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class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">When Robots Attack, Who is Responsible?</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38706" href="https://niu.academia.edu/DavidGunkel"><img alt="Profile image of David Gunkel" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/38706/12902/1444983/s65_david.gunkel.jpg" />David Gunkel</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Interview on Northern Public Radio about the book "The Machine Question: Critical Perspectives on AI, Robots and Ethics" (MIT Press, 2012).</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" 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class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="1651765" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1651765/The_Machine_Question_Critical_Perspectives_on_AI_Robots_and_Ethics">The Machine Question: Critical Perspectives on AI, Robots and Ethics</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38706" href="https://niu.academia.edu/DavidGunkel">David Gunkel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">One of the enduring concerns of moral philosophy is deciding who or what is deserving of ethical consideration. Much recent attention has been devoted to the "animal question"--consideration of the moral status of nonhuman animals. In this book, David Gunkel takes up the "machine question": whether and to what extent intelligent and autonomous machines of our own making can be considered to have legitimate moral responsibilities and any legitimate claim to moral consideration. The machine question poses a fundamental challenge to moral thinking, questioning the traditional philosophical conceptualization of technology as a tool or instrument to be used by human agents. Gunkel begins by addressing the question of machine moral agency: whether a machine might be considered a legitimate moral agent that could be held responsible for decisions and actions. He then approaches the machine question from the other side, considering whether a machine might be a moral patient due legitimate moral consideration. Finally, Gunkel considers some recent innovations in moral philosophy and critical theory that complicate the machine question, deconstructing the binary agent–patient opposition itself. Technological advances may prompt us to wonder if the science fiction of computers and robots whose actions affect their human companions (think of HAL in 2001: A Space Odyssey) could become science fact. Gunkel's argument promises to influence future considerations of ethics, ourselves, and the other entities who inhabit this world.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Machine Question: Critical Perspectives on AI, Robots and Ethics","attachmentId":39985382,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1651765/The_Machine_Question_Critical_Perspectives_on_AI_Robots_and_Ethics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1651765/The_Machine_Question_Critical_Perspectives_on_AI_Robots_and_Ethics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="35747200" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35747200/Lamb%C3%A8r_Royakkers_and_Peter_Olsthoorn_2018_Lethal_Military_Robots_Who_is_Responsible_When_Things_Go_Wrong_in_Rocci_Luppicini_ed_The_Changing_Scope_of_Technoethics_in_Contemporary_Society_IGI_Global">Lambèr Royakkers and Peter Olsthoorn (2018) ‘Lethal Military Robots: Who is Responsible When Things Go Wrong?,’ in: Rocci Luppicini (ed.) The Changing Scope of Technoethics in Contemporary Society, IGI Global.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3419234" href="https://nlda.academia.edu/PeterOlsthoorn">Peter Olsthoorn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Changing Scope of Technoethics in Contemporary Society, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Although most unmanned systems that militaries use today are still unarmed and predominantly used for surveillance, it is especially the proliferation of armed military robots that raises some serious ethical questions. One of the most pressing concerns the moral responsibility in case a military robot uses violence in a way that would normally qualify as a war crime. In this article, we critically assess the chain of responsibility with respect to the deployment of both semi-autonomous and (learning) autonomous lethal military robots. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/6353728/Do_Machines_Have_Rights_Ethics_in_the_Age_of_Artificial_Intelligence">Do Machines Have Rights? 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Gunkel is the Presidential Teaching Professor of Communication Studies at Northern Illinois University. The symposium was funded by a Connection Grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and organized by Dr. Raphael Foshay, MA-IS Program Director at Athabasca University.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Do Machines Have Rights? Ethics in the Age of Artificial Intelligence.","attachmentId":33177101,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6353728/Do_Machines_Have_Rights_Ethics_in_the_Age_of_Artificial_Intelligence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6353728/Do_Machines_Have_Rights_Ethics_in_the_Age_of_Artificial_Intelligence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="75916737" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75916737/The_Dawn_of_the_AI_Robots_Towards_a_New_Framework_of_AI_Robot_Accountability">The Dawn of the AI Robots: Towards a New Framework of AI Robot Accountability</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="134176721" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertCaruana">Robert Caruana</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Business Ethics, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Business, management, and business ethics literature pay little attention to the topic of AI robots. The broad spectrum of potential ethical issues pertains to using driverless cars, AI robots in care homes, and in the military, such as Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems. However, there is a scarcity of in-depth theoretical, methodological, or empirical studies that address these ethical issues, for instance, the impact of morality and where accountability resides in AI robots’ use. To address this dearth, this study offers a conceptual framework that interpretively develops the ethical implications of AI robot applications, drawing on descriptive and normative ethical theory. The new framework elaborates on how the locus of morality (human to AI agency) and moral intensity combine within context-specific AI robot applications, and how this might influence accountability thinking. Our theorization indicates that in situations of escalating AI agency and situational moral intensity, ac...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Dawn of the AI Robots: Towards a New Framework of AI Robot Accountability","attachmentId":83583673,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75916737/The_Dawn_of_the_AI_Robots_Towards_a_New_Framework_of_AI_Robot_Accountability","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/75916737/The_Dawn_of_the_AI_Robots_Towards_a_New_Framework_of_AI_Robot_Accountability"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="115883560" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115883560/Thou_shall_not_kill_the_ethics_of_ai_in_contemporary_warfare">Thou shall not kill the ethics of ai in contemporary warfare</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24052864" href="https://uni-sofia.academia.edu/EvangelosKoumparoudis">Evangelos Koumparoudis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This chapter aims in the presentation of the evolution of AI and robotic technologies with emphasis on those for military use and the main strategic agendas of various superpowers like USA, China, and Russia, as well as peripheral powers. The authors also refer to the uses of such technologies in the battlefield. The chapter also reveals the ethical dimensions of the current military AI technologies. It starts with the Mark Coeckelberg paper, to emphasize his call for a new approach to technoethics. Then, the authors will strive towards the ethical theory Neil C. Rowe, and his propositions for ethical improvement of algorithms. Finally, the authors pose the notions of electronic personhood proposed by Avila Negri, also touching upon the fact the legal debate tends to face an anthropomorphic fallacy. To conclude, Thou Shall Not Kill, the highest ''Levinasian Imperative'' closes the gap of the anthropomorphic fallacy, so our relationship with the killer machines be viewed as asymmetric, non-anthropomorphic, and non-zoomorphic.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Thou shall not kill the ethics of ai in contemporary warfare","attachmentId":112167376,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115883560/Thou_shall_not_kill_the_ethics_of_ai_in_contemporary_warfare","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115883560/Thou_shall_not_kill_the_ethics_of_ai_in_contemporary_warfare"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="74664088" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74664088/RESPONSIBILITY_OF_KILLER_ROBOTS_FOR_CAUSING_CIVILIAN_HARM_A_CRITIQUE_OF_AI_APPLICATION_IN_WARFARE_DOCTRINE">RESPONSIBILITY OF KILLER ROBOTS FOR CAUSING CIVILIAN HARM: A CRITIQUE OF AI APPLICATION IN WARFARE DOCTRINE</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59105534" href="https://geomaza.academia.edu/AKhan">Asif Khan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 5, Issue 1 , 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Artificial intelligence and technological advancements have headed to the development of robots capable of performing various functions. One of the purposes of robots is to replace human soldiers on battlefields. Killer robots, referred to as "autonomous weapon systems," pose a threat to the principles of human accountability that underpin the international criminal justice system and the current law of war that has arisen to support and enforce it. It poses a challenge to the Law of War's conceptual framework. In the worst-case scenario, it might encourage the development of weapons systems specifically to avoid liability for the conduct of the war by both the government and individuals. Furthermore, killer robots cannot comply with the fundamental law of war principles like the principle of responsibility. The accountability of autonomous</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"RESPONSIBILITY OF KILLER ROBOTS FOR CAUSING CIVILIAN HARM: A CRITIQUE OF AI APPLICATION IN WARFARE DOCTRINE","attachmentId":82735001,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74664088/RESPONSIBILITY_OF_KILLER_ROBOTS_FOR_CAUSING_CIVILIAN_HARM_A_CRITIQUE_OF_AI_APPLICATION_IN_WARFARE_DOCTRINE","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74664088/RESPONSIBILITY_OF_KILLER_ROBOTS_FOR_CAUSING_CIVILIAN_HARM_A_CRITIQUE_OF_AI_APPLICATION_IN_WARFARE_DOCTRINE"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":40151694,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":40151694,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_40151694" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="7370762" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7370762/Military_Robots_and_the_Question_of_Responsibility_Lamb%C3%A8r_Royakkers_and_Peter_Olsthoorn"> Military Robots and the Question of Responsibility. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/95700842/Rage_against_robots_Emotional_and_motivational_dimensions_of_anti_robot_attacks_robot_sabotage_and_robot_bullying">Rage against robots: Emotional and motivational dimensions of anti-robot attacks, robot sabotage, and robot bullying</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6881" href="https://uww.academia.edu/JoAnnOravec">Jo Ann Oravec</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 2023</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rage against robots: Emotional and motivational dimensions of anti-robot attacks, robot sabotage, and robot bullying","attachmentId":97810564,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/95700842/Rage_against_robots_Emotional_and_motivational_dimensions_of_anti_robot_attacks_robot_sabotage_and_robot_bullying","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/95700842/Rage_against_robots_Emotional_and_motivational_dimensions_of_anti_robot_attacks_robot_sabotage_and_robot_bullying"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="80130166" data-sort-order="default"><a 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class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80130166/Losing_Humanity_The_Case_against_Killer_Robots"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="57247425" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57247425/Behind_the_mask_machine_morality">Behind the mask: machine morality</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46913506" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KeithMiller23">Keith Miller</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Behind the mask: machine morality","attachmentId":72239135,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/57247425/Behind_the_mask_machine_morality","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/57247425/Behind_the_mask_machine_morality"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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