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0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-left{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-none{clear:none}}</style><div class="tocright"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Phenotype">1 Phenotype</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Mendelian_inheritance">2 Mendelian inheritance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Non-Mendelian_inheritance">3 Non-Mendelian inheritance</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Incomplete_dominance">3.1 Incomplete dominance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Codominance">3.2 Codominance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Epistasis">3.3 Epistasis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Polygenic_traits">3.4 Polygenic traits</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Genotyping">4 Genotyping</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Genotype_encoding">5 Genotype encoding</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> The genotype of an organism is its complete set of genetic material.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Genotype can also be used to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a> or variants an individual carries in a particular gene or genetic location.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The number of alleles an individual can have in a specific gene depends on the number of copies of each <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a> found in that species, also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">ploidy</a>. In diploid species like humans, two full sets of chromosomes are present, meaning each individual has two alleles for any given gene. If both alleles are the same, the genotype is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Zygosity" title="Zygosity">homozygous</a>. If the alleles are different, the genotype is referred to as heterozygous. Genotype contributes to <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a>, the observable traits and characteristics in an individual or organism.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The degree to which genotype affects phenotype depends on the trait. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Petal_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Petal color">petal color</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Pea_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pea plant">pea plant</a> is exclusively determined by genotype. The petals can be purple or white depending on the alleles present in the pea plant.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> However, other traits are only partially influenced by genotype. These traits are often called <a href="/wiki/Complex_traits" title="Complex traits">complex traits</a> because they are influenced by additional factors, such as environmental and <a href="/wiki/Epigenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenetic">epigenetic</a> factors. Not all individuals with the same genotype look or act the same way because appearance and behavior are modified by environmental and growing conditions. Likewise, not all organisms that look alike necessarily have the same genotype. The term genotype was coined by the <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> <a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanist</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Johannsen" title="Wilhelm Johannsen">Wilhelm Johannsen</a> in 1903.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Phenotype">Phenotype</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Genotype&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phenotype" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">Phenotype</a></div> Any given gene will usually cause an observable change in an organism, known as the phenotype. The terms <a href="/wiki/Genotype%E2%80%93phenotype_distinction" title="Genotype–phenotype distinction">genotype and phenotype</a> are distinct for at least two reasons: <ul><li>To distinguish the source of an observer's knowledge (one can know about genotype by observing DNA; one can know about phenotype by observing outward appearance of an organism).</li> <li>Genotype and phenotype are not always directly correlated. Some genes only express a given phenotype in certain environmental conditions. Conversely, some phenotypes could be the result of multiple genotypes. The genotype is commonly mixed up with the phenotype which describes the result of both the genetic and the environmental factors giving the observed expression (e.g. blue eyes, hair color, or various hereditary diseases).</li></ul> A simple example to illustrate genotype as distinct from phenotype is the flower colour in pea plants (see <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a>). There are three available genotypes, PP (<a href="/wiki/Homozygous_dominant" class="mw-redirect" title="Homozygous dominant">homozygous dominant</a>), Pp (heterozygous), and pp (homozygous recessive). All three have different genotypes but the first two have the same phenotype (purple) as distinct from the third (white). A more technical example to illustrate genotype is the <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphism">single-nucleotide polymorphism</a> or SNP. A SNP occurs when corresponding sequences of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> from different individuals differ at one DNA base, for example where the sequence AAGCCTA changes to AAGCTTA.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> This contains two alleles : C and T. SNPs typically have three genotypes, denoted generically AA Aa and aa. In the example above, the three genotypes would be CC, CT and TT. Other types of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_marker" title="Genetic marker">genetic marker</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Microsatellite" title="Microsatellite">microsatellites</a>, can have more than two alleles, and thus many different genotypes. Penetrance is the proportion of individuals showing a specified genotype in their phenotype under a given set of environmental conditions.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Mendelian_inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Genotype&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mendelian inheritance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg/220px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg/220px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg/330px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg/440px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Here the relation between genotype and phenotype is illustrated, using a <a href="/wiki/Punnett_square" title="Punnett square">Punnett square</a>, for the character of petal colour in a <a href="/wiki/Pea_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pea plant">pea plant</a>. The letters B and b represent alleles for colour and the pictures show the resultant flowers. The diagram shows the cross between two heterozygous parents where B represents the dominant allele (purple) and b represents the recessive allele (white).</figcaption></figure>Traits that are determined exclusively by genotype are typically inherited in a <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian</a> pattern. These laws of inheritance were described extensively by <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a>, who performed experiments with pea plants to determine how traits were passed on from generation to generation.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> He studied phenotypes that were easily observed, such as plant height, petal color, or seed shape.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> He was able to observe that if he crossed two true-breeding plants with distinct phenotypes, all the offspring would have the same phenotype. For example, when he crossed a tall plant with a short plant, all the resulting plants would be tall. However, when he self-fertilized the plants that resulted, about 1/4 of the second generation would be short. He concluded that some traits were <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">dominant</a>, such as tall height, and others were recessive, like short height. Though Mendel was not aware at the time, each phenotype he studied was controlled by a single gene with two alleles. In the case of plant height, one allele caused the plants to be tall, and the other caused plants to be short. When the tall allele was present, the plant would be tall, even if the plant was heterozygous. In order for the plant to be short, it had to be homozygous for the recessive allele.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> One way this can be illustrated is using a <a href="/wiki/Punnett_square" title="Punnett square">Punnett square</a>. In a Punnett square, the genotypes of the parents are placed on the outside. An uppercase letter is typically used to represent the dominant allele, and a lowercase letter is used to represent the recessive allele. The possible genotypes of the offspring can then be determined by combining the parent genotypes.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In the example on the right, both parents are heterozygous, with a genotype of Bb. The offspring can inherit a dominant allele from each parent, making them homozygous with a genotype of BB. The offspring can inherit a dominant allele from one parent and a recessive allele from the other parent, making them heterozygous with a genotype of Bb. Finally, the offspring could inherit a recessive allele from each parent, making them homozygous with a genotype of bb. Plants with the BB and Bb genotypes will look the same, since the B allele is dominant. The plant with the bb genotype will have the recessive trait. These inheritance patterns can also be applied to <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">hereditary diseases</a> or conditions in humans or animals.<a href="#cite_note-:12-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[13]</a> Some conditions are inherited in an <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomal</a> dominant pattern, meaning individuals with the condition typically have an affected parent as well. A classic pedigree for an autosomal dominant condition shows affected individuals in every generation.<a href="#cite_note-:12-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_autosomal_dominant_pedigree_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Example_autosomal_dominant_pedigree_01.png/220px-Example_autosomal_dominant_pedigree_01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="1484"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Example_autosomal_dominant_pedigree_01.png/220px-Example_autosomal_dominant_pedigree_01.png" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Example_autosomal_dominant_pedigree_01.png/330px-Example_autosomal_dominant_pedigree_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Example_autosomal_dominant_pedigree_01.png/440px-Example_autosomal_dominant_pedigree_01.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An example of a pedigree for an autosomal dominant condition</figcaption></figure> Other conditions are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, where affected individuals do not typically have an affected parent. Since each parent must have a copy of the recessive allele in order to have an affected offspring, the parents are referred to as carriers of the condition.<a href="#cite_note-:12-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[13]</a> In autosomal conditions, the sex of the offspring does not play a role in their risk of being affected. In sex-linked conditions, the sex of the offspring affects their chances of having the condition. In humans, females inherit two <a href="/wiki/X_chromosome" title="X chromosome">X chromosomes</a>, one from each parent, while males inherit an X chromosome from their mother and a Y chromosome from their father. X-linked dominant conditions can be distinguished from autosomal dominant conditions in pedigrees by the lack of transmission from fathers to sons, since affected fathers only pass their X chromosome to their daughters.<a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a> In X-linked recessive conditions, males are typically affected more commonly because they are hemizygous, with only one X chromosome. In females, the presence of a second X chromosome will prevent the condition from appearing. Females are therefore carriers of the condition and can pass the trait on to their sons.<a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_autosomal_recessive_pedigree.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Example_autosomal_recessive_pedigree.png/220px-Example_autosomal_recessive_pedigree.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2372" data-file-height="2053"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 190px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Example_autosomal_recessive_pedigree.png/220px-Example_autosomal_recessive_pedigree.png" data-width="220" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Example_autosomal_recessive_pedigree.png/330px-Example_autosomal_recessive_pedigree.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Example_autosomal_recessive_pedigree.png/440px-Example_autosomal_recessive_pedigree.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An example of a pedigree for an autosomal recessive condition</figcaption></figure> Mendelian patterns of inheritance can be complicated by additional factors. Some diseases show incomplete <a href="/wiki/Penetrance" title="Penetrance">penetrance</a>, meaning not all individuals with the disease-causing allele develop signs or symptoms of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-16">[16]</a> Penetrance can also be age-dependent, meaning signs or symptoms of disease are not visible until later in life. For example, <a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington disease</a> is an autosomal dominant condition, but up to 25% of individuals with the affected genotype will not develop symptoms until after age 50.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Another factor that can complicate Mendelian inheritance patterns is variable <a href="/wiki/Expressivity_(genetics)" title="Expressivity (genetics)">expressivity</a>, in which individuals with the same genotype show different signs or symptoms of disease.<a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-16">[16]</a> For example, individuals with <a href="/wiki/Polydactyly" title="Polydactyly">polydactyly</a> can have a variable number of extra digits.<a href="#cite_note-:8-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-16">[16]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Non-Mendelian_inheritance">Non-Mendelian inheritance</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Genotype&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Non-Mendelian inheritance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Non-Mendelian_inheritance" title="Non-Mendelian inheritance">Non-Mendelian inheritance</a></div> Many traits are not inherited in a Mendelian fashion, but have more complex patterns of inheritance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incomplete_dominance">Incomplete dominance</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Genotype&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Incomplete dominance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> For some traits, neither allele is completely dominant. Heterozygotes often have an appearance somewhere in between those of homozygotes.<a href="#cite_note-:52-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-19">[19]</a> For example, a cross between true-breeding red and white <a href="/wiki/Mirabilis_jalapa" title="Mirabilis jalapa">Mirabilis jalapa</a> results in pink flowers.<a href="#cite_note-:6-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codominance">Codominance</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Genotype&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Codominance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Codominance refers to traits in which both alleles are expressed in the offspring in approximately equal amounts.<a href="#cite_note-:7-20">[20]</a> A classic example is the <a href="/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system" title="ABO blood group system">ABO blood group system</a> in humans, where both the A and B alleles are expressed when they are present. Individuals with the AB genotype have both A and B proteins expressed on their red blood cells.<a href="#cite_note-:7-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epistasis">Epistasis</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Genotype&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Epistasis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epistasis" title="Epistasis">Epistasis</a></div> Epistasis is when the phenotype of one gene is affected by one or more other genes.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> This is often through some sort of masking effect of one gene on the other.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> For example, the "A" gene codes for hair color, a dominant "A" allele codes for brown hair, and a recessive "a" allele codes for blonde hair, but a separate "B" gene controls hair growth, and a recessive "b" allele causes baldness. If the individual has the BB or Bb genotype, then they produce hair and the hair color phenotype can be observed, but if the individual has a bb genotype, then the person is bald which masks the A gene entirely. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polygenic_traits">Polygenic traits</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Genotype&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Polygenic traits" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polygene" title="Polygene">Polygene</a></div> A polygenic trait is one whose phenotype is dependent on the additive effects of multiple genes. The contributions of each of these genes are typically small and add up to a final phenotype with a large amount of variation. A well studied example of this is the number of sensory bristles on a fly.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> These types of additive effects is also the explanation for the amount of variation in human eye color. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Genotyping">Genotyping</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Genotype&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Genotyping" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genotyping" title="Genotyping">Genotyping</a></div> Genotyping refers to the method used to determine an individual's genotype. There are a variety of techniques that can be used to assess genotype. The genotyping method typically depends on what information is being sought. Many techniques initially require amplification of the DNA sample, which is commonly done using <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">PCR</a>. Some techniques are designed to investigate specific SNPs or alleles in a particular gene or set of genes, such as whether an individual is a carrier for a particular condition. This can be done via a variety of techniques, including <a href="/wiki/Allele_specific_oligonucleotide" class="mw-redirect" title="Allele specific oligonucleotide">allele specific oligonucleotide</a> (ASO) probes or <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-25">[25]</a> Tools such as <a href="/wiki/Multiplex_ligation-dependent_probe_amplification" title="Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification">multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification</a> can also be used to look for duplications or deletions of genes or gene sections.<a href="#cite_note-:11-25">[25]</a> Other techniques are meant to assess a large number of SNPs across the genome, such as <a href="/wiki/SNP_array" title="SNP array">SNP arrays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-25">[25]</a> This type of technology is commonly used for <a href="/wiki/Genome-wide_association_study" title="Genome-wide association study">genome-wide association studies</a>. Large-scale techniques to assess the entire genome are also available. This includes <a href="/wiki/Karyotype" title="Karyotype">karyotyping</a> to determine the number of chromosomes an individual has and <a href="/wiki/Comparative_genomic_hybridization" title="Comparative genomic hybridization">chromosomal microarrays</a> to assess for large duplications or deletions in the chromosome.<a href="#cite_note-:10-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-25">[25]</a> More detailed information can be determined using <a href="/wiki/Exome_sequencing" title="Exome sequencing">exome sequencing</a>, which provides the specific sequence of all DNA in the coding region of the genome, or <a href="/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing" title="Whole genome sequencing">whole genome sequencing</a>, which sequences the entire genome including non-coding regions.<a href="#cite_note-:10-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-25">[25]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Genotype_encoding">Genotype encoding</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Genotype&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Genotype encoding" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> In linear models, the genotypes can be encoded in different manners. Let us consider a biallelic locus with two possible alleles, encoded by <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a118c6ad00742b3f5dccd2f0e74b5e369df6fd31" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\textstyle A}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.743ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a118c6ad00742b3f5dccd2f0e74b5e369df6fd31" data-alt="{\textstyle A}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.23ex;height: 1.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc" data-alt="{\displaystyle a}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> . We consider <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.23ex;height: 1.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc" data-alt="{\displaystyle a}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  to correspond to the dominant allele to the reference allele <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a118c6ad00742b3f5dccd2f0e74b5e369df6fd31" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\textstyle A}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.743ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a118c6ad00742b3f5dccd2f0e74b5e369df6fd31" data-alt="{\textstyle A}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> . The following table details the different encoding.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Genotype </th> <th><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle AA}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle AA}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92c9db1e1094afdafba79f3c39f91e5481405cb9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.486ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\textstyle AA}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.486ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92c9db1e1094afdafba79f3c39f91e5481405cb9" data-alt="{\textstyle AA}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  </th> <th><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle Aa}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mi>a</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle Aa}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7b1ca8af7f0a561e7dffd21da28a3e146c0a6675" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.973ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\textstyle Aa}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.973ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7b1ca8af7f0a561e7dffd21da28a3e146c0a6675" data-alt="{\textstyle Aa}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  </th> <th><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle aa}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>a</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle aa}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d75428447035f337a5e3a5b6bbe0fb1e4a223bfd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.46ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\textstyle aa}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.46ex;height: 1.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d75428447035f337a5e3a5b6bbe0fb1e4a223bfd" data-alt="{\textstyle aa}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  </th></tr> <tr> <td>Additive encoding </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dominant encoding </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Recessive encoding </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Codominant encoding </td> <td>0,0 </td> <td>0,1 </td> <td>1,0 </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Genotype&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endophenotype" title="Endophenotype">Endophenotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="Nucleic acid sequence">Nucleic acid sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_(biology)" title="Sequence (biology)">Sequence (biology)</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Genotype&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pged.org/what-is-genotype-what-is-phenotype/">"What is genotype? 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NY, New York: Macmillian. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-319-29714-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-319-29714-5"><bdi>978-1-319-29714-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genetics+A+Conceptual+Approach&rft.place=NY%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Macmillian&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-319-29714-5&rft.aulast=Pierce&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertsBrayHopkinJohnson2014" class="citation book cs1">Alberts B, Bray D, Hopkin K, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2014). Essential Cell Biology (4th ed.). 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"Om arvelighed i samfund og i rene linier". Oversigt Birdy over Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlingerm (in Danish). 3: 247–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oversigt+Birdy+over+Det+Kongelige+Danske+Videnskabernes+Selskabs+Forhandlingerm&rft.atitle=Om+arvelighed+i+samfund+og+i+rene+linier&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E247-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Johannsen&rft.aufirst=W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenotype" class="Z3988"> German ed. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090530140510/http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/johannsen/erblichkeit/index.html">"Erblichkeit in Populationen und in reinen Linien"</a> (in German). 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(ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2553-7_2">"Molecular Diagnostics in Personalized Medicine"</a>, Textbook of Personalized Medicine, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 35–89, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4939-2553-7_2">10.1007/978-1-4939-2553-7_2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-2553-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-2553-7"><bdi>978-1-4939-2553-7</bdi></a>, retrieved 2021-11-19</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Textbook+of+Personalized+Medicine&rft.atitle=Molecular+Diagnostics+in+Personalized+Medicine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4939-2553-7_2&rft.isbn=978-1-4939-2553-7&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Kewal+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4939-2553-7_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_25-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallaceBean2020" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Stephanie E.; Bean, Lora JH (2020-06-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279899/">Educational Materials – Genetic Testing: Current Approaches</a>. University of Washington, Seattle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Educational+Materials+%E2%80%93+Genetic+Testing%3A+Current+Approaches&rft.pub=University+of+Washington%2C+Seattle&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+E.&rft.au=Bean%2C+Lora+JH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK279899%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchönbachRanganathanNakai2018" class="citation book cs1">Schönbach, Christian; Ranganathan, Shoba; Nakai, Kenta, eds. (2018). Encyclopedia of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology. Elsevier Science. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128114322" title="Special:BookSources/9780128114322"><bdi>9780128114322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Bioinformatics+and+Computational+Biology&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780128114322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenotype" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Genotype&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genotype&oldid=1267741634">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genotype&oldid=1267741634</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Genotype&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 6 January 2025, at 12:52 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipe" title="Genotipe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Genotipe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B7_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="نمط جيني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نمط جيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BF" title="Генатып – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генатып" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyp" title="Genotyp – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Genotyp" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Genotype" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyp" title="Genotyp – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Genotyp" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genot%C3%BC%C3%BCp" title="Genotüüp – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Genotüüp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Γονότυπος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γονότυπος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipo" title="Genotipo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Genotipo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipo" title="Genotipo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Genotipo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipo" title="Genotipo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Genotipo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE" title="ژنوتیپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژنوتیپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9notype" title="Génotype – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génotype" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9init%C3%ADopa" title="Géinitíopa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Géinitíopa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenotipo" title="Xenotipo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xenotipo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%ED%98%95" title="유전자형 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유전자형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwayar_halitta" title="Kwayar halitta – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kwayar halitta" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BA" title="Գենոտիպ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գենոտիպ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipe" title="Genotipe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Genotipe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arfger%C3%B0" title="Arfgerð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Arfgerð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipo" title="Genotipo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Genotipo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4" title="גנוטיפ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנוטיפ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipe" title="Genotipe – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Genotipe" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಜೀನ್‌ನಮೂನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೀನ್‌ನಮೂನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="გენოტიპი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გენოტიპი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenotip" title="Jenotip – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jenotip" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotypus" title="Genotypus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Genotypus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genot%C3%ADpus" title="Genotípus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Genotípus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Genotype" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E4%BC%9D%E5%AD%90%E5%9E%8B" title="遺伝子型 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="遺伝子型" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Genotype" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotipe" title="Genotipe – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Genotipe" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%BC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE" title="جینوټایپ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جینوټایپ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyyp" title="Genotyyp – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Genotyyp" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyp" title="Genotyp – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Genotyp" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%B3tipo" title="Genótipo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Genótipo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyp" title="Genotyp – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Genotyp" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Genotype" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyp" title="Genotyp – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Genotyp" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA" title="بۆماوەبابەت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆماوەبابەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyyppi" title="Genotyyppi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Genotyyppi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotyp" title="Genotyp – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Genotyp" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henotipo" title="Henotipo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Henotipo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="மரபணுவமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரபணுவமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="รูปแบบพันธุกรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รูปแบบพันธุกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotip" title="Genotip – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Genotip" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Генотип – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генотип" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BB%83u_gen" title="Kiểu gen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kiểu gen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%9E%8B" title="基因型 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="基因型" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%9E%8B" title="基因型 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="基因型" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%9E%8B" title="基因型 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="基因型" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 January 2025, at 12:52 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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