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{"channel":"science","content":{"copyCount":1670,"imageCount":0,"embedCount":2,"ratio":835,"midContentCadence":500},"contentType":"article","experiments":{},"keywords":{"copilotid":["66c46ed231c00321ad1f644b"],"platform":["verso"],"tags":["science","space","nasa","satellites","moon","gps"]},"server":"production","slug":"moon-gps-is-coming-nasa-jaxa-esa-glonass-galileo","subChannel":"space","subSubChannel":"","templateType":"mt_article_two_column"};</script><link rel="preconnect" href="https://ads-static.conde.digital"/><script id="ads-v6" src="https://ads-static.conde.digital/production/cns/builds/wired/v6.js" async=""></script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","articleBody":"But what if your destination is literally out of this world? Could something like the Global Positioning Service (GPS), the most well-known satellite navigation system, be extended to globes that are not Earth?\nThe answer is not only “yes,” but “soon,” according to space agencies involved in a new push to establish a GPS-like constellation around the moon. NASA and its partners in Europe and Japan are developing lunar satnav concepts that could be deployed by the end of the 2020s. In July, China’s National Space Administration (CNSA) unveiled its plans for a constellation of 21 communications and navigation satellites to support its lunar aspirations.\n“There hasn’t been a thrust to translate all the communication and navigation infrastructure that exists on Earth to anywhere else in the solar system—until now,” says Bijunath Patla, a theoretical physicist at the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) who has published research into the logistics of these efforts. “This is the time when people are thinking of such a leap in technology.”\nThis leap is propelled by a surge of planned activity and exploration on the moon in the coming years that will demand sophisticated logistics, including the type of position, navigation, and timing (PNT) systems that underpin practically all of our infrastructure on Earth. The NASA-led Artemis Program aims to send astronauts on surface missions at the lunar south pole, a goal that necessitates reliable lines of communication and precision location services. China also plans to land crews on the moon this decade, and a host of other governmental and corporate entities are dispatching robotic explorers to the lunar surface in the near future.\nThe commercial space sector is keeping an eye out for opportunities that could arise in a fledgling lunar economy, such as resource extraction, low-gravity manufacturing, scientific research, or tourism. Whereas past moon missions relied on basic relays to communicate and navigate, the future of lunar exploration requires a satellite system fit to cover our natural satellite—or, at least, parts of it.\n“GPS has been a backbone of our economy here on Earth,” says Cheryl Gramling, an aerospace engineer who leads lunar PNT and standards development at NASA. “Agriculture, safety, rescue, finance, mining—all of those industries really rely on GPS.”\nIn a similar manner, you need that kind of infrastructure in place on the moon if you’re going to build a lunar economy, Gramling says. Having a lunar positioning system “will aid with landing systems, in situ resource utilization, and path-planning,” she says, adding: “We joke that in the future, you can plan your path over to LunaBucks for your morning coffee.” She explains that initially the focus will be on the lunar south pole, given the missions planned there, but that covering the whole of the lunar globe “might be a long-term objective.”\nThe dream of moonwalking over to the local LunaBucks is indeed enticing, but there are some complicated puzzles that must be solved to ensure a lunar GPS system would work. For starters, scientists have to address the basic question: What time is it on the moon? The answer is not simple. Moon missions always account for the cycles of the lunar night and day, each of which lasts two weeks, but there is currently no standard timescale on the moon similar to the Coordinated Universal Time system that keeps clocks ticking in tandem here on Earth.\nPrecision timekeeping is the core innovation that enabled the rise of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), a category that includes the US’s GPS, China’s BeiDou, Russia’s GLONASS, and Europe’s Galileo constellations. Satellites in these networks carry atomic clocks that resolve time within a few billionths of a second. Positions on Earth are calculated based on the transit times of satellite signals to ground receivers; a time measurement that is off by just one nanosecond produces a distance error of 30 centimeters. For this reason, high temporal accuracy is fundamental to accurate geolocation services provided by GNSS, and it will also be key to any future analogs on the moon.\nThere’s a catch, however: Clocks tick slightly faster on the moon than they do on Earth. The difference is a consequence of general relativity, which shows that the flow of time is slowed by massive objects. The moon is less massive than Earth, thus atomic clocks on its surface tick faster.\nTo confront this problem, Patla and his colleague Neil Ashby, who is also a physicist at NIST, calculated the “rate offset” between clocks on Earth and the moon in a study published last month in the Astronomical Journal. The pair found that clocks on the moon tick faster than those on Earth by about 56 microseconds each day. (As an aside, the relative motion of the moon has the opposite effect on clocks, slowing them down slightly, but this factor is not pronounced enough to cancel out the gravitational effects that speed up clocks.)\n“A good clock on Earth will lose one second, plus or minus, every 14 billion years—the age of the universe,” Patla says. But on the moon, he adds, a clock will lose one second approximately every 50 years when compared to a clock on Earth, if not corrected. “If you can compare the scope, this is a big effect.”\nThe new work by Patla and Ashby has laid the foundation for a standard lunar timescale, similar to UTC on Earth, which will allow future orbital and ground nodes on the moon to ping out synchronized timestamps needed for precision PNT services.\nThe exact configuration of these future moon constellations, including the number of satellites and their specific lunar orbits, is still being decided. NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) are currently overseeing sister projects for GPS-like constellations that would involve commercial partners. These projects—NASA’s Lunar Communication Relay and Navigation System, ESA’s Moonlight Initiative, and JAXAs’s Lunar Navigation Satellite System—are all designed to adhere to an interoperable framework called LunaNet.\n“I refer to LunaNet as the big umbrella,” Gramling says. “It is an architecture that defines the standards that are going to be used for interoperable communications and position, navigation, and timing services. There’s a large effort underway to define those standards and document those in a LunaNet interoperability specification.”\n“It’s a very different paradigm than Earth, where the US has GPS, Europe has Galileo, or Russia has GLONASS,” she adds. “Because we’re at early stages, the idea is that we have to work together as three partners that are involved so far in LunaNet, and assert one system among the three of us.”\nIn other words, while NASA, ESA, and JAXA work away on their separate projects for now, they plan to ultimately merge those ideas into a single operating system. The detailed plans for ESA’s Moonlight Initiative are helpful for picturing how a lunar GNSS constellation might ultimately shake out.\nAs currently envisioned by ESA, Moonlight would consist of at least five satellites, including a large communication satellite and four smaller dedicated navigation satellites, placed in special orbits to optimize coverage at the lunar south pole. This initial setup would provide 15 reliable and predictable hours of PNT services in the coverage area every 24 hours, but Moonlight is also designed to be scalable, meaning more satellites could be added to enlarge the service area or to support more complicated missions.\n“Moonlight will provide an extraordinary paradigm shift in the field of exploration,” says Javier Ventura-Traveset, who serves as Moonlight navigation manager at ESA. “Instead of each lunar mission requiring their own complex communication and navigation systems with a heavy dependence on Earth-based support, thanks to Moonlight, future missions will have access to broadband communication services and GNSS-like navigation systems directly from lunar orbit, all under a service contract with a commercial provider.”\nIt’s unclear the extent to which China, or any other nations, might collaborate on existing lunar navigation constellations systems, or if the moon will end up with multiple versions of GNSS, similar to Earth. Earlier this summer, a team of scientists at the China Academy of Space Technology outlined a phased plan for a GPS-style constellation in the journal Chinese Space Science and Technology.\n“China has expressed interest in developing lunar navigation infrastructure at several international forums and has already launched this year the Queqiao-2 satellite, a lunar communication relay satellite,” notes Ventura-Traveset. “Similar to ESA, NASA, and JAXA, it is likely that China will also develop its own lunar navigation constellation. At some of these international forums, China has also indicated an interest in pursuing international interoperability.”\nThe emergence of these multiple competing concepts has led some to wonder if have entered a new “space race” to establish the first lunar version of GPS. But Gramling doesn’t see it that way. “I just know that we are putting our heads down and working with our partners because we have missions that we have to support in the relatively near term,” she says. “We’re just trying to focus on making sure that, among the partners that we’re working on LunaNet, that we are assured of what services we're trying to provide and that we work together.”\nPatla pointed out that last month, the International Astronomical Union, an organization that mediates a host of astronomical issues, voted on a resolution that emphasized cooperation in establishing a lunar timescale and other elements of lunar PNT systems.\n“At least at the beginning stages, collaboration would be cheaper, and it would also benefit everyone,” Patla says. “But we don’t know how this will pan out.”\nUpdated 9-4-2024 14:20 pm BST: Cheryl Gramling’s job title was 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byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn eXidsx byline__name"><a class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ BaseLink-eNWuiM BylineLink-gEnFiw iUEiRd euNVPR jdMSdZ BDKtv byline__name-link button" href="/author/becky-ferreira/">Becky Ferreira</a></span></span></span></div><div data-testid="ContentHeaderRubricDateBlock" class="ContentHeaderRubricDateBlock-kAQcZP fTFWxD"><div class="RubricWrapper-dKmCNX korSvK rubric ContentHeaderRubricContainer-eTudtt edKnIL"><a class="RubricLink-gRWSOU fTtYjx rubric__link" href="/category/science"><span class="RubricName-fVtemz cLxcNi rubric__name">Science</span></a></div><time data-testid="ContentHeaderPublishDate" dateTime="2024-09-04T06:30:00-04:00" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ ContentHeaderTitleBlockPublishDate-hYmSqb iUEiRd iJViBS cXawal">Sep 4, 2024 6:30 AM</time></div></div><h1 data-testid="ContentHeaderHed" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ ContentHeaderHed-NCyCC iUEiRd dCBpvp kctZMs">Moon GPS Is Coming</h1></div><div class="ContentHeaderAccreditation-lfctVB etVsnJ content-header__accreditation" data-testid="ContentHeaderAccreditation"><div class="ContentHeaderDek-bIqFFZ jTjywE">Nations and companies are ramping up their efforts to deploy the first satnav on the moon to support a flurry of planned missions there.</div></div></div><div class="ContentHeaderLeadAsset-hGbumP cAlrhp lead-asset ContentHeaderLeadAssetWrapper-hfXHEc besjtV lead-asset--width-small" data-testid="ContentHeaderLeadAsset"><figure class="ContentHeaderLeadAssetContent-kOfYSG dRGWbI"><div class="ContentHeaderLeadAssetContentMedia-bLEIpi jjhWdS lead-asset__content__photo"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW jvZaPI responsive-asset ContentHeaderResponsiveAsset-bREgIb cZenhb"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gOkWog"><div 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https://media.wired.com/photos/66c4781efc62aa7105f9c81d/master/w_240,c_limit/GettyImages-1637022729.jpg 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/66c4781efc62aa7105f9c81d/master/w_320,c_limit/GettyImages-1637022729.jpg 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/66c4781efc62aa7105f9c81d/master/w_640,c_limit/GettyImages-1637022729.jpg 640w, https://media.wired.com/photos/66c4781efc62aa7105f9c81d/master/w_960,c_limit/GettyImages-1637022729.jpg 960w, https://media.wired.com/photos/66c4781efc62aa7105f9c81d/master/w_1280,c_limit/GettyImages-1637022729.jpg 1280w, https://media.wired.com/photos/66c4781efc62aa7105f9c81d/master/w_1600,c_limit/GettyImages-1637022729.jpg 1600w, https://media.wired.com/photos/66c4781efc62aa7105f9c81d/master/w_1920,c_limit/GettyImages-1637022729.jpg 1920w, https://media.wired.com/photos/66c4781efc62aa7105f9c81d/master/w_2240,c_limit/GettyImages-1637022729.jpg 2240w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="Image may contain Astronomy Outer Space Rocket and Weapon" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/66c4781efc62aa7105f9c81d/master/w_2560%2Cc_limit/GettyImages-1637022729.jpg"/></picture></div></div></span><div class="CaptionWrapper-jSZdqE fJvQtP caption ContentHeaderLeadAssetCaption-hPWmSN cZMGrQ" data-testid="caption-wrapper"><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptionText-bHjzlu iUEiRd kVUvEC iXWezO caption__text">3D rendering futuristic lunar surface with living modules</span><span class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptionCredit-ejegDm iUEiRd isTgyB fNaHcW caption__credit">Photograph: xia yuan/ Getty Images</span></div></div></figure><div data-testid="ContentHeaderLeadRailAnchor" class="ContentHeaderLeadRailAnchor-jYVcDc djtEof"></div></div></div></header></div><div data-attribute-verso-pattern="article-body" class="ArticlePageContentBackGround-cNiFNN jZDNzd article-body__content"><div class="ActionBarWrapperContent-lasBkU jrRtuw"><div 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data-testid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__inner-container"><figure class="CneAudioEmbedFigure-bRoyFa cjLQOE"><div><div id="js-audioembed-vo4c2n"></div></div></figure><p class="paywall"><span class="lead-in-text-callout">“You have arrived</span> at your destination.” This phrase, delivered with robotic cadence, is familiar to anyone who uses satellite navigation systems to guide them on sightseeing strolls, cross-country road trips, and all manner of journeys from point A to point B.</p><p class="paywall">But what if your destination is literally out of this world? Could something like the <a href="https://www.wired.com/tag/gps/">Global Positioning Service (GPS)</a>, the most well-known satellite navigation system, be extended to globes that are not Earth?</p><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrsta ad ad--in-content"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--in-content" data-node-id="a5htz7"></div></div><p class="paywall">The answer is not only “yes,” but “soon,” according to space agencies involved in a new push to establish a GPS-like constellation around the moon. <a href="https://www.wired.com/tag/nasa/">NASA</a> and its partners in Europe and Japan are developing lunar satnav concepts that could be deployed by the end of the 2020s. In July, China’s National Space Administration (CNSA) unveiled its plans for a constellation of 21 communications and navigation satellites to support its lunar aspirations.</p><div class="Container-hnJNtl gxMaIG"></div><p class="paywall">“There hasn’t been a thrust to translate all the communication and navigation infrastructure that exists on Earth to anywhere else in the solar system—until now,” says Bijunath Patla, a theoretical physicist at the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) who has <a data-offer-url="https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/08/what-time-it-moon" class="external-link" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLink","outgoingURL":"https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/08/what-time-it-moon"}" href="https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/08/what-time-it-moon" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">published research</a> into the logistics of these efforts. “This is the time when people are thinking of such a leap in technology.”</p><div></div><div></div><p class="paywall">This leap is propelled by a surge of planned activity and exploration on the moon in the coming years that will demand sophisticated logistics, including the type of position, navigation, and timing (PNT) systems that <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/satellite-time-distribution/">underpin practically all of our infrastructure on Earth</a>. The NASA-led <a href="https://www.wired.com/tag/artemis/">Artemis Program</a> aims to send astronauts on surface missions at the lunar south pole, a goal that necessitates reliable lines of communication and precision location services. China also plans to land crews on the moon this decade, and a host of other governmental and corporate entities are dispatching robotic explorers to the lunar surface in the near future.</p><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrsta ad ad--sponsor-product"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--sponsor-product" data-node-id="1q3czg"></div></div><p class="paywall">The commercial space sector is keeping an eye out for opportunities that could arise in a fledgling lunar economy, such as resource extraction, <a href="https://www.wired.com/sponsored/story/how-factories-in-space-could-solve-problems-on-earth-hsbc-global-private-banking/">low-gravity manufacturing</a>, <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/the-next-generation-of-cancer-drugs-will-be-made-in-space-bioorbit-katie-king/">scientific research</a>, or tourism. Whereas past moon missions relied on basic relays to communicate and navigate, the future of lunar exploration requires a satellite system fit to cover our natural satellite—or, at least, parts of it.</p><div><div class="ConsumerMarketingUnitThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut consumer-marketing-unit consumer-marketing-unit--article-mid-content" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true"><div class="consumer-marketing-unit__slot consumer-marketing-unit__slot--article-mid-content consumer-marketing-unit__slot--in-content"></div><div class="journey-unit"></div></div></div><p class="paywall">“GPS has been a backbone of our economy here on Earth,” says Cheryl Gramling, an aerospace engineer who leads lunar PNT and standards development at NASA. “Agriculture, safety, rescue, finance, mining—all of those industries really rely on GPS.”</p><p class="paywall">In a similar manner, you need that kind of infrastructure in place on the moon if you’re going to build a lunar economy, Gramling says. Having a lunar positioning system “will aid with landing systems, in situ resource utilization, and path-planning,” she says, adding: “We joke that in the future, you can plan your path over to LunaBucks for your morning coffee.” She explains that initially the focus will be on the lunar south pole, given the missions planned there, but that covering the whole of the lunar globe “might be a long-term objective.”</p></div></div></div></div><div data-testid="RowWrapper" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd RowWrapper-UmqTg iUEiRd HEhan full-bleed-ad row-mid-content-ad"><div class="StickyMidContentAdWrapper-fSBzwl drzyIa ad-stickymidcontent"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrsta ad ad--mid-content should-hold-space"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--mid-content" data-node-id="iyqcnm"></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK sjrqk grid grid-margins grid-items-2 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxaau eSqXkM grid-layout--adrail narrow wide-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--item grid-layout__content"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa jVPeUt body body__container article__body" data-journey-hook="client-content" data-testid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__inner-container"><p class="paywall">The dream of moonwalking over to the local LunaBucks is indeed enticing, but there are some complicated puzzles that must be solved to ensure a lunar GPS system would work. For starters, scientists have to address the basic question: <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/what-time-is-it-on-the-moon/">What time is it on the moon?</a> The answer is not simple. Moon missions always account for the cycles of the lunar night and day, each of which lasts two weeks, but there is currently no standard timescale on the moon similar to the Coordinated Universal Time system that keeps clocks ticking in tandem here on Earth.</p><p class="paywall">Precision timekeeping is the core innovation that enabled the rise of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), a category that includes the US’s GPS, China’s BeiDou, Russia’s GLONASS, and Europe’s Galileo constellations. Satellites in these networks carry atomic clocks that resolve time within a few billionths of a second. Positions on Earth are calculated based on the transit times of satellite signals to ground receivers; a time measurement that is off by just one nanosecond produces a distance error of 30 centimeters. For this reason, high temporal accuracy is fundamental to accurate geolocation services provided by GNSS, and it will also be key to any future analogs on the moon.</p><p class="paywall">There’s a catch, however: Clocks tick slightly faster on the moon than they do on Earth. The difference is a consequence of general relativity, which shows that the flow of time is slowed by massive objects. The moon is less massive than Earth, thus atomic clocks on its surface tick faster.</p><p class="paywall">To confront this problem, Patla and his colleague Neil Ashby, who is also a physicist at NIST, calculated the “rate offset” between clocks on Earth and the moon in <a data-offer-url="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/ad643a" class="external-link" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLink","outgoingURL":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/ad643a"}" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/ad643a" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">a study published last month</a> in the Astronomical Journal. The pair found that clocks on the moon tick faster than those on Earth by about 56 microseconds each day. (As an aside, the relative motion of the moon has the opposite effect on clocks, slowing them down slightly, but this factor is not pronounced enough to cancel out the gravitational effects that speed up clocks.)</p><p class="paywall">“A good clock on Earth will lose one second, plus or minus, every 14 billion years—the age of the universe,” Patla says. But on the moon, he adds, a clock will lose one second approximately every 50 years when compared to a clock on Earth, if not corrected. “If you can compare the scope, this is a big effect.”</p><p class="paywall">The new work by Patla and Ashby has laid the foundation for a standard lunar timescale, similar to UTC on Earth, which will allow future orbital and ground nodes on the moon to ping out synchronized timestamps needed for precision PNT services.</p><p class="paywall">The exact configuration of these future moon constellations, including the number of satellites and their specific lunar orbits, is still being decided. NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) are currently overseeing sister projects for GPS-like constellations that would involve commercial partners. These projects—NASA’s <a href="https://tempo.gsfc.nasa.gov/projects/LCRNS">Lunar Communication Relay and Navigation System</a>, ESA’s <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/what-time-is-it-on-the-moon/">Moonlight Initiative</a>, and JAXAs’s <a data-offer-url="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10184220/" class="external-link" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLink","outgoingURL":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10184220/"}" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10184220/" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">Lunar Navigation Satellite System</a>—are all designed to adhere to an interoperable framework called LunaNet.</p></div></div></div></div><div data-testid="RowWrapper" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd RowWrapper-UmqTg iUEiRd HEhan full-bleed-ad row-mid-content-ad"><div class="StickyMidContentAdWrapper-fSBzwl drzyIa ad-stickymidcontent"><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrsta ad ad--mid-content should-hold-space"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--mid-content" data-node-id="c1dvvb"></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK sjrqk grid grid-margins grid-items-2 ArticlePageChunksGrid-hfxaau eSqXkM grid-layout--adrail narrow wide-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--item grid-layout__content"><div class="BodyWrapper-kufPGa jVPeUt body body__container article__body" data-journey-hook="client-content" data-testid="BodyWrapper"><div class="body__inner-container"><p class="paywall">“I refer to LunaNet as the big umbrella,” Gramling says. “It is an architecture that defines the standards that are going to be used for interoperable communications and position, navigation, and timing services. There’s a large effort underway to define those standards and document those in a LunaNet interoperability specification.”</p><p class="paywall">“It’s a very different paradigm than Earth, where the US has GPS, Europe has Galileo, or Russia has GLONASS,” she adds. “Because we’re at early stages, the idea is that we have to work together as three partners that are involved so far in LunaNet, and assert one system among the three of us.”</p><p class="paywall">In other words, while NASA, ESA, and JAXA work away on their separate projects for now, they plan to ultimately merge those ideas into a single operating system. The detailed plans for ESA’s Moonlight Initiative are helpful for picturing how a lunar GNSS constellation might ultimately shake out.</p><p class="paywall">As currently envisioned by ESA, Moonlight would consist of at least five satellites, including a large communication satellite and four smaller dedicated navigation satellites, placed in special orbits to optimize coverage at the lunar south pole. This initial setup would provide 15 reliable and predictable hours of PNT services in the coverage area every 24 hours, but Moonlight is also designed to be scalable, meaning more satellites could be added to enlarge the service area or to support more complicated missions.</p><p class="paywall">“Moonlight will provide an extraordinary paradigm shift in the field of exploration,” says Javier Ventura-Traveset, who serves as Moonlight navigation manager at ESA. “Instead of each lunar mission requiring their own complex communication and navigation systems with a heavy dependence on Earth-based support, thanks to Moonlight, future missions will have access to broadband communication services and GNSS-like navigation systems directly from lunar orbit, all under a service contract with a commercial provider.”</p><p class="paywall">It’s unclear the extent to which China, or any other nations, might collaborate on existing lunar navigation constellations systems, or if the moon will end up with multiple versions of GNSS, similar to Earth. Earlier this summer, a team of scientists at the China Academy of Space Technology outlined <a data-offer-url="http://journal26.magtechjournal.com/kjkxjs/EN/10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2024.0034#1" class="external-link" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLink","outgoingURL":"http://journal26.magtechjournal.com/kjkxjs/EN/10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2024.0034#1"}" href="http://journal26.magtechjournal.com/kjkxjs/EN/10.16708/j.cnki.1000-758X.2024.0034#1" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">a phased plan</a> for a GPS-style constellation in the journal Chinese Space Science and Technology.</p><p class="paywall">“China has expressed interest in developing lunar navigation infrastructure at several international forums and has already launched this year the Queqiao-2 satellite, a lunar communication relay satellite,” notes Ventura-Traveset. “Similar to ESA, NASA, and JAXA, it is likely that China will also develop its own lunar navigation constellation. At some of these international forums, China has also indicated an interest in pursuing international interoperability.”</p><p class="paywall">The emergence of these multiple competing concepts has led some to wonder if have entered <a data-offer-url="https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/08/what-time-it-moon" class="external-link" data-event-click="{"element":"ExternalLink","outgoingURL":"https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/08/what-time-it-moon"}" href="https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/08/what-time-it-moon" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">a new “space race”</a> to establish the first lunar version of GPS. But Gramling doesn’t see it that way. “I just know that we are putting our heads down and working with our partners because we have missions that we have to support in the relatively near term,” she says. “We’re just trying to focus on making sure that, among the partners that we’re working on LunaNet, that we are assured of what services we're trying to provide and that we work together.”</p><p class="paywall">Patla pointed out that last month, the International Astronomical Union, an organization that mediates a host of astronomical issues, voted on a resolution that <a href="https://apnews.com/article/moon-time-lunar-clock-iau-028dacacef4dc8a436d1167078738080">emphasized cooperation</a> in establishing a lunar timescale and other elements of lunar PNT systems.</p><p class="paywall">“At least at the beginning stages, collaboration would be cheaper, and it would also benefit everyone,” Patla says. “But we don’t know how this will pan out.”</p><p class="paywall"><em>Updated 9-4-2024 14:20 pm BST: Cheryl Gramling’s job title was corrected.</em></p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK sjrqk grid grid-margins grid-items-2 PaywallInlineBarrierWithWrapperGrid-fyrGfS kLQIUk grid-layout--adrail narrow wide-adrail"><div class="GridItem-buujkM stRKV grid--item grid-layout__content"><div class="body body__inline-barrier article__body"><div class="container container--body"><div class="container--body-inner"><aside class="PaywallInlineBarrierWrapper-iBnuqk lfXXa-D" data-testid="PaywallInlineBarrierWrapper"><div class="ConsumerMarketingUnitThemedWrapper-iUTMTf jssHut consumer-marketing-unit consumer-marketing-unit--paywall-inline-barrier" role="presentation" aria-live="polite" aria-hidden="true"><div class="consumer-marketing-unit__slot consumer-marketing-unit__slot--paywall-inline-barrier"></div><div class="journey-unit"></div></div></aside></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK sjrqk grid grid-margins grid-items-2 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consumer-marketing-unit__slot--article-footer"></div><div class="journey-unit"></div></div><div data-attr-viewport-monitor="" class="recirc-list-wrapper viewport-monitor-anchor"><div class="RecircListWrapper-iyRdDA deIcwO"><div data-testid="RowWrapper" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd RowWrapper-UmqTg iUEiRd HEhan ContentFooterRelated-kEBiFe kVUuwq"><div class="GridWrapper-cAzTTK jXvsWG grid grid-margins grid-items-0 SummaryCollectionGridComponent-ktyEog bdTTVU summary-collection-grid RecircListDefaultOverlaySummaryCollectionGrid-AHJhY jRnkdi recirc-list__items summary-collection-grid--four-columns summary-collection-grid--TextBelowLeft"><div class="GridItem-buujkM kHPPIF grid--item"><div class="SummaryCollectionGridContent-eVUpRm flthaR"><div class="SectionTitleRoot-dBGvdq fiHEJl SummaryCollectionGridSectionTitle-fCmYwG KhyPp" data-testid="SectionTitle"><header class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SectionTitleHed-dKqZet dxqEAa cMsmZO gbguXG">Read More</header></div><div class="SummaryCollectionGridItems-DZShR kaVfMw hide-read-more-ad" data-testid="SummaryCollectionGridItems"><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--ARTICLE summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm iuKamb" data-item="{"dangerousHed":"Moon or Mars? The US Might Face a Tough Choice for Future Missions","index":0,"contentType":"venue","hotelLink":"https://www.wired.com/story/the-us-could-get-to-mars-quicker-if-it-deprioritizes-going-to-the-moon/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1","layout":"GridFourColumns"}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/story/the-us-could-get-to-mars-quicker-if-it-deprioritizes-going-to-the-moon/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-1" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/679d27d84c2f6918730f4f09/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679d27d84c2f6918730f4f09/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679d27d84c2f6918730f4f09/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679d27d84c2f6918730f4f09/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/679d27d84c2f6918730f4f09/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679d27d84c2f6918730f4f09/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679d27d84c2f6918730f4f09/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679d27d84c2f6918730f4f09/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="Moon or Mars? The US Might Face a Tough Choice for Future Missions" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/679d27d84c2f6918730f4f09/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl dogWHS summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-1" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/story/the-us-could-get-to-mars-quicker-if-it-deprioritizes-going-to-the-moon/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ jUdHzd summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">Moon or Mars? The US Might Face a Tough Choice for Future Missions</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">Continuing the Artemis program and using its planned lunar space station as a staging post would be a more energy efficient but slower way to reach Mars, and it’s unlikely to be Elon Musk’s preference.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name">Ian Whittaker</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--ARTICLE summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm iuKamb" data-item="{"dangerousHed":"This Company Wants to Build a Space Station That Has Artificial Gravity","index":1,"contentType":"venue","hotelLink":"https://www.wired.com/story/this-company-wants-to-build-a-space-station-that-has-artificial-gravity/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1","layout":"GridFourColumns"}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/story/this-company-wants-to-build-a-space-station-that-has-artificial-gravity/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-2" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/67868c3400800bd2ea2c8811/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67868c3400800bd2ea2c8811/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67868c3400800bd2ea2c8811/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67868c3400800bd2ea2c8811/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/67868c3400800bd2ea2c8811/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67868c3400800bd2ea2c8811/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67868c3400800bd2ea2c8811/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67868c3400800bd2ea2c8811/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="This Company Wants to Build a Space Station That Has Artificial Gravity" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/67868c3400800bd2ea2c8811/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl dogWHS summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-2" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-2" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/story/this-company-wants-to-build-a-space-station-that-has-artificial-gravity/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ jUdHzd summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">This Company Wants to Build a Space Station That Has Artificial Gravity</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">Founded by crypto guru Jed McCaleb, Vast Space will run two missions to the International Space Station and aims to launch its first space station, Haven-1, by the end of 2025.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name">Emilio Cozzi</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--ARTICLE summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm iuKamb" data-item="{"dangerousHed":"Trump’s Plan for Elon Musk to Bring the ‘Stranded’ Astronauts Home ASAP Is a Headache for NASA","index":2,"contentType":"venue","hotelLink":"https://www.wired.com/story/trumps-plan-for-elon-musk-to-bring-the-stranded-astronauts-home-asap-is-a-headache-for-nasa/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1","layout":"GridFourColumns"}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/story/trumps-plan-for-elon-musk-to-bring-the-stranded-astronauts-home-asap-is-a-headache-for-nasa/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/679a4f011ecb4640736a8e3a/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679a4f011ecb4640736a8e3a/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679a4f011ecb4640736a8e3a/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679a4f011ecb4640736a8e3a/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/679a4f011ecb4640736a8e3a/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679a4f011ecb4640736a8e3a/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679a4f011ecb4640736a8e3a/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679a4f011ecb4640736a8e3a/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="Trump’s Plan for Elon Musk to Bring the ‘Stranded’ Astronauts Home ASAP Is a Headache for NASA" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/679a4f011ecb4640736a8e3a/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl dogWHS summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-3" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-3" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/story/trumps-plan-for-elon-musk-to-bring-the-stranded-astronauts-home-asap-is-a-headache-for-nasa/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ jUdHzd summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">Trump’s Plan for Elon Musk to Bring the ‘Stranded’ Astronauts Home ASAP Is a Headache for NASA</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">Bringing forward the return of Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams would leave just a single astronaut operating the US portion of the International Space Station.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name">Eric Berger, Ars Technica</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="AdWrapper-dQtivb fZrsta SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm dMHxj ad ad--read-more"><div class="ad__slot ad__slot--read-more" data-node-id="nijawp"></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--ARTICLE summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm iuKamb" data-item="{"dangerousHed":"This Blood Vessel Was Grown in a Lab With Real Human Cells","index":3,"contentType":"venue","hotelLink":"https://www.wired.com/story/this-blood-vessel-was-grown-in-a-lab-with-real-human-cells/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1","layout":"GridFourColumns"}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/story/this-blood-vessel-was-grown-in-a-lab-with-real-human-cells/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/67854be13d0c064a944d516e/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67854be13d0c064a944d516e/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67854be13d0c064a944d516e/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67854be13d0c064a944d516e/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/67854be13d0c064a944d516e/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67854be13d0c064a944d516e/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67854be13d0c064a944d516e/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67854be13d0c064a944d516e/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="This Blood Vessel Was Grown in a Lab With Real Human Cells" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/67854be13d0c064a944d516e/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl dogWHS summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-4" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-4" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/story/this-blood-vessel-was-grown-in-a-lab-with-real-human-cells/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ jUdHzd summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">This Blood Vessel Was Grown in a Lab With Real Human Cells</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">The FDA recently approved a bioengineered blood vessel, which becomes part of a patient’s body over time. It’s designed to help treat victims of traumatic injuries.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name">Emily Mullin</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--ARTICLE summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm iuKamb" data-item="{"dangerousHed":"Why Computer Scientists Need Magic 8 Ball-Like Oracles","index":4,"contentType":"venue","hotelLink":"https://www.wired.com/story/why-computer-scientists-need-magic-8-ball-like-oracles/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1","layout":"GridFourColumns"}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/story/why-computer-scientists-need-magic-8-ball-like-oracles/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-5" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/6790ca2eb75e22ca9b830e5c/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6790ca2eb75e22ca9b830e5c/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6790ca2eb75e22ca9b830e5c/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6790ca2eb75e22ca9b830e5c/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/6790ca2eb75e22ca9b830e5c/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6790ca2eb75e22ca9b830e5c/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6790ca2eb75e22ca9b830e5c/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/6790ca2eb75e22ca9b830e5c/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="Why Computer Scientists Need Magic 8 Ball-Like Oracles" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/6790ca2eb75e22ca9b830e5c/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl dogWHS summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-5" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-5" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/story/why-computer-scientists-need-magic-8-ball-like-oracles/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ jUdHzd summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">Why Computer Scientists Need Magic 8 Ball-Like Oracles</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">Hypothetical devices that can quickly and accurately answer questions have become a powerful tool in computational complexity theory.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name">Ben Brubaker</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--ARTICLE summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm iuKamb" data-item="{"dangerousHed":"The Damage to Federal Medical Research Is Already Done","index":5,"contentType":"venue","hotelLink":"https://www.wired.com/story/life-saving-research-risks-being-destroyed-by-the-federal-funding-freeze/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1","layout":"GridFourColumns"}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/story/life-saving-research-risks-being-destroyed-by-the-federal-funding-freeze/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-6" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/679aa9900a4dc2794d639d37/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679aa9900a4dc2794d639d37/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679aa9900a4dc2794d639d37/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679aa9900a4dc2794d639d37/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/679aa9900a4dc2794d639d37/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679aa9900a4dc2794d639d37/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679aa9900a4dc2794d639d37/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679aa9900a4dc2794d639d37/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="The Damage to Federal Medical Research Is Already Done" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/679aa9900a4dc2794d639d37/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl dogWHS summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-6" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-6" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/story/life-saving-research-risks-being-destroyed-by-the-federal-funding-freeze/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ jUdHzd summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">The Damage to Federal Medical Research Is Already Done</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">Clinical trials may have to be scrapped, research applications will be pushed back, and unpaid researchers will quickly leave the sector—even if the Trump administration’s funding pause is only temporary.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name">Jane Smith-Rogers</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--ARTICLE summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm iuKamb" data-item="{"dangerousHed":"Early Detection Tools Help but They Can’t Stop Every Wildfire","index":6,"contentType":"venue","hotelLink":"https://www.wired.com/story/early-detection-cant-stop-every-wildfire/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1","layout":"GridFourColumns"}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/story/early-detection-cant-stop-every-wildfire/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-7" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/67859d5f007e4680400ee53e/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67859d5f007e4680400ee53e/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67859d5f007e4680400ee53e/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67859d5f007e4680400ee53e/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/67859d5f007e4680400ee53e/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67859d5f007e4680400ee53e/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67859d5f007e4680400ee53e/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67859d5f007e4680400ee53e/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="Early Detection Tools Help but They Can’t Stop Every Wildfire" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/67859d5f007e4680400ee53e/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl dogWHS summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-7" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-7" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/story/early-detection-cant-stop-every-wildfire/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ jUdHzd summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">Early Detection Tools Help but They Can’t Stop Every Wildfire</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">Tree-mounted sensors and new satellites promise a way to detect wildfires before they get out of hand—but no early detection method is foolproof.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name">Matt Reynolds</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--ARTICLE summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm iuKamb" data-item="{"dangerousHed":"Elon Musk’s DOGE Is Still Blocking HIV/AIDS Relief Exempted From Foreign Aid Cuts","index":7,"contentType":"venue","hotelLink":"https://www.wired.com/story/usaid-researchers-email-access/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1","layout":"GridFourColumns"}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/story/usaid-researchers-email-access/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-8" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/67a13a96e0fe35f643a4f9f6/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67a13a96e0fe35f643a4f9f6/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67a13a96e0fe35f643a4f9f6/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67a13a96e0fe35f643a4f9f6/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/67a13a96e0fe35f643a4f9f6/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67a13a96e0fe35f643a4f9f6/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67a13a96e0fe35f643a4f9f6/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67a13a96e0fe35f643a4f9f6/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="Elon Musk’s DOGE Is Still Blocking HIV/AIDS Relief Exempted From Foreign Aid Cuts" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/67a13a96e0fe35f643a4f9f6/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl dogWHS summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-8" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-8" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/story/usaid-researchers-email-access/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ jUdHzd summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">Elon Musk’s DOGE Is Still Blocking HIV/AIDS Relief Exempted From Foreign Aid Cuts</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">The Trump administration claims it is allowing “lifesaving” foreign aid to continue, but in reality, DOGE is preventing vital work on HIV and AIDS from saving lives.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name">Kate Knibbs</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--ARTICLE summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm iuKamb" data-item="{"dangerousHed":"NOAA Employees Told to Pause Work With ‘Foreign Nationals’","index":8,"contentType":"venue","hotelLink":"https://www.wired.com/story/noaa-employees-foreign-nationals/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1","layout":"GridFourColumns"}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/story/noaa-employees-foreign-nationals/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-9" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/67a3f4d04f15e3b078c343a3/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67a3f4d04f15e3b078c343a3/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67a3f4d04f15e3b078c343a3/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67a3f4d04f15e3b078c343a3/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/67a3f4d04f15e3b078c343a3/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67a3f4d04f15e3b078c343a3/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67a3f4d04f15e3b078c343a3/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67a3f4d04f15e3b078c343a3/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="NOAA Employees Told to Pause Work With ‘Foreign Nationals’" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/67a3f4d04f15e3b078c343a3/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl dogWHS summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-9" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-9" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/story/noaa-employees-foreign-nationals/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ jUdHzd summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">NOAA Employees Told to Pause Work With ‘Foreign Nationals’</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">An internal email obtained by WIRED shows that NOAA workers received orders to pause “ALL INTERNATIONAL ENGAGEMENTS.”</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name">Dell Cameron</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--ARTICLE summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm iuKamb" data-item="{"dangerousHed":"The US Has Bird Flu Vaccines. Here’s Why You Can’t Get One","index":9,"contentType":"venue","hotelLink":"https://www.wired.com/story/the-us-has-bird-flu-vaccines-heres-why-you-cant-get-one/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1","layout":"GridFourColumns"}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/story/the-us-has-bird-flu-vaccines-heres-why-you-cant-get-one/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-10" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/67854b30b8f5b6e673292544/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67854b30b8f5b6e673292544/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67854b30b8f5b6e673292544/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67854b30b8f5b6e673292544/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/67854b30b8f5b6e673292544/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67854b30b8f5b6e673292544/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67854b30b8f5b6e673292544/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67854b30b8f5b6e673292544/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="The US Has Bird Flu Vaccines. Here’s Why You Can’t Get One" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/67854b30b8f5b6e673292544/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl dogWHS summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-10" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-10" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/story/the-us-has-bird-flu-vaccines-heres-why-you-cant-get-one/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ jUdHzd summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">The US Has Bird Flu Vaccines. Here’s Why You Can’t Get One</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">H5N1 vaccines have been previously licensed, and millions are in the national stockpile. But even with the news of the country’s first human death due to bird flu, vaccination isn’t yet recommended.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name">Emily Mullin</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--ARTICLE summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm iuKamb" data-item="{"dangerousHed":"This DOGE Engineer Has Access to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","index":10,"contentType":"venue","hotelLink":"https://www.wired.com/story/doge-engineer-noaa-data-google-musk-climate-project-2025/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1","layout":"GridFourColumns"}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/story/doge-engineer-noaa-data-google-musk-climate-project-2025/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-11" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/67a39aea6c2d27860c6779ff/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67a39aea6c2d27860c6779ff/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67a39aea6c2d27860c6779ff/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67a39aea6c2d27860c6779ff/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/67a39aea6c2d27860c6779ff/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67a39aea6c2d27860c6779ff/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67a39aea6c2d27860c6779ff/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/67a39aea6c2d27860c6779ff/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="This DOGE Engineer Has Access to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/67a39aea6c2d27860c6779ff/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl dogWHS summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-11" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-11" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/story/doge-engineer-noaa-data-google-musk-climate-project-2025/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ jUdHzd summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">This DOGE Engineer Has Access to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">Sources tell WIRED that NOAA employees were ordered to give an engineer from Elon Musk’s DOGE task force access to all of the agency’s Google sites by the end of business on Wednesday.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name">Tim Marchman</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryItemWrapper-iwvBff rdDmT summary-item summary-item--ARTICLE summary-item--no-icon summary-item--text-align-left summary-item--layout-placement-text-below summary-item--layout-position-image-left summary-item--layout-proportions-50-50 summary-item--side-by-side-align-center summary-item--side-by-side-image-right-mobile-false summary-item--standard SummaryCollectionGridSummaryItem-WColm iuKamb" data-item="{"dangerousHed":"Government Tech Workers Forced to Defend Projects to Random Elon Musk Bros","index":11,"contentType":"venue","hotelLink":"https://www.wired.com/story/elon-musk-government-tech-workers-gsa-tts/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1","layout":"GridFourColumns"}" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="SummaryItemAssetContainer-gwhFFH ogpYq summary-item__asset-container"><a class="SummaryItemImageLink-dshqxb cPpCwE summary-item__image-link summary-item-tracking__image-link" href="https://www.wired.com/story/elon-musk-government-tech-workers-gsa-tts/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-image-12" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" target="_self"><span class="SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image"><div data-testid="aspect-ratio-container" class="AspectRatioContainer-bJHpJz gKnDpj"><div class="aspect-ratio--overlay-container"><picture class="ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa SummaryItemResponsiveAsset-hjGIGg gPGLdl summary-item__image responsive-image"><noscript><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/679be642213ebcc4b4058752/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679be642213ebcc4b4058752/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679be642213ebcc4b4058752/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679be642213ebcc4b4058752/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://media.wired.com/photos/679be642213ebcc4b4058752/16:9/w_120,h_450,c_limit/undefined 120w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679be642213ebcc4b4058752/16:9/w_240,h_450,c_limit/undefined 240w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679be642213ebcc4b4058752/16:9/w_320,h_450,c_limit/undefined 320w, https://media.wired.com/photos/679be642213ebcc4b4058752/16:9/w_640,h_450,c_limit/undefined 640w" sizes="100vw"/><img alt="Government Tech Workers Forced to Defend Projects to Random Elon Musk Bros" class="ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image" src="https://media.wired.com/photos/679be642213ebcc4b4058752/16:9/w_800%2Ch_450%2Cc_limit/undefined"/></noscript></picture></div></div></span></a></div><div class="SummaryItemContent-eiDYMl dogWHS summary-item__content summary-item__content--no-rubric"><a class="SummaryItemHedLink-civMjp ejgyuy summary-item-tracking__hed-link summary-item__hed-link bottom_recirc-12" data-component-type="recirc-river" data-recirc-id="item-hed-12" data-recirc-pattern="summary-item" href="https://www.wired.com/story/elon-musk-government-tech-workers-gsa-tts/#intcid=_wired-article-bottom-recirc_87dd6a05-02b4-42d2-8ff9-bda2afe54af0_roberta-similarity1" target="_self"><div data-testid="ClampWrapper" class="ClampWrapper-kZxfkB hTTNGO clamp SummaryItemHedBase-hiFYpQ jUdHzd summary-item__hed"><div class="ClampContent-hilPkr edMVKv"><div class="SummaryItemHedTag-TWblf gxaOcP" data-testid="SummaryItemHed">Government Tech Workers Forced to Defend Projects to Random Elon Musk Bros</div></div></div></a><div class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ SummaryItemDek-CRfsi iUEiRd ecrdiQ gdwdpa summary-item__dek summary-item__dek--extra-spacing">A recent high school graduate and former Neuralink intern has joined meetings to review lines of code and other work history of career public servants, sparking chaos at a major government agency.</div><div class="SummaryItemBylineWrapper-boCfbi hYsZi summary-item__byline-date-icon"><div class="SummaryItemBaseByline-fFbXkY gHgYpX summary-item__byline"><div class="summary-item__byline__content"><div data-testid="BylinesWrapper" class="BylinesWrapper-KIudk cdSbAY bylines"><span class="BylineWrapper-jWHrLH eedAre byline bylines__byline" data-testid="BylineWrapper" itemProp="author" itemType="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemProp="name" class="BylineNamesWrapper-jbHncj fuDQVo"><span data-testid="BylineName" class="BylineName-kwmrLn cYaBcc byline__name">Makena Kelly</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SummaryCollectionGridToActionWrapper-gnReGN eGayfk"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div data-testid="RowWrapper" class="BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd RowWrapper-UmqTg iUEiRd HEhan"><div class="TaboolaWrapper-hMVdpE iYfBhy"><div class="TaboolaWidgetWrapper-egPIjc hkSrgt TaboolaWidget-eUSdED hQCCRa" data-testid="TaboolaWidgetWrapper"><div class="TaboolaWidgetContent-iBEQTO eXroXG TABOOLA" id="taboola-below-article-thumbnails" 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WIRED","tenant":"wired","head.social.title":"Moon GPS Is Coming","head.social.description":"Nations and companies are ramping up their efforts to deploy the first satnav on the moon to support a flurry of planned missions there.","head.promo.dek":"Nations and companies are ramping up their efforts to deploy the first satnav on the moon to support a flurry of planned missions there.","head.social.opinion":"false","head.jsonld":[{"@context":"http:\u002F\u002Fschema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","articleBody":"But what if your destination is literally out of this world? Could something like the Global Positioning Service (GPS), the most well-known satellite navigation system, be extended to globes that are not Earth?\nThe answer is not only “yes,” but “soon,” according to space agencies involved in a new push to establish a GPS-like constellation around the moon. NASA and its partners in Europe and Japan are developing lunar satnav concepts that could be deployed by the end of the 2020s. In July, China’s National Space Administration (CNSA) unveiled its plans for a constellation of 21 communications and navigation satellites to support its lunar aspirations.\n“There hasn’t been a thrust to translate all the communication and navigation infrastructure that exists on Earth to anywhere else in the solar system—until now,” says Bijunath Patla, a theoretical physicist at the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) who has published research into the logistics of these efforts. “This is the time when people are thinking of such a leap in technology.”\nThis leap is propelled by a surge of planned activity and exploration on the moon in the coming years that will demand sophisticated logistics, including the type of position, navigation, and timing (PNT) systems that underpin practically all of our infrastructure on Earth. The NASA-led Artemis Program aims to send astronauts on surface missions at the lunar south pole, a goal that necessitates reliable lines of communication and precision location services. China also plans to land crews on the moon this decade, and a host of other governmental and corporate entities are dispatching robotic explorers to the lunar surface in the near future.\nThe commercial space sector is keeping an eye out for opportunities that could arise in a fledgling lunar economy, such as resource extraction, low-gravity manufacturing, scientific research, or tourism. Whereas past moon missions relied on basic relays to communicate and navigate, the future of lunar exploration requires a satellite system fit to cover our natural satellite—or, at least, parts of it.\n“GPS has been a backbone of our economy here on Earth,” says Cheryl Gramling, an aerospace engineer who leads lunar PNT and standards development at NASA. “Agriculture, safety, rescue, finance, mining—all of those industries really rely on GPS.”\nIn a similar manner, you need that kind of infrastructure in place on the moon if you’re going to build a lunar economy, Gramling says. Having a lunar positioning system “will aid with landing systems, in situ resource utilization, and path-planning,” she says, adding: “We joke that in the future, you can plan your path over to LunaBucks for your morning coffee.” She explains that initially the focus will be on the lunar south pole, given the missions planned there, but that covering the whole of the lunar globe “might be a long-term objective.”\nThe dream of moonwalking over to the local LunaBucks is indeed enticing, but there are some complicated puzzles that must be solved to ensure a lunar GPS system would work. For starters, scientists have to address the basic question: What time is it on the moon? The answer is not simple. Moon missions always account for the cycles of the lunar night and day, each of which lasts two weeks, but there is currently no standard timescale on the moon similar to the Coordinated Universal Time system that keeps clocks ticking in tandem here on Earth.\nPrecision timekeeping is the core innovation that enabled the rise of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), a category that includes the US’s GPS, China’s BeiDou, Russia’s GLONASS, and Europe’s Galileo constellations. Satellites in these networks carry atomic clocks that resolve time within a few billionths of a second. Positions on Earth are calculated based on the transit times of satellite signals to ground receivers; a time measurement that is off by just one nanosecond produces a distance error of 30 centimeters. For this reason, high temporal accuracy is fundamental to accurate geolocation services provided by GNSS, and it will also be key to any future analogs on the moon.\nThere’s a catch, however: Clocks tick slightly faster on the moon than they do on Earth. The difference is a consequence of general relativity, which shows that the flow of time is slowed by massive objects. The moon is less massive than Earth, thus atomic clocks on its surface tick faster.\nTo confront this problem, Patla and his colleague Neil Ashby, who is also a physicist at NIST, calculated the “rate offset” between clocks on Earth and the moon in a study published last month in the Astronomical Journal. The pair found that clocks on the moon tick faster than those on Earth by about 56 microseconds each day. (As an aside, the relative motion of the moon has the opposite effect on clocks, slowing them down slightly, but this factor is not pronounced enough to cancel out the gravitational effects that speed up clocks.)\n“A good clock on Earth will lose one second, plus or minus, every 14 billion years—the age of the universe,” Patla says. But on the moon, he adds, a clock will lose one second approximately every 50 years when compared to a clock on Earth, if not corrected. “If you can compare the scope, this is a big effect.”\nThe new work by Patla and Ashby has laid the foundation for a standard lunar timescale, similar to UTC on Earth, which will allow future orbital and ground nodes on the moon to ping out synchronized timestamps needed for precision PNT services.\nThe exact configuration of these future moon constellations, including the number of satellites and their specific lunar orbits, is still being decided. NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) are currently overseeing sister projects for GPS-like constellations that would involve commercial partners. These projects—NASA’s Lunar Communication Relay and Navigation System, ESA’s Moonlight Initiative, and JAXAs’s Lunar Navigation Satellite System—are all designed to adhere to an interoperable framework called LunaNet.\n“I refer to LunaNet as the big umbrella,” Gramling says. “It is an architecture that defines the standards that are going to be used for interoperable communications and position, navigation, and timing services. There’s a large effort underway to define those standards and document those in a LunaNet interoperability specification.”\n“It’s a very different paradigm than Earth, where the US has GPS, Europe has Galileo, or Russia has GLONASS,” she adds. “Because we’re at early stages, the idea is that we have to work together as three partners that are involved so far in LunaNet, and assert one system among the three of us.”\nIn other words, while NASA, ESA, and JAXA work away on their separate projects for now, they plan to ultimately merge those ideas into a single operating system. The detailed plans for ESA’s Moonlight Initiative are helpful for picturing how a lunar GNSS constellation might ultimately shake out.\nAs currently envisioned by ESA, Moonlight would consist of at least five satellites, including a large communication satellite and four smaller dedicated navigation satellites, placed in special orbits to optimize coverage at the lunar south pole. This initial setup would provide 15 reliable and predictable hours of PNT services in the coverage area every 24 hours, but Moonlight is also designed to be scalable, meaning more satellites could be added to enlarge the service area or to support more complicated missions.\n“Moonlight will provide an extraordinary paradigm shift in the field of exploration,” says Javier Ventura-Traveset, who serves as Moonlight navigation manager at ESA. “Instead of each lunar mission requiring their own complex communication and navigation systems with a heavy dependence on Earth-based support, thanks to Moonlight, future missions will have access to broadband communication services and GNSS-like navigation systems directly from lunar orbit, all under a service contract with a commercial provider.”\nIt’s unclear the extent to which China, or any other nations, might collaborate on existing lunar navigation constellations systems, or if the moon will end up with multiple versions of GNSS, similar to Earth. Earlier this summer, a team of scientists at the China Academy of Space Technology outlined a phased plan for a GPS-style constellation in the journal Chinese Space Science and Technology.\n“China has expressed interest in developing lunar navigation infrastructure at several international forums and has already launched this year the Queqiao-2 satellite, a lunar communication relay satellite,” notes Ventura-Traveset. “Similar to ESA, NASA, and JAXA, it is likely that China will also develop its own lunar navigation constellation. At some of these international forums, China has also indicated an interest in pursuing international interoperability.”\nThe emergence of these multiple competing concepts has led some to wonder if have entered a new “space race” to establish the first lunar version of GPS. But Gramling doesn’t see it that way. “I just know that we are putting our heads down and working with our partners because we have missions that we have to support in the relatively near term,” she says. “We’re just trying to focus on making sure that, among the partners that we’re working on LunaNet, that we are assured of what services we're trying to provide and that we work together.”\nPatla pointed out that last month, the International Astronomical Union, an organization that mediates a host of astronomical issues, voted on a resolution that emphasized cooperation in establishing a lunar timescale and other elements of lunar PNT systems.\n“At least at the beginning stages, collaboration would be cheaper, and it would also benefit everyone,” Patla says. “But we don’t know how this will pan out.”\nUpdated 9-4-2024 14:20 pm BST: Cheryl Gramling’s job title was corrected.","isBasedOn":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fmoon-gps-is-coming-nasa-jaxa-esa-glonass-galileo\u002F","articleSection":"science","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Becky Ferreira","sameAs":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fauthor\u002Fbecky-ferreira\u002F"}],"dateModified":"2024-09-04T06:30:00.000-04:00","datePublished":"2024-09-04T06:30:00.000-04:00","headline":"Moon GPS Is Coming","image":["https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F66c4781efc62aa7105f9c81d\u002F16:9\u002Fw_1008,h_567,c_limit\u002FGettyImages-1637022729.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F66c4781efc62aa7105f9c81d\u002F4:3\u002Fw_896,h_672,c_limit\u002FGettyImages-1637022729.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F66c4781efc62aa7105f9c81d\u002F1:1\u002Fw_672,h_672,c_limit\u002FGettyImages-1637022729.jpg"],"keywords":["science","space","nasa","satellites","moon","gps","textaboveleftsmall","web"],"thumbnailUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F66c4781efc62aa7105f9c81d\u002F2:3\u002Fw_448,h_672,c_limit\u002FGettyImages-1637022729.jpg","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fmoon-gps-is-coming-nasa-jaxa-esa-glonass-galileo\u002F","isPartOf":{"@type":"CreativeWork","name":"WIRED"},"isAccessibleForFree":true,"alternativeHeadline":"Nations and companies are ramping up their efforts to deploy the first satnav on the moon to support a flurry of planned missions there.","description":"Nations and companies are ramping up their efforts to deploy the first satnav on the moon to support a flurry of planned missions there.","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fmoon-gps-is-coming-nasa-jaxa-esa-glonass-galileo\u002F"},"publisher":{"@context":"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"WIRED","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fverso\u002Fstatic\u002Fwired-us\u002Fassets\u002Fnewsletter-signup-hub.jpg","width":"500px","height":"100px"},"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com"}},{"@context":"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\u002F","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Science","item":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fscience\u002F"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"science","item":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Ftag\u002Fscience\u002F"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Moon GPS Is Coming"}]}],"head.contentID":"66c46ed231c00321ad1f644b","head.pageType":"article","head.photos":{"image-16-9":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F66c4781efc62aa7105f9c81d\u002F16:9\u002Fw_1000,c_limit\u002FGettyImages-1637022729.jpg","image-1-1":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wired.com\u002Fphotos\u002F66c4781efc62aa7105f9c81d\u002F1:1\u002Fw_1000,c_limit\u002FGettyImages-1637022729.jpg"},"head.firstPublishDate":"2024-09-04T10:30:00.000Z","head.primaryTagsRoot":"tags","head.hasSponsoredContent":false,"head.modifiedDate":"2024-09-04T10:30:00.000Z","head.noIndex":false,"linkBannerData":{"bannerType":"marquee","dek":"","hed":"","image":{},"links":[],"tracking":{"trackingIdentifier":"","attributes":{}}},"linkBannerId":[],"navigation":{"aboutText":"WIRED is where tomorrow is realized. 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have arrived"]," at your destination.” This phrase, delivered with robotic cadence, is familiar to anyone who uses satellite navigation systems to guide them on sightseeing strolls, cross-country road trips, and all manner of journeys from point A to point B."],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"But what if your destination is literally out of this world? Could something like the ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Ftag\u002Fgps\u002F","isExternal":false},"Global Positioning Service (GPS)"],", the most well-known satellite navigation system, be extended to globes that are not Earth?"],["native-ad",{"position":"in-content","shouldDisplayLabel":true}],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"The answer is not only “yes,” but “soon,” according to space agencies involved in a new push to establish a GPS-like constellation around the moon. ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Ftag\u002Fnasa\u002F","isExternal":false},"NASA"]," and its partners in Europe and Japan are developing lunar satnav concepts that could be deployed by the end of the 2020s. In July, China’s National Space Administration (CNSA) unveiled its plans for a constellation of 21 communications and navigation satellites to support its lunar aspirations."],["inline-embed",{"type":"cneinterlude","props":{"brand":"wired","embeddedVideos":[],"hasExcludedEmbed":false,"interludeOverrideId":"63176ef11eaea71fef59a9e8","playerBase":"https:\u002F\u002Fplayer.cnevids.com","isTitleBelowVideo":true,"isTitleLeftAligned":true,"isRailEligible":false,"isRightRail":false,"relatedVideo":{"showRelatedVideo":true,"brand":"wired","related":null,"pageSize":12}}}],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"“There hasn’t been a thrust to translate all the communication and navigation infrastructure that exists on Earth to anywhere else in the solar system—until now,” says Bijunath Patla, a theoretical physicist at the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) who has ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nist.gov\u002Fnews-events\u002Fnews\u002F2024\u002F08\u002Fwhat-time-it-moon","rel":"nofollow noopener","attributes":{"data-offer-url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nist.gov\u002Fnews-events\u002Fnews\u002F2024\u002F08\u002Fwhat-time-it-moon"},"isExternal":true},"published research"]," into the logistics of these efforts. “This is the time when people are thinking of such a leap in technology.”"],["journey-inline-newsletter",{"newsletterType":"slim-newsletter","newsletters":[]}],["inline-newsletter",{"newsletterType":"slim-newsletter","newsletters":[]}],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"This leap is propelled by a surge of planned activity and exploration on the moon in the coming years that will demand sophisticated logistics, including the type of position, navigation, and timing (PNT) systems that ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fsatellite-time-distribution\u002F","isExternal":false},"underpin practically all of our infrastructure on Earth"],". The NASA-led ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Ftag\u002Fartemis\u002F","isExternal":false},"Artemis Program"]," aims to send astronauts on surface missions at the lunar south pole, a goal that necessitates reliable lines of communication and precision location services. China also plans to land crews on the moon this decade, and a host of other governmental and corporate entities are dispatching robotic explorers to the lunar surface in the near future."],["native-ad",{"position":"sponsor-product","shouldDisplayLabel":true}],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"The commercial space sector is keeping an eye out for opportunities that could arise in a fledgling lunar economy, such as resource extraction, ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fsponsored\u002Fstory\u002Fhow-factories-in-space-could-solve-problems-on-earth-hsbc-global-private-banking\u002F","isExternal":false},"low-gravity manufacturing"],", ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fthe-next-generation-of-cancer-drugs-will-be-made-in-space-bioorbit-katie-king\u002F","isExternal":false},"scientific research"],", or tourism. Whereas past moon missions relied on basic relays to communicate and navigate, the future of lunar exploration requires a satellite system fit to cover our natural satellite—or, at least, parts of it."],["cm-unit"],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"“GPS has been a backbone of our economy here on Earth,” says Cheryl Gramling, an aerospace engineer who leads lunar PNT and standards development at NASA. “Agriculture, safety, rescue, finance, mining—all of those industries really rely on GPS.”"],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"In a similar manner, you need that kind of infrastructure in place on the moon if you’re going to build a lunar economy, Gramling says. Having a lunar positioning system “will aid with landing systems, in situ resource utilization, and path-planning,” she says, adding: “We joke that in the future, you can plan your path over to LunaBucks for your morning coffee.” She explains that initially the focus will be on the lunar south pole, given the missions planned there, but that covering the whole of the lunar globe “might be a long-term objective.”"],["ad",{"position":"mid-content"}],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"The dream of moonwalking over to the local LunaBucks is indeed enticing, but there are some complicated puzzles that must be solved to ensure a lunar GPS system would work. For starters, scientists have to address the basic question: ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fwhat-time-is-it-on-the-moon\u002F","isExternal":false},"What time is it on the moon?"]," The answer is not simple. Moon missions always account for the cycles of the lunar night and day, each of which lasts two weeks, but there is currently no standard timescale on the moon similar to the Coordinated Universal Time system that keeps clocks ticking in tandem here on Earth."],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"Precision timekeeping is the core innovation that enabled the rise of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), a category that includes the US’s GPS, China’s BeiDou, Russia’s GLONASS, and Europe’s Galileo constellations. Satellites in these networks carry atomic clocks that resolve time within a few billionths of a second. Positions on Earth are calculated based on the transit times of satellite signals to ground receivers; a time measurement that is off by just one nanosecond produces a distance error of 30 centimeters. For this reason, high temporal accuracy is fundamental to accurate geolocation services provided by GNSS, and it will also be key to any future analogs on the moon."],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"There’s a catch, however: Clocks tick slightly faster on the moon than they do on Earth. The difference is a consequence of general relativity, which shows that the flow of time is slowed by massive objects. The moon is less massive than Earth, thus atomic clocks on its surface tick faster."],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"To confront this problem, Patla and his colleague Neil Ashby, who is also a physicist at NIST, calculated the “rate offset” between clocks on Earth and the moon in ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.3847\u002F1538-3881\u002Fad643a","rel":"nofollow noopener","attributes":{"data-offer-url":"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.3847\u002F1538-3881\u002Fad643a"},"isExternal":true},"a study published last month"]," in the Astronomical Journal. The pair found that clocks on the moon tick faster than those on Earth by about 56 microseconds each day. (As an aside, the relative motion of the moon has the opposite effect on clocks, slowing them down slightly, but this factor is not pronounced enough to cancel out the gravitational effects that speed up clocks.)"],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"“A good clock on Earth will lose one second, plus or minus, every 14 billion years—the age of the universe,” Patla says. But on the moon, he adds, a clock will lose one second approximately every 50 years when compared to a clock on Earth, if not corrected. “If you can compare the scope, this is a big effect.”"],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"The new work by Patla and Ashby has laid the foundation for a standard lunar timescale, similar to UTC on Earth, which will allow future orbital and ground nodes on the moon to ping out synchronized timestamps needed for precision PNT services."],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"The exact configuration of these future moon constellations, including the number of satellites and their specific lunar orbits, is still being decided. NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) are currently overseeing sister projects for GPS-like constellations that would involve commercial partners. These projects—NASA’s ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Ftempo.gsfc.nasa.gov\u002Fprojects\u002FLCRNS","isExternal":false},"Lunar Communication Relay and Navigation System"],", ESA’s ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fwhat-time-is-it-on-the-moon\u002F","isExternal":false},"Moonlight Initiative"],", and JAXAs’s ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fieeexplore.ieee.org\u002Fdocument\u002F10184220\u002F","rel":"nofollow noopener","attributes":{"data-offer-url":"https:\u002F\u002Fieeexplore.ieee.org\u002Fdocument\u002F10184220\u002F"},"isExternal":true},"Lunar Navigation Satellite System"],"—are all designed to adhere to an interoperable framework called LunaNet."],["ad",{"position":"mid-content"}],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"“I refer to LunaNet as the big umbrella,” Gramling says. “It is an architecture that defines the standards that are going to be used for interoperable communications and position, navigation, and timing services. There’s a large effort underway to define those standards and document those in a LunaNet interoperability specification.”"],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"“It’s a very different paradigm than Earth, where the US has GPS, Europe has Galileo, or Russia has GLONASS,” she adds. “Because we’re at early stages, the idea is that we have to work together as three partners that are involved so far in LunaNet, and assert one system among the three of us.”"],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"In other words, while NASA, ESA, and JAXA work away on their separate projects for now, they plan to ultimately merge those ideas into a single operating system. The detailed plans for ESA’s Moonlight Initiative are helpful for picturing how a lunar GNSS constellation might ultimately shake out."],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"As currently envisioned by ESA, Moonlight would consist of at least five satellites, including a large communication satellite and four smaller dedicated navigation satellites, placed in special orbits to optimize coverage at the lunar south pole. This initial setup would provide 15 reliable and predictable hours of PNT services in the coverage area every 24 hours, but Moonlight is also designed to be scalable, meaning more satellites could be added to enlarge the service area or to support more complicated missions."],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"“Moonlight will provide an extraordinary paradigm shift in the field of exploration,” says Javier Ventura-Traveset, who serves as Moonlight navigation manager at ESA. “Instead of each lunar mission requiring their own complex communication and navigation systems with a heavy dependence on Earth-based support, thanks to Moonlight, future missions will have access to broadband communication services and GNSS-like navigation systems directly from lunar orbit, all under a service contract with a commercial provider.”"],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"It’s unclear the extent to which China, or any other nations, might collaborate on existing lunar navigation constellations systems, or if the moon will end up with multiple versions of GNSS, similar to Earth. Earlier this summer, a team of scientists at the China Academy of Space Technology outlined ",["a",{"href":"http:\u002F\u002Fjournal26.magtechjournal.com\u002Fkjkxjs\u002FEN\u002F10.16708\u002Fj.cnki.1000-758X.2024.0034#1","rel":"nofollow noopener","attributes":{"data-offer-url":"http:\u002F\u002Fjournal26.magtechjournal.com\u002Fkjkxjs\u002FEN\u002F10.16708\u002Fj.cnki.1000-758X.2024.0034#1"},"isExternal":true},"a phased plan"]," for a GPS-style constellation in the journal Chinese Space Science and Technology."],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"“China has expressed interest in developing lunar navigation infrastructure at several international forums and has already launched this year the Queqiao-2 satellite, a lunar communication relay satellite,” notes Ventura-Traveset. “Similar to ESA, NASA, and JAXA, it is likely that China will also develop its own lunar navigation constellation. At some of these international forums, China has also indicated an interest in pursuing international interoperability.”"],["p",{"class":"paywall"},"The emergence of these multiple competing concepts has led some to wonder if have entered ",["a",{"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nist.gov\u002Fnews-events\u002Fnews\u002F2024\u002F08\u002Fwhat-time-it-moon","rel":"nofollow noopener","attributes":{"data-offer-url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nist.gov\u002Fnews-events\u002Fnews\u002F2024\u002F08\u002Fwhat-time-it-moon"},"isExternal":true},"a new “space race”"]," to establish the first lunar version of GPS. 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