> that is worn for the rest of their life, inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Sixth Ecumenical Council (Synod) of Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Samaan2010-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Konstantopoulos2017-26">[25]</a> Outside of Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a> undergo repeated baptism for <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification#Mandaeism" title="Ritual purification">purification</a> instead of initiation.<a href="#cite_note-McGrath-27">[26]</a> They consider <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> to be their greatest prophet and name all rivers <a href="/wiki/Yardna" title="Yardna">yardena</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">River Jordan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McGrath-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-BSN-29">[28]</a>: 45  The term baptism has also been used metaphorically to refer to any ceremony, trial, or experience by which a person is initiated, purified, or given a name.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyrdom</a> was identified early in Christian church history as "<a href="/wiki/Baptism_by_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism by blood">baptism by blood</a>", enabling the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">martyrs</a> who had not been baptized by water. Later, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> identified a <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_desire" title="Baptism of desire">baptism of desire</a>, by which those preparing for baptism who die before actually receiving the sacrament are considered saved.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> In the Methodist tradition, <a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a>, has referred to the second work of grace, <a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">entire sanctification</a>; in Pentecostalism, the term Baptism with the Holy Spirit is identified with <a href="/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues" title="Speaking in tongues">speaking in tongues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UMC2012-32">[31]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The English word baptism is derived indirectly through <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> from the neuter <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> concept noun báptisma (Greek βάπτισμα, 'washing, dipping'),<a href="#cite_note-33">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> which is a <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> derived from the masculine Greek noun baptismós (βαπτισμός), a term for ritual washing in Greek language texts of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Both of these nouns are derived from the verb baptízō (βαπτίζω, 'I wash' <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verb</a>), which is used in Jewish texts for ritual washing, and in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> both for ritual washing and also for the apparently new rite of báptisma. The Greek verb báptō (βάπτω), 'dip', from which the verb baptízō is derived, is in turn hypothetically traced to a reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> root *gʷabh-, 'dip'.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-AHD-39">[37]</a> The Greek words are used in a great variety of meanings.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> βάπτω and βαπτίζω in Hellenism had the general usage of "immersion", "going under" (as a material in a liquid dye) or "perishing" (as in a ship sinking or a person drowning), with the same double meanings as in English "to sink into" or "to be overwhelmed by", with bathing or washing only occasionally used and usually in sacral contexts.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_baptism" title="History of baptism">History of baptism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethany_(5).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bethany_%285%29.JPG/250px-Bethany_%285%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bethany_%285%29.JPG/330px-Bethany_%285%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bethany_%285%29.JPG/500px-Bethany_%285%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas">Al-Maghtas</a> ruins on the <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordanian</a> side of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> is traditionally considered to be the location for the Baptism of Jesus and the ministry of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mikva.jpg/250px-Mikva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mikva.jpg/330px-Mikva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mikva.jpg/440px-Mikva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Excavated <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikveh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></figcaption></figure> The practice of baptism emerged from Jewish ritualistic practices during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Temple Period">Second Temple Period</a>, out of which figures such as <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> emerged. For example, various texts in the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> (DSS) corpus at <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a> describe ritual practices involving washing, bathing, sprinkling, and immersing. One example of such a text is a DSS known as the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of the Community">Rule of the Community</a>, which says "And by the compliance of his soul with all the laws of God his flesh is cleansed by being sprinkled with cleansing waters and being made holy with the waters of <a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity" title="Repentance in Christianity">repentance</a>."<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>, who are followers of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, practice frequent full immersion baptism (<a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">masbuta</a>) as a ritual of purification.<a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[41]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Haran_Gawaita" title="Haran Gawaita">Mandaean sources</a>, they left the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a> in the 1st century AD.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, who is considered a forerunner to Christianity, used baptism as the central sacrament of his messianic movement.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> The apostle Paul distinguished between the baptism of John, ("baptism of repentance") and baptism in the name of Jesus,<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> and it is questionable whether Christian baptism was in some way linked with that of John.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> However, according to Mark 1:8, John seems to connect his water baptism as a type of the true, ultimate baptism of Jesus, which is by the Spirit. Christians consider <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> to have instituted the sacrament of baptism.<a href="#cite_note-cross2005baptism-19">[19]</a> Though some form of immersion was likely the most common method of baptism in the early church, many of the writings from the ancient church appeared to view this mode of baptism as inconsequential. The Didache 7.1–3 (AD 60–150) allowed for affusion practices in situations where immersion was not practical. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> (AD 196–212) allowed for varying approaches to baptism even if those practices did not conform to biblical or traditional mandates (cf. De corona militis 3; De baptismo 17). Finally, Cyprian (ca. AD 256) explicitly stated that the amount of water was inconsequential and defended immersion, affusion, and aspersion practices (Epistle 75.12). As a result, there was no uniform or consistent mode of baptism in the ancient church prior to the fourth century.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> By the third and fourth centuries, baptism involved <a href="/wiki/Catechetical" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechetical">catechetical</a> instruction as well as <a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">chrismation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Christianity" title="Exorcism in Christianity">exorcisms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_laying_on_of_hands" title="Christian laying on of hands">laying on of hands</a>, and recitation of a <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> infant baptism became common and the rite was significantly simplified and increasingly emphasized.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> In Western Europe <a href="/wiki/Affusion" title="Affusion">Affusion</a> became the normal mode of baptism between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries, though immersion was still practiced into the sixteenth.<a href="#cite_note-cathen-52">[50]</a> In the medieval period, some radical Christians rejected the practice of baptism as a sacrament. Sects such as the <a href="/wiki/Tondrakians" title="Tondrakians">Tondrakians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Bruys" title="Peter of Bruys">Petrobrusians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lausanne" title="Henry of Lausanne">Henricans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Free_Spirit" title="Brethren of the Free Spirit">Brethren of the Free Spirit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollards</a> were regarded as heretics by the Catholic Church. In the sixteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> retained baptism as a sacrament,<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> but Swiss reformer <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> considered baptism and the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Lord's Supper</a> to be symbolic.<a href="#cite_note-cross2005baptism-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptists</a> denied the validity of the practice of infant baptism, and rebaptized converts.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mode_and_manner">Mode and manner</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mode and manner">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordan_river_baptism_cue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jordan_river_baptism_cue.jpg/250px-Jordan_river_baptism_cue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jordan_river_baptism_cue.jpg/330px-Jordan_river_baptism_cue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jordan_river_baptism_cue.jpg/500px-Jordan_river_baptism_cue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2350" /></a><figcaption>Men lined up to be baptized by immersion in the River Jordan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_baptism_with_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Child_baptism_with_water.jpg/250px-Child_baptism_with_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Child_baptism_with_water.jpg/330px-Child_baptism_with_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Child_baptism_with_water.jpg/500px-Child_baptism_with_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Baptism of a child by affusion</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian-baptism.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Russian-baptism.JPG/250px-Russian-baptism.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Russian-baptism.JPG/330px-Russian-baptism.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Russian-baptism.JPG/500px-Russian-baptism.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Baptism by submersion in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sophia_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophia Cathedral">Sophia Cathedral</a>, 2005)</figcaption></figure> Baptism is practiced in several different ways. <a href="/wiki/Aspersion" title="Aspersion">Aspersion</a> is the sprinkling of water on the head, and <a href="/wiki/Affusion" title="Affusion">affusion</a> is the pouring of water over the head.<a href="#cite_note-McKim2014-4">[4]</a> Traditionally, a person is sprinkled, poured, or immersed three times for each person of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Holy Trinity</a>, with this ancient Christian practice called trine baptism or triune baptism.<a href="#cite_note-McKim2014-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Classical2012-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">The Didache</a> specifies: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">This is how you should baptize: Having recited all these things, [the first half of the Teaching, "The Way of Life and the Way of Death"] baptize in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, in running water. If you do not have running water, then baptize in still water. The water should be cold, but if you do not have cold water, then use warm. If you have neither, then just pour water on the head three times in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. Both the one who is baptized and the one who baptizes should fast beforehand, along with any others who are able, the one that is baptized being told to fast for a day or two.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>J.B. Lightfoot, Stephen Tompkins, Dan Graves, The Didache, Christian History Institute</cite></div></blockquote> The word "<a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">immersion</a>" is derived from <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">late Latin</a> immersio, a noun derived from the verb immergere (in – "into" + mergere "dip"). In relation to baptism, some use it to refer to any form of dipping, whether the body is put completely under water or is only partly dipped in water; they thus speak of immersion as being either total or partial. Others, of the Anabaptist belief, use "immersion" to mean exclusively plunging someone entirely under the surface of the water.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> The term "immersion" is also used of a form of baptism in which water is poured over someone standing in water, without submersion of the person.<a href="#cite_note-ODCCimmersion-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pinehurst-59">[57]</a> On these three meanings of the word "immersion", see <a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">Immersion baptism</a>. When "immersion" is used in opposition to "submersion",<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> it indicates the form of baptism in which the candidate stands or kneels in water and water is poured over the upper part of the body. Immersion in this sense has been employed in West and East since at least the 2nd century and is the form in which baptism is generally depicted in early Christian art. In the West, this method of baptism began to be replaced by <a href="/wiki/Affusion" title="Affusion">affusion</a> baptism from around the 8th century, but it continues in use in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ODCCimmersion-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pinehurst-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> The word submersion comes from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">late Latin</a> (sub- "under, below" + mergere "plunge, dip")<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> and is also sometimes called "complete immersion". It is the form of baptism in which the water completely covers the candidate's body. Submersion is practiced in the Orthodox and several other Eastern Churches.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> of the Catholic Church, baptism by submersion is used in the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a> and is one of the methods provided in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the baptism of infants.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> It is seen as obligatory among some groups that have arisen since the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meaning_of_the_Greek_verb_baptizein">Meaning of the Greek verb baptizein</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Meaning of the Greek verb baptizein">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mar_George_Alencherry_blessing_a_child.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mar_George_Alencherry_blessing_a_child.jpg/170px-Mar_George_Alencherry_blessing_a_child.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mar_George_Alencherry_blessing_a_child.jpg/255px-Mar_George_Alencherry_blessing_a_child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mar_George_Alencherry_blessing_a_child.jpg/340px-Mar_George_Alencherry_blessing_a_child.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Baptism of a child solemnized by <a href="/wiki/George_Alencherry" title="George Alencherry">George Alencherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_Archbishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Archbishop">Major Archbishop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Catholic Church</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Greek-English_Lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek-English Lexicon">Greek-English Lexicon</a> of Liddell and Scott gives the primary meaning of the verb baptízein, from which the English verb "baptize" is derived, as "dip, plunge", and gives examples of plunging a sword into a throat or an embryo and for drawing wine by dipping a cup in the bowl; for New Testament usage it gives two meanings: "baptize", with which it associates the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> mention of <a href="/wiki/Naaman" title="Naaman">Naaman</a> dipping himself in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, and "perform ablutions", as in Luke 11:38.<a href="#cite_note-LSJ-66">[64]</a> Although the Greek verb baptízein does not exclusively mean dip, plunge or immerse (it is used with literal and figurative meanings such as "sink", "disable", "overwhelm", "go under", "overborne", "draw from a bowl"),<a href="#cite_note-LSJ-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> lexical sources typically cite this as a meaning of the word in both the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a><a href="#cite_note-Zodhiates,_S._2000-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> "While it is true that the basic root meaning of the Greek words for baptize and baptism is immerse/immersion, it is not true that the words can simply be reduced to this meaning, as can be seen from Mark 10:38–39, Luke 12:50, Matthew 3:11, Luke 3:16, and Corinthians10:2."<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Two passages in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> indicate that the verb baptízein did not always indicate submersion. The first is Luke 11:38, which tells how a Pharisee, at whose house Jesus ate, "was astonished to see that he did not first wash (ἐβαπτίσθη, aorist passive of βαπτίζω—literally, "was baptized") before dinner". This is the passage that Liddell and Scott cites as an instance of the use of βαπτίζω to mean perform ablutions. Jesus' omission of this action is similar to that of his disciples: "Then came to Jesus scribes and Pharisees, which were of Jerusalem, saying, Why do thy disciples transgress the tradition of the elders? for they wash (νίπτω) not their hands when they eat bread".<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> The other Gospel passage pointed to is: "The Pharisees...do not eat unless they wash (νίπτω, the ordinary word for washing) their hands thoroughly, observing the tradition of the elders; and when they come from the market place, they do not eat unless they wash themselves (literally, "baptize themselves"—βαπτίσωνται, passive or middle voice of βαπτίζω)".<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> Scholars of various denominations<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> claim that these two passages show that invited guests, or people returning from market, would not be expected to immerse themselves ("baptize themselves") totally in water but only to practise the partial immersion of dipping their hands in water or to pour water over them, as is the only form admitted by present Jewish custom.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> In the second of the two passages, it is actually the hands that are specifically identified as "washed",<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> not the entire person, for whom the verb used is baptízomai, literally "be baptized", "be immersed",<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> a fact obscured by English versions that use "wash" as a translation of both verbs. Zodhiates concludes that the washing of the hands was done by immersing them.<a href="#cite_note-Zodhiates-81">[79]</a> The Liddell–Scott–Jones <a href="/wiki/Greek-English_Lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek-English Lexicon">Greek-English Lexicon</a> (1996) cites the other passage (Luke 11:38) as an instance of the use of the verb baptízein to mean "perform ablutions", not "submerge".<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> References to the cleaning of vessels which use βαπτίζω also refer to immersion.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> As already mentioned, the lexicographical work of Zodhiates says that, in the second of these two cases,<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> the verb baptízein indicates that, after coming from the market, the Pharisees washed their hands by immersing them in collected water.<a href="#cite_note-Zodhiates-81">[79]</a> Balz & Schneider understand the meaning of βαπτίζω, used in place of ῥαντίσωνται (sprinkle), to be the same as βάπτω, to dip or immerse,<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> a verb used of the partial dipping of a morsel held in the hand into wine or of a finger into spilled blood.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> A possible additional use of the verb baptízein to relate to ritual washing is suggested by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Leithart" title="Peter Leithart">Peter Leithart</a> (2007) who suggests that Paul's phrase "Else what shall they do who are <a href="/wiki/Baptism_for_the_dead" title="Baptism for the dead">baptized for the dead</a>?"<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> relates to Jewish ritual washing.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> In Jewish Greek the verb baptízein "baptized" has a wider reference than just "baptism" and in Jewish context primarily applies to the masculine noun baptismós "ritual washing"<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> The verb baptízein occurs four times in the Septuagint in the context of ritual washing, baptismós; Judith cleansing herself from menstrual impurity, <a href="/wiki/Naaman" title="Naaman">Naaman</a> washing seven times to be cleansed from <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Additionally, in the New Testament only, the verb baptízein can also relate to the neuter noun báptisma "baptism" which is a <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> unknown in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> and other pre-Christian Jewish texts.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> This broadness in the meaning of baptízein is reflected in English Bibles rendering "wash", where Jewish ritual washing is meant: for example Mark 7:4 states that the Pharisees "except they wash (Greek "baptize"), they do not eat",<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> and "baptize" where báptisma, the new Christian rite, is intended.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derived_nouns">Derived nouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Derived nouns">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptism_-_Saint_Calixte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Baptism_-_Saint_Calixte.jpg/250px-Baptism_-_Saint_Calixte.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Baptism_-_Saint_Calixte.jpg/255px-Baptism_-_Saint_Calixte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Baptism_-_Saint_Calixte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome#Catacombs_of_San_Callisto" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of San Callisto</a>: baptism in a 3rd-century painting</figcaption></figure> Two nouns derived from the verb baptízō (βαπτίζω) appear in the New Testament: the masculine noun baptismós (βαπτισμός) and the neuter noun báptisma (βάπτισμα): <ul><li>baptismós (βαπτισμός) refers in Mark 7:4 to a water-rite for the purpose of purification, washing, cleansing, of dishes;<a href="#cite_note-Arndt-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Friberg-97">[95]</a> in the same verse and in Hebrews 9:10 to Levitical cleansings of vessels or of the body;<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> and in Hebrews 6:2 perhaps also to baptism, though there it may possibly refer to washing an inanimate object.<a href="#cite_note-Friberg-97">[95]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Spiros_Zodhiates" title="Spiros Zodhiates">Spiros Zodhiates</a> when referring merely to the cleansing of utensils baptismós (βαπτισμός) is equated with rhantismós (ῥαντισμός, <a href="/wiki/Aspersion" title="Aspersion">"sprinkling"</a>), found only in Hebrews 12:24 and Peter 1:2, a noun used to indicate the symbolic cleansing by the Old Testament priest.<a href="#cite_note-Zodhiates-81">[79]</a></li> <li>báptisma (βάπτισμα), which is a <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> appearing to originate in the New Testament, and probably should not be confused with the earlier Jewish concept of baptismós (βαπτισμός),<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-99">[97]</a> Later this is found only in writings by Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Arndt-96">[94]</a> In the New Testament, it appears at least 21 times: <ul><li>13 times with regard to the rite practised by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>;<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a></li> <li>3 times with reference to the specific Christian rite<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> (4 times if account is taken of its use in some manuscripts of Colossians 2:12, where, however, it is most likely to have been changed from the original baptismós than vice versa);<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a></li> <li>5 times in a metaphorical sense.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Manuscript variation: In Colossians, some manuscripts have neuter noun báptisma (βάπτισμα), but some have masculine noun baptismós (βαπτισμός), and this is the reading given in modern critical editions of the New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> If this reading is correct, then this is the only New Testament instance in which baptismós (βαπτισμός) is clearly used of Christian baptism, rather than of a generic washing, unless the opinion of some is correct that Hebrews 6:2 may also refer to Christian baptism.<a href="#cite_note-Friberg-97">[95]</a></li> <li>The feminine noun baptisis,<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> along with the masculine noun baptismós<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> both occur in Josephus' Antiquities (J. AJ 18.5.2) relating to the murder of John the Baptist by Herod.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> This feminine form is not used elsewhere by Josephus, nor in the New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apparel">Apparel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Apparel">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptism_-_Marcellinus_and_Peter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Baptism_-_Marcellinus_and_Peter.jpg/250px-Baptism_-_Marcellinus_and_Peter.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Baptism_-_Marcellinus_and_Peter.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Fresco of a baptism from the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Marcellinus_and_Peter" title="Catacombs of Marcellinus and Peter">Catacombs of Marcellinus and Peter</a>.</figcaption></figure> Until the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, most baptisms were performed with the candidates naked—as is evidenced by most of the early portrayals of baptism (some of which are shown in this article), and the early Church Fathers and other Christian writers. Deaconesses helped female candidates for reasons of modesty.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Typical of these is <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a> who wrote "On the Mysteries of Baptism" in the 4th century (c. 350 AD): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Do you not know, that so many of us as were baptized into Jesus Christ, were baptized into His death? etc... for you are not under the Law, but under grace. 1. Therefore, I shall necessarily lay before you the sequel of yesterday's Lecture, that you may learn of what those things, which were done by you in the inner chamber, were symbolic. 2. As soon, then, as you entered, you put off your tunic; and this was an image of putting off the old man with his deeds.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Having stripped yourselves, you were naked; in this also imitating Christ, who was stripped naked on the Cross, and by His nakedness put off from Himself the principalities and powers, and openly triumphed over them on the tree. For since the adverse powers made their lair in your members, you may no longer wear that old garment; I do not at all mean this visible one, but the old man, which waxes corrupt in the lusts of deceit.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> May the soul which has once put him off, never again put him on, but say with the Spouse of Christ in the Song of Songs, I have put off my garment, how shall I put it on?<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> O wondrous thing! You were naked in the sight of all, and were not ashamed; for truly ye bore the likeness of the first-formed Adam, who was naked in the garden, and was not ashamed. 3. Then, when you were stripped, you were anointed with exorcised oil, from the very hairs of your head to your feet, and were made partakers of the good olive-tree, Jesus Christ. 4. After these things, you were led to the holy pool of Divine Baptism, as Christ was carried from the Cross to the Sepulchre which is before our eyes. And each of you was asked, whether he believed in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, and you made that saving confession, and descended three times into the water, and ascended again; here also hinting by a symbol at the three days burial of Christ.... And at the self-same moment you were both dying and being born;<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Cyril of Jerusalem, Catechetical Lecture 20 (On the Mysteries. II. of Baptism), Romans 6:3–14</cite></div></blockquote> The symbolism is threefold: 1. Baptism is considered to be a form of rebirth—"by water and the Spirit"<a href="#cite_note-bibleverse|John|3:5-115">[113]</a>—the nakedness of baptism (the second birth) paralleled the condition of one's original birth. For example, John Chrysostom calls the baptism "λοχείαν", i.e., giving birth, and "new way of creation...from water and Spirit" ("to John" speech 25,2), and later elaborates: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">For nothing perceivable was handed over to us by Jesus; but with perceivable things, all of them however conceivable. This is also the way with the baptism; the gift of the water is done with a perceivable thing, but the things being conducted, i.e., the rebirth and renovation, are conceivable. For, if you were without a body, He would hand over these bodiless gifts as naked [gifts] to you. But because the soul is closely linked to the body, He hands over the perceivable ones to you with conceivable things. (Chrysostom to Matthew, speech 82, 4, c. 390 A.D.)</blockquote></dd></dl> 2. The removal of clothing represented the "image of putting off the old man with his deeds" (as per Cyril, above), so the stripping of the body before for baptism represented taking off the trappings of sinful self, so that the "new man", which is given by Jesus, can be put on. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_Hagstr%C3%B6m_%26_Lars_Ridderstedt_II_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rosa_Hagstr%C3%B6m_%26_Lars_Ridderstedt_II_1948.jpg/250px-Rosa_Hagstr%C3%B6m_%26_Lars_Ridderstedt_II_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rosa_Hagstr%C3%B6m_%26_Lars_Ridderstedt_II_1948.jpg/330px-Rosa_Hagstr%C3%B6m_%26_Lars_Ridderstedt_II_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rosa_Hagstr%C3%B6m_%26_Lars_Ridderstedt_II_1948.jpg/500px-Rosa_Hagstr%C3%B6m_%26_Lars_Ridderstedt_II_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1556" /></a><figcaption>Long-laced gown worn at a typical Lutheran baptism in Sweden in 1948</figcaption></figure> 3. As Cyril again asserts above, as Adam and Eve in scripture were naked, innocent and unashamed in the Garden of Eden, nakedness during baptism was seen as a renewal of that innocence and state of original sinlessness. Other parallels can also be drawn, such as between the exposed condition of Christ during His crucifixion, and the crucifixion of the "old man" of the repentant sinner in preparation for baptism. Changing customs and concerns regarding modesty probably contributed to the practice of permitting or requiring the baptismal candidate to either retain their undergarments (as in many Renaissance paintings of baptism such as those by <a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Vinci">da Vinci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Van_Scorel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Van Scorel (page does not exist)">Van Scorel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masaccio" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Wit" class="mw-redirect" title="De Wit">de Wit</a> and others) or to wear, as is almost universally the practice today, baptismal robes. These robes are most often white, symbolizing purity. Some groups today allow any suitable clothes to be worn, such as trousers and a <a href="/wiki/T-shirt" title="T-shirt">T-shirt</a>—practical considerations include how easily the clothes will dry (<a href="/wiki/Denim" title="Denim">denim</a> is discouraged), and whether they will become see-through when wet.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In certain Christian denominations, the individual being baptized receives a <a href="/wiki/Cross_necklace" title="Cross necklace">cross necklace</a> that is worn for the rest of their life as a "sign of the triumph of Christ over death and our belonging to Christ" (though it is replaced with a new cross pendant if lost or broken).<a href="#cite_note-Samaan2010-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Konstantopoulos2017-26">[25]</a> This practice of baptized Christians wearing a cross necklace at all times is derived from Canon 73 and Canon 82 of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Sixth Ecumenical Council (Synod) of Constantinople</a>, which declared: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">...all the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday School">Church (Sunday) School</a> children [must] wear a cross knowing how spiritually beneficial it is for them. By wearing a cross the child is protected from evil forces, it invites the grace of the Holy Cross of Christ, it brings His Divine blessing upon the child, it gives the child a sense that he or she belongs to Christ, that he or she has a special identity, that of a Christian, it is a reminder that Christ is always with him/her, it reminds the child that Jesus died on the Cross to save him/her, that Jesus Christ is our Only Savior and the True God. By wearing a cross the child feels the love of God and gives the child hope and strength to overcome any obstacle in his or her life.<a href="#cite_note-Konstantopoulos2017-26">[25]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Konstantopoulos, 2017</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meaning_and_effects">Meaning and effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Meaning and effects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bapt%C3%AAme_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Troyes_290308.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bapt%C3%AAme_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Troyes_290308.jpg/250px-Bapt%C3%AAme_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Troyes_290308.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bapt%C3%AAme_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Troyes_290308.jpg/330px-Bapt%C3%AAme_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Troyes_290308.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bapt%C3%AAme_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Troyes_290308.jpg/500px-Bapt%C3%AAme_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Troyes_290308.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="2197" /></a><figcaption>Baptism of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> as represented in a sculptural group in <a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a> cathedral (1549)</figcaption></figure> There are differences in views about the effect of baptism for a Christian. Catholics, Orthodox, and most mainline Protestant groups assert baptism is a requirement for salvation and a <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a>, and speak of "<a href="/wiki/Baptismal_regeneration" title="Baptismal regeneration">baptismal regeneration</a>".<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> Its importance is related to their interpretation of the meaning of the "Mystical Body of Christ" as found in the New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> This view is shared by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> denominations, and by churches formed early during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">To put it most simply, the power, effect, benefit, fruit, and purpose of Baptism is to save. No one is baptized in order to become a prince, but as the words say, to "be saved". To be saved, we know, is nothing else than to be delivered from sin, death, and the devil and to enter into the kingdom of Christ and live with him forever.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Luther's Large Catechism</a>, 1529</cite></div></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a>,"<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism-119">[117]</a>: 66 <a href="#cite_note-Theology_Matters-120">[118]</a>: 112  <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> espouse baptism as necessary for salvation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For Catholics, baptism by water is a sacrament of initiation into the life of the children of God (<a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>, 1212–13). It configures the person to Christ (CCC 1272), and obliges the Christian to share in the church's apostolic and missionary activity (CCC 1270). The Catholic holds that there are three types of baptism by which one can be saved: sacramental baptism (with water), <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_desire" title="Baptism of desire">baptism of desire</a> (explicit or implicit desire to be part of the church founded by Jesus Christ), and <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_blood" title="Baptism of blood">baptism of blood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</a>). In his encyclical <a href="/wiki/Mystici_corporis_Christi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystici corporis Christi">Mystici corporis Christi</a> of June 29, 1943, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> spoke of baptism and profession of the true faith as what makes members of the one true church, which is the body of Jesus Christ himself, as God the Holy Spirit has taught through the Apostle Paul: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <dl><dd>18...Through the waters of Baptism those who are born into this world dead in sin are not only born again and made members of the Church, but being stamped with a spiritual seal they become able and fit to receive the other Sacraments. ...</dd> <dd>22 Actually only those are to be included as members of the Church who have been baptized and profess the true faith, and who have not been so unfortunate as to separate themselves from the unity of the Body, or been excluded by legitimate authority for grave faults committed. 'For in one spirit' says the Apostle, 'were we all baptized into one Body, whether Jews or Gentiles, whether bond or free.' As therefore in the true Christian community there is only one Body, one Spirit, one Lord, and one Baptism, so there can be only one faith. And therefore if a man refuse to hear the Church let him be considered—so the Lord commands—as a heathen and a publican. It follows that those who are divided in faith or government cannot be living in the unity of such a Body, nor can they be living the life of its one Divine Spirit. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Mystici corporis Christi<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a></cite></div></dd></dl></blockquote> By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> Protestants recognize baptism as an outward sign of an inward reality following on an individual believer's experience of forgiving grace. <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> Protestants maintain a link between baptism and regeneration, but believe that it is not automatic or mechanical, and that regeneration may occur at a different time than baptism.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a> teach that in baptism a believer surrenders his life in faith and obedience to God, and that God "by the merits of Christ's blood, cleanses one from sin and truly changes the state of the person from an alien to a citizen of God's kingdom. Baptism is not a human work; it is the place where God does the work that only God can do."<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism-119">[117]</a>: p.66  Thus, they see baptism as a passive act of faith rather than a meritorious work; it "is a confession that a person has nothing to offer God".<a href="#cite_note-Theology_Matters-120">[118]</a>: p. 112  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_traditions">Christian traditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Christian traditions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BaptismalFontStRaphaelDubuque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/BaptismalFontStRaphaelDubuque.jpg/250px-BaptismalFontStRaphaelDubuque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/BaptismalFontStRaphaelDubuque.jpg/330px-BaptismalFontStRaphaelDubuque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/BaptismalFontStRaphaelDubuque.jpg/440px-BaptismalFontStRaphaelDubuque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>The baptistry at <a href="/wiki/St._Raphael%27s_Cathedral_(Dubuque)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Raphael's Cathedral (Dubuque)">St. Raphael's Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa" title="Dubuque, Iowa">Dubuque</a>, Iowa, includes a small pool for immersion of adults and an eight-sided font symbolizing the "eighth" day of Christ's Resurrection.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">liturgy</a> of baptism for <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a> makes clear reference to baptism as not only a symbolic burial and resurrection, but an actual supernatural transformation, one that draws parallels to the experience of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> and the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> divided by <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>. Thus, baptism is literally and symbolically not only cleansing, but also dying and rising again with Christ. Catholics believe baptism is necessary to cleanse the taint of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>, and so commonly baptise infants.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> The Eastern Churches (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>) also baptize infants on the basis of texts, such as Matthew 19:14, which are interpreted as supporting full church membership for children. In these denominations, baptism is immediately followed by <a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Communion</a> at the next <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a>, regardless of age. Orthodox likewise believe that baptism removes what they call the ancestral sin of Adam.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Anglicans believe that baptism is also the entry into the church. Most Methodists and Anglicans agree that it also cleanses the taint of what in the West is called original sin, in the East ancestral sin.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptism_Jar_(Portuguese_period).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Baptism_Jar_%28Portuguese_period%29.JPG/170px-Baptism_Jar_%28Portuguese_period%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Baptism_Jar_%28Portuguese_period%29.JPG/255px-Baptism_Jar_%28Portuguese_period%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Baptism_Jar_%28Portuguese_period%29.JPG/340px-Baptism_Jar_%28Portuguese_period%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1993" /></a><figcaption>Baptism Jar, used in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a>.</figcaption></figure> Eastern Orthodox Christians usually practice complete threefold immersion as both a symbol of death and rebirth into Christ, and as a washing away of sin. <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> Catholics generally baptize by affusion (pouring); Eastern Catholics usually by submersion, or at least partial immersion. However, submersion is gaining in popularity within the Latin Church. In newer church sanctuaries, the baptismal font may be designed to expressly allow for baptism by immersion.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Anglicans baptize by immersion or affusion.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-127">[125]</a> According to evidence which can be traced back to about the year 200,<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> sponsors or <a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godparents</a> are present at baptism and vow to uphold the Christian education and life of the baptized.<a href="#cite_note-Paulist_Press-129">[127]</a> Baptists argue that the Greek word βαπτίζω originally meant "to immerse". They interpret some Biblical passages concerning baptism as requiring submersion of the body in water.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> They also state that only submersion reflects the symbolic significance of being "buried" and "raised" with Christ.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] Baptist Churches baptize in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>—the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. However, they do not believe that baptism is necessary for salvation; but rather that it is an act of Christian obedience.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> Some "<a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a>" <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">charismatic</a> churches such as <a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Oneness Pentecostal">Oneness Pentecostals</a> baptize only in the name of Jesus Christ, citing Peter's preaching baptism in the name of Jesus as their authority.<a href="#cite_note-bibleref2c|Acts|2:38-133">[131]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecumenical_statements">Ecumenical statements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ecumenical statements">edit</a>]</div> In 1982 the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a> published the <a href="/wiki/Christian_ecumenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian ecumenism">ecumenical</a> paper <a href="/wiki/Baptism,_Eucharist_and_Ministry" title="Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry">Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry</a>. The preface of the document states: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Those who know how widely the churches have differed in doctrine and practice on baptism, Eucharist and ministry, will appreciate the importance of the large measure of agreement registered here. Virtually all the confessional traditions are included in the Commission's membership. That theologians of such widely different denominations should be able to speak so harmoniously about baptism, Eucharist and ministry is unprecedented in the modern ecumenical movement. Particularly noteworthy is the fact that the Commission also includes among its full members theologians of the Catholic and other churches which do not belong to the World Council of Churches itself.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>, Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry—Faith and Order Paper No. 111, 1982</cite></div></blockquote> A 1997 document, Becoming a Christian: The Ecumenical Implications of Our Common Baptism, gave the views of a commission of experts brought together under the aegis of the World Council of Churches. It states:<a href="#cite_note-Paulist_Press-129">[127]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">...according to Acts 2:38, baptisms follow from Peter's preaching baptism in the name of Jesus and lead those baptized to the receiving of Christ's Spirit, the Holy Ghost, and life in the community: "They devoted themselves to the apostles' teaching and fellowship, to the breaking of bread and the prayers"<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> as well as to the distribution of goods to those in need.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>]</blockquote> Those who heard, who were baptized and entered the community's life, were already made witnesses of and partakers in the promises of God for the last days: the forgiveness of sins through baptism in the name of Jesus and the outpouring of the Holy Ghost on all flesh.<a href="#cite_note-bibleref2c|Acts|2:38-133">[131]</a> Similarly, in what may well be a baptismal pattern, <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a> testifies that proclamation of the resurrection of Jesus Christ and teaching about new life<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> lead to purification and new birth.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> This, in turn, is followed by eating and drinking <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">God's food</a>,<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> by participation in the life of the community—the royal priesthood, the new temple, the people of God<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a>—and by further moral formation.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> At the beginning of 1 Peter the writer sets this baptism in the context of obedience to Christ and sanctification by the Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> So baptism into Christ is seen as baptism into the Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-bibleverse|1_Corinthians|12:13-143">[141]</a> In the fourth gospel Jesus' discourse with <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> indicates that birth by water and Spirit becomes the gracious means of entry into the place where God rules.<a href="#cite_note-bibleverse|John|3:5-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Validity_considerations_by_some_churches">Validity considerations by some churches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Validity considerations by some churches">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%89%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%89%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA.jpg/250px-%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%89%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%89%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA.jpg/330px-%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%89%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%89%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA.jpg/500px-%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%89%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox">Russian Orthodox</a> priest greeting an infant and its godparents on the steps of the church at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Mystery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Mystery">Sacred Mystery</a> of Baptism.</figcaption></figure> The vast majority of Christian denominations believe theologically that baptism is a <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a>, that has actual spiritual, holy and salvific effects. Certain key criteria must be complied with for it to be valid, i.e., to actually have those effects. If these key criteria are met, violation of some rules regarding baptism, such as varying the authorized rite for the ceremony, renders the baptism illicit (contrary to the church's laws) but still valid.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> One of the criteria for validity is use of the correct form of words. The Catholic Church teaches that the use of the verb "to baptize" is essential.<a href="#cite_note-cathen-52">[50]</a> Catholics of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, Anglicans and Methodists use the form "I baptize you in the name of...". The <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a> is used by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Catholics</a>, the form being "The Servant of God is baptized in the name of...".<a href="#cite_note-GBN-1-146">[144]</a> Use of the <a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a> ("in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit") is also considered essential; thus these churches do not accept as valid baptisms of non-<a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">Trinitarian</a> churches such as <a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Oneness Pentecostals">Oneness Pentecostals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> Another essential condition is use of water. A baptism in which some liquid that would not usually be called water, such as wine, milk, soup or fruit juice was used would not be considered valid.<a href="#cite_note-Fanning-148">[146]</a> Another requirement is that the celebrant intends to perform baptism. This requirement entails the intention "to do what the Church does",<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> not necessarily to have Christian faith, since it is not the person baptizing, but the Holy Spirit working through the sacrament, who produces the effects of the sacrament. Doubt about the faith of the baptizer is thus no ground for doubt about the validity of the baptism.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> Some conditions expressly do not affect validity—for example, whether submersion, immersion, affusion (pouring) or aspersion (sprinkling) is used.<a href="#cite_note-Peters2001-151">[149]</a> However, if water is sprinkled, there is a danger that the water may not touch the skin of the unbaptized. As has been stated, "it is not sufficient for the water to merely touch the candidate; it must also flow, otherwise there would seem to be no real ablution. At best, such a baptism would be considered doubtful. If the water touches only the hair, the sacrament has probably been validly conferred, though in practice the safer course must be followed. If only the clothes of the person have received the aspersion, the baptism is undoubtedly void."<a href="#cite_note-Fanning-148">[146]</a> For many communions, validity is not affected if a single submersion or pouring is performed rather than a triple, but in Orthodoxy this is controversial.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to the Catholic Church, baptism imparts an <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_character" title="Sacramental character">indelible "seal"</a> upon the soul of the baptized and therefore a person who has already been baptized cannot be validly baptized again. This teaching was affirmed against the <a href="/wiki/Donatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Donatist">Donatists</a> who practiced rebaptism. The grace received in baptism is believed to operate ex opere operato and is therefore considered valid even if administered in heretical or schismatic groups.<a href="#cite_note-ODWR-152">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognition_by_other_denominations">Recognition by other denominations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Recognition by other denominations">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> Churches accept baptism performed by other denominations within this group as valid, subject to certain conditions, including the use of the Trinitarian formula.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> It is only possible to be baptized once, so people with valid baptisms from other denominations may not be baptized again upon conversion or transfer. For Catholics, this is affirmed in the Canon Law 864,<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> in which it is written that "[e]very person not yet baptized and only such a person is capable of baptism."<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> Such people are accepted upon making a profession of faith, and if they have not yet validly received the sacrament/rite of confirmation or chrismation, by being confirmed. Specifically, "Methodist theologians argued that since God never abrogated a covenant made and sealed with proper intentionality, rebaptism was never an option, unless the original baptism had been defective by not having been made in the name of the Trinity."<a href="#cite_note-CracknellWhite2005-156">[154]</a> In some cases, it can be difficult to decide if the original baptism was in fact valid; if there is doubt, <a href="/wiki/Conditional_baptism" title="Conditional baptism">conditional baptism</a> is administered, with a formula on the lines of "If you are not yet baptized, I baptize you...."<a href="#cite_note-Jr2014-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> The Catholic Church ordinarily recognizes as valid the baptisms of Christians of the Eastern Orthodox, Churches of Christ, Congregationalist, Anglican, Lutheran, Old Catholic, Polish National Catholic, Reformed, Baptist, Brethren, Methodist, Presbyterian, Waldensian, and United Protestant denominations; Christians of these traditions are received into the Catholic Church through the sacrament of <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport-159">[157]</a> Some individuals of the Mennonite, Pentecostal and Adventist traditions who wish to be received into the Catholic Church may be required to receive a <a href="/wiki/Conditional_baptism" title="Conditional baptism">conditional baptism</a> due to concerns[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] about the validity of the sacraments in those traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport-159">[157]</a> The Catholic Church has explicitly denied the validity of the baptism conferred in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Church">Reformed Churches</a> recognize as valid, baptisms administered in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, among other churches using the <a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Practice in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> for converts from other communions is not uniform. However, generally, baptisms performed in the name of the Holy Trinity are accepted by the Orthodox Christian Church; Christians of the Oriental Orthodox, Catholic, Lutheran, Old Catholic, Moravian, Anglican, Methodist, Reformed, Presbyterian, Brethren, Assemblies of God, or Baptist traditions can be received into the Eastern Orthodox Church through the sacrament of <a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Isaiah2000-163">[161]</a> If a convert has not received the sacrament (mysterion) of baptism, he or she must be baptised in the name of the Holy Trinity before they may enter into communion with the Orthodox Church. If he/she has been baptized in another Christian confession (other than Orthodox Christianity) his/her previous baptism is considered retroactively filled with grace by <a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">chrismation</a> or, in rare circumstances, <a href="/wiki/Confession_of_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Confession of faith">confession of faith</a> alone as long as the baptism was done in the name of the Holy Trinity (Father, Son and Holy Spirit). The exact procedure is dependent on local <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canons</a> and is the subject of some controversy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Church">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> recognise the validity of baptisms performed within the Eastern Orthodox Communion. Some also recognise baptisms performed by Catholic Churches. Any supposed baptism not performed using the Trinitarian formula is considered invalid.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> In the eyes of the Catholic Church, all Orthodox Churches, Anglican, and Lutheran Churches, the baptism conferred by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is invalid.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> An article published together with the official declaration to that effect gave reasons for that judgment, summed up in the following words: "The Baptism of the Catholic Church and that of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints differ essentially, both for what concerns faith in the Father, Son and Holy Spirit, in whose name Baptism is conferred, and for what concerns the relationship to Christ who instituted it."<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints stresses that baptism must be administered by one having proper authority; consequently, the church does not recognize the baptism of any other church as effective.<a href="#cite_note-ldsbaptism-167">[165]</a> Jehovah's Witnesses do not recognise any other baptism occurring after 1914<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> as valid,<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> as they believe that they are now the one true church of Christ,<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> and that the rest of "Christendom" is false religion.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Officiant">Officiant</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Officiant">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_baptism_in_New_Bern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/River_baptism_in_New_Bern.jpg/250px-River_baptism_in_New_Bern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/River_baptism_in_New_Bern.jpg/330px-River_baptism_in_New_Bern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/River_baptism_in_New_Bern.jpg/500px-River_baptism_in_New_Bern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>A river baptism in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> at the turn of the 20th century. Full-immersion (submersion) baptism continues to be a common practice in many African-American Christian congregations today.</figcaption></figure> There is debate among Christian churches as to who can administer baptism. Some claim that the examples given in the New Testament only show apostles and deacons administering baptism.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Ancient Christian churches interpret this as indicating that baptism should be performed by the clergy except in extremis, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Emergency_baptism" title="Emergency baptism">when the one being baptized is in immediate danger of death</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Then anyone may baptize, provided, in the view of the Eastern Orthodox Church, the person who does the baptizing is a member of that church, or, in the view of the Catholic Church, that the person, even if not baptized, intends to do what the church does in administering the rite.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many Protestant churches see no specific prohibition in the biblical examples and permit any believer to baptize another.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the Catholic Church, <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> lays down that the ordinary minister of baptism is a bishop, priest or deacon,<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> but its administration is one of the functions "especially entrusted to the <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">parish priest</a>".<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> If the person to be baptized is at least fourteen years old, that person's baptism is to be referred to the bishop, so that he can decide whether to confer the baptism himself.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> If no ordinary minister is available, a <a href="/wiki/Catechist" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechist">catechist</a> or some other person whom the local <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary (officer)">ordinary</a> has appointed for this purpose may licitly do the baptism; indeed in a case of necessity any person (irrespective of that person's religion) who has the requisite intention may confer the baptism<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> By "a case of necessity" is meant imminent danger of death because of either illness or an external threat. "The requisite intention" is, at the minimum level, the intention "to do what the Church does" through the rite of baptism.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>, a deacon is not considered an ordinary minister. Administration of the sacrament is reserved to the parish priest or to another priest to whom he or the local <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary (officer)">hierarch</a> grants permission, a permission that can be presumed if in accordance with canon law. However, "in case of necessity, baptism can be administered by a deacon or, in his absence or if he is impeded, by another cleric, a member of an institute of consecrated life, or by any other Christian faithful; even by the mother or father, if another person is not available who knows how to baptize."<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> The discipline of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> is similar to that of the Eastern Catholic Churches. They require the baptizer, even in cases of necessity, to be of their own faith, on the grounds that a person cannot convey what he himself does not possess, in this case membership in the church.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> The Latin Catholic Church does not insist on this condition, considering that the effect of the sacrament, such as membership of the church, is not produced by the person who baptizes, but by the Holy Spirit. For the Orthodox, while Baptism in extremis may be administered by a deacon or any lay-person, if the newly baptized person survives, a priest must still perform the other prayers of the Rite of Baptism, and administer the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Mysteries">Mystery</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The discipline of <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> is similar to that of the Latin Catholic Church. For <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a> and many other Protestant denominations, the ordinary minister of baptism is an ordained or appointed minister.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Newer movements of Protestant <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> churches, particularly non-denominational, allow laypeople to baptize.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, only a man who has been ordained to the <a href="/wiki/Aaronic_priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Aaronic priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Aaronic priesthood</a> holding the priesthood office of <a href="/wiki/Priest_(Mormonism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priest (Mormonism)">priest</a> or higher office in the <a href="/wiki/Melchizedek_priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Melchizedek priesthood</a> may administer baptism.<a href="#cite_note-churchofjesuschrist.org-178">[176]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> baptism is performed by a "dedicated male" adherent.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated480-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> Only in extraordinary circumstances would a "dedicated" baptizer be unbaptized (see section <a href="#Jehovah's_Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:0-181">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practitioners">Practitioners</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Practitioners">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Protestantism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Anabaptist">edit</a>]</div> Early Anabaptists were given that name because they re-baptized persons who they felt had not been properly baptized, as they did not recognize infant baptism.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> The traditional form of Anabaptist baptism was pouring, the form commonly used in Western Christianity in the early 16th century when they emerged. Pouring continues to be normative in <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hutterite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutterite">Hutterite</a> traditions of Anabaptist Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-KurianDay2017-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kraybill2010-184">[182]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Brethren_Church" title="Mennonite Brethren Church">Mennonite Brethren Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Brethren" title="River Brethren">River Brethren</a> denominations of Anabaptist Christianity practice immersion. The Schwarzenau church immerses in the forward position three times, for each person of the Holy Trinity and because "the Bible says Jesus bowed his head (letting it fall forward) and died. Baptism represents a dying of the old, sinful self."<a href="#cite_note-Durnbaugh1983-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell2007-186">[184]</a> Today all modes of baptism (such as pouring and immersion) can be found among Anabaptists.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites" title="Conservative Mennonites">Conservative Mennonite Anabaptists</a> count baptism to be one of the <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Christianity)" title="Ordinance (Christianity)">seven ordinances</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hartzler2013-188">[186]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Anabaptist theology</a>, baptism is a part of the process of salvation.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> For Anabaptists, "believer's baptism consists of three parts, the Spirit, the water, and the blood—these three witnesses on earth."<a href="#cite_note-Eby-190">[188]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Anabaptist theology</a>: (1) In believer's baptism, the Holy Spirit witnesses the candidate entering into a <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">covenant</a> with God.<a href="#cite_note-Eby-190">[188]</a> (2) God, in believer's baptism, "grants a baptized believer the water of baptism as a sign of His covenant with them—that such a one indicates and publicly confesses that he wants to live in true obedience towards God and fellow believers with a blameless life."<a href="#cite_note-Eby-190">[188]</a> (3) Integral to believer's baptism is the candidate's mission to witness to the world even unto <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">martyrdom</a>, echoing Jesus' words that "they would be baptized with His baptism, witnessing to the world when their blood was spilt."<a href="#cite_note-Eby-190">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baptist">Baptist</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Baptist">edit</a>]</div> For the majority of Baptists, Christian baptism is the immersion of a believer in water in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-BFM-192">[190]</a> Baptism does not accomplish anything in itself, but is an outward personal sign that the person's sins have already been washed away by the blood of Christ's cross.<a href="#cite_note-London-193">[191]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brownlow-immersion-attack-1856.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Brownlow-immersion-attack-1856.jpg/220px-Brownlow-immersion-attack-1856.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Brownlow-immersion-attack-1856.jpg/330px-Brownlow-immersion-attack-1856.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Brownlow-immersion-attack-1856.jpg/440px-Brownlow-immersion-attack-1856.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Engraving from <a href="/wiki/William_G._Brownlow" class="mw-redirect" title="William G. Brownlow">William G. Brownlow</a>'s book The Great Iron Wheel Examined, showing a Baptist minister changing clothes in front of horrified women after administering a <a href="#Submersion">baptism by immersion</a>.</figcaption></figure>For a new convert the general practice is that baptism also allows the person to be a registered member of the local Baptist congregation (though some churches have adopted "new members classes" as an additional mandatory step for congregational membership).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Regarding rebaptism the general rules are:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>baptisms by other than immersion are not recognized as valid and therefore rebaptism by immersion is required; and</li> <li>baptisms by immersion in other denominations may be considered valid if performed after the person having professed faith in Jesus Christ (though among the more conservative groups such as <a href="/wiki/Independent_Baptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Baptists">Independent Baptists</a>, rebaptism may be required by the local congregation if performed in a non-Baptist church—and, in extreme cases, even if performed within a Baptist church that wasn't an Independent Baptist congregation)</li></ul> For newborns, there is a ceremony called <a href="/wiki/Child_dedication" title="Child dedication">child dedication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">antebellum</a> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Methodist">Methodist</a> <a href="/wiki/Circuit_rider_(religious)" title="Circuit rider (religious)">circuit rider</a> and newspaper publisher <a href="/wiki/William_G._Brownlow" class="mw-redirect" title="William G. Brownlow">William G. Brownlow</a> stated within his 1856 book The Great Iron Wheel Examined; or, Its False Spokes Extracted, and an Exhibition of Elder Graves, Its Builder that the immersion baptism practiced within the Baptist churches as found within the United States did not extend in a "regular line of succession...from John the Baptist—but from old Zeke Holliman and his true yoke-fellow, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Mr. [Roger] Williams</a>" as during 1639 Holliman and Williams first immersion baptized each other and then immersion baptized the ten other members of the <a href="/wiki/First_Baptist_Church_in_America" title="First Baptist Church in America">first Baptist church</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a> at <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Churches_of_Christ">Churches of Christ</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Churches of Christ">edit</a>]</div> Baptism in <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a> is performed only by full bodily immersion,<a href="#cite_note-Perfect_Stranger-196">[194]</a>: 107 <a href="#cite_note-Rhodes_2005-197">[195]</a>: 124  based on the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> verb baptizo which means to dip, immerse, submerge or plunge.<a href="#cite_note-Who_Are_the_churches_of_Christ-198">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Understanding_Four_Views_on_Baptism-199">[197]</a>: 139 <a href="#cite_note-Howard_1971-200">[198]</a>: 313–14 <a href="#cite_note-Baptism,_Why_Wait?-201">[199]</a>: 22 <a href="#cite_note-Wharton_1997-202">[200]</a>: 45–46  Submersion is seen as more closely conforming to the death, burial and resurrection of Jesus than other modes of baptism.<a href="#cite_note-Who_Are_the_churches_of_Christ-198">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Understanding_Four_Views_on_Baptism-199">[197]</a>: 140 <a href="#cite_note-Howard_1971-200">[198]</a>: 314–16  Churches of Christ argue that historically immersion was the mode used in the 1st century, and that pouring and sprinkling later emerged as secondary modes when immersion was not possible.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_Four_Views_on_Baptism-199">[197]</a>: 140  Over time these secondary modes came to replace immersion.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_Four_Views_on_Baptism-199">[197]</a>: 140  Only those mentally capable of belief and repentance are baptized (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a> is not practiced because the New Testament has no precedent for it).<a href="#cite_note-Rhodes_2005-197">[195]</a>: 124 <a href="#cite_note-Who_Are_the_churches_of_Christ-198">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Howard_1971-200">[198]</a>: 318–19 <a href="#cite_note-Ferguson_1996-203">[201]</a>: 195  Churches of Christ have historically had the most conservative position on baptism among the various branches of the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a>, understanding baptism by immersion to be a necessary part of conversion.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism-119">[117]</a>: 61  The most significant disagreements concerned the extent to which a correct understanding of the role of baptism is necessary for its validity.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism-119">[117]</a>: p.61  <a href="/wiki/David_Lipscomb" title="David Lipscomb">David Lipscomb</a> insisted that if a believer was baptized out of a desire to obey God, the baptism was valid, even if the individual did not fully understand the role baptism plays in salvation.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism-119">[117]</a>: 61  <a href="/wiki/Austin_McGary" title="Austin McGary">Austin McGary</a> contended that to be valid, the convert must also understand that baptism is for the forgiveness of sins.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism-119">[117]</a>: 62  McGary's view became the prevailing one in the early 20th century, but the approach advocated by Lipscomb never totally disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism-119">[117]</a>: 62  As such, the general practice among churches of Christ is to require rebaptism by immersion of converts, even those who were previously baptized by immersion in other churches.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] More recently, the rise of the <a href="/wiki/International_Churches_of_Christ" title="International Churches of Christ">International Churches of Christ</a> has caused some to reexamine the issue.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism-119">[117]</a>: 66  Churches of Christ consistently teach that in baptism a believer surrenders his life in faith and obedience to God, and that God "by the merits of Christ's blood, cleanses one from sin and truly changes the state of the person from an alien to a citizen of God's kingdom. Baptism is not a human work; it is the place where God does the work that only God can do."<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism-119">[117]</a>: 66  Baptism is a passive act of faith rather than a meritorious work; it "is a confession that a person has nothing to offer God."<a href="#cite_note-Theology_Matters-120">[118]</a>: 112  While Churches of Christ do not describe baptism as a "sacrament", their view of it can legitimately be described as "sacramental".<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism-119">[117]</a>: 66 <a href="#cite_note-Baptism,_Why_Wait?-201">[199]</a>: 186  They see the power of baptism coming from God, who chose to use baptism as a vehicle, rather than from the water or the act itself,<a href="#cite_note-Baptism,_Why_Wait?-201">[199]</a>: 186  and understand baptism to be an integral part of the conversion process, rather than just a symbol of conversion.<a href="#cite_note-Baptism,_Why_Wait?-201">[199]</a>: 184  A recent trend is to emphasize the transformational aspect of baptism: instead of describing it as just a legal requirement or sign of something that happened in the past, it is seen as "the event that places the believer 'into Christ' where God does the ongoing work of transformation."<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism-119">[117]</a>: 66  There is a minority that downplays the importance of baptism to avoid sectarianism, but the broader trend is to "reexamine the richness of the biblical teaching of baptism and to reinforce its central and essential place in Christianity."<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism-119">[117]</a>: 66  Because of the belief that baptism is a necessary part of salvation, some Baptists hold that the Churches of Christ endorse the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_regeneration" title="Baptismal regeneration">baptismal regeneration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Foster-204">[202]</a> However, members of the Churches of Christ reject this, arguing that since faith and repentance are necessary, and that the cleansing of sins is by the blood of Christ through the grace of God, baptism is not an inherently redeeming ritual.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_Four_Views_on_Baptism-199">[197]</a>: 133 <a href="#cite_note-Foster-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Regeneration-205">[203]</a>: 630–631  Rather, their inclination is to point to the biblical passage in which Peter, analogizing baptism to Noah's flood, posits that "likewise baptism doth also now save us" but parenthetically clarifies that baptism is "not the putting away of the filth of the flesh but the response of a good conscience toward God" (1 Peter 3:21).<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> One author from the churches of Christ describes the relationship between faith and baptism this way, "Faith is the reason why a person is a child of God; baptism is the time at which one is incorporated into Christ and so becomes a child of God" (italics are in the source).<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson_1996-203">[201]</a>: 170  Baptism is understood as a confessional expression of faith and repentance,<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson_1996-203">[201]</a>: 179–82  rather than a "work" that earns salvation.<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson_1996-203">[201]</a>: 170  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lutheranism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_sacraments" title="Lutheran sacraments">Lutheran sacraments</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran Christianity</a>, baptism is a sacrament that <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_regeneration" title="Baptismal regeneration">regenerates the soul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schmid1876-207">[205]</a> Upon one's baptism, one receives the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> and becomes a part of the church.<a href="#cite_note-Schmid1876-207">[205]</a> According to Martin Luther's <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Small Catechism</a>, it is the word and command of God "in and with the water" that gives baptism its power, which "works forgiveness of sins, delivers from death and the devil, and gives eternal salvation to all who believe this, as the words and promises of God declare".<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> In Lutheran theology, baptism is not viewed as a work that the baptizer performs in obedience to the law, but rather a work of God that is received by faith, which "clings to the water".<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methodism">Methodism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Methodism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptistry_(United_Methodist_Church_of_the_Saviour).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Baptistry_%28United_Methodist_Church_of_the_Saviour%29.jpg/250px-Baptistry_%28United_Methodist_Church_of_the_Saviour%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Baptistry_%28United_Methodist_Church_of_the_Saviour%29.jpg/330px-Baptistry_%28United_Methodist_Church_of_the_Saviour%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Baptistry_%28United_Methodist_Church_of_the_Saviour%29.jpg/500px-Baptistry_%28United_Methodist_Church_of_the_Saviour%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A baptistry in a <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> church</figcaption></figure> The Methodist <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a>, with regard to baptism, teach:<a href="#cite_note-NettlesPrattKolbCastelein2009-210">[208]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Baptism is not only a sign of profession and mark of difference whereby Christians are distinguished from others that are not baptized; but it is also a sign of regeneration or the new birth. The Baptism of young children is to be retained in the Church.<a href="#cite_note-NettlesPrattKolbCastelein2009-210">[208]</a></blockquote> While baptism imparts grace, Methodists teach that a <a href="/wiki/Born_again#Methodism" title="Born again">personal acceptance of Jesus Christ</a> (the first work of grace) is essential to one's salvation;<a href="#cite_note-FMC2008-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-UMC_–_By_Water_and_the_Spirit-212">[210]</a> during the second work of grace, <a href="/wiki/Entire_sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire sanctification">entire sanctification</a>, a believer is purified of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> and made <a href="/wiki/Holy" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy">holy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stokes1998-213">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whidden2005-214">[212]</a> As such, in the Methodist tradition, <a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a> has referred to the second work of grace, <a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">entire sanctification</a> (Christian perfection).<a href="#cite_note-UMC2012-32">[31]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church">Methodist Churches</a>, baptism is a <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a> of initiation into the <a href="/wiki/Visible_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible Church">visible Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-StuartChappell1922-215">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology#Wesleyan_covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Wesleyan covenant theology</a> further teaches that baptism is a sign and a seal of the covenant of grace:<a href="#cite_note-Summers1857-216">[214]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Of this great new-covenant blessing, baptism was therefore eminently the sign; and it represented "the pouring out" of the Spirit, "the descending" of the Spirit, the "falling" of the Spirit "upon men", by the mode in which it was administered, the pouring of water from above upon the subjects baptized. As a seal, also, or confirming sign, baptism answers to circumcision.<a href="#cite_note-Summers1857-216">[214]</a></blockquote> Methodists recognize three modes of baptism as being valid—"immersion, sprinkling, or pouring" in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Holy Trinity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AWMC2014-217">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moravianism">Moravianism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Moravianism">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> teaches that baptism is a sign and a seal, recognizing three modes of baptism as being valid: immersion, aspersion, and affusion.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reformed_Protestantism">Reformed Protestantism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reformed Protestantism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Reformed baptismal theology</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Reformed baptismal theology</a>, baptism is seen as primarily God's offer of <a href="/wiki/Union_with_Christ" title="Union with Christ">union with Christ</a> and all his benefits to the baptized. This offer is believed to be intact even when it is not received in faith by the person baptized.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> Reformed theologians believe the Holy Spirit brings into effect the promises signified in baptism.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> Baptism is held by almost the entire Reformed tradition to effect regeneration, even in infants who are incapable of faith, by effecting faith which would come to fruition later.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> Baptism also initiates one into the <a href="/wiki/Visible_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible church">visible church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_grace" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenant of grace">covenant of grace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> Baptism is seen as a replacement of <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>, which is considered the rite of initiation into the covenant of grace in the Old Testament.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> Reformed Christians believe that immersion is not necessary for baptism to be properly performed, but that pouring or sprinkling are acceptable.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> Only ordained ministers are permitted to administer baptism in Reformed churches, with no allowance for <a href="/wiki/Emergency_baptism" title="Emergency baptism">emergency baptism</a>, though baptisms performed by non-ministers are generally considered valid.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> Reformed churches, while rejecting the baptismal ceremonies of the Catholic church, accept the validity of baptisms performed with them and do not rebaptize.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Protestants">United Protestants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United Protestants">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/United_Protestant_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="United Protestant Church">United Protestant Churches</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_North_India" title="Church of North India">Church of North India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Pakistan" title="Church of Pakistan">Church of Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Protestant Church in the Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Australia" title="Uniting Church in Australia">Uniting Church in Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ_in_Japan" title="United Church of Christ in Japan">United Church of Christ in Japan</a>, baptism is a <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Catholicism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments of the Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_vows" title="Baptismal vows">Baptismal vows</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parish_register" title="Parish register">Parish register</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bautizo_(68227747).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bautizo_%2868227747%29.jpeg/220px-Bautizo_%2868227747%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bautizo_%2868227747%29.jpeg/330px-Bautizo_%2868227747%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bautizo_%2868227747%29.jpeg/440px-Bautizo_%2868227747%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Catholic Baptism using a scallop</figcaption></figure> In Catholic teaching, baptism is stated to be "necessary for salvation by actual reception or at least by desire".<a href="#cite_note-can849-228">[226]</a> Catholic discipline requires the baptism ceremony to be performed by deacons, <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">priests</a>, or bishops, but in an emergency such as danger of death, anyone can licitly baptize. This teaching is based on the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_according_to_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel according to John">Gospel according to John</a> which says that Jesus proclaimed: "Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter into the Kingdom of God."<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> It dates back to the teachings and practices of 1st-century Christians, and the connection between salvation and baptism was not, on the whole, an item of major dispute until <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> denied the necessity of baptism, which he saw as merely a sign granting admission to the Christian community.<a href="#cite_note-cross2005baptism-19">[19]</a> The Catechism of the Catholic Church states that "Baptism is necessary for salvation for those to whom the Gospel has been proclaimed and who have had the possibility of asking for this sacrament."<a href="#cite_note-vatican-230">[228]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> also states in the Decree Concerning Justification from session six that baptism is necessary for salvation.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> A person who knowingly, willfully and unrepentantly rejects baptism has no hope of salvation. However, if knowledge is absent, "those also can attain to salvation who through no fault of their own do not know the Gospel of Christ or His Church, yet sincerely seek God and moved by grace strive by their deeds to do His will as it is known to them through the dictates of conscience."<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> The Catechism of the Catholic Church also states: "Since Baptism signifies liberation from sin and from its instigator the devil, one or more <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcisms</a> are pronounced over the candidate".<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the baptism of a child, the wording of the prayer of exorcism is: "Almighty and ever-living God, you sent your only Son into the world to cast out the power of Satan, spirit of evil, to rescue man from the kingdom of darkness and bring him into the splendour of your kingdom of light. We pray for this child: set him (her) free from original sin, make him (her) a temple of your glory, and send your Holy Spirit to dwell with him (her). Through Christ our Lord."<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> In the Catholic Church by baptism all sins are forgiven, <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> and all personal sins.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> Baptism not only purifies from all sins, but also makes the neophyte "a new creature", an adopted son of God, who has become a "partaker of the divine nature", member of Christ and co-heir with him, and a temple of the Holy Spirit. Given once for all, baptism cannot be repeated: just as a man can be born only once, so he is baptized only once. For this reason the holy <a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Father of the Church">Fathers</a> added to the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> the words We acknowledge one Baptism.<a href="#cite_note-The_Aquinas_Cathechism-236">[234]</a> Sanctifying grace, the grace of justification, given by God by baptism, erases the original sin and personal actual sins.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> The power of Baptism consists in cleansing a man from all his sins as regards both guilt and punishment, for which reason no penance is imposed on those who receive Baptism, no matter how great their sins may have been. And if they were to die immediately after Baptism, they would rise at once to eternal life.<a href="#cite_note-The_Aquinas_Cathechism-236">[234]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battesimo_dei_neofiti_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Battesimo_dei_neofiti_2.jpg/250px-Battesimo_dei_neofiti_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Battesimo_dei_neofiti_2.jpg/330px-Battesimo_dei_neofiti_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Battesimo_dei_neofiti_2.jpg/500px-Battesimo_dei_neofiti_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Masaccio" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism_of_the_Neophytes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baptism of the Neophytes (page does not exist)">Baptism of the Neophytes</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battesimo_dei_neofiti" class="extiw" title="it:Battesimo dei neofiti">it</a>], 1425–1426 (<a href="/wiki/Brancacci_Chapel" title="Brancacci Chapel">Brancacci Chapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>). This painting depicts baptism by <a href="/wiki/Affusion" title="Affusion">affusion</a>. The artist may have chosen an archaic form for this depiction of baptism by <a href="/wiki/St._Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter">St. Peter</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> of the Catholic Church a valid baptism requires, according to Canon 758 of the <a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">1917 Code of Canon Law</a>, the baptizer to pronounce the formula "I baptize you in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit" while putting the baptized in contact with water. The contact may be immersion, "affusion" (pouring), or "aspersion" (sprinkling).<a href="#cite_note-Peters2001-151">[149]</a> The formula requires "name" to be singular, emphasising the <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> It is claimed that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Pope Stephen I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Pope Nicholas I</a> declared that baptisms in the name of "Jesus" only as well as in the name of "Father, Son and Holy Spirit" were valid. The correct interpretation of their words is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-cathen-52">[50]</a> Current <a href="/wiki/Canonical_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical law">canonical law</a> requires the Trinitarian formula and water for validity.<a href="#cite_note-can849-228">[226]</a> The formula requires "I baptize" rather than "we baptize", as clarified by a <a href="/wiki/Responsum" class="mw-redirect" title="Responsum">responsum</a> of June 24, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> In 2022 the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Phoenix" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Phoenix">Diocese of Phoenix</a> accepted the resignation of a parish priest whose use of "we baptize" had invalidated "thousands of baptisms over more than 20 years".<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> Note that in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> the formula is in the passive voice, "The servant of God N. is baptized in the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit."<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> Offspring of practicing Catholic parents are typically baptized as infants. Baptism is part of the <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Christian_Initiation_of_Adults" class="mw-redirect" title="Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults">Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults</a>, provided for converts from non-Christian backgrounds and others not baptized as infants.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> Baptism by non-Catholic Christians is valid if the formula and water are present, and so converts from other Christian denominations are not given a Catholic baptism. The church recognizes two equivalents of baptism with water: "<a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_blood" title="Baptism of blood">baptism of blood</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_desire" title="Baptism of desire">baptism of desire</a>". Baptism of blood is that undergone by unbaptized individuals who are <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyred</a> for their faith, while baptism of desire generally applies to <a href="/wiki/Catechumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechumen">catechumens</a> who die before they can be baptized. The Catechism of the Catholic Church describes these two forms:<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> <blockquote>The Church has always held the firm conviction that those who suffer death for the sake of the faith without having received Baptism are baptized by their death for and with Christ. This Baptism of blood, like the desire for Baptism, brings about the fruits of Baptism without being a sacrament. <dl><dd>— 1258</dd></dl></blockquote> <blockquote>For catechumens who die before their Baptism, their explicit desire to receive it, together with repentance for their sins, and <a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">charity</a>, assures them the salvation that they were not able to receive through the sacrament. <dl><dd>— 1259</dd></dl></blockquote> The Catholic Church holds that those who are ignorant of Christ's Gospel and of the church, but who seek the truth and do God's will as they understand it, may be supposed to have an implicit desire for baptism and can be saved: "'Since Christ died for all, and since all men are in fact called to one and the same destiny, which is divine, we must hold that the Holy Spirit offers to all the possibility of being made partakers, in a way known to God, of the Paschal mystery.' Every man who is ignorant of the Gospel of Christ and of his Church, but seeks the truth and does the will of God in accordance with his understanding of it, can be saved. It may be supposed that such persons would have desired Baptism explicitly if they had known its necessity."<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> As for unbaptized infants, the church is unsure of their fate; "the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God".<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodoxy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreekOrthodoxBaptism1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/GreekOrthodoxBaptism1.jpg/220px-GreekOrthodoxBaptism1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/GreekOrthodoxBaptism1.jpg/330px-GreekOrthodoxBaptism1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/GreekOrthodoxBaptism1.jpg/440px-GreekOrthodoxBaptism1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>An Orthodox baptism</figcaption></figure> In Eastern Orthodoxy, baptism is considered a sacrament and mystery which transforms the old and sinful person into a new and pure one, where the old life, the sins, any mistakes made are gone and a clean slate is given. In <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox">Russian Orthodox</a> traditions, it is taught that through Baptism a person is united to the <a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a> by becoming an official member of the Orthodox Church. During the service, the Orthodox priest blesses the <a href="/wiki/Holy_water_in_Eastern_Christianity" title="Holy water in Eastern Christianity">water</a> to be used. The catechumen (the one baptised) is fully immersed in the water three times in the name of the Trinity. This is considered to be a death of the "old man" by participation in the crucifixion and burial of Christ, and a rebirth into new life in Christ by participation in his resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-Ware1993-246">[244]</a>: 277–278  Properly a new name is given, which becomes the person's name.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Orthodox_Baptism.webm/220px--Orthodox_Baptism.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="14" data-mwtitle="Orthodox_Baptism.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Orthodox_Baptism.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Orthodox_Baptism.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="848" data-height="478" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Orthodox_Baptism.webm/Orthodox_Baptism.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Orthodox_Baptism.webm/Orthodox_Baptism.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Orthodox_Baptism.webm/Orthodox_Baptism.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="638" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Orthodox_Baptism.webm/Orthodox_Baptism.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="638" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>An Orthodox baptism of an adult</figcaption></figure> Babies of Orthodox families are normally baptized shortly after birth. Older converts to Orthodoxy are usually formally baptized into the Orthodox Church, though exceptions are sometimes made. Those who choose to convert from a different religion to Eastern Orthodoxy typically undergo <a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a>, known as confirmation in the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> Properly and generally, the Mystery of Baptism is administered by bishops and other priests; however, in emergencies any Orthodox Christian can baptize.<a href="#cite_note-Ware1993-246">[244]</a>: 278  In such cases, should the person survive the emergency, it is likely that the person will be properly baptized by a priest at some later date. This is not considered to be a second baptism, nor is it imagined that the person is not already Orthodox, but rather it is a fulfillment of the proper form.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The service of baptism in <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> (and other Eastern Orthodox) churches has remained largely unchanged for over 1500 years. This fact is witnessed to by <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a> (d. 386), who, in his Discourse on the Sacrament of Baptism, describes the service in much the same way as is currently in use.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_groups">Other groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Other groups">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jehovah's_Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Jehovah's Witnesses">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> believe that baptism should be performed by complete immersion (submersion) in water and only when an individual is old enough to understand its significance. They believe that water baptism is an outward symbol that a person has made an unconditional dedication through Jesus Christ to do the will of God. Only after baptism, is a person considered a full-fledged Witness, and an official member of the Christian Congregation. They consider baptism to constitute ordination as a <a href="/wiki/Christian_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian minister">minister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> Prospective candidates for baptism must express their desire to be baptized well in advance of a planned baptismal event, to allow for congregation <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)#Jehovah's_Witnesses" title="Elder (Christianity)">elders</a> to assess their suitability (regarding true repentance and conversion).<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> Elders approve candidates for baptism if the candidates are considered to understand what is expected of members of the religion and to demonstrate sincere dedication to the faith.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> Most baptisms among Jehovah's Witnesses are performed at scheduled assemblies and conventions by elders and ministerial servants, in special pools, or sometimes oceans, rivers, or lakes, depending on circumstances,<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> and rarely occur at local <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hall" title="Kingdom Hall">Kingdom Halls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-255">[253]</a> Prior to baptism, at the conclusion of a pre-baptism talk, candidates must affirm two questions:<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ol><li>On the basis of the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, have you repented of your sins and dedicated yourself to Jehovah to do his will?</li> <li>Do you understand that your dedication and baptism identify you as one of Jehovah's Witnesses in association with God's spirit-directed organization?</li></ol></blockquote> Only baptized males (elders or ministerial servants) may baptize new members. Baptizers and candidates wear swimsuits or other informal clothing for baptism, but are directed to avoid clothing that is considered undignified or too revealing.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1999-257">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> Generally, candidates are individually immersed by a single baptizer,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1999-257">[255]</a> unless a candidate has special circumstances such as a physical <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Watchtower_1986,_page_31-260">[258]</a> In circumstances of extended isolation, a qualified candidate's dedication and stated intention to become baptized may serve to identify him as a member of Jehovah's Witnesses, even if immersion itself must be delayed.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> In rare instances, unbaptized males who had stated such an intention have reciprocally baptized each other, with both baptisms accepted as valid.<a href="#cite_note-:0-181">[179]</a> Individuals who had been baptized in the 1930s and 1940s by female Witnesses due to extenuating circumstances, such as in concentration camps, were later re-baptized but still recognized their original baptism dates.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated480-179">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mormon_baptism_circa_1850s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mormon_baptism_circa_1850s.png/250px-Mormon_baptism_circa_1850s.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mormon_baptism_circa_1850s.png/330px-Mormon_baptism_circa_1850s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mormon_baptism_circa_1850s.png/500px-Mormon_baptism_circa_1850s.png 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>A Mormon baptism, circa the 1850s</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baptism_in_Mormonism" title="Baptism in Mormonism">Baptism in Mormonism</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church), baptism is recognized as the first of several <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Ordinance (Latter Day Saints)">ordinances</a> (rituals) of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a>, baptism has the main purpose of remitting the <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sins</a> of the participant. It is followed by <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Confirmation (Latter Day Saints)">confirmation</a>, which inducts the person into membership in the church and constitutes a <a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">baptism with the Holy Spirit</a>. Latter-day Saints believe that baptism must be by full immersion, and by a precise ritualized ordinance: if some part of the participant is not fully immersed, or the ordinance was not recited verbatim, the ritual must be repeated.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> It typically occurs in a <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font" title="Baptismal font">baptismal font</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In addition, members of the LDS Church do not believe a baptism is valid unless it is performed by a Latter-day Saint one who has proper authority (a <a href="/wiki/Priest_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Priest (Latter Day Saints)">priest</a> or <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Elder (Latter Day Saints)">elder</a>).<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> Authority is passed down through a form of <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a>. All new converts to the faith must be baptized or <a href="/wiki/Rebaptism_(Mormonism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebaptism (Mormonism)">re-baptized</a>. Baptism is seen as symbolic both of Jesus' death, burial and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> and is also symbolic of the baptized individual discarding their "natural" self and donning a new identity as a disciple of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> According to Latter-day Saint theology, <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">repentance</a> are prerequisites to baptism. The ritual does not cleanse the participant of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>, as Latter-day Saints do not believe the doctrine of original sin. Mormonism rejects <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-EoM_Infant_Baptism-268">[266]</a> and baptism must occur after the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_accountability" title="Age of accountability">age of accountability</a>, defined in Latter-day Saint scripture as eight years old.<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-EoM_Accountability-270">[268]</a> Latter-day Saint theology also teaches <a href="/wiki/Baptism_for_the_dead" title="Baptism for the dead">baptism for the dead</a> in which deceased ancestors are baptized vicariously by the living, and believe that their practice is what Paul wrote of in Corinthians 15:29. This occurs in <a href="/wiki/Temple_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Temple (Latter Day Saints)">Latter-day Saint temples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-EoM_Baptism_for_the_dead-272">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Freemasonry">edit</a>]</div> Due to tensions between the Catholic Church and Freemasons in France in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, French Freemasons developed rituals to replace those of the Church, including baptism. Chrétien-Guillaume Riebesthal's Rituel Maçonnique pour tous les Rites (Masonic Ritual for All Rites),<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> published in Strasbourg in 1826, includes one such baptismal rite.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ku.edu/ygas/article/view/20050/18019">"Some Ceremony Peculiar to Themselves": The Continuation of a European Masonic Ceremony in Nineteenth-Century Wisconsin</a> Lodges in Louisiana and Wisconsin performed baptism ceremonies in 1859, though they were widely condemned by their <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge" title="Grand Lodge">Grand Lodges</a>. In 1865, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Pike" title="Albert Pike">Albert Pike</a>, publicly performed a ceremony of Masonic baptism in New York City. The ceremony was greeted with skepticism by many American Masons including <a href="/wiki/Albert_Mackey" title="Albert Mackey">Albert Mackey</a>. A ceremony for Masonic baptism was published by Charles T. McClenechan in 1884.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-practitioners">Non-practitioners</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Non-practitioners">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quakers">Quakers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Quakers">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> (members of the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Religious Society of Friends</a>) do not believe in the baptism of either children or adults with water, rejecting all forms of outward <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacraments</a> in their religious life. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Barclay" title="Robert Barclay">Robert Barclay</a>'s Apology for the True Christian Divinity (a historic explanation of Quaker theology from the 17th century), explains Quakers' opposition to baptism with water thus: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">I indeed baptize you with water unto repentance; but he that cometh after me is mightier than I, whose shoes I am not worthy to bear; he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost and with fire.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> Here John mentions two manners of baptizings and two different baptisms, the one with water, and the other with the Spirit, the one whereof he was the minister of, the other whereof Christ was the minister of: and such as were baptized with the first were not therefore baptized with the second: "I indeed baptize you, but he shall baptize you." Though in the present time they were baptized with the baptism of water, yet they were not as yet, but were to be, baptized with the baptism of Christ.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barclay" title="Robert Barclay">Robert Barclay</a>, 1678<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Barclay" title="Robert Barclay">Barclay</a> argued that water baptism was only something that happened until the time of Christ, but that now, people are baptised inwardly by the spirit of Christ, and hence there is no need for the external sacrament of water baptism, which <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> argue is meaningless.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salvation_Army">Salvation Army</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Salvation Army">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a> does not practice water baptism, or indeed other outward <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacraments</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Booth" title="William Booth">William Booth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Booth" title="Catherine Booth">Catherine Booth</a>, the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a>, believed that many Christians had come to rely on the outward signs of spiritual grace rather than on grace itself. They believed what was important was spiritual grace itself. However, although the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a> does not practice baptism, they are not opposed to baptism within other Christian denominations.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hyperdispensationalism">Hyperdispensationalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Hyperdispensationalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248332772" /><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This section has multiple issues. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Baptism" title="Special:EditPage/Baptism">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Baptism" title="Talk:Baptism">talk page</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Baptism" title="Special:EditPage/Baptism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> There are some Christians termed "<a href="/wiki/Hyperdispensationalism" title="Hyperdispensationalism">Hyperdispensationalists</a>" (Mid-Acts dispensationalism) who accept only Paul's Epistles as directly applicable for the church today. They do not accept water baptism as a practice for the church since Paul who was God's apostle to the nations was not sent to baptize. Ultradispensationalists (Acts 28 dispensationalism) who do not accept the practice of the Lord's supper, do not practice baptism because these are not found in the Prison Epistles.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> Both sects believe water baptism was a valid practice for covenant Israel. Hyperdispensationalists also teach that Peter's gospel message was not the same as Paul's.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> Hyperdispensationalists assert:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>The great commission<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> and its baptism is directed to early Jewish believers, not the Gentile believers of mid-Acts or later.</li> <li>The baptism of Acts 2:36–38 is Peter's call for Israel to repent of complicity in the death of their Messiah; not as a Gospel announcement of <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a> for sin, a later doctrine revealed by Paul.</li></ul> Water baptism found early in the Book of Acts is, according to this view,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] now supplanted by the one baptism<a href="#cite_note-bibleverse|1_Corinthians|12:13-143">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] foretold by John the Baptist.<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] Others[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] make a distinction between John's prophesied baptism by Christ with the Holy Spirit and the Holy Spirit's baptism of the believer into the body of Christ; the latter being the one baptism for today.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The one baptism for today, it is asserted,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] is the "baptism of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>" of the believer into the Body of Christ church.<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] Many in this group[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] also argue that John's promised <a href="/wiki/Baptized_by_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptized by fire">baptism by fire</a> is pending,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] referring to the destruction of the world by fire.<a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] Other Hyperdispensationalists[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] believe that baptism was necessary until mid-Acts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debaptism">Debaptism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Debaptism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Debaptism" title="Debaptism">Debaptism</a></div> Most Christian churches see baptism as a once-in-a-lifetime event that can be <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_character" title="Sacramental character">neither repeated nor undone</a>. They hold that those who have been baptized remain baptized, even if they renounce the Christian faith by adopting a non-Christian religion or by <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">rejecting religion</a> entirely. But some other organizations and individuals are practicing debaptism.<a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_summary">Comparative summary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Comparative summary">edit</a>]</div> A comparative summary of the practice of baptism throughout various Christian denominations is given below.<a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-39articles-286">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> (This section does not give a complete listing of denominations, and therefore, it only mentions a fraction of the churches practicing "believer's baptism".) <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:92%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Denomination </th> <th class="unsortable">Beliefs about baptism </th> <th>Type of baptism </th> <th>Baptize infants? </th> <th>Baptism regenerates / gives spiritual life </th> <th>Standard </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> </td> <td>Baptism is considered by the majority of Anabaptist Churches (anabaptist means to baptize again) to be essential to Christian faith but not to salvation. It is considered to be an <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinance (Christian)">ordinance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> </td> <td>Traditionally by pouring or sprinkling, since the 18th century also immersion and submersion. </td> <td>No </td> <td>No. Faith in Christ is believed to precede and follow baptism. </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> </td> <td>"Baptism is not only a sign of profession, and mark of difference, whereby Christian men are discerned from others that be not christened, but it is also a sign of Regeneration or New-Birth, whereby, as by an instrument, they that receive Baptism rightly are grafted into the Church; the promises of the forgiveness of sin, and of our adoption to be the sons of God by the Holy Ghost, are visibly signed and sealed; Faith is confirmed, and Grace increased by virtue of prayer unto God."<a href="#cite_note-39articles-286">[284]</a> </td> <td>Immersion or pouring.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-127">[125]</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> </td> <td>A divine ordinance, a symbolic ritual, a mechanism for publicly declaring one's faith, and a sign of having already been saved, but not necessary for salvation. </td> <td>Submersion only </td> <td>No </td> <td>No </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Brethren" title="Church of the Brethren">Brethren</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a> </td> <td>Baptism is an ordinance performed upon adults in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. It is a commitment to live Christ's teachings responsibly and joyfully. </td> <td>Immersion only </td> <td>No </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvary Chapel">Calvary Chapel</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> </td> <td>Baptism is disregarded as necessary for salvation but instead recognizes as an outward sign of an inward change </td> <td>Immersion only </td> <td>No </td> <td>No </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a> </td> <td>Baptism is essential for the salvation of a believer.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] It is only effective if somebody believes the true gospel message before they are baptized.<a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Baptism is an external symbol of an internal change in the believer: it represents a death to an old, sinful way of life, and the start of a new life as a Christian, summed up as the repentance of the believer—it therefore leads to forgiveness from God, who forgives people who repent.<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Although someone is only baptized once, a believer must live by the principles of their baptism (i.e., death to sin, and a new life following Jesus) throughout their life.<a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a> </td> <td>Submersion only<a href="#cite_note-morgan-295">[293]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-morgan-295">[293]</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit (although Christadelphians do not believe in the Nicean trinity) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a> </td> <td>Baptism is the remissions for sins, it washes away sins and gives spiritual life; it is a symbolization through the death, burial, and resurrection of Christ.<a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a> Churches of Christ have historically had the most conservative position on baptism among the various branches of the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a>, understanding baptism by immersion to be a necessary part of conversion.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism-119">[117]</a>: 61  </td> <td>Immersion only<a href="#cite_note-Perfect_Stranger-196">[194]</a>: 107 <a href="#cite_note-Rhodes_2005-197">[195]</a>: 124 <a href="#cite_note-Who_Are_the_churches_of_Christ-198">[196]</a> </td> <td>No<a href="#cite_note-Rhodes_2005-197">[195]</a>: 124 <a href="#cite_note-Who_Are_the_churches_of_Christ-198">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Howard_1971-200">[198]</a>: 318–19 <a href="#cite_note-Ferguson_1996-203">[201]</a>: 195  </td> <td>Yes; because of the belief that baptism is a necessary part of salvation, some Baptists hold that the Churches of Christ endorse the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_regeneration" title="Baptismal regeneration">baptismal regeneration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Foster-204">[202]</a> However, members of the Churches of Christ reject this, arguing that since faith and repentance are necessary, and that the cleansing of sins is by the blood of Christ through the grace of God, baptism is not an inherently redeeming ritual.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_Four_Views_on_Baptism-199">[197]</a>: 133 <a href="#cite_note-Foster-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Regeneration-205">[203]</a>: 630–31  Baptism is understood as a confessional expression of faith and repentance,<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson_1996-203">[201]</a>: 179–82  rather than a "work" that earns salvation.<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson_1996-203">[201]</a>: 170  </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> </td> <td>An ordinance essential to enter the Celestial Kingdom of Heaven and preparatory for receiving the Gift of the Holy Ghost by the laying on of hands. </td> <td>Immersion, performed by a person holding proper priesthood authority.<a href="#cite_note-ldsbaptism-167">[165]</a> </td> <td>No (at least eight years old) </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Father, and the Son, and the Holy Ghost (the LDS Church does not teach a belief in the <a href="/wiki/Nicean_creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicean creed">Nicean</a> <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">trinity</a>, but rather a belief in the <a href="/wiki/Godhead_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Godhead (Latter Day Saints)">Godhead</a>)<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_and_Missionary_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian and Missionary Alliance">Christian Missionary Alliance</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> </td> <td>Water baptism identifies a person as a disciple of Christ and celebrates the passage from an old life into a new life in Christ. Simply stated, it is an outward sign of an inward change. </td> <td>Immersion </td> <td>No </td> <td>No </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Community_Church_movement" title="Community Church movement">Community Churches</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a> </td> <td>Not necessary for salvation but rather is a sign as a Christ's followers. It is an act of obedience to Christ that follows one's acceptance of salvation by God's grace. Baptism is a symbolization of cleansing of the spirit through God's divine forgiveness and a new life through Christ's death, burial, and resurrection. </td> <td>Immersion only </td> <td>No </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Disciples of Christ</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a> </td> <td>Baptism is a symbolization of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>'s death, burial, and resurrection. It also signifies new birth, cleansing from sin, individual's response to God's grace, and acceptance into the faith community. </td> <td>Mostly immersion; others pouring. Most Disciples believe that <a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">believer's baptism</a> and the practice of immersion were used in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. </td> <td>No </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[299]</a> </td> <td>Baptism is the initiator the salvation experience and for the remissions of sins and is the actual supernatural transformation </td> <td>Immersion </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Free_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Free Church">Evangelical Free Church</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a> </td> <td>An outward expression of an individual's inward faith to God's grace. </td> <td>Submersion only </td> <td>No </td> <td>No </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_Gospel_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Foursquare Gospel Church">Foursquare Gospel Church</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a> </td> <td>Baptism is required as a public commitment to Christ's role as Redeemer and King </td> <td>Immersion only </td> <td>No </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grace_Communion_International" title="Grace Communion International">Grace Communion International</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a> </td> <td>Baptism proclaims the good news that Christ has made everyone his own and that it is only Him that everybody's new life of faith and obedience merges. </td> <td>Immersion only </td> <td>No </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> </td> <td>Baptism is necessary for salvation as part of the entire baptismal arrangement: as an expression of obedience to Jesus' command (Matthew 28:19–20), as a public symbol of the saving faith in the ransom sacrifice of Jesus Christ (Romans 10:10), and as an indication of repentance from dead works and the dedication of one's life to Jehovah. (1 Peter 2:21) However, baptism does not guarantee salvation.<a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a> </td> <td>Submersion only; typical candidates are baptized at district and circuit conventions.<a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a> </td> <td>No </td> <td>No </td> <td>In the name of the Father (Jehovah), the Son (Jesus Christ) and the holy spirit. Jehovah's Witnesses do not believe in the trinity<a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a> but view Jehovah as Sovereign God Almighty;<a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a> Jesus as God's firstborn only-begotten son, second only to Jehovah himself in authority, who now reigns as the anointed king of God's Messianic Kingdom;<a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a> and the holy spirit as God's active force or the force by which God causes things to happen.<a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> </td> <td>The entry <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_sacraments" title="Lutheran sacraments">sacrament</a> into the church by which a person receives forgiveness of sins and eternal salvation<a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-LCMS-316">[314]</a> </td> <td>Sprinkling, pouring, or immersion<a href="#cite_note-317">[315]</a> </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-LCMS-316">[314]</a> </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-LCMS-316">[314]</a> </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyan">Wesleyans</a> </td> <td>The sacrament of initiation into Christ's holy church whereby one is incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_grace" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenant of grace">covenant of grace</a> and given new birth through water and the spirit. Baptism washes away sin and clothes one in the righteousness of Christ. It is a visible sign and seal of inward <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">regeneration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crowther1815-318">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[317]</a> </td> <td>Sprinkling, pouring, or immersion<a href="#cite_note-By_Water_and_the_Spirit_–_Method-320">[318]</a> </td> <td>Yes<a href="#cite_note-Henry_Wheeler,_D.D._–_Baptism_of_Infants_in_Methodism-321">[319]</a> </td> <td>Yes, although contingent upon <a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity" title="Repentance in Christianity">repentance</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Born_again_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Born again (Christianity)">personal acceptance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Christ</a> as Saviour.<a href="#cite_note-FMC2008-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-UMC_–_By_Water_and_the_Spirit-212">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-By_Water_and_the_Spirit_–_Personal_Faith-322">[320]</a> </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Community_Church" title="Metropolitan Community Church">Metropolitan Community Church</a> </td> <td>Baptism is conducted in the order of worship. </td> <td>Sprinkling, pouring, or immersion </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[321]</a> </td> <td>The individual receives the pledge of the forgiveness of sins and admission through God's covenant through the blood of Jesus Christ </td> <td>Sprinkling, pouring, or immersion </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Nazarenes</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[322]</a> </td> <td>Baptism signifies the acceptance of Christ Jesus as Saviour and are willingly to obey him righteously and in holiness. </td> <td>Sprinkling, pouring, or immersion </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostals</a> </td> <td>Necessary for salvation because it conveys spiritual rebirth.<a href="#cite_note-Bernard-325">[323]</a> Being baptized is an ordinance directed and established by Jesus and the Apostles.<a href="#cite_note-upci.org-326">[324]</a> </td> <td>Submersion. Also stress the necessity of a baptism of the Holy Spirit (Acts 2:38; 8:14–17, 35–38).<a href="#cite_note-upci.org-326">[324]</a> </td> <td>No </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Jesus<a href="#cite_note-Bernard-325">[323]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostals (Trinitarian)</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[c]</a> </td> <td>Water Baptism is an ordinance, a symbolic ritual used to witness to having accepted Christ as personal Savior.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td> <td>Submersion. Also stress the necessity of a "second" Baptism of a special outpouring from the Holy Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a> </td> <td>No </td> <td>Varies </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Reformed</a> (includes <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> churches) </td> <td>A sacrament and means of grace. A sign and a seal of the remission of sins, regeneration, admission into the visible church, and the covenant of grace. It is an outward sign of an inward grace.<a href="#cite_note-WCF28-329">[326]</a> </td> <td>Sprinkling, pouring, immersion or submersion<a href="#cite_note-WCF28-329">[326]</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes, the outward means by which the Holy Spirit inwardly accomplishes regeneration and remission of sins<a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a> </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> (Religious Society of Friends) </td> <td>Only an external symbol that is no longer to be practiced<a href="#cite_note-John_Wilhelm_Rowntree_1902-331">[328]</a> </td> <td>– (none): do not believe in Baptism of water, but only in an inward, ongoing purification of the human spirit in a life of discipline led by the Holy Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-John_Wilhelm_Rowntree_1902-331">[328]</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church (Eastern and Western Rites)</a> </td> <td>Necessary for salvation for those to whom the Gospel has been proclaimed. Though God has bound salvation to the sacrament of Baptism, but he himself is not bound by his sacraments. (CCC 1257). It erases the original and all personal sins. The sanctifying grace, the grace of justification is given by God through baptism.<a href="#cite_note-vatican-230">[228]</a> </td> <td>Usually by pouring in the West, by submersion or immersion in the East; sprinkling admitted only if the water then flows on the head.<a href="#cite_note-332">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[330]</a> </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Yes, as explained in the Catechism of the Catholic Church(CCC 1265) Baptism not only purifies from all sins, but also makes the neophyte "a new creature", an adopted son of God, who has become a "partaker of the divine nature",(2 Cor 5:17; 2 Pet 1:4; cf. Gal 4:5–7),member of Christ and co-heir with him,(Cf. 1 Cor 6:15; 12:27; Rom 8:17), and a temple of the Holy Spirit (Cf. 1 Cor 6:19). </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a> </td> <td>Not stated as the prerequisite to salvation, but a prerequisite for becoming a member of the church, although nonmembers are still accepted in the church. It symbolizes death to sin and new birth in Jesus Christ.<a href="#cite_note-Seventh-day_Adventist_Minister's_Handbook_1997-334">[331]</a> "It affirms joining the family of God and sets one apart for a life of ministry."<a href="#cite_note-Seventh-day_Adventist_Minister's_Handbook_1997-334">[331]</a> </td> <td>Immersion<a href="#cite_note-335">[332]</a> </td> <td>No </td> <td>No </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church" title="Evangelical and Reformed Church">Evangelical and Reformed Churches</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational Christian Churches</a>) </td> <td>One of two sacraments. Baptism is an outward sign of God's inward grace. It may or may not be necessary for membership in a local congregation. However, it is a common practice for both infants and adults.<a href="#cite_note-336">[333]</a> </td> <td>Sprinkling, pouring, immersion or submersion. </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>No </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_God" title="United Church of God">United Church of God</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a> </td> <td>Through the laying on hands with prayer, the baptized believer receives the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> and becomes a part of the spiritual body of Jesus Christ. </td> <td>Immersion only </td> <td>No </td> <td>No </td> <td>Father, Son, and Holy Spirit (although members of the United Church of God doctrinally believe in Binitarianism believing that the Holy Spirit is a power of God and Jesus Christ rather than a separate person) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Vineyard_Churches" title="Association of Vineyard Churches">Vineyard Churches</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[335]</a> </td> <td>A public expression of faith for a person who has committed to follow Jesus. It also symbolizes a person's cleansing of sin and gives a person a chance to openly profess their faith in front of the church, friends, and family. </td> <td>Immersion only </td> <td>No (at least six years old) </td> <td>Yes </td> <td>Trinity </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baptism_of_objects">Baptism of objects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Baptism of objects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Dewey_christening.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/USS_Dewey_christening.jpg/250px-USS_Dewey_christening.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/USS_Dewey_christening.jpg/330px-USS_Dewey_christening.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/USS_Dewey_christening.jpg/500px-USS_Dewey_christening.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2946" data-file-height="1951" /></a><figcaption>Christening of <a href="/wiki/USS_Dewey_(DDG-105)" title="USS Dewey (DDG-105)">USS Dewey</a></figcaption></figure> The word "baptism" or "christening" is sometimes used to describe the naming or inauguration of certain objects for use.<a href="#cite_note-339">[336]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boats_and_ships">Boats and ships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Boats and ships">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching" title="Ceremonial ship launching">Ceremonial ship launching</a></div> Baptism of Ships: since at least the time of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, rituals have contained a blessing for ships. The priest asks God to bless the vessel and protect those who sail on it. The ship is usually sprinkled with <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cathen-52">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_bells">Church bells</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Church bells">edit</a>]</div> The name Baptism of Bells has been given to the blessing of (<a href="/wiki/Bell_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell (instrument)">musical</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">church</a>) bells, at least in France, since the 11th century. It is derived from the washing of the bell with <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a> by the bishop, before he anoints it with the oil of the infirm without and with chrism within; a fuming <a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">censer</a> is placed under it and the bishop prays that these <a href="/wiki/Sacramentals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramentals">sacramentals</a> of the church may, at the sound of the bell, put the demons to flight, protect from storms, and call the faithful to prayer.<a href="#cite_note-340">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dolls">Dolls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Dolls">edit</a>]</div> "Baptism of Dolls": the custom of 'dolly dunking' was once a common practice in parts of the United Kingdom, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> where it has been revived in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-341">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_initiation_ceremonies">Other initiation ceremonies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Other initiation ceremonies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></div> Many cultures practice or have practiced initiation rites, with or without the use of water, including the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian">ancient Egyptian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebraic</a>/Jewish, the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> cultures. The modern Japanese practice of <a href="/wiki/Miyamairi" title="Miyamairi">Miyamairi</a> is such a ceremony that does not use water. In some, such evidence may be <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> and descriptive in nature, rather than a modern practice.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mystery_religion_initiation_rites">Mystery religion initiation rites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Mystery religion initiation rites">edit</a>]</div> Many scholars have drawn parallels between rites from mystery religions and baptism in Christianity. <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a>, a 2nd-century <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> writer, described an initiation into the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">mysteries</a> of <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>. The initiation was preceded by a normal bathing in the public baths and a ceremonial sprinkling by the priest of Isis, after which the candidate was given secret instructions in the temple of the goddess. The candidate then fasted for ten days from meat and wine, after which he was dressed in linen and led at night into the innermost part of the sanctuary, where the actual initiation took place, the details of which were secret. On the next two days, dressed in the robes of his consecration, he participated in feasting.<a href="#cite_note-342">[339]</a> Apuleius describes also an initiation into the cult of <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> and yet a third initiation, of the same pattern as the initiation into the cult of Isis, without mention of a preliminary bathing.<a href="#cite_note-343">[340]</a> The water-less initiations of Lucius, the character in Apuleius's story who had been turned into an ass and changed back by Isis into human form, into the successive degrees of the rites of the goddess was accomplished only after a significant period of study to demonstrate his loyalty and trustworthiness, akin to <a href="/wiki/Catechumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechumen">catechumenal</a> practices preceding baptism in Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-344">[341]</a> Jan Bremmer has written on the putative connection between rites from mystery religions and baptism: <blockquote>There are thus some verbal parallels between early Christianity and the Mysteries, but the situation is rather different as regards early Christian ritual practice. Much ink was spilled around 1900 arguing that the rituals of baptism and of the Last Supper derived from the ancient Mysteries, but Nock and others after him have easily shown that these attempts grossly misinterpreted the sources. Baptism is clearly rooted in Jewish purificatory rituals, and cult meals are so widespread in antiquity that any specific derivation is arbitrary. It is truly surprising to see how long the attempts to find some pagan background to these two Christian sacraments have persevered. Secularising ideologies clearly played an important part in these interpretations but, nevertheless, they have helped to clarify the relations between nascent Christianity and its surroundings.<a href="#cite_note-345">[342]</a></blockquote> Thus the practice is derivative, whether from Judaism, the Mysteries or a combination (see the reference to Hellenistic Judaism in the Etymology section.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gnostic_Catholicism_and_Thelema">Gnostic Catholicism and Thelema</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Gnostic Catholicism and Thelema">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Gnostica_Catholica" title="Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica">Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica</a>, or Gnostic Catholic Church (the ecclesiastical arm of <a href="/wiki/Ordo_Templi_Orientis" title="Ordo Templi Orientis">Ordo Templi Orientis</a>), offers its Rite of Baptism to any person at least 11 years old.<a href="#cite_note-346">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandaean_baptism">Mandaean baptism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Mandaean baptism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">Masbuta</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification#Mandaeism" title="Ritual purification">Ritual purification § Mandaeism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandaeans_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mandaeans_01.jpg/250px-Mandaeans_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mandaeans_01.jpg/330px-Mandaeans_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mandaeans_01.jpg/500px-Mandaeans_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a> undergoing baptism (<a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">masbuta</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Karun" title="Karun">Karun</a> River, <a href="/wiki/Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a> revere <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and practice frequent baptism (<a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">masbuta</a>) as a <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification#Mandaeism" title="Ritual purification">ritual of purification</a>, not of initiation. They are possibly the earliest people to practice baptism.<a href="#cite_note-McGrath-27">[26]</a> Mandaeans undergo baptism on Sundays (Habshaba), wearing a white sacral robe (<a href="/wiki/Rasta_(Mandaeism)" title="Rasta (Mandaeism)">rasta</a>). Baptism for Mandaeans consists of a triple full immersion in water, a triple signing of the forehead with water and a triple drinking of water. The priest (<a href="/wiki/Mandaean_priest" title="Mandaean priest">Rabbi</a>) then removes a <a href="/wiki/Klila" title="Klila">ring made of myrtle</a> worn by the baptized and places it on their forehead. This is then followed by a handshake (<a href="/wiki/Kushta" title="Kushta">kushta</a>, "hand of truth") with the priest. The final blessing involves the priest laying his right hand on the baptized person's head.<a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[41]</a>: 102  Living water (fresh, natural, flowing water)<a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[41]</a> is a requirement for baptism, therefore can only take place in rivers. All rivers are named <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yardna" title="Yardna">yardena</a>) and are believed to be nourished by the <a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a>. By the river bank, a Mandaean's forehead is anointed with <a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">sesame oil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Misha_(Mandaeism)" title="Misha (Mandaeism)">misha</a>) and partakes in a communion of <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread#Mandaeism" title="Sacramental bread">bread</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pihta" title="Pihta">pihta</a>) and water. Baptism for Mandaeans allows for salvation by connecting with the World of Light and for forgiveness of sins.<a href="#cite_note-347">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[346]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sethian_baptism">Sethian baptism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sethian baptism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Five_Seals" title="Five Seals">Five Seals</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethian</a> baptismal rite is known as the <a href="/wiki/Five_Seals" title="Five Seals">Five Seals</a>, in which the initiate is immersed five times in running water.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson-350">[347]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yazidi_baptism">Yazidi baptism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Yazidi baptism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bapt%C3%AEzma_%C3%AAzidiyan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bapt%C3%AEzma_%C3%AAzidiyan.jpg/250px-Bapt%C3%AEzma_%C3%AAzidiyan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bapt%C3%AEzma_%C3%AAzidiyan.jpg/330px-Bapt%C3%AEzma_%C3%AAzidiyan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bapt%C3%AEzma_%C3%AAzidiyan.jpg/500px-Bapt%C3%AEzma_%C3%AAzidiyan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>Baptism of a <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidi</a> child in <a href="/wiki/Lalish" title="Lalish">Lalish</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Yazidism#Religious_practices" title="Yazidism">Yazidi</a> baptism is called mor kirin (literally: "to seal"). Traditionally, Yazidi children are baptised at birth with water from the Kaniya Sipî ("White Spring") at <a href="/wiki/Lalish" title="Lalish">Lalish</a>. It essentially consists of pouring holy water from the spring on the child's head three times.<a href="#cite_note-351">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[349]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_practice_of_wudu">Islamic practice of wudu</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Islamic practice of wudu">edit</a>]</div> Many Islamic scholars such as Shaikh <a href="/wiki/Bawa_Muhaiyaddeen" title="Bawa Muhaiyaddeen">Bawa Muhaiyaddeen</a> have compared the Islamic practice of <a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">wudu</a> to a baptism.<a href="#cite_note-353">[350]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a> is a practice that Muslims practice to go from ritual impurity to ritual purity. Ritual purity is required for <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a> (praying) and also to hold a physical copy of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur’an</a>,<a href="#cite_note-354">[351]</a> and so wudu is often done before salah. However, it is permissible to pray more than one salah without repeating wudu, as long as ritual purity is not broken, for example by using the bathroom.<a href="#cite_note-355">[352]</a> Another similar purification ritual is <a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">ghusl</a>, which takes someone from major ritual impurity (janabah) to lesser ritual impurity, which is then purified by wudu. If one is in a state of janabah, both ghusl and wudu are required if one wants to pray. Although original sin does not exist in Islam, wudu is widely regarded to remove sins. In a <a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology" title="Hadith terminology">Sahih</a> hadith, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> says "Whenever a man performs his ablution intending to pray and he washes his hands, the sins of his hands fall down with the first drop. When he rinses his mouth and nose, the sins of his tongue and lips fall down with the first drop. When he washes his face, the sins of his hearing and sight fall down with the first drop. When he washes his arms to his elbows and his feet to his ankles, he is purified from every sin and fault like the day he was born from his mother. If he stands for prayer, Allah will raise his status by a degree. If he sits, he will sit in peace."<a href="#cite_note-356">[353]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baptism_in_the_Yadav_community">Baptism in the Yadav community</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Baptism in the Yadav community">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptism_in_Yadavs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Different activities During process" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Baptism_in_Yadavs.jpg/250px-Baptism_in_Yadavs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Baptism_in_Yadavs.jpg/330px-Baptism_in_Yadavs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Baptism_in_Yadavs.jpg/500px-Baptism_in_Yadavs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1049" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Different activities During process</figcaption></figure> People of the <a href="/wiki/Yadav" title="Yadav">Yadav</a> community of <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> religion follow baptism, where it is called Karah Pujan. In this, the person who is being baptized is bathed in boiling <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a>. The newborn baby is also included in this process, in which he is bathed with boiling milk and then he is garlanded with flowers.<a href="#cite_note-357">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[356]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font" title="Baptismal font">Baptismal font</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_by_fire" title="Baptism by fire">Baptism by fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptistery" title="Baptistery">Baptistery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrism" title="Chrism">Chrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christifideles" class="mw-redirect" title="Christifideles">Christifideles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolamentum" title="Consolamentum">Consolamentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciple (Christianity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_filiation" title="Divine filiation">Divine filiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water_in_Eastern_Christianity" title="Holy water in Eastern Christianity">Holy water in Eastern Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikvah">Mikvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogi" title="Misogi">Misogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_Grace" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevenient Grace">Prevenient Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Ritual purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Amrit Sanchar</a>, in Sikhism</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit">[update]</a>, out of a total of about 2,100,000,000 Christians, infant baptism is in use in the Catholic Church (1,100,000,000), the Eastern Orthodox Church (225,000,000), most of the 77,000,000 members of the Anglicanism, Lutherans, and others. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ba/ptisma">βάπτισμα</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=baptismo/s">βαπτισμός</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=bapti/zw">βαπτίζω</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ba/ptw">βάπτω</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. "The several Greek words from which the English word baptism has been formed are used by Greek writers (in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, and in the New Testament) with a great latitude of meaning, including "to make Christian" and "baptisma pyros (baptism of fire)"" — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/ielex/X/P1992.html">The University of Texas at Austin, College of Liberal Arts, Linguistics Research Center, Indo-European Lexicon, PIE (Proto-Indo-European) Etymon and IE (Indo-European) Reflexes: "baptism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/ielex/X/P0414.html">and "baptize"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/ielex/X/P0703.html">Greek baptein, baptizein, baptos</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02258b.htm#II">New Advent, Catholic Encyclopedia: "Baptism": Etymology</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiritrestoration.org/Theological_Terms/A_Prior_%20to_Born_Again.htm">Spirit Restoration, Theological Terms: A to B Dictionary: "baptize"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100911210747/http://www.spiritrestoration.org/Theological_Terms/A_Prior_%20to_Born_Again.htm">Archived</a> September 11, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (scroll down to "baptism") — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=baptize">Online Etymological Dictionary: "baptize"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibleencyclopedia.com/baptism.htm">International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: "baptism"</a> — two parallel online sources, Search God's Word and Eliyah, for "Strong's numbers": <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searchgodsword.org/lex/grk/view.cgi?number=907">Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible: Greek Lexicon 907 βαπτίζω "baptize"</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eliyah.com/cgi-bin/strongs.cgi?file=greeklexicon&isindex=907">907 baptizo "baptize"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searchgodsword.org/lex/grk/view.cgi?number=908">908 βάπτισμα "baptism"</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eliyah.com/cgi-bin/strongs.cgi?file=greeklexicon&isindex=908">908 baptisma "baptism"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searchgodsword.org/lex/grk/view.cgi?number=909">909 βαπτισμός "baptisms"</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eliyah.com/cgi-bin/strongs.cgi?file=greeklexicon&isindex=909">909 baptismos "baptisms"</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searchgodsword.org/lex/grk/view.cgi?number=910">910 βαπτστἠς "baptist"</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eliyah.com/cgi-bin/strongs.cgi?file=greeklexicon&isindex=910">910 baptistes "baptist"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629055848/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/ielex/X/P1992.html">Archived</a> June 29, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_of_Prophecy" title="Church of God of Prophecy">Church of God of Prophecy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/baptize#etymonline_v_282">"baptize (v.)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. Douglas Harper of the <a href="/wiki/LNP_Media_Group" title="LNP Media Group">LNP Media Group</a>. Retrieved March 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=baptize+%28v.%29&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pub=Douglas+Harper+of+the+LNP+Media+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fbaptize%23etymonline_v_282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/52311/Baptism">"Baptism"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baptism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F52311%2FBaptism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">"Lumen gentium"</a>. www.vatican.va. p. 28. Retrieved May 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Lumen+gentium&rft.pages=28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKim2014-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKim2014_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKim2014_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKim2014_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKim2014" class="citation book cs1">McKim, Donald K. (2014). The Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms (2nd: Rev. and Exp. ed.). Presbyterian Publishing Corp. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61164-386-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61164-386-2"><bdi>978-1-61164-386-2</bdi></a>. <q>baptism, modes of The manner in which baptism is administered. Main modes of baptism are immersion (dipping or plunging), pouring (affusion), and sprinkling (aspersion). baptism, triune The practice of sprinkling, pouring, or immersing three times in the act of baptism. This ancient practice emphasized the distinctions of the three members of the Trinity, even as the act of baptism itself was one action that emphasizes the oneness of the Godhead.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Westminster+Dictionary+of+Theological+Terms&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=2nd%3A+Rev.+and+Exp.&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Publishing+Corp&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61164-386-2&rft.aulast=McKim&rft.aufirst=Donald+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hale2012-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Hale2012_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaleThorson2012" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Tom; Thorson, Steve (2012). Applied New Testament Bible Commentary. David C. Cook. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4347-6642-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4347-6642-7"><bdi>978-1-4347-6642-7</bdi></a>. <q>There are three main methods of baptism: immersion, sprinkling, and pouring. In most churches sprinkling or pouring of water on the head of the recipient is practiced. If infants are baptized, sprinkling or pouring is usually used, although infant immersion has been practiced in the past. For adults, all three methods have been used. Very ill adults or those in unfavorable habitats of the world, such as deserts and ice-locked lands, usually do not receive baptism by immersion. However, in one place or another, all three methods have been practiced since the days of the early church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applied+New+Testament+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=David+C.+Cook&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4347-6642-7&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Thorson%2C+Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Classical2012-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Classical2012_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Classical2012_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classicalchristianity.com/2012/02/22/on-triple-immersion-baptism/">"On Triple Immersion Baptism"</a>. Classical Christianity. February 22, 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Triple+Immersion+Baptism&rft.pub=Classical+Christianity&rft.date=2012-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclassicalchristianity.com%2F2012%2F02%2F22%2Fon-triple-immersion-baptism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%203:16&version=nrsv">Matthew 3:16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%201:9–10&version=nrsv">Mark 1:9–10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%203:21&version=nrsv">Luke 3:21</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowell2005" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Mark Allen (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusasfigurehis00powe">Jesus as a figure in history: how modern historians view the man from Galilee</a> (7th pr. ed.). Louisville: Knox. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusasfigurehis00powe/page/n76">47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25703-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25703-8"><bdi>0-664-25703-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+as+a+figure+in+history%3A+how+modern+historians+view+the+man+from+Galilee&rft.place=Louisville&rft.pages=47&rft.edition=7th+pr.&rft.pub=Knox&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-664-25703-8&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Mark+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusasfigurehis00powe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrington1991" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Daniel J. (1991). The Gospel of Matthew. Collegeville, MI: Liturgical Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5803-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5803-2"><bdi>0-8146-5803-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Matthew&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+MI&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8146-5803-2&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLopez2010" class="citation book cs1">Lopez, Kathryn Muller Lopez; et al. (2010). Christianity: a biblical, historical, and theological guide for students (1st ed.). Macon, GA: Mercer University Press. pp. 95–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-204-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-204-3"><bdi>978-0-88146-204-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+a+biblical%2C+historical%2C+and+theological+guide+for+students&rft.place=Macon%2C+GA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-88146-204-3&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+Muller+Lopez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pizzey2019-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Pizzey2019_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPizzey2019" class="citation book cs1">Pizzey, Antonia (2019). Receptive Ecumenism and the Renewal of the Ecumenical Movement: The Path of Ecclesial Conversion. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill Academic Publishers">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39780-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39780-4"><bdi>978-90-04-39780-4</bdi></a>. <q>Baptism into Christ unites all Christians, despite ther divisions. It is relationship with Christ through baptism, which enables relationship with other Christians. According to Congar, "on the basis of the baptism which incorporates us into Christ and the Word which is our Christian norm, [ecumenism's] aim is to carry out the will and the prayer of Christ, which is that his disciples should be united." The Christological foundation of Spiritual Ecumenism affirms that ecumenism is not our idea or goal, but rather Christ's will and prayer for us. Moreover, Christian unity already exists to some extent among all baptised Christians because of their relationship with Christ. Only through Christ is ecumenism possible. Kasper explains that Spiritual Ecumenism's fundamental Christological basis means that any ecumenical spirituality "will also be a sacramental spirituality." Baptism is "therefore a basic element of ecumenical spirituality."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Receptive+Ecumenism+and+the+Renewal+of+the+Ecumenical+Movement%3A+The+Path+of+Ecclesial+Conversion&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-39780-4&rft.aulast=Pizzey&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oikoumene.org/en/resources/documents/commissions/faith-and-order/ii-worship-and-baptism/becoming-a-christian-the-ecumenical-implications-of-our-common-baptism">"Becoming a Christian: The Ecumenical Implications of Our Common Baptism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>. January 24, 1997. Retrieved September 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Becoming+a+Christian%3A+The+Ecumenical+Implications+of+Our+Common+Baptism&rft.pub=World+Council+of+Churches&rft.date=1997-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fen%2Fresources%2Fdocuments%2Fcommissions%2Ffaith-and-order%2Fii-worship-and-baptism%2Fbecoming-a-christian-the-ecumenical-implications-of-our-common-baptism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarttunen2023" class="citation journal cs1">Karttunen, Tomi (June 27, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/kt/article/view/20036">"Towards Unity in Baptism: Exploring the Current State and Future Possibilities of Ecumenical Recognition"</a>. Khazanah Theologia. 5 (2): 109–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15575%2Fkt.v5i2.20036">10.15575/kt.v5i2.20036</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2715-9701">2715-9701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Khazanah+Theologia&rft.atitle=Towards+Unity+in+Baptism%3A+Exploring+the+Current+State+and+Future+Possibilities+of+Ecumenical+Recognition&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=2023-06-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15575%2Fkt.v5i2.20036&rft.issn=2715-9701&rft.aulast=Karttunen&rft.aufirst=Tomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.uinsgd.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Fkt%2Farticle%2Fview%2F20036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFaelli2006" class="citation book cs1">Faelli, Rita (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_-cAG52iDQgC&q=christening+baptism+christian&pg=PA23">Christianity: History, Beliefs, Worship and Celebrations</a>. Blake Education. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781741641011" title="Special:BookSources/9781741641011"><bdi>9781741641011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+History%2C+Beliefs%2C+Worship+and+Celebrations&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Blake+Education&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781741641011&rft.aulast=Faelli&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_-cAG52iDQgC%26q%3Dchristening%2Bbaptism%2Bchristian%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cofe.anglican.org/lifeevents/lifeevents/baptismconfirm/baptism1.html#difference">"Church of England: Weddings, Baptisms & Funerals"</a>. 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Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-809-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-809-5"><bdi>978-1-62032-809-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovering+the+Evangelical+Sacrament%3A+Baptisma+Semper+Reformandum&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-62032-809-5&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727085030/http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/TextContents/Index/4/SubIndex/67/TextIndex/7">"Rite for the Baptism of One Child"</a>. 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Retrieved August 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+wears+the+Cross+and+when%3F&rft.pub=Coptic+Orthodox+Diocese+of+Los+Angeles%2C+Southern+California%2C+and+Hawaii&rft.date=2010-08-25&rft.aulast=Samaan&rft.aufirst=Moses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lacopts.org%2Fstory%2Fwearing-the-cross%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Konstantopoulos2017-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Konstantopoulos2017_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konstantopoulos2017_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konstantopoulos2017_26-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKonstantopoulos2017" class="citation web cs1">Konstantopoulos, George D. (September 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722181804/https://saintandrewgoc.org/home/2017/9/18/all-orthodox-christians-are-given-a-cross-following-their-baptism-to-wear-for-life">"All Orthodox Christians are Given a Cross Following Their Baptism to Wear for Life"</a>. St. Andrew Greek Orthodox Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saintandrewgoc.org/home/2017/9/18/all-orthodox-christians-are-given-a-cross-following-their-baptism-to-wear-for-life">the original</a> on July 22, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Orthodox+Christians+are+Given+a+Cross+Following+Their+Baptism+to+Wear+for+Life&rft.pub=St.+Andrew+Greek+Orthodox+Church&rft.date=2017-09-18&rft.aulast=Konstantopoulos&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaintandrewgoc.org%2Fhome%2F2017%2F9%2F18%2Fall-orthodox-christians-are-given-a-cross-following-their-baptism-to-wear-for-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGrath_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrath_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrath_27-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2015" class="citation audio-visual cs1">McGrath, James F. (January 23, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvv6I02MNlc">The First Baptists, The Last Gnostics: The Mandaeans</a>. Retrieved November 3, 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Baptists%2C+The+Last+Gnostics%3A+The+Mandaeans&rft.date=2015-01-23&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dgvv6I02MNlc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRudolph1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Rudolph" title="Kurt Rudolph">Rudolph, Kurt</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=chWcZcYcyeQC">"Mandaeism"</a>. In Moore, Albert C. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iconographyofrel0000moor">Iconography of Religions: An Introduction</a>. Vol. 21. Chris Robertson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780800604882" title="Special:BookSources/9780800604882"><bdi>9780800604882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mandaeism&rft.btitle=Iconography+of+Religions%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Chris+Robertson&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780800604882&rft.aulast=Rudolph&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DchWcZcYcyeQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BSN-29"><a href="#cite_ref-BSN_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrikhah_S._Nasoraia2012" class="citation web cs1">Brikhah S. Nasoraia (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D201813/2012_I/2012_I_NASORAIAB.pdf">"Sacred Text and Esoteric Praxis in Sabian Mandaean Religion"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D201813/2012_I/2012_I_NASORAIAB.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacred+Text+and+Esoteric+Praxis+in+Sabian+Mandaean+Religion&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Brikhah+S.+Nasoraia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisamveri.org%2Fpdfdrg%2FD201813%2F2012_I%2F2012_I_NASORAIAB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPickett2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pickett, Joseph P, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824200546/http://www.bartleby.com/61/21/D0422100.html">"baptism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a> (4th ed.). Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-82517-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-82517-2"><bdi>0-395-82517-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanheritage0000unse_a1o7">the original</a> on August 24, 2007. Retrieved February 24, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=baptism&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-395-82517-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanheritage0000unse_a1o7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScarnecchia2010" class="citation book cs1">Scarnecchia, D. Brian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pGaYgGuRIAUC&dq=baptism+by+blood%22%2C+enabling+the+salvation+of+martyrs+who+had+not+been+baptized+by+water&pg=PA311">Bioethics, Law, and Human Life Issues: A Catholic Perspective on Marriage, Family, Contraception, Abortion, Reproductive Technology, and Death and Dying</a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7422-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7422-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-7422-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bioethics%2C+Law%2C+and+Human+Life+Issues%3A+A+Catholic+Perspective+on+Marriage%2C+Family%2C+Contraception%2C+Abortion%2C+Reproductive+Technology%2C+and+Death+and+Dying&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7422-0&rft.aulast=Scarnecchia&rft.aufirst=D.+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpGaYgGuRIAUC%26dq%3Dbaptism%2Bby%2Bblood%2522%252C%2Benabling%2Bthe%2Bsalvation%2Bof%2Bmartyrs%2Bwho%2Bhad%2Bnot%2Bbeen%2Bbaptized%2Bby%2Bwater%26pg%3DPA311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMC2012-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UMC2012_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UMC2012_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/guidelines-the-umc-and-the-charismatic-movement">"Guidelines: The UMC and the Charismatic Movement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_United_Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Methodist Church">The United Methodist Church</a>. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731112659/http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/guidelines-the-umc-and-the-charismatic-movement">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved July 31, 2019. <q>The Methodists were also first to coin the phrase baptism of the Holy Spirit as applied to a second and sanctifying grace (experience) of God. (Cf. John Fletcher of Madeley, Methodism's earliest formal theologian.) The Methodists meant by their "baptism" something different from the Pentecostals, but the view that this is an experience of grace separate from and after salvation was the same.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guidelines%3A+The+UMC+and+the+Charismatic+Movement&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc.org%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fguidelines-the-umc-and-the-charismatic-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScobie1964" class="citation book cs1">Scobie, Charles Hugh Hope (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T9zYAAAAMAAJ&q=">"it+is+used+of+ritual+washing" John the Baptist</a>. SCM Press. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+the+Baptist&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Scobie&rft.aufirst=Charles+Hugh+Hope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT9zYAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%22it%2Bis%2Bused%2Bof%2Britual%2Bwashing%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnger2004" class="citation book cs1">Unger, Merrill F (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lw5uLXiCUpgC&q=baptize+septuagint+ritual+washing&pg=PA34">The Baptism & Gifts of the Holy Spirit</a>. Moody Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8024-0467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8024-0467-1"><bdi>978-0-8024-0467-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baptism+%26+Gifts+of+the+Holy+Spirit&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Moody+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8024-0467-1&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Merrill+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlw5uLXiCUpgC%26q%3Dbaptize%2Bseptuagint%2Britual%2Bwashing%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChafer1993" class="citation book cs1">Chafer, Lewis Sperry (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tSIOFBvsaNUC&q=baptize+septuagint+ritual+washing&pg=RA1-PA149">Systematic Theology</a>. Kregel. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-2340-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-2340-6"><bdi>978-0-8254-2340-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematic+Theology&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Kregel&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-2340-6&rft.aulast=Chafer&rft.aufirst=Lewis+Sperry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtSIOFBvsaNUC%26q%3Dbaptize%2Bseptuagint%2Britual%2Bwashing%26pg%3DRA1-PA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams2006" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, JP; Adams, Douglas Q. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordintroducti00mall">The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordintroducti00mall/page/n427">403</a>, 532.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Introduction+to+Proto-Indo-European+and+the+Proto-Indo-European+World&rft.pages=403%2C+532&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Adams%2C+Douglas+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordintroducti00mall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=baptize">"Baptize"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baptize&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dbaptize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHD-39"><a href="#cite_ref-AHD_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatkins2000" class="citation book cs1">Watkins, Calvert (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4IHbQgz1nZYC&pg=PA33">The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-08250-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-08250-6"><bdi>978-0-618-08250-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+Indo-European+Roots&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-618-08250-6&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Calvert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4IHbQgz1nZYC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibleencyclopedia.com/baptism.htm">"Baptism"</a>. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baptism&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibleencyclopedia.com%2Fbaptism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKittel1964" class="citation book cs1">Kittel, Gerhard, ed. (1964). Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Vol. 1. Translated by Bromiley, Geoffrey. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 529–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theological+Dictionary+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E529-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Everett Ferguson, Baptism in the Early Church: History, Theology, and Liturgy in the First Five Centuries, Eerdmans, 2009, pp. 68–71 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-2">c</a> Drower, Ethel Stefana. The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1937. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen. The Mandaeans: Ancient Texts and Modern People. Oxford University Press, 2002. p. 4. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/sacrament">"Sacrament | religion | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved May 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Sacrament+%7C+religion+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fsacrament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studylight.org/guzik.html">"David Guzik's Commentary"</a>. StudyLight.org. Acts 19:1–7. Retrieved May 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StudyLight.org&rft.atitle=David+Guzik%27s+Commentary&rft.pages=Acts+19%3A1-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studylight.org%2Fguzik.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmithals1997" class="citation book cs1">Schmithals, Walter (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hch4J9VvFjcC&q=Schmithals+%22baptism+of+John%22&pg=PA215">The Theology of the First Christians</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-66425615-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-66425615-9"><bdi>978-0-66425615-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theology+of+the+First+Christians&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-66425615-9&rft.aulast=Schmithals&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhch4J9VvFjcC%26q%3DSchmithals%2B%2522baptism%2Bof%2BJohn%2522%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSlade2014" class="citation journal cs1">Slade, Darren M. (August 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8008124">"The Early Church's Inconsequential View of the Mode of Baptism"</a>. American Theological Inquiry. 7 (2): 21–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Theological+Inquiry&rft.atitle=The+Early+Church%27s+Inconsequential+View+of+the+Mode+of+Baptism&rft.pages=7+%282%29%3A+21-34&rft.date=2014-08-15&rft.aulast=Slade&rft.aufirst=Darren+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8008124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOld1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Oliphant_Old" title="Hughes Oliphant Old">Old, Hughes Oliphant</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shapingofreforme00oldh">The Shaping of the Reformed Baptismal Rite in the Sixteenth Century</a>. Grand Rapids, MI: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shapingofreforme00oldh/page/3">3</a>, 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802824899" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802824899"><bdi>978-0802824899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shaping+of+the+Reformed+Baptismal+Rite+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=3%2C+7&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0802824899&rft.aulast=Old&rft.aufirst=Hughes+Oliphant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshapingofreforme00oldh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOld1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Oliphant_Old" title="Hughes Oliphant Old">Old, Hughes Oliphant</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shapingofreforme00oldh">The Shaping of the Reformed Baptismal Rite in the Sixteenth Century</a>. Eerdmans. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shapingofreforme00oldh/page/7">7</a>–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802836991" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802836991"><bdi>978-0802836991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shaping+of+the+Reformed+Baptismal+Rite+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0802836991&rft.aulast=Old&rft.aufirst=Hughes+Oliphant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshapingofreforme00oldh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrowZoriZori2020" class="citation journal cs1">Crow, Madison; Zori, Colleen; Zori, Davide (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11120678">"Doctrinal and Physical Marginality in Christian Death: The Burial of Unbaptized Infants in Medieval Italy"</a>. Religions. 11 (12): 678. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11120678">10.3390/rel11120678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Doctrinal+and+Physical+Marginality+in+Christian+Death%3A+The+Burial+of+Unbaptized+Infants+in+Medieval+Italy&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=678&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel11120678&rft.aulast=Crow&rft.aufirst=Madison&rft.au=Zori%2C+Colleen&rft.au=Zori%2C+Davide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel11120678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cathen-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cathen_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cathen_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cathen_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cathen_52-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFanning1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fanning, William (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02258b.htm">"Baptism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228172517/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02258b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baptism&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Fanning&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F02258b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206220443/http://www.lcms.org/pages/internal.asp?NavID=2607">"Baptism and Its Purpose"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcms.org/pages/internal.asp?NavID=2607">the original</a> on February 6, 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baptism+and+Its+Purpose&rft.pub=Lutheran+Church%E2%80%93Missouri+Synod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lcms.org%2Fpages%2Finternal.asp%3FNavID%3D2607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWernham1968" class="citation book cs1">Wernham, R. B. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-48AAAAIAAJ&dq=Anabaptists+denied+the+validity+of+the+practice+of+infant+baptism%2C+and+rebaptized+converts.&pg=PA123">The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 3, Counter-Reformation and Price Revolution, 1559–1610</a>. CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04543-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04543-8"><bdi>978-0-521-04543-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Modern+History%3A+Volume+3%2C+Counter-Reformation+and+Price+Revolution%2C+1559%E2%80%931610&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04543-8&rft.aulast=Wernham&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ-48AAAAIAAJ%26dq%3DAnabaptists%2Bdenied%2Bthe%2Bvalidity%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bpractice%2Bof%2Binfant%2Bbaptism%252C%2Band%2Brebaptized%2Bconverts.%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLightfootTomkinsGraves" class="citation web cs1">Lightfoot, J.B.; Tomkins, Stephen; Graves, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/study/module/didache">"#101: The Didache"</a>. Christian History Institute. Retrieved September 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%23101%3A+The+Didache&rft.pub=Christian+History+Institute&rft.aulast=Lightfoot&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rft.au=Tomkins%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Graves%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchristianhistoryinstitute.org%2Fstudy%2Fmodule%2Fdidache&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=immersion">"immersion"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved August 14, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=immersion&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dimmersion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPiper1986" class="citation web cs1">Piper, John (January 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desiringgod.org/AboutUs/OurDistinctives/ABaptistCatechism/">"1689 Baptist Catechism"</a>. Retrieved February 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1689+Baptist+Catechism&rft.date=1986-01&rft.aulast=Piper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desiringgod.org%2FAboutUs%2FOurDistinctives%2FABaptistCatechism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODCCimmersion-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODCCimmersion_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODCCimmersion_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrossElizabeth_A._Livingstone2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Leslie_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Leslie Cross">Cross, Frank Leslie</a>; Elizabeth A. Livingstone (2005). "Immersion". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> & New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 827. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280290-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280290-9"><bdi>0-19-280290-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58998735">58998735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Immersion&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford+%26+New+York&rft.pages=827&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58998735&rft.isbn=0-19-280290-9&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Leslie&rft.au=Elizabeth+A.+Livingstone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinehurst-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pinehurst_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinehurst_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021205649/http://www.pinehurstumc.org/clientimages/31669/baptismmode.pdf">"Study published on the website of Pinehurst United Methodist Church"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinehurstumc.org/clientimages/31669/baptismmode.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 21, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study+published+on+the+website+of+Pinehurst+United+Methodist+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinehurstumc.org%2Fclientimages%2F31669%2Fbaptismmode.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> In scientific contexts the two words are often understood as mutually exclusive. Examples are found in mathematics (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dWHet_zgyCAC&dq=immersion+submersion&pg=PA214">Ralph Abraham, Jerrold E. Marsden, Tudor S. Ra iu, Manifolds, Tensor Analysis, and Applications</a>, p. 196 and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jSeRz36zXIMC&q=immersion+&pg=PA168">Klaus Fritzsche, Hans Grauert, From Holomorphic Functions to Complex Manifolds</a>, p. 168), in medicine (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1724326/">Effect of immersion, submersion, and scuba diving on heart rate variability)</a>, and language learning (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strath.ac.uk/media/departments/curricularstudies/scilt/publications/immersion/chapter_1.pdf">Immersion in a Second Language in School).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141206222358/https://books.google.com/books?id=dWHet_zgyCAC&pg=PA214&lpg=PA214&dq=immersion+submersion&source=bl&ots=1REtDR4qL_&sig=SiRUoIzwU0chy39L2ayr_GBAwwc&hl=en&ei=h_NuS_XEJNOSjAf-nayABg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CB4Q6AEwBjgy#v=onepage&q=immersion%20submersion&f=false">Archived</a> December 6, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02274a.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia, article Baptismal Font"</a>. Newadvent.org. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%2C+article+Baptismal+Font&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F02274a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/submerge">"Definition of SUBMERGE"</a>. www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved May 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+SUBMERGE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsubmerge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2009" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Everett (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xC9GAdUGX5sC&dq=baptism+priest+%22head%22+%22so+as+to%22&pg=PA894">Baptism in the Early Church: History, Theology, and Liturgy in the First Five Centuries</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 860. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2748-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2748-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-2748-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptism+in+the+Early+Church%3A+History%2C+Theology%2C+and+Liturgy+in+the+First+Five+Centuries&rft.pages=860&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2748-7&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxC9GAdUGX5sC%26dq%3Dbaptism%2Bpriest%2B%2522head%2522%2B%2522so%2Bas%2Bto%2522%26pg%3DPA894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2009" class="citation book cs1">George, Maya (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSVVzG4bSPcC&dq=baptism+by+submersion+is+used+in+the+Ambrosian+Rite+and+is+one+of+the+methods+provided+in+the+Roman+Rite+of+the+baptism+of+infants&pg=PA261">Faith and Philosophy of Christianity</a>. Gyan Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-720-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-720-1"><bdi>978-81-7835-720-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+and+Philosophy+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-7835-720-1&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcSVVzG4bSPcC%26dq%3Dbaptism%2Bby%2Bsubmersion%2Bis%2Bused%2Bin%2Bthe%2BAmbrosian%2BRite%2Band%2Bis%2Bone%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bmethods%2Bprovided%2Bin%2Bthe%2BRoman%2BRite%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bbaptism%2Bof%2Binfants%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2008" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Peter W. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WDW5MAZr2N8C&dq=Submersion+is+seen+as+obligatory+among+some+groups+that+have+arisen+since+the+Protestant+Reformation%2C+such+as+Baptists&pg=PA103">America's Religions: From Their Origins to the Twenty-first Century</a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07551-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07551-3"><bdi>978-0-252-07551-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Religions%3A+From+Their+Origins+to+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-252-07551-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWDW5MAZr2N8C%26dq%3DSubmersion%2Bis%2Bseen%2Bas%2Bobligatory%2Bamong%2Bsome%2Bgroups%2Bthat%2Bhave%2Barisen%2Bsince%2Bthe%2BProtestant%2BReformation%252C%2Bsuch%2Bas%2BBaptists%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LSJ-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LSJ_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LSJ_66-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=bapti/zw">Liddell & Scott: entry βαπτίζω</a>: "βαπτ-ίζω, A. dip, plunge, 'ξίφος εἰς σφαγήν' J.BJ2.18.4; 'σπάθιον εἰς τὸ ἔμβρυον' Sor.2.63:—Pass., of a <a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trephine</a>, Gal.10.447; ... 2. draw wine by dipping the cup in the bowl, Aristopho 14.5; 'φιάλαις β. ἐκ . . κρατήρων' ..." The usage examples quoted here mean "a sword into his throat"; "a sword into the foetus"; "draw with cups from bowls" </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Theological dictionary of the New Testament. 1964–c. 1976. Vols. 5–9 edited by Gerhard Friedrich. Vol. 10 compiled by Ronald Pitkin. (G. Kittel, G. W. Bromiley & G. Friedrich, Ed.) (electronic ed.) (1:529–530). Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zodhiates,_S._2000-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Zodhiates,_S._2000_68-0">^</a> 'In the Sept.: 2 Kgs. 5:13, 14 we have loúō (3068), to bathe and baptízomai. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2011:25&version=nrsv">Leviticus 11:25, 28, 40</a>, where plúnō (4150), to wash clothes by dipping, and loúō (3068), to bathe are used. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%2019:18&version=nrsv">Numbers 19:18, 19</a>, báphō, to dip, and plúnō, to wash by dipping are used', Zodhiates, S. (2000, c. 1992, c. 1993). The Complete Word Study Dictionary : New Testament (electronic ed.) (G908). Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-69"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_69-0">^</a> 'In the LXX βάπτειν (βαπτίζειν occurs only at 4 Βασ. 5:14) as a rendering of טָבַל, "to dip," is used for the dipping of the morsel in wine at Ru. 2:14, of feet in the river at Jos. 3:15, of the finger in blood in the Torah of sacrifices at Lv. 4:6, 17 etc., of the dipping of unsanctified vessels in water in the laws of purification at Lv. 11:32 (בא hiph). In the latter case, however, πλύνω (כבס) and λούομαι (רחץ) are more common, as in Lv. 15:11, 13 etc. The sevenfold dipping of Naaman (2 K. 5:14) perhaps suggests sacramental ideas and illustrates the importance of the Jordan. In the later Jewish period טבל (b. Ber., 2b of the bathing of priests; Joma, 3, 2ff. etc.) and βαπτίζειν become tech. terms for washings to cleanse from Levitical impurity, as already in Jdt. 12:7; Gk. Sir. 31(34):30. The טְבִילָה of proselytes belongs to this context.', Theological dictionary of the New Testament. 1964–c 1976. Vols. 5–9 edited by Gerhard Friedrich. Vol. 10 compiled by Ronald Pitkin. (G. Kittel, G. W. Bromiley & G. Friedrich, Ed.) (electronic ed.) (1:535). Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> 'βαπτίζω+ V 0-1-1-0-2=4 2 Kgs 5,14; Is 21,4; Jdt 12,7; Sir 34,25 M to dip oneself 2 Kgs 5,14; to wash Jdt 12,7 ἡ ἀνομία με βαπτίζει I am imbued with transgression Is 21,4 Cf. DELLING 1970, 243–245; →NIDNTT; TWNT', Lust, J., Eynikel, E., & Hauspie, K. (2003). A Greek–English Lexicon of the Septuagint : Revised Edition. Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft: Stuttgart. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> 'In Mark 7:3, the phrase "wash their hands" is the translation of níptō (3538), to wash part of the body such as the hands. In Mark 7:4 the verb wash in "except they wash" is baptízomai, to immerse. This indicates that the washing of the hands was done by immersing them in collected water. See Luke 11:38 which refers to washing one's hands before the meal, with the use of baptízomai, to have the hands baptized.', Zodhiates, S. (2000, c. 1992, c. 1993). The Complete Word Study Dictionary : New Testament (electronic ed.) (G907). Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDyrness2008" class="citation book cs1">Dyrness, William A., ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqkZnDSeo4C&pg=PA101">Global Dictionary of Theology</a>. Intervarsity Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2454-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2454-0"><bdi>978-0-8308-2454-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Dictionary+of+Theology&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Intervarsity+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-2454-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DncqkZnDSeo4C%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#15:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 15:1–2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#7:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 7:3–4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xewBAAAACAAJ">A. A. Hodge, Outlines of Theology 1992</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85151-160-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85151-160-3">978-0-85151-160-3</a> quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBremmer2001" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Bremmer, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020126072506/http://mbrem.com/baptism/aabap.htm">"The Mode of Baptism"</a>. Archived from the original on January 26, 2002. Retrieved February 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mode+of+Baptism&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Bremmer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mbrem.com%2Fbaptism%2Faabap.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNaumannNaumann2006" class="citation web cs1">Naumann, Paul; Naumann, Bertram (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clclutheran.org/lfm/lfm12.pdf">"The Sacrament of Baptism"</a> (PDF). Learn From Me. <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Lutheran_Confession" title="Church of the Lutheran Confession">Church of the Lutheran Confession</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225041602/http://www.clclutheran.org/lfm/lfm12.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Learn+From+Me&rft.atitle=The+Sacrament+of+Baptism&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Naumann&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Naumann%2C+Bertram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clclutheran.org%2Flfm%2Flfm12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrom2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Brom" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Henry Brom">Brom, Robert H.</a> (August 10, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.com/library/Baptism_Immersion_Only.asp">"Baptism: Immersion Only?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Answers" title="Catholic Answers">Catholic Answers</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090314053255/http://catholic.com/library/Baptism_Immersion_Only.asp">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baptism%3A+Immersion+Only%3F&rft.pub=Catholic+Answers&rft.date=2004-08-10&rft.aulast=Brom&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Flibrary%2FBaptism_Immersion_Only.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrachmanKaufmann_Kohler" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Drachman" title="Bernard Drachman">Drachman, Bernard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kaufmann_Kohler" title="Kaufmann Kohler">Kaufmann Kohler</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=A&artid=338">"Ablution"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Adler" title="Cyrus Adler">Cyrus Adler</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ablution&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Drachman&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Kaufmann+Kohler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fletter%3DA%26artid%3D338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Mark 7:3 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Mark 7:4 </li> <li id="cite_note-Zodhiates-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zodhiates_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zodhiates_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zodhiates_81-2">c</a> 'Washing or ablution was frequently by immersion, indicated by either baptízō or níptō (3538), to wash. In Mark 7:3, the phrase 'wash their hands' is the translation of níptō (3538), to wash part of the body such as the hands. In Mark 7:4 the verb wash in 'except they wash' is baptízomai, to immerse. This indicates that the washing of the hands was done by immersing them in collected water. See Luke 11:38 which refers to washing one's hands before the meal, with the use of baptízomai, to have the hands baptized.", Zodhiates, S. (2000, c1992, c1993). The Complete Word Study Dictionary : New Testament (electronic ed.) (G907). Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=baptizw&la=greek#lexicon">"LSJ: βαπτίζω"</a>. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LSJ%3A+%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B6%CF%89&rft.pub=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Fl%3Dbaptizw%26la%3Dgreek%23lexicon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> 'Despite assertions to the contrary, it seems that baptizō, both in Jewish and Christian contexts, normally meant "immerse", and that even when it became a technical term for baptism, the thought of immersion remains. The use of the term for cleansing vessels (as in Lev. 6:28 Aquila [cf. 6:21]; cf. baptismos in Mk. 7:4) does not prove the contrary, since vessels were normally cleansed by immersing them in water. The metaphorical uses of the term in the NT appear to take this for granted, e.g. the prophecy that the Messiah will baptise in Spirit and fire as a liquid (Matt. 3:11), the "baptism" of the Israelites in the cloud and the sea (1 Cor. 10:2), and in the idea of Jesus' death as a baptism (Mk. 10:38f. baptisma; Lk. 12:50; cf. Ysebaert, op. cit., 41 ff.).', Brown, C. (1986). Vol. 1: New international dictionary of New Testament theology (144) </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%207:4&version=nrsv">Mark 7:4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> 'Mark 7:4 [v.l. in v. 8]; here βαπτίσωνται appears in place of ῥαντίσωνται in Koine D Θ pl, giving βαπτίζω the meaning of βάπτω', Balz, H. R., & Schneider, G. (1990–c1993). Exegetical dictionary of the New Testament. Translation of: Exegetisches Worterbuch zum Neuen Testament. (1:195). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> 'Βάπτω dip, immerse', Balz, H. R., & Schneider, G. (1990–c1993). Exegetical dictionary of the New Testament. Translation of: Exegetisches Worterbuch zum Neuen Testament. (1:195). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> 'βάπτω; ἐμβάπτω: to dip an object in a liquid—to dip in., Louw, J. P., & Nida, E. A. (1996, c1989). Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament: Based on semantic domains (electronic ed. of the 2nd edition.) (1:522). New York: United Bible societies. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> "In the LXX βάπτειν...is used for the dipping of the morsel in wine at Ju. 2:14, ...of the finger in blood in the Torah of sacrifices at Lv. 4:6, 17 etc.", Theological dictionary of the New Testament. 1964–c1976. Vols. 5–9 edited by Gerhard Friedrich. Vol. 10 compiled by Ronald Pitkin. (G. Kittel, G. W. Bromiley & G. Friedrich, Ed.) (electronic ed.) (1:535). Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> οἱ βαπτιζόμενοι ὑπὲρ τῶν νεκρῶν </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Peter J. Leithart The Baptized Body 2007 p136 "Paul uses a distancing third person—"they" baptize for the dead. Why not "we"? Paul might well be referring to Jewish practices. Under the ceremonial laws of Torah, every washing was a washing "for the dead" (cf. Num. 19). Uncleanness was a ceremonial form of death, and through washings of various sorts the unclean dead were restored to life in fellowship with.." </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G909&t=KJV">"masculine noun baptismos 4x NT uses"</a>. Blueletterbible.org. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=masculine+noun+baptismos+4x+NT+uses&rft.pub=Blueletterbible.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flang%2Flexicon%2Flexicon.cfm%3FStrongs%3DG909%26t%3DKJV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Philippe Wolff Baptism: The Covenant and the Family 2009 p45 "This word occurs but four times in the Septuagint, and in no case with the Baptist meaning. 1st. "Judith baptized herself in a fountain of water, by the camp." (Judith xii. 7.) She was then purifying herself from her uncleanness." </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Jonathan David Lawrence Washing in Water: Trajectories of Ritual Bathing in the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Literature (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2006), p. 294 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> ἐὰν μὴ βαπτίσωνται οὐκ ἐσθίουσιν </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBromiley1979" class="citation book cs1">Bromiley, Geoffrey William (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wo8csizDv0gC&dq=and+%22baptize%22+where+b%C3%A1ptisma%2C+the+new+Christian+rite%2C+is+intended&pg=PA423">The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3781-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3781-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-3781-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3781-3&rft.aulast=Bromiley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwo8csizDv0gC%26dq%3Dand%2B%2522baptize%2522%2Bwhere%2Bb%25C3%25A1ptisma%252C%2Bthe%2Bnew%2BChristian%2Brite%252C%2Bis%2Bintended%26pg%3DPA423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arndt-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arndt_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arndt_96-1">b</a> Arndt, W., Danker, F. W., & Bauer, W. (2000). A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, (3rd ed.) (165). Chicago: University of Chicago Press </li> <li id="cite_note-Friberg-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friberg_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friberg_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friberg_97-2">c</a> Friberg, T., Friberg, B., & Miller, N. F. (2000). Vol. 4: Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament. Baker's Greek New Testament Library (87). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. 1964–c1976. Vols. 5–9 edited by Gerhard Friedrich. Vol. 10 compiled by Ronald Pitkin. (G. Kittel, G. W. Bromiley & G. Friedrich, Ed.) (electronic ed.) (1:545). Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-99"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_99-0">^</a> Zodhiates, S. (2000, c1992, c1993). The Complete Word Study Dictionary : New Testament (electronic ed.) (G908). Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%203:7&version=nrsv">Matthew 3:7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2021:25&version=nrsv">Matthew 21:25</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%201:4&version=nrsv">Mark 1:4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2011:30&version=nrsv">Mark 11:30</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%203:3&version=nrsv">Luke 3:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%207:29&version=nrsv">Luke 7:29</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2020:4&version=nrsv">Luke 20:4</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%201:22&version=nrsv">Acts 1:22</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2010:37&version=nrsv">Acts 10:37</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2013:24&version=nrsv">Acts 13:24</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2018:25&version=nrsv">Acts 18:25</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2019:3–4&version=nrsv">Acts 19:3–4</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%206:4&version=nrsv">Romans 6:4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%204:5&version=nrsv">Ephesians 4:5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Peter%203:21&version=nrsv">1 Peter 3:21</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeppä2005" class="citation book cs1">Leppä, Outi (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7N0m_JAYvxUC&pg=PA137">The Making of Colossians</a>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-53629-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-53629-2"><bdi>978-3-525-53629-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Colossians&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-525-53629-2&rft.aulast=Lepp%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=Outi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7N0m_JAYvxUC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2020:22–23&version=nrsv">Matthew 20:22–23</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2010:38–39&version=nrsv">Mark 10:38–39</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2012:50&version=nrsv">Luke 12:50</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bibelwissenschaft.de/de/404-seite-nicht-gefunden/">"Seite nicht gefunden :: bibelwissenschaft.de"</a>. www.bibelwissenschaft.de (27th ed.). Retrieved May 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bibelwissenschaft.de&rft.atitle=Seite+nicht+gefunden+%3A%3A+bibelwissenschaft.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibelwissenschaft.de%2Fde%2F404-seite-nicht-gefunden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="/wiki/LSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="LSJ">LSJ</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=ba%2Fptisin&la=greek&prior=th\n#Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ba/ptisis-contents">"baptisis"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=baptisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Fl%3Dba%252Fptisin%26la%3Dgreek%26prior%3Dth%5Cn%23Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dba%2Fptisis-contents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="/wiki/LSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="LSJ">LSJ</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbaptismo%2Fs">"baptismos"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=baptismos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253Dbaptismo%252Fs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:tlg,0526,001:18:5:2&lang=original">"Flavius Josephus, Antiquitates Judaicae, *ta/de e)/nestin e)n th=| ih tw=n *)iwsh/pou i(storiw=n th=s *)ioudai+kh=s a)rxaiologi/as., Whiston chapter 5, Whiston section 2"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved May 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Flavius+Josephus%2C+Antiquitates+Judaicae%2C+%2Ata%2Fde+e%29%2Fnestin+e%29n+th%3D%7C+ih+tw%3Dn+%2A%29iwsh%2Fpou+i%28storiw%3Dn+th%3Ds+%2A%29ioudai%2Bkh%3Ds+a%29rxaiologi%2Fas.%2C+Whiston+chapter+5%2C+Whiston+section+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Aabo%3Atlg%2C0526%2C001%3A18%3A5%3A2%26lang%3Doriginal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0146:book=18:whiston%20chapter=5:whiston%20section=2">"Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book 18, Whiston chapter 5, Whiston section 2"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved May 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Flavius+Josephus%2C+Antiquities+of+the+Jews%2C+Book+18%2C+Whiston+chapter+5%2C+Whiston+section+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D18%3Awhiston%2520chapter%3D5%3Awhiston%2520section%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> James D. G. Dunn, Jesus remembered, 2003, p. 256 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womendeacons.org/the-woman-deacons-role-at-baptism/">"The Woman Deacon's role at Baptism"</a>. Wijngaards Institute for Catholic Research. August 27, 2015. Retrieved June 23, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Woman+Deacon%27s+role+at+Baptism&rft.pub=Wijngaards+Institute+for+Catholic+Research&rft.date=2015-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.womendeacons.org%2Fthe-woman-deacons-role-at-baptism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%203:9&version=nrsv">Colossians 3:9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%204:22&version=nrsv">Ephesians 4:22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Song%20of%20Solomon%205:3&version=nrsv">Song of Songs 5:3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Cyril of Jerusalem, Catechetical Lecture 20 (On the Mysteries. II. of Baptism) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%206:3–14&version=nrsv">Romans 6:3–14</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/310120.htm">http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/310120.htm</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-bibleverse|John|3:5-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse|John|3:5_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse|John|3:5_115-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%203:5&version=nrsv">John 3:5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wholesomewords.org/etexts/costellad/baptregen.html">"Baptismal Regeneration and Bible Salvation – Doctrine"</a>. www.wholesomewords.org. Retrieved July 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wholesomewords.org&rft.atitle=Baptismal+Regeneration+and+Bible+Salvation+%E2%80%93+Doctrine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wholesomewords.org%2Fetexts%2Fcostellad%2Fbaptregen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTraill" class="citation book cs1">Traill, Dr Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2DUaCAAAQBAJ&dq=the+importance+of+baptism+is+related+to+their+interpretation+of+the+meaning+of+the+%22Mystical+Body+of+Christ%22+as+found+in+the+New+Testament&pg=PA39">Ten Christian Foundational Studies for new converts – Teacher's book for Discipleship program one</a>. Traillblazer Bookshop. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921978-34-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921978-34-0"><bdi>978-1-921978-34-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ten+Christian+Foundational+Studies+for+new+converts+%E2%80%93+Teacher%27s+book+for+Discipleship+program+one&rft.pub=Traillblazer+Bookshop&rft.isbn=978-1-921978-34-0&rft.aulast=Traill&rft.aufirst=Dr+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2DUaCAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dthe%2Bimportance%2Bof%2Bbaptism%2Bis%2Brelated%2Bto%2Btheir%2Binterpretation%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bmeaning%2Bof%2Bthe%2B%2522Mystical%2BBody%2Bof%2BChrist%2522%2Bas%2Bfound%2Bin%2Bthe%2BNew%2BTestament%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.affinity.org.uk/foundations/issue-63/issue-63-article-4-the-anglican-doctrine-of-baptism/">"Issue 63 Article 4 - The Anglican Doctrine of Baptism - Affinity"</a>. Affinity. Retrieved November 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Affinity&rft.atitle=Issue+63+Article+4+-+The+Anglican+Doctrine+of+Baptism+-+Affinity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.affinity.org.uk%2Ffoundations%2Fissue-63%2Fissue-63-article-4-the-anglican-doctrine-of-baptism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism_119-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism_119-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism_119-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism_119-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism_119-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism_119-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism_119-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism_119-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism_119-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Baptism_119-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFosterDunnavant2004" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Douglas Allen; Dunnavant, Anthony L. (2004). "entry on Baptism". The Encyclopedia of the Stone–Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-3898-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=entry+on+Baptism&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Stone%E2%80%93Campbell+Movement%3A+Christian+Church+%28Disciples+of+Christ%29%2C+Christian+Churches%2FChurches+of+Christ%2C+Churches+of+Christ&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3898-8&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Allen&rft.au=Dunnavant%2C+Anthony+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theology_Matters-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Theology_Matters_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theology_Matters_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theology_Matters_120-2">c</a> Harold Hazelip, Gary Holloway, Randall J. Harris, Mark C. Black, Theology Matters: In Honor of Harold Hazelip: Answers for the Church Today, College Press, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-813-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-813-4">978-0-89900-813-4</a>, 368 pages </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100701120153/http://www.ewtn.com/library/ENCYC/P12MYSTI.HTM">"Mystici corporis Christi (full text in an English translation)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/ENCYC/P12MYSTI.HTM">the original</a> on July 1, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mystici+corporis+Christi+%28full+text+in+an+English+translation%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FENCYC%2FP12MYSTI.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInbody2005" class="citation book cs1">Inbody, Tyron (2005). The Faith of the Christian Church. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans. p. 299.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Faith+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Inbody&rft.aufirst=Tyron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErickson2015" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Millard J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=To8QBgAAQBAJ&dq=Catholics+believe+baptism+is+necessary+to+cleanse+the+taint+of+original+sin%2C+and+so+commonly+baptise+infants.&pg=PT551">Introducing Christian Doctrine</a>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-2254-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-2254-1"><bdi>978-1-4412-2254-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+Christian+Doctrine&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-2254-1&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Millard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTo8QBgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DCatholics%2Bbelieve%2Bbaptism%2Bis%2Bnecessary%2Bto%2Bcleanse%2Bthe%2Btaint%2Bof%2Boriginal%2Bsin%252C%2Band%2Bso%2Bcommonly%2Bbaptise%2Binfants.%26pg%3DPT551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicodemos_the_Hagiorite" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicodemos_the_Hagiorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicodemos the Hagiorite">Nicodemos the Hagiorite</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/praxis/exo_thoughts.aspx">"Concerning Thoughts"</a>. Exomologetarion.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Exomologetarion&rft.atitle=Concerning+Thoughts&rft.au=Nicodemos+the+Hagiorite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxinfo.com%2Fpraxis%2Fexo_thoughts.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOverbeck1998" class="citation book cs1">Overbeck, T. Jerome (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0cf2o6srEsC&pg=PA18">Ancient Fonts, Modern Lessons</a>. Liturgy Training Publications. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56854-091-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56854-091-7"><bdi>978-1-56854-091-7</bdi></a>. <q>New baptismal fonts, therefore, should be constructed to allow for the immersion of infants, at least, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Fonts%2C+Modern+Lessons&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Liturgy+Training+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56854-091-7&rft.aulast=Overbeck&rft.aufirst=T.+Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0cf2o6srEsC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/christian-initiation/holy-baptism-accessible-language/holy-baptism">"Holy Baptism"</a>. The Church of England.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holy+Baptism&rft.pub=The+Church+of+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchristian-initiation%2Fholy-baptism-accessible-language%2Fholy-baptism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://episcopalchurch.org/baptism">"Baptism"</a>. Episcopal Church.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baptism&rft.pub=Episcopal+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepiscopalchurch.org%2Fbaptism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTertullian" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf03.vi.iii.xviii.html">"Of the Persons to Whom, and the Time When, Baptism is to Be Administered"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers_(book)" title="Ante-Nicene Fathers (book)">Ante-Nicene Fathers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+the+Persons+to+Whom%2C+and+the+Time+When%2C+Baptism+is+to+Be+Administered&rft.btitle=Ante-Nicene+Fathers&rft.au=Tertullian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf03.vi.iii.xviii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paulist_Press-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paulist_Press_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paulist_Press_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBealCoridenGreen2000" class="citation book cs1">Beal, John P.; Coriden, James A.; Green, Thomas Joseph (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YCpraE-7xcC&dq=sponsors+or+godparents+are+present+at+baptism+since+year+200&pg=PA1060">New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law</a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0502-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0502-1"><bdi>978-0-8091-0502-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Commentary+on+the+Code+of+Canon+Law&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-0502-1&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft.au=Coriden%2C+James+A.&rft.au=Green%2C+Thomas+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YCpraE-7xcC%26dq%3Dsponsors%2Bor%2Bgodparents%2Bare%2Bpresent%2Bat%2Bbaptism%2Bsince%2Byear%2B200%26pg%3DPA1060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJudd1845" class="citation book cs1">Judd, Willard (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qa8OAAAAIAAJ&dq=%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B6%CF%89+originally+meant+%22to+immerse%22.+They+interpret+some+Biblical+passages+concerning+baptism+as+requiring+submersion+of+the+body+in+water.&pg=PA393">The Memoirs and Remains of Rev. Willard Judd: Embracing a Review of Professor Stuart, a Compilation of Miscellanies, and a Biographical Sketch, by Orrin B. Judd, with an Introductory Essay, by Spencer H. Cone</a>. Lewis Colby.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Memoirs+and+Remains+of+Rev.+Willard+Judd%3A+Embracing+a+Review+of+Professor+Stuart%2C+a+Compilation+of+Miscellanies%2C+and+a+Biographical+Sketch%2C+by+Orrin+B.+Judd%2C+with+an+Introductory+Essay%2C+by+Spencer+H.+Cone&rft.pub=Lewis+Colby&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Willard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQa8OAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3D%25CE%25B2%25CE%25B1%25CF%2580%25CF%2584%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B6%25CF%2589%2Boriginally%2Bmeant%2B%2522to%2Bimmerse%2522.%2BThey%2Binterpret%2Bsome%2BBiblical%2Bpassages%2Bconcerning%2Bbaptism%2Bas%2Brequiring%2Bsubmersion%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bbody%2Bin%2Bwater.%26pg%3DPA393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%206:3–4&version=nrsv">Romans 6:3–4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennedyHatch2013" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Rodney Wallace; Hatch, Derek C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GUBNAwAAQBAJ&dq=Baptist+Churches++do+not+believe+that+baptism+is+necessary+for+salvation%3B+but+rather+that+it+is+an+act+of+Christian+obedience&pg=PA115">Gathering Together: Baptists at Work in Worship</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-758-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-758-6"><bdi>978-1-61097-758-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gathering+Together%3A+Baptists+at+Work+in+Worship&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61097-758-6&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Rodney+Wallace&rft.au=Hatch%2C+Derek+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGUBNAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DBaptist%2BChurches%2B%2Bdo%2Bnot%2Bbelieve%2Bthat%2Bbaptism%2Bis%2Bnecessary%2Bfor%2Bsalvation%253B%2Bbut%2Brather%2Bthat%2Bit%2Bis%2Ban%2Bact%2Bof%2BChristian%2Bobedience%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bibleref2c|Acts|2:38-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bibleref2c|Acts|2:38_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibleref2c|Acts|2:38_133-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%202:38&version=nrsv">Acts 2:38</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709031256/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/resources/documents/wcc-commissions/faith-and-order-commission/i-unity-the-church-and-its-mission/baptism-eucharist-and-ministry-faith-and-order-paper-no-111-the-lima-text/baptism-eucharist-and-ministry.html">"Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry—Faith and Order Paper No. 111"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>. 1982. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oikoumene.org/en/resources/documents/wcc-commissions/faith-and-order-commission/i-unity-the-church-and-its-mission/baptism-eucharist-and-ministry-faith-and-order-paper-no-111-the-lima-text/baptism-eucharist-and-ministry.html#c10471">the original</a> on July 9, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baptism%2C+Eucharist+and+Ministry%E2%80%94Faith+and+Order+Paper+No.+111&rft.pub=World+Council+of+Churches&rft.date=1982&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fen%2Fresources%2Fdocuments%2Fwcc-commissions%2Ffaith-and-order-commission%2Fi-unity-the-church-and-its-mission%2Fbaptism-eucharist-and-ministry-faith-and-order-paper-no-111-the-lima-text%2Fbaptism-eucharist-and-ministry.html%23c10471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+2:42&version=rsv">Acts 2:42</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%202:45&version=nrsv">Acts 2:45</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Peter%201:3–21&version=nrsv">1 Peter 1:3–21</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Peter%201:22–23&version=nrsv">1 Peter 1:22–23</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Peter%202:2–3&version=nrsv">1 Peter 2:2–3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Peter%202:4–10&version=nrsv">1 Peter 2:4–10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Peter%202:11&version=nrsv">1 Peter 2:11ff</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Peter%201:2&version=nrsv">1 Peter 1:2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-bibleverse|1_Corinthians|12:13-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse|1_Corinthians|12:13_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse|1_Corinthians|12:13_143-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2012:13&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 12:13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070509161956/http://www.oikoumene.org/index.php?id=2672">"Becoming a Christian: The Ecumenical Implications of Our Common Baptism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>. 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oikoumene.org/index.php?id=2672">the original</a> on May 9, 2007. Retrieved May 13, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Becoming+a+Christian%3A+The+Ecumenical+Implications+of+Our+Common+Baptism&rft.pub=World+Council+of+Churches&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D2672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruno2015" class="citation book cs1">Bruno, Luciano (2015). An Ecumenical Proposal About The Sacraments. pp. 16–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ecumenical+Proposal+About+The+Sacraments&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Bruno&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBN-1-146"><a href="#cite_ref-GBN-1_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stmpress.com/collections/service-books-1/products/the-great-book-of-needs-volume-1">The Great Book of Needs: Expanded and Supplemented (Volume 1): The Holy Mysteries</a>. Translated by Saint Tikhon's Monastery. <a href="/wiki/South_Canaan_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="South Canaan Township, Pennsylvania">South Canaan, Pennsylvania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Tikhon%27s_Orthodox_Theological_Seminary" title="Saint Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary">Saint Tikhon's Seminary Press</a> (published 2000). 1998. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781878997562" title="Special:BookSources/9781878997562"><bdi>9781878997562</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Book+of+Needs%3A+Expanded+and+Supplemented+%28Volume+1%29%3A+The+Holy+Mysteries&rft.place=South+Canaan%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Saint+Tikhon%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781878997562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstmpress.com%2Fcollections%2Fservice-books-1%2Fproducts%2Fthe-great-book-of-needs-volume-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilks2013" class="citation journal cs1">Wilks, John (April 30, 2013). "The New Evangelical Subordinationism? Perspectives on the Equality of God the Father and God the Son Dennis Jowers and H. Wayne House (eds.) Eugene: Pickwick, 2012. 464 pp". Evangelical Quarterly. 85 (2): 164–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F27725472-08502010">10.1163/27725472-08502010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-852-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-852-4"><bdi>978-1-60899-852-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-3367">0014-3367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evangelical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+New+Evangelical+Subordinationism%3F+Perspectives+on+the+Equality+of+God+the+Father+and+God+the+Son+Dennis+Jowers+and+H.+Wayne+House+%28eds.%29+Eugene%3A+Pickwick%2C+2012.+464+pp.&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=2013-04-30&rft.issn=0014-3367&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F27725472-08502010&rft.isbn=978-1-60899-852-4&rft.aulast=Wilks&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fanning-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fanning_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanning_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02258b.htm">"William Fanning, "Baptism" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1907)"</a>. Newadvent.org. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Fanning%2C+%22Baptism%22+in+Catholic+Encyclopedia+%28New+York+1907%29&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F02258b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s2c1a1.htm">"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1256"</a>. Vatican.va. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church%2C+1256&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fccc_css%2Farchive%2Fcatechism%2Fp2s2c1a1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140130195101/http://www.ewtn.com/library/DOCTRINE/INTENTIO.TXT">"On the Intention Required in the Minister of the Sacraments"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/DOCTRINE/INTENTIO.TXT">the original</a> on January 30, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Intention+Required+in+the+Minister+of+the+Sacraments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FDOCTRINE%2FINTENTIO.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters2001-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peters2001_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters2001_151-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeters2001" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward N. (2001). The 1917 Or Pio-Benedictine Code of Canon Law: In English Translation with Extensive Scholarly Apparatus. <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Press" title="Ignatius Press">Ignatius Press</a>. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-831-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-831-8"><bdi>978-0-89870-831-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1917+Or+Pio-Benedictine+Code+of+Canon+Law%3A+In+English+Translation+with+Extensive+Scholarly+Apparatus&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-89870-831-8&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODWR-152"><a href="#cite_ref-ODWR_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowker1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bowker_(theologian)" title="John Bowker (theologian)">Bowker, John</a> (1999). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_World_Religions" title="Oxford Dictionary of World Religions">The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-866242-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-866242-4"><bdi>0-19-866242-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60181672">60181672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+World+Religions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60181672&rft.isbn=0-19-866242-4&rft.aulast=Bowker&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oikoumene.org/news/baptisms-mutually-recognized-in-european-and-american-churches">"Baptisms mutually recognized in European and American churches"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>. April 17, 2014. Retrieved March 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baptisms+mutually+recognized+in+European+and+American+churches&rft.pub=World+Council+of+Churches&rft.date=2014-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fnews%2Fbaptisms-mutually-recognized-in-european-and-american-churches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010826/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P2X.HTM">"Code of Canon Law – IntraText"</a>. November 12, 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P2X.HTM">the original</a> on November 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+of+Canon+Law+%E2%80%93+IntraText&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG1104%2F_P2X.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P2X.HTM">"Code of Canon Law – IntraText"</a>. www.vatican.va. Retrieved April 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Code+of+Canon+Law+%E2%80%93+IntraText&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG1104%2F_P2X.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CracknellWhite2005-156"><a href="#cite_ref-CracknellWhite2005_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCracknellWhite2005" class="citation book cs1">Cracknell, Kenneth; White, Susan J. (2005). An Introduction to World Methodism. Cambridge University Press. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521818490" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521818490"><bdi>978-0521818490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+World+Methodism&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0521818490&rft.aulast=Cracknell&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=White%2C+Susan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jr2014-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Jr2014_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYrigoyen2014" class="citation book cs1">Yrigoyen, Charles Jr. (2014). T&T Clark Companion to Methodism. A&C Black. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567290779" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567290779"><bdi>978-0567290779</bdi></a>. <q>Methodists historically do not rebaptize unless the ecumenical formula was not used or another major impediment calls into question the adequacy of an earlier rite. When questions arise of a very grievous nature, there is the possibility of conditional baptism using the words 'If you are not already baptized, I baptize you in the name, etc.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%26T+Clark+Companion+to+Methodism&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0567290779&rft.aulast=Yrigoyen&rft.aufirst=Charles+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2W.HTM">Code of Canon Law, canon 869</a>; cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgZEjvB5cEC">New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law By John P. Beal, James A. Coriden, Thomas J.</a>, pp. 1057–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-Davenport-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davenport_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davenport_159-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d2y1pz2y630308.cloudfront.net/13543/documents/2016/4/Churches%20with%20Valid%20Doubtful%20Invalid%20Baptisms.pdf">"Churches with Valid, Doubtful and Invalid"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Davenport" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Davenport">Roman Catholic Diocese of Davenport</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://d2y1pz2y630308.cloudfront.net/13543/documents/2016/4/Churches%20with%20Valid%20Doubtful%20Invalid%20Baptisms.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Churches+with+Valid%2C+Doubtful+and+Invalid&rft.pub=Roman+Catholic+Diocese+of+Davenport&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd2y1pz2y630308.cloudfront.net%2F13543%2Fdocuments%2F2016%2F4%2FChurches%2520with%2520Valid%2520Doubtful%2520Invalid%2520Baptisms.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20010605_battesimo_mormoni_en.html">"Response of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith"</a>. Vatican.va. June 5, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223230027/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20010605_battesimo_mormoni_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2009. Retrieved February 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Response+of+the+Congregation+for+the+Doctrine+of+the+Faith&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft.date=2001-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fcfaith%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_cfaith_doc_20010605_battesimo_mormoni_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usccb.org/news/2013/catholics-reformed-christians-publicly-sign-historic-agreement-recognize-each-others">"Catholics, Reformed Christians Publicly Sign Historic Agreement To Recognize Each Other's Baptisms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USCCB" class="mw-redirect" title="USCCB">USCCB</a>. February 1, 2013. Retrieved March 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholics%2C+Reformed+Christians+Publicly+Sign+Historic+Agreement+To+Recognize+Each+Other%27s+Baptisms&rft.pub=USCCB&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fnews%2F2013%2Fcatholics-reformed-christians-publicly-sign-historic-agreement-recognize-each-others&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rca.org/about/worship/baptism/">"Baptism: FAQ, Liturgies, and Certificates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Reformed Church in America</a>. Retrieved March 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baptism%3A+FAQ%2C+Liturgies%2C+and+Certificates&rft.pub=Reformed+Church+in+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rca.org%2Fabout%2Fworship%2Fbaptism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isaiah2000-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Isaiah2000_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMetropolitan_Isaiah2000" class="citation web cs1">Metropolitan Isaiah (May 9, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127075030/http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/encyclicals/goarch/isaiah/isaiah_protocols_2000.htm">"Protocols 2000"</a>. Orthodox Research Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/encyclicals/goarch/isaiah/isaiah_protocols_2000.htm">the original</a> on November 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protocols+2000&rft.pub=Orthodox+Research+Institute&rft.date=2000-05-09&rft.au=Metropolitan+Isaiah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org%2Fencyclicals%2Fgoarch%2Fisaiah%2Fisaiah_protocols_2000.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaunders" class="citation news cs1">Saunders, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180912204606/https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/invalid-baptisms.html">"Invalid Baptisms"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/invalid-baptisms.html">the original</a> on September 12, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Invalid+Baptisms&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiceducation.org%2Fen%2Fculture%2Fcatholic-contributions%2Finvalid-baptisms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20010605_battesimo_mormoni_en.html">"Response on the validity of baptism conferred by Â"mormonsÂ""</a>. www.vatican.va. Retrieved May 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Response+on+the+validity+of+baptism+conferred+by+%C3%82%22mormons%C3%82%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fcfaith%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_cfaith_doc_20010605_battesimo_mormoni_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116055451/http://www.ewtn.com/library/theology/mormbap1.htm">"The Question Of The Validity Of Baptism Conferred In The Church Of Jesus Christ Of Latter-Day Saints"</a>. Ewtn.com. August 1, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/Theology/MORMBAP1.HTM">the original</a> on January 16, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Question+Of+The+Validity+Of+Baptism+Conferred+In+The+Church+Of+Jesus+Christ+Of+Latter-Day+Saints&rft.pub=Ewtn.com&rft.date=2001-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FTheology%2FMORMBAP1.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ldsbaptism-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ldsbaptism_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ldsbaptism_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/baptism">"Gospel Topics: Baptism"</a>. churchofjesuschrist.org. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Gospel+Topics%3A+Baptism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ftopics%2Fbaptism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> "Questions From Readers", The Watchtower, May 1, 1959, p. 288, "Thus, when Christ was enthroned as King A.D. 1914 it was not necessary for all true Christians to be rebaptized in recognition of his ruling position." </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> "Jehovah's Witnesses Endure for His Sovereign Godship", The Watchtower, September 15, 1966, p. 560, "In the decades of restoration since 1919, right-hearted clergymen of various religious sects in different parts of the earth have repentantly accepted the priesthood services of the anointed remnant of Job-like ones by becoming rebaptized and ordained as true ministers of Jehovah." </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> "True Christianity Is Flourishing", The Watchtower, March 1, 2004, p. 7 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2004161">As retrieved November 3, 2014</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, publ Jehovah's Witnesses, "Chapter 31: How Chosen and Led by God", p. 706, "Clearly, when the time of the end began in 1914, none of the churches of Christendom were measuring up to these Bible standards for the one true Christian congregation. What, though, about the Bible Students, as Jehovah's Witnesses were then known?" </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2V.HTM">"canon 861 §1"</a>. Intratext.com. May 4, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=canon+861+%C2%A71&rft.pub=Intratext.com&rft.date=2007-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FENG0017%2F_P2V.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P1T.HTM#18G">"canon 530"</a>. Intratext.com. May 4, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=canon+530&rft.pub=Intratext.com&rft.date=2007-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FENG0017%2F_P1T.HTM%2318G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2V.HTM">"canon 863"</a>. Intratext.com. May 4, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=canon+863&rft.pub=Intratext.com&rft.date=2007-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FENG0017%2F_P2V.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2V.HTM">"canon 861 §2"</a>. Intratext.com. May 4, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=canon+861+%C2%A72&rft.pub=Intratext.com&rft.date=2007-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FENG0017%2F_P2V.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/__PIT.HTM">"Canon 677"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a>. 1990. Retrieved February 26, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Code+of+Canons+of+the+Eastern+Churches&rft.atitle=Canon+677&rft.date=1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FENG1199%2F__PIT.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWare1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Ware">Ware, Kallistos</a> (1964). The Orthodox Church. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Kallistos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-churchofjesuschrist.org-178"><a href="#cite_ref-churchofjesuschrist.org_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/manual/priesthood-and-auxiliary-leaders-guidebook/priesthood?lang=eng">"Priesthood § Aaronic Priesthood"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/manual/priesthood-and-auxiliary-leaders-guidebook/priesthood">Priesthood and Auxiliary Leaders' Guidebook</a>. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 2001. pp. 4–10. <q>Brethren who hold the Aaronic Priesthood have authority to perform certain priesthood ordinances. Priests may perform baptisms…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Priesthood+%C2%A7+Aaronic+Priesthood&rft.btitle=Priesthood+and+Auxiliary+Leaders%27+Guidebook&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fmanual%2Fpriesthood-and-auxiliary-leaders-guidebook%2Fpriesthood%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated480-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated480_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated480_179-1">b</a> "Questions From Readers", The Watchtower, August 1, 1973, p. 480, "In connection with baptism, it may also be noted that a baptism may be performed by a dedicated male even though no other human witnesses are present." </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> "The General Priesthood Today", The Watchtower, March 1, 1963, p. 147, "Because he is a minister, any competent male member is called on to perform funerals, baptisms and weddings, and to conduct the service in annual commemoration of the Lord's death." </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_181-1">b</a> "Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands", 1987 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, p. 71 </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Harper, Douglas (2010) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Anabaptist">"Anabaptist"</a>. Online Etymological Dictionary. Retrieved August 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anabaptist&rft.btitle=Online+Etymological+Dictionary&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DAnabaptist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KurianDay2017-183"><a href="#cite_ref-KurianDay2017_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKurianDay2017" class="citation book cs1">Kurian, George Thomas; Day, Sarah Claudine (2017). The Essential Handbook of Denominations and Ministries. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-0640-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-0640-1"><bdi>978-1-4934-0640-1</bdi></a>. <q>The Conservative Mennonite Conference practices believer's baptism, seen as an external symbol of internal spiritual purity and performed by immersion or pouring of water on the head; Communion; washing the feet of the saints, following Jesus's example and reminding believers of the need to be washed of pride, rivalry, and selfish motives; anointing the sick with oil--a symbol of the Holy Spirit and of the healing power of God—offered with the prayer of faith; and laying on of hands for ordination, symbolizing the imparting of responsibility and of God's power to fulfill that responsibility.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Handbook+of+Denominations+and+Ministries&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4934-0640-1&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=George+Thomas&rft.au=Day%2C+Sarah+Claudine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraybill2010-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Kraybill2010_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKraybill2010" class="citation book cs1">Kraybill, Donald B. (2010). Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites. JHU Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9911-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9911-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-9911-9</bdi></a>. <q>All Amish, Hutterites, and most Mennonites baptized by pouring or sprinkling.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Amish%2C+Brethren%2C+Hutterites%2C+and+Mennonites&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9911-9&rft.aulast=Kraybill&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Durnbaugh1983-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Durnbaugh1983_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDurnbaugh1983" class="citation book cs1">Durnbaugh, Donald F. (1983). The Brethren Encyclopedia. Brethren Encyclopedia, Incorporated. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-318-00487-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-318-00487-7"><bdi>978-0-318-00487-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brethren+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Brethren+Encyclopedia%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-318-00487-7&rft.aulast=Durnbaugh&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell2007-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell2007_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2007" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Larry (November 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicoer.com/2007/11/04/old-brethren-follow-distinctive-practices/">"Old Brethren follow distinctive practices"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chico_Enterprise-Record" title="Chico Enterprise-Record">Chico Enterprise-Record</a>. Retrieved May 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Brethren+follow+distinctive+practices&rft.pub=Chico+Enterprise-Record&rft.date=2007-11-04&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicoer.com%2F2007%2F11%2F04%2Fold-brethren-follow-distinctive-practices%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Baptism">"Baptism –Gameo.org"</a>. gameo.org. Retrieved May 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gameo.org&rft.atitle=Baptism+%E2%80%93Gameo.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgameo.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBaptism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartzler2013-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Hartzler2013_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartzler2013" class="citation book cs1">Hartzler, Rachel Nafziger (2013). No Strings Attached: Boundary Lines in Pleasant Places: A History of Warren Street / Pleasant Oaks Mennonite Church. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-635-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-635-7"><bdi>978-1-62189-635-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Strings+Attached%3A+Boundary+Lines+in+Pleasant+Places%3A+A+History+of+Warren+Street+%2F+Pleasant+Oaks+Mennonite+Church&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62189-635-7&rft.aulast=Hartzler&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Nafziger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFretz" class="citation web cs1">Fretz, Clarence Y. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anabaptists.org/tracts/saved.html">"How To Make SURE You Are Saved"</a>. Anabaptists. Retrieved May 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+To+Make+SURE+You+Are+Saved&rft.pub=Anabaptists&rft.aulast=Fretz&rft.aufirst=Clarence+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anabaptists.org%2Ftracts%2Fsaved.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eby-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eby_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eby_190-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eby_190-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eby_190-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEby" class="citation web cs1">Eby, Edwin R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220511071751/https://www.pilgrimministry.org/literature/early-anabaptist-positions-on-believer%E2%80%99s-baptism-and-a-challenge-for-today">"Early Anabaptist Positions on Believer's Baptism and a Challenge for Today"</a>. Pilgrim Mennonite Conference. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pilgrimministry.org/literature/early-anabaptist-positions-on-believer%E2%80%99s-baptism-and-a-challenge-for-today">the original</a> on May 11, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Anabaptist+Positions+on+Believer%27s+Baptism+and+a+Challenge+for+Today&rft.pub=Pilgrim+Mennonite+Conference&rft.aulast=Eby&rft.aufirst=Edwin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilgrimministry.org%2Fliterature%2Fearly-anabaptist-positions-on-believer%25E2%2580%2599s-baptism-and-a-challenge-for-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2028:19&version=nrsv">Matthew 28:19</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-BFM-192"><a href="#cite_ref-BFM_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303000119/http://www.sbc.net/bfm/bfm2000.asp#vii">"VII. Baptism and the Lord's Supper"</a>. The Baptist Faith and Message. Southern Baptist Convention. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbc.net/bfm/bfm2000.asp#vii">the original</a> on March 3, 2009. Retrieved July 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Baptist+Faith+and+Message&rft.atitle=VII.+Baptism+and+the+Lord%27s+Supper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbc.net%2Fbfm%2Fbfm2000.asp%23vii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-London-193"><a href="#cite_ref-London_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617103253/http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/bc1644.htm">"London Baptist Confession of 1644"</a>. The Spurgeon Archive. XVII. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/bc1644.htm">the original</a> on June 17, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spurgeon+Archive&rft.atitle=London+Baptist+Confession+of+1644&rft.pages=XVII.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spurgeon.org%2F~phil%2Fcreeds%2Fbc1644.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> David Blankenhorn, The Faith Factor in Fatherhood: Renewing the Sacred Vocation of Fathering, Lexington Books, US, 1999, p. 103 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownlow1856" class="citation book cs1">Brownlow, William Gannaway (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9Kw8AAAAYAAJ">The great iron wheel examined; or, its false spokes extracted, and an exhibition of Elder Graves, its builder</a>. unknown library. Nashville, Tenn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+iron+wheel+examined%3B+or%2C+its+false+spokes+extracted%2C+and+an+exhibition+of+Elder+Graves%2C+its+builder&rft.pub=Nashville%2C+Tenn.&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Brownlow&rft.aufirst=William+Gannaway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_9Kw8AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perfect_Stranger-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perfect_Stranger_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perfect_Stranger_196-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatlinsMagidaMagida1999" class="citation book cs1">Matlins, Stuart M.; Magida, Arthur J.; Magida, J. (1999). "Churches of Christ". How to Be a Perfect Stranger: A Guide to Etiquette in Other People's Religious Ceremonies. Wood Lake Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-896836-28-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-896836-28-7"><bdi>978-1-896836-28-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Churches+of+Christ&rft.btitle=How+to+Be+a+Perfect+Stranger%3A+A+Guide+to+Etiquette+in+Other+People%27s+Religious+Ceremonies&rft.pub=Wood+Lake+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-896836-28-7&rft.aulast=Matlins&rft.aufirst=Stuart+M.&rft.au=Magida%2C+Arthur+J.&rft.au=Magida%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rhodes_2005-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes_2005_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes_2005_197-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes_2005_197-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes_2005_197-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2005" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, Ron (2005). The Complete Guide to Christian Denominations. Harvest House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7369-1289-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7369-1289-4"><bdi>0-7369-1289-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Guide+to+Christian+Denominations&rft.pub=Harvest+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7369-1289-4&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Who_Are_the_churches_of_Christ-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Who_Are_the_churches_of_Christ_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_Are_the_churches_of_Christ_198-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_Are_the_churches_of_Christ_198-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_Are_the_churches_of_Christ_198-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_Are_the_churches_of_Christ_198-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaxter" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Batsell_Barrett_Baxter" title="Batsell Barrett Baxter">Baxter, Batsell Barrett</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080131110444/http://www.woodsonchapel.com/coc.php/">Who are the churches of Christ and what do they believe in?</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woodsonchapel.com/coc.php/">the original</a> on January 31, 2008. Retrieved September 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+are+the+churches+of+Christ+and+what+do+they+believe+in%3F&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Batsell+Barrett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodsonchapel.com%2Fcoc.php%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988">, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://church-of-christ.org/who.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209022100/http://church-of-christ.org/who.html">Archived</a> February 9, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509163609/http://www.cris.com/~mmcoc/coc.html">"Church of Christ"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cris.com/~mmcoc/coc.html">the original</a> on May 9, 2008. Retrieved September 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+of+Christ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cris.com%2F~mmcoc%2Fcoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130131444/http://scripturessay.com/article.php?cat=&id=6">"Who are the Churches of Christ?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scripturessay.com/article.php?cat%3D%26id%3D6">the original</a> on November 30, 2010. Retrieved September 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+are+the+Churches+of+Christ%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scripturessay.com%2Farticle.php%3Fcat%253D%2526id%253D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Understanding_Four_Views_on_Baptism-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Understanding_Four_Views_on_Baptism_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Understanding_Four_Views_on_Baptism_199-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Understanding_Four_Views_on_Baptism_199-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Understanding_Four_Views_on_Baptism_199-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Understanding_Four_Views_on_Baptism_199-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Understanding_Four_Views_on_Baptism_199-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNettlesPrattArmstrongKolb2007" class="citation book cs1">Nettles, Tom J.; Pratt, Richard L. Jr.; Armstrong, John H.; Kolb, Robert (2007). Understanding Four Views on Baptism. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-26267-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-26267-1"><bdi>978-0-310-26267-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Four+Views+on+Baptism&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-310-26267-1&rft.aulast=Nettles&rft.aufirst=Tom+J.&rft.au=Pratt%2C+Richard+L.+Jr.&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+John+H.&rft.au=Kolb%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard_1971-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_1971_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_1971_200-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_1971_200-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_1971_200-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoward1971" class="citation book cs1">Howard, V. E. (1971). What Is the Church of Christ? (4th ed.). West Monroe, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">LO</a>: Central Printers & Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Is+the+Church+of+Christ%3F&rft.place=West+Monroe%2C+LO&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Central+Printers+%26+Publishers&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=V.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baptism,_Why_Wait?-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baptism,_Why_Wait?_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baptism,_Why_Wait?_201-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baptism,_Why_Wait?_201-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baptism,_Why_Wait?_201-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryant1999" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Rees (1999). Baptism, Why Wait?: Faith's Response in Conversion. College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-858-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-858-5"><bdi>978-0-89900-858-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptism%2C+Why+Wait%3F%3A+Faith%27s+Response+in+Conversion&rft.pub=College+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-89900-858-5&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Rees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wharton_1997-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Wharton_1997_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWharton1997" class="citation book cs1">Wharton, Edward C. (1997). The Church of Christ: The Distinctive Nature of the New Testament Church. Gospel Advocate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89225-464-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89225-464-5"><bdi>0-89225-464-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+Christ%3A+The+Distinctive+Nature+of+the+New+Testament+Church&rft.pub=Gospel+Advocate&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-89225-464-5&rft.aulast=Wharton&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson_1996-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_1996_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_1996_203-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_1996_203-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_1996_203-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_1996_203-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_1996_203-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_1996_203-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Everett_Ferguson" title="Everett Ferguson">Ferguson, Everett</a> (1996). The Church of Christ: A Biblical Ecclesiology for Today. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4189-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4189-6"><bdi>978-0-8028-4189-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+Christ%3A+A+Biblical+Ecclesiology+for+Today&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4189-6&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foster-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foster_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foster_204-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foster_204-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foster_204-3">d</a> Douglas A. Foster, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acu.edu/sponsored/restoration_quarterly/archives/2000s/vol_43_no_2_contents/foster.html">"Churches of Christ and Baptism: An Historical and Theological Overview,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100520041454/http://www.acu.edu/sponsored/restoration_quarterly/archives/2000s/vol_43_no_2_contents/foster.html">Archived</a> May 20, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Quarterly" title="Restoration Quarterly">Restoration Quarterly</a>, Volume 43/Number 2 (2001). </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Regeneration-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Regeneration_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Stone–Campbell_Movement:_Regeneration_205-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFosterDunnavant2004" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Douglas Allen; Dunnavant, Anthony L. (2004). "entry on Regeneration". The Encyclopedia of the Stone – Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-3898-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=entry+on+Regeneration&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Stone+%E2%80%93+Campbell+Movement%3A+Christian+Church+%28Disciples+of+Christ%29%2C+Christian+Churches%2FChurches+of+Christ%2C+Churches+of+Christ&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3898-8&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Allen&rft.au=Dunnavant%2C+Anthony+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a href="/wiki/KJV" class="mw-redirect" title="KJV">KJV</a>, italics inserted. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmid1876-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmid1876_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmid1876_207-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmid1876" class="citation book cs1">Schmid, Heinrich (1876). The Doctrinal Theology of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Lutheran Publication Society. p. 595. <q>By Baptism we are regenerated and renewed; by the Lord's Supper we are fed and nourished unto eternal life. In Baptism, especially that of infants, faith is kindled by the Holy Spirit; in the use of the Supper it is increased, confirmed, and sealed. By Baptism we are grafted into Christ; by the salutary use of the Lord's Supper we receive a spiritual increase in this relation. By Baptism we are received into the divine covenant; by the use of the Eucharist we are preserved in it, or, when we fall from it by sins against conscience, we are restored to it by true penitence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctrinal+Theology+of+the+Evangelical+Lutheran+Church&rft.pages=595&rft.pub=Lutheran+Publication+Society&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuther" class="citation web cs1">Luther, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookofconcord.org/small-catechism/the-sacrament-of-holy-baptism/">"The Small Catechism: The Sacrament of Holy Baptism"</a>. Book of Concord.org. Retrieved April 9, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Book+of+Concord.org&rft.atitle=The+Small+Catechism%3A+The+Sacrament+of+Holy+Baptism&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbookofconcord.org%2Fsmall-catechism%2Fthe-sacrament-of-holy-baptism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuther" class="citation web cs1">Luther, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookofconcord.org/large-catechism/holy-baptism/">"The Large Catechism: Holy Baptism"</a>. Book of Concord.org. Retrieved April 9, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Book+of+Concord.org&rft.atitle=The+Large+Catechism%3A+Holy+Baptism&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbookofconcord.org%2Flarge-catechism%2Fholy-baptism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NettlesPrattKolbCastelein2009-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NettlesPrattKolbCastelein2009_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NettlesPrattKolbCastelein2009_210-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jUmAMlP8YOYC&pg=PA92">Understanding Four Views on Baptism</a>. Zondervan. 2009. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0310866985" title="Special:BookSources/978-0310866985"><bdi>978-0310866985</bdi></a>. <q>Thomas J. Nettles, Richard L. Pratt Jr., Robert Kolb, John D. Castelein</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Four+Views+on+Baptism&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0310866985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjUmAMlP8YOYC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FMC2008-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FMC2008_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FMC2008_211-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fmcic.ca/baptism-and-dedication/">"Baptism and Dedication"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a>. December 3, 2008. <q>When they baptize babies, pastors should make sure that their prayers include clear requests that God will bring the children to a personal faith that "owns" what the parents are promising at a time when the children (who "belong" from day one) cannot act for themselves. And when they dedicate children, pastors should make sure that their prayers include clear gratitude to God for the fact that he is already at work in the life of that child, who already "belongs" in the Christian community. Here's what must be stressed: whether at the time of baptism (in the adult baptism tradition) or at the time of confirmation when the vows made earlier by the parents are personally "owned" (in the infant baptism tradition), it is faith in Jesus (dependent trust, not mere cognitive affirmation) that is crucial. Paul goes so far as to say that without faith and obedience, the old rite of circumcision has no value (Romans 2:25). The same is true of baptism. With either rite, clear evangelistic follow-through is crucial.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baptism+and+Dedication&rft.pub=Free+Methodist+Church&rft.date=2008-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmcic.ca%2Fbaptism-and-dedication%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMC_–_By_Water_and_the_Spirit-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UMC_–_By_Water_and_the_Spirit_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UMC_–_By_Water_and_the_Spirit_212-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=4&mid=992">"By Water and the Spirit: A United Methodist Understanding of Baptism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_United_Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Methodist Church">The United Methodist Church</a>. Retrieved August 2, 2007. <q>John Wesley retained the sacramental theology which he received from his Anglican heritage. He taught that in baptism a child was cleansed of the guilt of original sin, initiated into the covenant with God, admitted into the church, made an heir of the divine kingdom, and spiritually born anew. He said that while baptism was neither essential to nor sufficient for salvation, it was the "ordinary means" that God designated for applying the benefits of the work of Christ in human lives. On the other hand, although he affirmed the regenerating grace of infant baptism, he also insisted upon the necessity of adult conversion for those who have fallen from grace. A person who matures into moral accountability must respond to God's grace in repentance and faith. Without personal decision and commitment to Christ, the baptismal gift is rendered ineffective. Baptism as Forgiveness of Sin. In baptism God offers and we accept the forgiveness of our sin (Acts 2:38). With the pardoning of sin which has separated us from God, we are justified—freed from the guilt and penalty of sin and restored to right relationship with God. This reconciliation is made possible through the atonement of Christ and made real in our lives by the work of the Holy Spirit. We respond by confessing and repenting of our sin, and affirming our faith that Jesus Christ has accomplished all that is necessary for our salvation. Faith is the necessary condition for justification; in baptism, that faith is professed. God's forgiveness makes possible the renewal of our spiritual lives and our becoming new beings in Christ. Baptism as New Life. Baptism is the sacramental sign of new life through and in Christ by the power of the Holy Spirit. Variously identified as regeneration, new birth, and being born again, this work of grace makes us into new spiritual creatures (2 Corinthians 5:17). We die to our old nature which was dominated by sin and enter into the very life of Christ who transforms us. Baptism is the means of entry into new life in Christ (John 3:5; Titus 3:5), but new birth may not always coincide with the moment of the administration of water or the laying on of hands. Our awareness and acceptance of our redemption by Christ and new life in him may vary throughout our lives. But, in whatever way the reality of the new birth is experienced, it carries out the promises God made to us in our baptism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=By+Water+and+the+Spirit%3A+A+United+Methodist+Understanding+of+Baptism&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.umc.org%2Finterior.asp%3Fptid%3D4%26mid%3D992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stokes1998-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Stokes1998_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStokes1998" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Mack B. (1998). Major United Methodist Beliefs. Abingdon Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0687082124" title="Special:BookSources/978-0687082124"><bdi>978-0687082124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+United+Methodist+Beliefs&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0687082124&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Mack+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whidden2005-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Whidden2005_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhidden2005" class="citation web cs1">Whidden, Woodrow W. (April 18, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630044749/https://adventistbiblicalresearch.org/es/node/203">"Adventist Theology: The Wesleyan Connection"</a>. Biblical Research Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adventistbiblicalresearch.org/es/node/203">the original</a> on June 30, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adventist+Theology%3A+The+Wesleyan+Connection&rft.pub=Biblical+Research+Institute&rft.date=2005-04-18&rft.aulast=Whidden&rft.aufirst=Woodrow+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadventistbiblicalresearch.org%2Fes%2Fnode%2F203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StuartChappell1922-215"><a href="#cite_ref-StuartChappell1922_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStuartChappell1922" class="citation book cs1">Stuart, George Rutledge; Chappell, Edwin Barfield (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whateverymethod00chapgoog">What Every Methodist Should Know</a>. Lamar & Barton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whateverymethod00chapgoog/page/n86">83</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Every+Methodist+Should+Know&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Lamar+%26+Barton&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=George+Rutledge&rft.au=Chappell%2C+Edwin+Barfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhateverymethod00chapgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Summers1857-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Summers1857_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Summers1857_216-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSummers1857" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Thomas Osmond (1857). Methodist Pamphlets for the People. E. Stevenson & F. A. Owen for the M. E. Church, South. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodist+Pamphlets+for+the+People&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=E.+Stevenson+%26+F.+A.+Owen+for+the+M.+E.+Church%2C+South&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Osmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AWMC2014-217"><a href="#cite_ref-AWMC2014_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">The Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference). <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Ohio" title="Salem, Ohio">Salem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a>. 2014. p. 140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discipline+of+the+Allegheny+Wesleyan+Methodist+Connection+%28Original+Allegheny+Conference%29&rft.place=Salem&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Allegheny+Wesleyan+Methodist+Connection&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moravian.org/2018/06/the-sacrament-of-baptism/">"The Sacrament of Baptism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a>. 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Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-21966-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-21966-7"><bdi>0-664-21966-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptism+in+the+Reformed+Tradition%3A+A+Historical+and+Practical+Theology&rft.place=Louisville%2C+KY&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-664-21966-7&rft.aulast=Riggs&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen2010" class="citation book cs1">Allen, R. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">the original</a> on September 6, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican+II&rft.atitle=LUMEN+GENTIUM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3J.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1237"</a>. Vatican.va. 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Retrieved March 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holy+Mysteries&rft.atitle=The+Mystery+of+Baptism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmci.archpitt.org%2Fliturgy%2FBaptism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cparl.org/rcia-rite-of-christian-initiation-for-adults">"RCIA – Rite of Christian Initiation for Adults"</a>. Catholic Parishes of Arlington. 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Vatican.va.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CCC%2C+%7B%7B%7B1%7D%7D%7D&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P1.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_P3M.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1260"</a>. Vatican.va. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church%2C+1260&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F_P3M.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_P3M.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1261"</a>. Vatican.va. 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New York: Penguin Books. pp. 277–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-014656-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-014656-3"><bdi>0-14-014656-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/263544700">263544700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E277-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F263544700&rft.isbn=0-14-014656-3&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Kallistos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stjohntpa.org/chrismations/">"Christmations"</a>. St. John the Baptist Greek Orthodox Church. Retrieved October 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+John+the+Baptist+Greek+Orthodox+Church&rft.atitle=Christmations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstjohntpa.org%2Fchrismations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaint_Cyril_Bishop_of_Jerusalemc._1986" class="citation book cs1">Saint Cyril Bishop of Jerusalem (c. 1986). St. Cyril of Jerusalem's lectures on the Christian sacraments: the Procatechesis and the five mystagogical Catecheses. F. L. Cross. 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Jet. Vol. 3, no. 13. Johnson Publishing Company. 4 August 1955. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=Interracial+baptism&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1955-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxbEDAAAAMBAJ%26dq%3D%2522jehovah%27s%2Bwitnesses%2522%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Organized to Do Jehovah's Will, published by Jehovah's Witnesses, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Organized to Do Jehovah's Will, published by Jehovah's Witnesses, pp. 217–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> The Watchtower, May 15, 1970, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> "The General Priesthood Today", The Watchtower, March 1, 1963, p. 147 </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Organized to Do Jehovah's Will, published by Jehovah's Witnesses, p. 215, "Baptisms are usually performed at assemblies and conventions of Jehovah's Witnesses." </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-255"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_255-0">^</a> "Questions From Readers", The Watchtower, August 1, 1973, p. 480 </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> Watchtower June 1, 1985 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1999-257">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1999_257-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1999_257-1">b</a> ""God's Prophetic Word" District Conventions", Our Kingdom Ministry, May 1999, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> "Questions From Readers", The Watchtower, April 15, 1973, pp. 254–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> "Question Box", Our Kingdom Ministry, June 1993, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Watchtower_1986,_page_31-260"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Watchtower_1986,_page_31_260-0">^</a> "Questions From Readers", The Watchtower, November 15, 1986, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> "Questions From Readers", The Watchtower, August 1, 1973, pp. 479–480 </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPorter2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_D._Porter" title="Bruce D. Porter">Porter, Bruce D.</a> (October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2000/10/the-first-principles-and-ordinances-of-the-gospel">"The First Principles and Ordinances of the Gospel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a>. 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LDS Church. 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KJV+%28LDS%29%3A+Bible+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Baptism&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fbd%2Fbaptism%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" class="citation web cs1">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/comeuntochrist/article/baptism">"Baptism"</a>. 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(1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/3795">"Infant Baptism: LDS Perspective"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow" title="Daniel H. Ludlow">Ludlow, Daniel H</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism" title="Encyclopedia of Mormonism">Encyclopedia of Mormonism</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishing">Macmillan Publishing</a>. p. 682. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0"><bdi>0-02-879602-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140">24502140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Infant+Baptism%3A+LDS+Perspective&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=682&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24502140&rft.isbn=0-02-879602-0&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2FEoM%2Fid%2F3795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/68?lang=eng&id=25-27#p25">68:25–27</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoM_Accountability-270"><a href="#cite_ref-EoM_Accountability_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarner1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._Terry_Warner" title="C. Terry Warner">Warner, C. Terry</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/5446">"Accountability"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow" title="Daniel H. Ludlow">Ludlow, Daniel H</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism" title="Encyclopedia of Mormonism">Encyclopedia of Mormonism</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishing">Macmillan Publishing</a>. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0"><bdi>0-02-879602-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140">24502140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Accountability&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24502140&rft.isbn=0-02-879602-0&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=C.+Terry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2FEoM%2Fid%2F5446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/baptisms-for-the-dead?lang=eng">"Gospel Topics: Baptisms for the Dead"</a>. churchofjesuschrist.org. 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Ludlow">Ludlow, Daniel H</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism" title="Encyclopedia of Mormonism">Encyclopedia of Mormonism</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishing">Macmillan Publishing</a>. pp. 95–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0"><bdi>0-02-879602-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140">24502140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baptism+for+the+dead%3A+LDS+Practice&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24502140&rft.isbn=0-02-879602-0&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=H.+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2FEoM%2Fid%2F5502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sUJfAAAAcAAJ">Rituel maçonnique pour tous les rites</a> (in French). 1827.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rituel+ma%C3%A7onnique+pour+tous+les+rites&rft.date=1827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsUJfAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/AASR_1884_/ceremony_of_baptism.htm">"AASR – 1884 – Ceremony of Baptism in the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite"</a>. www.phoenixmasonry.org. Retrieved September 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.phoenixmasonry.org&rft.atitle=AASR+%E2%80%93+1884+%E2%80%93+Ceremony+of+Baptism+in+the+Ancient+and+Accepted+Scottish+Rite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixmasonry.org%2FAASR_1884_%2Fceremony_of_baptism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%203:11&version=nrsv">Matthew 3:11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qhpress.org/texts/barclay/apology/prop12.html">"Apology, Proposition 12"</a>. Qhpress.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090617033930/http://www.qhpress.org/texts/barclay/apology/prop12.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2009. Retrieved July 28, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apology%2C+Proposition+12&rft.pub=Qhpress.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qhpress.org%2Ftexts%2Fbarclay%2Fapology%2Fprop12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120233651/http://www1.salvationarmy.org.uk/uki/www_uki.nsf/vw-print/C28E39B2CA06E8F98025708A003D9FAC?openDocument">"Why does The Salvation Army not baptise or hold communion?"</a>. The Salvation Army. February 28, 1987. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.salvationarmy.org.uk/uki/www_uki.nsf/vw-print/C28E39B2CA06E8F98025708A003D9FAC?openDocument">the original</a> on November 20, 2008. Retrieved July 28, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+does+The+Salvation+Army+not+baptise+or+hold+communion%3F&rft.pub=The+Salvation+Army&rft.date=1987-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.salvationarmy.org.uk%2Fuki%2Fwww_uki.nsf%2Fvw-print%2FC28E39B2CA06E8F98025708A003D9FAC%3FopenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> The "prison epistles" include <a href="/wiki/Ephesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesians">Ephesians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colossians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colossians">Colossians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippians" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippians">Philippians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHavard" class="citation web cs1">Havard, David M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204081633/http://www.bereanbiblesociety.org/articles/1011392439.html">"Are We Hyper-Dispensationalists?"</a>. Berean Bible Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bereanbiblesociety.org/articles/1011392439.html">the original</a> on February 4, 2009. Retrieved January 19, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Are+We+Hyper-Dispensationalists%3F&rft.pub=Berean+Bible+Society&rft.aulast=Havard&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bereanbiblesociety.org%2Farticles%2F1011392439.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2028:18–20&version=nrsv">Matthew 28:18–20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%203:16&version=nrsv">Luke 3:16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:33&version=nrsv">John 1:33</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%203:11&version=nrsv">Matt 3:11</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%201:5&version=nrsv">Acts 1:5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2011:15–16&version=nrsv">Acts 11:15–16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%203:12&version=nrsv">Matthew 3:12</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%203:17&version=nrsv">Luke 3:17</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Peter%203:10&version=nrsv">2 Peter 3:10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeardsley" class="citation web cs1">Beardsley, Elenanor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2012/01/29/146046428/on-the-record-a-quest-for-de-baptism-in-france">"Off The Record: A Quest For De-Baptism In France"</a>. NPR. Retrieved June 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Off+The+Record%3A+A+Quest+For+De-Baptism+In+France&rft.aulast=Beardsley&rft.aufirst=Elenanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2012%2F01%2F29%2F146046428%2Fon-the-record-a-quest-for-de-baptism-in-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Good News. Iss. 3. St Louis, Mo. 2003. pp. 18–19 </li> <li id="cite_note-39articles-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-39articles_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-39articles_286-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224055615/http://anglicansonline.org/basics/thirty-nine_articles.html">"The Thirty-Nine Articles"</a>. Anglicans Online. April 15, 2007. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbc.net/bfm/bfm2000.asp">the original</a> on March 3, 2009. Retrieved February 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Baptist+Faith+%26+Message&rft.pub=Southern+Baptist+Convention&rft.date=2000-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbc.net%2Fbfm%2Fbfm2000.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> By Alter in "Why Baptist?" pp. 52–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140412224206/http://christianity.about.com/od/Church-Of-The-Brethren/a/The-Brethren-Beliefs.htm">"The Brethren – Beliefs and Practices of The Church of The Brethren"</a>. Christianity.about.com. April 7, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christianity.about.com/od/Church-Of-The-Brethren/a/The-Brethren-Beliefs.htm">the original</a> on April 12, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Brethren+%E2%80%93+Beliefs+and+Practices+of+The+Church+of+The+Brethren&rft.pub=Christianity.about.com&rft.date=2014-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristianity.about.com%2Fod%2FChurch-Of-The-Brethren%2Fa%2FThe-Brethren-Beliefs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140412225210/http://christianity.about.com/od/Calvary-Chapel/a/Calvary-Chapel-Beliefs.htm">"Calvary Chapel Beliefs – What Do Calvary Chapels Believe and Teach"</a>. Christianity.about.com. March 4, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christianity.about.com/od/Calvary-Chapel/a/Calvary-Chapel-Beliefs.htm">the original</a> on April 12, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calvary+Chapel+Beliefs+%E2%80%93+What+Do+Calvary+Chapels+Believe+and+Teach&rft.pub=Christianity.about.com&rft.date=2014-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristianity.about.com%2Fod%2FCalvary-Chapel%2Fa%2FCalvary-Chapel-Beliefs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012223117/http://thechristadelphians.org/htm/pamphletz/p0004m.htm">"Baptism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thechristadelphians.org/htm/pamphletz/p0004m.htm">the original</a> on October 12, 2007. Retrieved August 22, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baptism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthechristadelphians.org%2Fhtm%2Fpamphletz%2Fp0004m.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/p_bibleqa.htm#20">"Baptism"</a>. Bible Q & A. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927013541/http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/p_bibleqa.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 22, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Q+%26+A&rft.atitle=Baptism&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christadelphia.org%2Fpamphlet%2Fp_bibleqa.htm%2320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevin" class="citation web cs1">Levin, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.god-so-loved-the-world.org/english/levin_forgiveness.htm">"Forgiveness"</a>. Retrieved August 22, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forgiveness&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.god-so-loved-the-world.org%2Fenglish%2Flevin_forgiveness.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorris2006" class="citation web cs1">Norris, Alfred (November 12, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.god-so-loved-the-world.org/english/norris_hiscrossandyours.htm">"His Cross and Yours"</a>. Retrieved August 22, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=His+Cross+and+Yours&rft.date=2006-11-12&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.god-so-loved-the-world.org%2Fenglish%2Fnorris_hiscrossandyours.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-morgan-295">^ <a href="#cite_ref-morgan_295-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-morgan_295-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2006" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Tecwyn (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.god-so-loved-the-world.org/english/morgan_utb14_what_exactly_is_christian_baptism.pdf">"What Exactly is Christian Baptism?"</a> (PDF). Understand the Bible for Yourself. Christadelphian Bible Mission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.god-so-loved-the-world.org/english/morgan_utb14_what_exactly_is_christian_baptism.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Exactly+is+Christian+Baptism%3F&rft.btitle=Understand+the+Bible+for+Yourself&rft.pub=Christadelphian+Bible+Mission&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Tecwyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.god-so-loved-the-world.org%2Fenglish%2Fmorgan_utb14_what_exactly_is_christian_baptism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTodd2012" class="citation web cs1">Todd (March 11, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seekingthelostradio.net/article.php?story=whatchurchesofChristbelieveaboutbaptism">"What the Church of Christ Believes About Baptism – Seeking The Lost –International Radio"</a>. Seekingthelostradio.net. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+the+Church+of+Christ+Believes+About+Baptism+%E2%80%93+Seeking+The+Lost+%E2%80%93International+Radio&rft.pub=Seekingthelostradio.net&rft.date=2012-03-11&rft.au=Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseekingthelostradio.net%2Farticle.php%3Fstory%3DwhatchurchesofChristbelieveaboutbaptism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> For a more thorough Latter-day Saint explanation of the Godhead with scripture references, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/gs/god-godhead">"Guide to the Scriptures: God, Godhead"</a>. churchofjesuschrist.org. LDS Church.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Guide+to+the+Scriptures%3A+God%2C+Godhead&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fgs%2Fgod-godhead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170127/http://www.cmalliance.org/about/beliefs/perspectives/baptism">"Baptism"</a>. cmalliance.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cmalliance.org/about/beliefs/perspectives/baptism">the original</a> on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 9, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baptism&rft.pub=cmalliance.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmalliance.org%2Fabout%2Fbeliefs%2Fperspectives%2Fbaptism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927022844/http://www.willowcreek.org/southbarrington/go-deeper/baptism-a-communion">"Baptism & Communion – Willow Creek Community Church"</a>. Willowcreek.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.willowcreek.org/southbarrington/go-deeper/baptism-a-communion">the original</a> on September 27, 2011. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baptism+%26+Communion+%E2%80%93+Willow+Creek+Community+Church&rft.pub=Willowcreek.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.willowcreek.org%2Fsouthbarrington%2Fgo-deeper%2Fbaptism-a-communion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140412225555/http://christianity.about.com/od/Disciples-Of-Christ/a/Disciples-Of-Christ-Beliefs.htm">"Disciples of Christ – Distinctive Beliefs and Practices of the Disciples of Christ"</a>. Christianity.about.com. March 4, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christianity.about.com/od/Disciples-Of-Christ/a/Disciples-Of-Christ-Beliefs.htm">the original</a> on April 12, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disciples+of+Christ+%E2%80%93+Distinctive+Beliefs+and+Practices+of+the+Disciples+of+Christ&rft.pub=Christianity.about.com&rft.date=2014-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristianity.about.com%2Fod%2FDisciples-Of-Christ%2Fa%2FDisciples-Of-Christ-Beliefs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140412222546/http://christianity.about.com/od/easternorthodoxy/a/orthodoxbeliefs.htm">"Eastern Orthodox Church – Beliefs and Practices of the Eastern Orthodox Denomination"</a>. Christianity.about.com. March 4, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christianity.about.com/od/easternorthodoxy/a/orthodoxbeliefs.htm">the original</a> on April 12, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eastern+Orthodox+Church+%E2%80%93+Beliefs+and+Practices+of+the+Eastern+Orthodox+Denomination&rft.pub=Christianity.about.com&rft.date=2014-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristianity.about.com%2Fod%2Feasternorthodoxy%2Fa%2Forthodoxbeliefs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325191223/http://newsite3299.web07.intellisite.com/363937.ihtml">"Evangelical Free Church – Site Map"</a>. Newsite3299.web07.intellisite.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsite3299.web07.intellisite.com/363937.ihtml">the original</a> on March 25, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evangelical+Free+Church+%E2%80%93+Site+Map&rft.pub=Newsite3299.web07.intellisite.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsite3299.web07.intellisite.com%2F363937.ihtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140412224731/http://christianity.about.com/od/Foursquare-Church/a/Foursquare-Gospel-Church-Beliefs-And-Practices.htm">"Foursquare Gospel Church – Learn the Beliefs of the Foursquare Gospel Church"</a>. Christianity.about.com. April 7, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christianity.about.com/od/Foursquare-Church/a/Foursquare-Gospel-Church-Beliefs-And-Practices.htm">the original</a> on April 12, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foursquare+Gospel+Church+%E2%80%93+Learn+the+Beliefs+of+the+Foursquare+Gospel+Church&rft.pub=Christianity.about.com&rft.date=2014-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristianity.about.com%2Fod%2FFoursquare-Church%2Fa%2FFoursquare-Gospel-Church-Beliefs-And-Practices.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gci.org/aboutus/beliefs">"The GCI Statement of Beliefs | Grace Communion International"</a>. Gci.org. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+GCI+Statement+of+Beliefs+%26%23124%3B+Grace+Communion+International&rft.pub=Gci.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gci.org%2Faboutus%2Fbeliefs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> Worship the Only True God, published by Jehovah's Witnesses (2002, 2006), "Chapter 12: The Meaning of Your Baptism", p. 118, "It would be a mistake to conclude that baptism is in itself a guarantee of salvation. It has value only if a person has truly dedicated himself to Jehovah through Jesus Christ and thereafter carries out God's will, being faithful to the end." </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> "Questions From Readers", The Watchtower, May 1, 1979, p. 31, "The Bible shows that baptism by complete immersion is very important. So even when unusual steps are necessary because of a person's condition, he should be baptized if at all possible. ...In modern times Jehovah's Witnesses have arranged for baptisms at conventions. [However], fully valid baptisms have even been performed locally in large home bathtubs. ...Of course, it might be that in some extreme case baptism would seem absolutely impossible for the time being. Then we trust that our merciful heavenly Father will understand". </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/trinity/">"Is the Trinity Doctrine in the Bible? | Bible Questions"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+the+Trinity+Doctrine+in+the+Bible%3F+%26%23124%3B+Bible+Questions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Fbible-teachings%2Fquestions%2Ftrinity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/is-jesus-almighty/">"Is Jesus Almighty God? | Bible Questions"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Jesus+Almighty+God%3F+%26%23124%3B+Bible+Questions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Fbible-teachings%2Fquestions%2Fis-jesus-almighty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/who-is-jehovah/">"Who is Jehovah? | Bible Questions"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+is+Jehovah%3F+%26%23124%3B+Bible+Questions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Fbible-teachings%2Fquestions%2Fwho-is-jehovah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/en/publications/magazines/wp20110301/who-is-jesus-christ/">"Who is Jesus Christ? | Learn from God's Word"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+is+Jesus+Christ%3F+%26%23124%3B+Learn+from+God%27s+Word&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fmagazines%2Fwp20110301%2Fwho-is-jesus-christ%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/what-is-gods-kingdom/">"What is the Kingdom of God? | Bible Questions"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+Kingdom+of+God%3F+%26%23124%3B+Bible+Questions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Fbible-teachings%2Fquestions%2Fwhat-is-gods-kingdom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/en/publications/magazines/wp20131201/about-the-return-of-christ/#?insight">"The Return of Christ: What Happens? What Will Jesus Do? | Bible Questions Answered"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+Christ%3A+What+Happens%3F+What+Will+Jesus+Do%3F+%26%23124%3B+Bible+Questions+Answered&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fmagazines%2Fwp20131201%2Fabout-the-return-of-christ%2F%23%3Finsight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/what-is-the-holy-spirit/#?insight">"What is the Holy Spirit? | Bible Questions"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+Holy+Spirit%3F+%26%23124%3B+Bible+Questions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Fbible-teachings%2Fquestions%2Fwhat-is-the-holy-spirit%2F%23%3Finsight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuther1529" class="citation book cs1">Luther, Martin (1529). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cph.org/images/topics/pdf/smallcatechism/holy-baptism.pdf">"The Sacrament of Holy Baptism"</a> (PDF). Luther's Small Catechism (1986 ed.). Concordia Publishing House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cph.org/images/topics/pdf/smallcatechism/holy-baptism.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sacrament+of+Holy+Baptism&rft.btitle=Luther%27s+Small+Catechism&rft.edition=1986&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1529&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cph.org%2Fimages%2Ftopics%2Fpdf%2Fsmallcatechism%2Fholy-baptism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101072454/http://www.elca.org/What-We-Believe/The-Basics/Glossary-of-Terms.aspx">"Glossary of Terms: Baptism"</a>. Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elca.org/What-We-Believe/The-Basics/Glossary-of-Terms.aspx#B">the original</a> on November 1, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evangelical+Lutheran+Church+in+America&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+Terms%3A+Baptism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elca.org%2FWhat-We-Believe%2FThe-Basics%2FGlossary-of-Terms.aspx%23B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LCMS-316">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LCMS_316-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LCMS_316-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LCMS_316-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130301191508/http://lcms.org/Document.fdoc?src=lcm&id=1086">"What About Holy Baptism?"</a>. Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcms.org/Document.fdoc?src=lcm&id=1086">the original</a> on March 1, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lutheran+Church+%E2%80%93+Missouri+Synod&rft.atitle=What+About+Holy+Baptism%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcms.org%2FDocument.fdoc%3Fsrc%3Dlcm%26id%3D1086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027054320/http://www.elca.org/Growing-In-Faith/Worship/Learning-Center/FAQs/HolyBaptism_What-is-a-baptismal-remembrance_Sprinkling-with-water.aspx">"What is a baptismal remembrance – sprinkling with water?"</a>. Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. 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A Portraiture of Methodism: Or, The History of the Wesleyan Methodists. T. Blanshard. pp. 224, 228. <q>They believe baptism to be an ordinance appointed by Christ; not only for the solemn admission of the party baptized into the visible church, also to be to him a sign or emblem of regeneration, and of his presenting himself to God, through Jesus Christ, to walk in newness of life. It is also a covenant of grace, and by Christ's own appointment, is to continue in the church to the end of the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Portraiture+of+Methodism%3A+Or%2C+The+History+of+the+Wesleyan+Methodists&rft.pages=224%2C+228&rft.pub=T.+Blanshard&rft.date=1815&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140412221456/http://christianity.about.com/od/AME/a/AMEC-Beliefs.htm">"Beliefs and Practices of the AMEC (African Methodist Episcopal Church)"</a>. Christianity.about.com. March 4, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christianity.about.com/od/AME/a/AMEC-Beliefs.htm">the original</a> on April 12, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beliefs+and+Practices+of+the+AMEC+%28African+Methodist+Episcopal+Church%29&rft.pub=Christianity.about.com&rft.date=2014-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristianity.about.com%2Fod%2FAME%2Fa%2FAMEC-Beliefs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-By_Water_and_the_Spirit_–_Method-320"><a href="#cite_ref-By_Water_and_the_Spirit_–_Method_320-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=4&mid=992">"By Water and the Spirit: A United Methodist Understanding of Baptism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_United_Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Methodist Church">The United Methodist Church</a>. Retrieved August 2, 2007. <q>In United Methodist churches, the water of baptism may be administered by sprinkling, pouring, or immersion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=By+Water+and+the+Spirit%3A+A+United+Methodist+Understanding+of+Baptism&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.umc.org%2Finterior.asp%3Fptid%3D4%26mid%3D992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henry_Wheeler,_D.D._–_Baptism_of_Infants_in_Methodism-321"><a href="#cite_ref-Henry_Wheeler,_D.D._–_Baptism_of_Infants_in_Methodism_321-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyandexpos00wheegoog">History and Exposition of the Twenty-five Articles of Religion of the Methodist Episcopal Church</a>. Eaton & Mains. 1908. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyandexpos00wheegoog/page/n310">295</a>–312. Retrieved August 2, 2007. <q>infant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Exposition+of+the+Twenty-five+Articles+of+Religion+of+the+Methodist+Episcopal+Church&rft.pages=295-312&rft.pub=Eaton+%26+Mains&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryandexpos00wheegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-By_Water_and_the_Spirit_–_Personal_Faith-322"><a href="#cite_ref-By_Water_and_the_Spirit_–_Personal_Faith_322-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=4&mid=992">"By Water and the Spirit: A United Methodist Understanding of Baptism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_United_Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Methodist Church">The United Methodist Church</a>. Retrieved August 2, 2007. <q>The United Methodist Church does not accept either the idea that only believer's baptism is valid or the notion that the baptism of infants magically imparts salvation apart from active personal faith.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=By+Water+and+the+Spirit%3A+A+United+Methodist+Understanding+of+Baptism&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.umc.org%2Finterior.asp%3Fptid%3D4%26mid%3D992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140412222436/http://christianity.about.com/od/Moravian/a/Moravian-Beliefs.htm">"Moravian Church Beliefs Are Solidly Based On The Bible"</a>. Christianity.about.com. March 4, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christianity.about.com/od/Moravian/a/Moravian-Beliefs.htm">the original</a> on April 12, 2014. 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(1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicforreaso00hahn">Catholic for a Reason: Scripture and the Mystery of the Family of God</a>. 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July 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=iium.edu+book+2&rft.date=2023-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iium.edu.my%2Fdeed%2Flawbase%2Frisalah_maliki%2Fbook02.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DYou%2520have%2520to%2520do%2520wudu%2Cor%2520not%2520with%2520a%2520sound.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElias2019" class="citation web cs1">Elias, Abu Amina (July 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abuaminaelias.com/dailyhadithonline/2019/07/30/wudu-washes-away-sins/">"Hadith on Ablution: Sins washed away by first drop of water"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hadith+on+Ablution%3A+Sins+washed+away+by+first+drop+of+water&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft.aulast=Elias&rft.aufirst=Abu+Amina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abuaminaelias.com%2Fdailyhadithonline%2F2019%2F07%2F30%2Fwudu-washes-away-sins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2019" class="citation web cs1">Singh, Ratnesh (July 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/ratneshballiya/status/1673894764683595778">"Karah Poojan of Yadavs"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karah+Poojan+of+Yadavs&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Ratnesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fratneshballiya%2Fstatus%2F1673894764683595778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFAIZ2023" class="citation web cs1">FAIZ, SAIYED (July 30, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patrika.com/ballia-news/ballia-news-faith-or-superstition-baby-girl-bathed-with-boiling-milk-8340943/">"Ballia News : आस्था या अन्धविश्वास, खौलते दूध से बच्ची को नहलाया, कहा- सुख शांति के लिए जरूरी है ये पूजा"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ballia+News+%3A+%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%2C+%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%2C+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE-+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&rft.date=2023-07-30&rft.aulast=FAIZ&rft.aufirst=SAIYED&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patrika.com%2Fballia-news%2Fballia-news-faith-or-superstition-baby-girl-bathed-with-boiling-milk-8340943%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYadav2019" class="citation web cs1">Yadav, Anil (July 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=451620682538231">"कराह पूजा या कृष्ण पूजा केवल यूपी के यादव समाज में ही होती है।"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A5%A4&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=Anil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fwatch%2F%3Fv%3D451620682538231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptism&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellarmine1847" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine, Robert</a> (1847). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Dying_Well/Chapter_10">"The Tenth Precept, Which Is on the Sacrament of Baptism." </a>. The Art of Dying Well. Translated by John Dalton. Richardson and Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tenth+Precept%2C+Which+Is+on+the+Sacrament+of+Baptism.&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Dying+Well&rft.pub=Richardson+and+Son&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Bellarmine&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_Council_of_Churches,_Commission_on_Faith_and_Witness1992" class="citation book cs1">Canadian Council of Churches, Commission on Faith and Witness (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.councilofchurches.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/INITIATION-INTO-CHRIST.pdf">Initiation into Christ: Ecumenical Reflections and Common Teaching on Preparation for Baptism]</a> (PDF). Winfield, B.C.: Wood Lake Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-89088-527-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-89088-527-5"><bdi>2-89088-527-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.councilofchurches.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/INITIATION-INTO-CHRIST.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Initiation+into+Christ%3A+Ecumenical+Reflections+and+Common+Teaching+on+Preparation+for+Baptism%5D&rft.place=Winfield%2C+B.C.&rft.pub=Wood+Lake+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=2-89088-527-5&rft.au=Canadian+Council+of+Churches%2C+Commission+on+Faith+and+Witness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.councilofchurches.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F12%2FINITIATION-INTO-CHRIST.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaney2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_McDonald_Chaney" title="James McDonald Chaney">Chaney, James M.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090708014704/http://www.doulosresources.org/books/william/william.html">William the Baptist</a>. Oakland, TN: Doulos Resources. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4421-8560-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4421-8560-9"><bdi>978-1-4421-8560-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/642906193">642906193</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doulosresources.org/books/william/william.html">the original</a> on July 8, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+the+Baptist&rft.place=Oakland%2C+TN&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Doulos+Resources&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F642906193&rft.isbn=978-1-4421-8560-9&rft.aulast=Chaney&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doulosresources.org%2Fbooks%2Fwilliam%2Fwilliam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDallmann2014" class="citation book cs1">Dallmann, Robert (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christ-like.net/baptisms.html">Baptisms – One? Many? Or Both?</a>. ChristLife, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0991489107" title="Special:BookSources/978-0991489107"><bdi>978-0991489107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptisms+%E2%80%93+One%3F+Many%3F+Or+Both%3F&rft.pub=ChristLife%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0991489107&rft.aulast=Dallmann&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christ-like.net%2Fbaptisms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeharbe1912" class="citation book cs1">Deharbe, Joseph (1912). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Complete_Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Religion/Chap._II._The_Sacraments#252">"Chap. II. The Sacraments (Baptism)" </a>. A Complete Catechism of the Catholic Religion. Translated by Rev. John Fander. Schwartz, Kirwin & Fauss.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chap.+II.+The+Sacraments+%28Baptism%29&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Religion&rft.pub=Schwartz%2C+Kirwin+%26+Fauss&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Deharbe&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFanning1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fanning, William Henry Windsor (1907). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Baptism">"Baptism" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baptism&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Fanning&rft.aufirst=William+Henry+Windsor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerfen1897" class="citation book cs1">Gerfen, Ernst (1897). 'Baptizein': the Voice of the Scriptures and Church History Concerning Baptism. Columbus, OH: Press of F.J. Heer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Baptizein%27%3A+the+Voice+of+the+Scriptures+and+Church+History+Concerning+Baptism&rft.place=Columbus%2C+OH&rft.pub=Press+of+F.J.+Heer&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Gerfen&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuelzo1985" class="citation book cs1">Guelzo, Allen C (1985). Who Should Be Baptized?: a Case for the Baptism of Infants. Reformed Episcopal Pamphlets. Philadelphia: Reformed Episcopal Publication Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Should+Be+Baptized%3F%3A+a+Case+for+the+Baptism+of+Infants&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=Reformed+Episcopal+Pamphlets&rft.pub=Reformed+Episcopal+Publication+Society&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Guelzo&rft.aufirst=Allen+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988">. 26 pp. N.B.: States the Evangelical Anglican position of the Reformed Episcopal Church.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuelzo1985" class="citation book cs1">Guelzo, Allen C (1985). What Does Baptism Mean?: a Brief Lesson in the Spiritual Use of Our Baptisms. Reformed Episcopal Pamphlets. Philadelphia: Reformed Episcopal Publication Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Does+Baptism+Mean%3F%3A+a+Brief+Lesson+in+the+Spiritual+Use+of+Our+Baptisms&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=Reformed+Episcopal+Pamphlets&rft.pub=Reformed+Episcopal+Publication+Society&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Guelzo&rft.aufirst=Allen+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJungkuntz1968" class="citation book cs1">Jungkuntz, Richard (1968). The Gospel of Baptism. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/444126">444126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Baptism&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F444126&rft.aulast=Jungkuntz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKolb1997" class="citation book cs1">Kolb, Robert W. (1997). Make Disciples, baptizing: God's gift of new life and Christian witness. St. Louis: Concordia Seminary. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911770-66-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-911770-66-6"><bdi>0-911770-66-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41473438">41473438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Make+Disciples%2C+baptizing%3A+God%27s+gift+of+new+life+and+Christian+witness&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.pub=Concordia+Seminary&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41473438&rft.isbn=0-911770-66-6&rft.aulast=Kolb&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinderman2009" class="citation book cs1">Linderman, Jim (2009). Take Me to the Water: Immersion Baptism in Vintage Music and Photography 1890–1950. Atlanta: Dust to Digital. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9817342-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9817342-1-7"><bdi>978-0-9817342-1-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Take+Me+to+the+Water%3A+Immersion+Baptism+in+Vintage+Music+and+Photography+1890%E2%80%931950&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pub=Dust+to+Digital&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9817342-1-7&rft.aulast=Linderman&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatzat1997" class="citation journal cs1">Matzat, Don (Spring 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.issuesetcarchive.org/issues_site/resource/journals/v2n3.htm">"In Defense of Infant Baptism"</a>. Issues, Etc. Journal. 2 (3). Retrieved February 26, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issues%2C+Etc.+Journal&rft.atitle=In+Defense+of+Infant+Baptism&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Matzat&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.issuesetcarchive.org%2Fissues_site%2Fresource%2Fjournals%2Fv2n3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRootSaarinen1998" class="citation book cs1">Root, Michael; Saarinen, Risto, eds. (1998). Baptism and the Unity of the Church. Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans; Geneva: W.C.C. [i.e. World Council of Churches] Publications. Also mentioned on t.p.: "Institute for Ecumenical Research, Strasbourg, France". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8254-1250-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-8254-1250-3"><bdi>2-8254-1250-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptism+and+the+Unity+of+the+Church&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=W.B.+Eerdmans%3B+Geneva%3A+W.C.C.+%5Bi.e.+World+Council+of+Churches%5D+Publications.+Also+mentioned+on+t.p.%3A+%22Institute+for+Ecumenical+Research%2C+Strasbourg%2C+France%22&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=2-8254-1250-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScaer1999" class="citation book cs1">Scaer, David P. (1999). Baptism. St. Louis: The Luther Academy. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41004868">41004868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptism&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.pub=The+Luther+Academy&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41004868&rft.aulast=Scaer&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchlink1972" class="citation book cs1">Schlink, Edmund (1972). The Doctrine of Baptism. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-570-03726-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-570-03726-3"><bdi>0-570-03726-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/228096375">228096375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctrine+of+Baptism&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F228096375&rft.isbn=0-570-03726-3&rft.aulast=Schlink&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSlade2014" class="citation journal cs1">Slade, Darren M. (August 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903085434/http://atijournal.org/ATI_Vol7_No2.pdf">"The Early Church's Inconsequential View of the Mode of Baptism"</a> (PDF). American Theological Inquiry. 7 (2): 21–34. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8008124">the original</a> on September 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Theological+Inquiry&rft.atitle=The+Early+Church%27s+Inconsequential+View+of+the+Mode+of+Baptism&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2014-08-15&rft.aulast=Slade&rft.aufirst=Darren+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8008124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStookey1982" class="citation book cs1">Stookey, Laurence Hull (1982). Baptism, Christ's act in the church. Nashville, TN: Abingdon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-687-02364-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-687-02364-5"><bdi>0-687-02364-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7924841">7924841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptism%2C+Christ%27s+act+in+the+church&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Abingdon&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7924841&rft.isbn=0-687-02364-5&rft.aulast=Stookey&rft.aufirst=Laurence+Hull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTorrell2011" class="citation book cs1">Torrell, Jean-Pierre (2011). A Priestly People: Baptismal Priesthood and Priestly Ministry. New York/ Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4815-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4815-8"><bdi>978-0-8091-4815-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Priestly+People%3A+Baptismal+Priesthood+and+Priestly+Ministry&rft.place=New+York%2F+Mahwah%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4815-8&rft.aulast=Torrell&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeigel2016" class="citation journal cs1">Weigel, George (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2016/04/the-most-important-day-of-your-life">"The Most Important Day of Your Life"</a>. First Things.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Things&rft.atitle=The+Most+Important+Day+of+Your+Life&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Weigel&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Fweb-exclusives%2F2016%2F04%2Fthe-most-important-day-of-your-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWillimon1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Willimon" class="mw-redirect" title="William Willimon">Willimon, William H.</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rememberwhoyouar0000will">Remember who you are: baptism, a model for Christian life</a>. Nashville: Upper Room. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8358-0399-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8358-0399-6"><bdi>0-8358-0399-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6485882">6485882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remember+who+you+are%3A+baptism%2C+a+model+for+Christian+life&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pub=Upper+Room&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6485882&rft.isbn=0-8358-0399-6&rft.aulast=Willimon&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frememberwhoyouar0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Council_of_Churches1982" class="citation book cs1">World Council of Churches (1982). Baptism, Eucharist, and ministry. Geneva: <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8254-0709-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-8254-0709-7"><bdi>2-8254-0709-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9918640">9918640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptism%2C+Eucharist%2C+and+ministry&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=World+Council+of+Churches&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9918640&rft.isbn=2-8254-0709-7&rft.au=World+Council+of+Churches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Summa_Theologiae/Third_Part/Question_66" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Summa Theologiae/Third Part/Question 66">Thomas Aquinas on Baptism</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchfathers.org/infant-baptism/">"Writings of the Early Church Fathers on Baptism"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/catechism/en/part_two/section_two/chapter_one/article_1.index.html">The Sacrament of Baptism in the Catechism of the Catholic Church/Holy See website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/52311/Baptism">"Baptism."</a> Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Baptism">"Baptism" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baptism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Baptism">"Baptism" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baptism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaptism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Personal_names" title="Template:Personal names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Personal_names" title="Template talk:Personal names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Personal_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Personal names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">Personal names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroponymy" title="Anthroponymy">anthroponymy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal name</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Surname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Matriname" title="Matriname">Matrilineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_name_affixes" title="List of family name affixes">Affixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">Nobiliary particle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">First name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">Middle name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Last name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By trait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barrelled_name" title="Double-barrelled name">Double-barrelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">Epithet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_epithet" title="Animal epithet">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_epithet" title="Lists of people by epithet">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_epithet" title="Plant epithet">Plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">Matronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mononymous_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononymous person">Mononymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational name">Occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">Sobriquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknonymy" title="Teknonymy">Teknonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrial_name" title="Patrial name">Patrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_name" title="Unisex name">Unisex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_name" title="Virtue name">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By life situation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aptronym" title="Aptronym">Aptronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">Code name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">Placeholder name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notname" title="Notname">Notname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonyms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms" title="List of pseudonyms">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%C5%8D" title="Bugō">Bugō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nicknames" title="Lists of nicknames">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_by_nickname" title="List of monarchs by nickname">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" title="Nom de guerre">Nom de guerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">Pen name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(literature)" title="Heteronym (literature)">Heteronym</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikona" title="Shikona">Shikona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">Stage name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stage_names" title="List of stage names">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-word_stage_names" title="List of one-word stage names">Mononyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">Username</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture <a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_name" title="Amami name">Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_titles" title="Chinese titles">Titles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_name" title="Manchu name">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_name" title="Okinawan name">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Asia and Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_name" title="Kalmyk name">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_names" title="Sakha names">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> and Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_name" title="Afghan name">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_name" title="Azerbaijani name">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber name (page does not exist)">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic name">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun name">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali name">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_name" title="Tatar name">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_name" title="Fijian name">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_name" title="Hawaiian name">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_names" title="Akan names">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_naming_customs" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo naming customs">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia" title="Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia">Eritrean and Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language#Naming_system" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_name" title="Ghanaian name">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_name" title="Igbo name">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_names" title="Zimbabwean names">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_name" title="Albanian name">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_name" title="Armenian name">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname#Ashkenazi_Jewry" title="Jewish surname">Ashkenazi Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian name (page does not exist)">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_name" title="Finnish name">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Cypriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_name" title="Lithuanian name">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_onomastics" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_surnames" title="Manx surnames">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_name" title="English name">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_name" title="Canadian name">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hongkongese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_name" title="German name">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan name">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_name" title="French name">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_name" title="Italian name">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan name (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Praenomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Roman name)">Nomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">Agnomen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_name" title="Romanian name">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_name" title="Croatian name">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_name" title="Czech name">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_naming_customs" title="East Slavic naming customs">East Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_naming_customs" title="East Slavic naming customs">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashubian name (page does not exist)">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_onomastics" title="Macedonian onomastics">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_name" title="Serbian name">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_name" title="Slovak name">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_name_suffixes" title="Slavic name suffixes">Suffixes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_name" title="Balinese name">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese name">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer name">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mizo_names&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mizo names (page does not exist)">Mizo (Lushai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_name" title="Lao name">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_name" title="Sinhalese name">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Biblical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_name" title="Saint's name">Saint's name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_surname" title="Buddhist surname">Buddhist surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Dharma name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">Theophoric name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manners of address <a href="/wiki/List_of_titles" title="List of titles">List of</a> <a href="/wiki/Title_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Title of authority">authority</a> / <a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">honour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Imperial, royal, and noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary styles">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-nominal_letters" title="Pre-nominal letters">Pre-nominal letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal letters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_titles_of_nobility" title="False titles of nobility">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_title" title="Subsidiary title">Subsidiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">Substantive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional titles">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic ranks">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">Honorary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial titles">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Papal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">Name day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym and exonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process" title="Galton–Watson process">Galton–Watson process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">Legal name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">Name change</a></li></ul></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_given_names" title="List of most popular given names">Given</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_common_surnames" title="Lists of most common surnames">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Namesake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nescio" title="Nomen nescio">Nomen nescio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">Misnomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">Identifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">Proper name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">Signature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">Monogram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelrtva" title="Khelrtva">Khelrtva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signum_manus" title="Signum manus">Signum manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_names" title="Category:Lists of names">Category:Lists of names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christian_salvation49" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_soteriology" title="Template:Christian soteriology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_soteriology" title="Template talk:Christian soteriology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_soteriology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian soteriology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christian_salvation49" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Christian salvation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_(theology)" title="Adoption (theology)">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">Atonement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effectual_calling" title="Effectual calling">Calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_in_Christianity" title="Election in Christianity">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">Eternal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">extra Ecclesiam nulla salus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">Glorification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">Irresistible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">Imputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo_salutis" title="Ordo salutis">Ordo salutis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">Perseverance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory_of_atonement" title="Recapitulation theory of atonement">Recapitulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Redemption in Christianity">Redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">Regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity" title="Repentance in Christianity">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Christ" title="Union with Christ">Union with Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rites_of_passage71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rites_of_passage" title="Template:Rites of passage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Rites_of_passage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Rites of passage (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rites_of_passage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rites of passage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rites_of_passage71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rites of passage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akika" class="mw-redirect" title="Akika">Akika</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coming of age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar_or_Bat_Mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar or Bat Mitzvah">Bar or Bat Mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debutante" title="Debutante">Debutante ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumspringa" title="Rumspringa">Rumspringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russefeiring" title="Russefeiring">Russefeiring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seclusion_of_girls_at_puberty" title="Seclusion of girls at puberty">Seclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbyu" title="Shinbyu">Shinbyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">Amrit Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">Hazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment_(Vajrayana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Empowerment (Vajrayana)">Vajrayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83sk%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Saṃskāra">Saṃskāra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity965" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity965" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_apathy" title="Divine apathy">Divine apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Final Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Lists of cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_supremacy" title="Christian supremacy">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">... and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">... and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">... as an ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Christian" title="Nominal Christian">Nominal Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views on love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a 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