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6.49996H16.6319L14.6964 8.43547C14.4035 8.72837 14.4035 9.20324 14.6964 9.49613C14.9893 9.78903 15.4641 9.78903 15.757 9.49613L18.3547 6.89846C19.0438 7.34362 19.5 8.11852 19.5 8.99996V19C19.5 20.3807 18.3807 21.5 17 21.5H7C5.61929 21.5 4.5 20.3807 4.5 19V8.99996C4.5 7.61924 5.61929 6.49996 7 6.49996ZM9.25 12C9.25 11.5857 9.58579 11.25 10 11.25H12H14C14.4142 11.25 14.75 11.5857 14.75 12C14.75 12.4142 14.4142 12.75 14 12.75H12H10C9.58579 12.75 9.25 12.4142 9.25 12ZM9.25 17C9.25 16.5857 9.58579 16.25 10 16.25H12H14C14.4142 16.25 14.75 16.5857 14.75 17C14.75 17.4142 14.4142 17.75 14 17.75H12H10C9.58579 17.75 9.25 17.4142 9.25 17Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Аннотация</span></a><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Аннотация</span></span></span><a href="/c/glazur-5c2efd/annotation" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18.2363 4.12686C18.2363 3.43651 18.796 2.87686 19.4863 2.87686C20.1767 2.87686 20.7363 3.43651 20.7363 4.12686C20.7363 4.81722 20.1767 5.37686 19.4863 5.37686C18.796 5.37686 18.2363 4.81722 18.2363 4.12686ZM19.4863 1.37686C17.9675 1.37686 16.7363 2.60808 16.7363 4.12686C16.7363 4.43206 16.786 4.72564 16.8778 4.99996H7C4.79086 4.99996 3 6.79082 3 8.99996V19C3 21.2091 4.79086 23 7 23H17C19.2091 23 21 21.2091 21 19V8.99996C21 8.16642 20.745 7.39244 20.3089 6.75173C21.4258 6.40207 22.2363 5.35911 22.2363 4.12686C22.2363 2.60808 21.0051 1.37686 19.4863 1.37686ZM7 6.49996H16.6319L14.6964 8.43547C14.4035 8.72837 14.4035 9.20324 14.6964 9.49613C14.9893 9.78903 15.4641 9.78903 15.757 9.49613L18.3547 6.89846C19.0438 7.34362 19.5 8.11852 19.5 8.99996V19C19.5 20.3807 18.3807 21.5 17 21.5H7C5.61929 21.5 4.5 20.3807 4.5 19V8.99996C4.5 7.61924 5.61929 6.49996 7 6.49996ZM9.25 12C9.25 11.5857 9.58579 11.25 10 11.25H12H14C14.4142 11.25 14.75 11.5857 14.75 12C14.75 12.4142 14.4142 12.75 14 12.75H12H10C9.58579 12.75 9.25 12.4142 9.25 12ZM9.25 17C9.25 16.5857 9.58579 16.25 10 16.25H12H14C14.4142 16.25 14.75 16.5857 14.75 17C14.75 17.4142 14.4142 17.75 14 17.75H12H10C9.58579 17.75 9.25 17.4142 9.25 17Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Аннотация</span></a></div><div class="tw-grow tw-basis-0 max-md:tw-max-w-[80px]"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-mx-auto tw-hidden lg:tw-flex"><a href="/c/glazur-5c2efd/media" class="bre-article-menu__list-item"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17 4H7C5.61929 4 4.5 5.11929 4.5 6.5V17.5C4.5 18.1033 4.71367 18.6566 5.06946 19.0885L15.6829 8.95748C15.8374 8.81003 16.0474 8.73542 16.2603 8.75237C16.4732 8.76931 16.6687 8.87621 16.7979 9.04625L19.5 12.6023V6.5C19.5 5.11929 18.3807 4 17 4ZM19.5 15.0592C19.465 15.0278 19.4324 14.9926 19.4028 14.9538L16.1114 10.6221L6.37067 19.9201C6.57173 19.9723 6.78263 20 7 20H17C18.3807 20 19.5 18.8807 19.5 17.5V15.0592ZM7 2.5C4.79086 2.5 3 4.29086 3 6.5V17.5C3 19.7091 4.79086 21.5 7 21.5H17C19.2091 21.5 21 19.7091 21 17.5V6.5C21 4.29086 19.2091 2.5 17 2.5H7ZM9.20078 7.25C8.51042 7.25 7.95078 7.80964 7.95078 8.5C7.95078 9.19036 8.51042 9.75 9.20078 9.75C9.89113 9.75 10.4508 9.19036 10.4508 8.5C10.4508 7.80964 9.89113 7.25 9.20078 7.25ZM6.45078 8.5C6.45078 6.98122 7.68199 5.75 9.20078 5.75C10.7196 5.75 11.9508 6.98122 11.9508 8.5C11.9508 10.0188 10.7196 11.25 9.20078 11.25C7.68199 11.25 6.45078 10.0188 6.45078 8.5Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Медиа</span></a><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Медиа</span></span></span><a href="/c/glazur-5c2efd/media" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17 4H7C5.61929 4 4.5 5.11929 4.5 6.5V17.5C4.5 18.1033 4.71367 18.6566 5.06946 19.0885L15.6829 8.95748C15.8374 8.81003 16.0474 8.73542 16.2603 8.75237C16.4732 8.76931 16.6687 8.87621 16.7979 9.04625L19.5 12.6023V6.5C19.5 5.11929 18.3807 4 17 4ZM19.5 15.0592C19.465 15.0278 19.4324 14.9926 19.4028 14.9538L16.1114 10.6221L6.37067 19.9201C6.57173 19.9723 6.78263 20 7 20H17C18.3807 20 19.5 18.8807 19.5 17.5V15.0592ZM7 2.5C4.79086 2.5 3 4.29086 3 6.5V17.5C3 19.7091 4.79086 21.5 7 21.5H17C19.2091 21.5 21 19.7091 21 17.5V6.5C21 4.29086 19.2091 2.5 17 2.5H7ZM9.20078 7.25C8.51042 7.25 7.95078 7.80964 7.95078 8.5C7.95078 9.19036 8.51042 9.75 9.20078 9.75C9.89113 9.75 10.4508 9.19036 10.4508 8.5C10.4508 7.80964 9.89113 7.25 9.20078 7.25ZM6.45078 8.5C6.45078 6.98122 7.68199 5.75 9.20078 5.75C10.7196 5.75 11.9508 6.98122 11.9508 8.5C11.9508 10.0188 10.7196 11.25 9.20078 11.25C7.68199 11.25 6.45078 10.0188 6.45078 8.5Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Медиа</span></a></div><div class="tw-grow tw-basis-0 max-md:tw-max-w-[80px]"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-mx-auto tw-hidden lg:tw-flex"><a href="/c/glazur-5c2efd/references" class="bre-article-menu__list-item"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5 3.25C3.48122 3.25 2.25 4.48122 2.25 6V16.1667C2.25 17.6854 3.48122 18.9167 5 18.9167H9.3C9.80519 18.9167 10.2974 19.1269 10.6662 19.5139C11.0362 19.9022 11.25 20.4361 11.25 21C11.25 21.4142 11.5858 21.75 12 21.75C12.4142 21.75 12.75 21.4142 12.75 21C12.75 20.4227 12.9564 19.8833 13.3026 19.4973C13.6464 19.114 14.0941 18.9167 14.5412 18.9167H19C20.5188 18.9167 21.75 17.6855 21.75 16.1667V6C21.75 4.48122 20.5188 3.25 19 3.25H15.3882C14.2627 3.25 13.2022 3.74922 12.4341 4.60572C12.266 4.79308 12.1147 4.99431 11.9809 5.20674C11.8358 4.98777 11.6713 4.78092 11.4885 4.58908C10.6758 3.73626 9.56568 3.25 8.4 3.25H5ZM12.75 17.993C13.2735 17.6237 13.8929 17.4167 14.5412 17.4167H19C19.6904 17.4167 20.25 16.857 20.25 16.1667V6C20.25 5.30964 19.6904 4.75 19 4.75H15.3882C14.7165 4.75 14.0534 5.04681 13.5507 5.60725C13.0457 6.17037 12.75 6.95001 12.75 7.77778V17.993ZM11.25 18.0438V7.77778C11.25 6.96341 10.9414 6.18924 10.4026 5.62389C9.86506 5.05976 9.14388 4.75 8.4 4.75H5C4.30964 4.75 3.75 5.30964 3.75 6V16.1667C3.75 16.857 4.30964 17.4167 5 17.4167H9.3C10.0044 17.4167 10.6825 17.64 11.25 18.0438Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Библиография</span></a><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Библиография</span></span></span><a href="/c/glazur-5c2efd/references" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5 3.25C3.48122 3.25 2.25 4.48122 2.25 6V16.1667C2.25 17.6854 3.48122 18.9167 5 18.9167H9.3C9.80519 18.9167 10.2974 19.1269 10.6662 19.5139C11.0362 19.9022 11.25 20.4361 11.25 21C11.25 21.4142 11.5858 21.75 12 21.75C12.4142 21.75 12.75 21.4142 12.75 21C12.75 20.4227 12.9564 19.8833 13.3026 19.4973C13.6464 19.114 14.0941 18.9167 14.5412 18.9167H19C20.5188 18.9167 21.75 17.6855 21.75 16.1667V6C21.75 4.48122 20.5188 3.25 19 3.25H15.3882C14.2627 3.25 13.2022 3.74922 12.4341 4.60572C12.266 4.79308 12.1147 4.99431 11.9809 5.20674C11.8358 4.98777 11.6713 4.78092 11.4885 4.58908C10.6758 3.73626 9.56568 3.25 8.4 3.25H5ZM12.75 17.993C13.2735 17.6237 13.8929 17.4167 14.5412 17.4167H19C19.6904 17.4167 20.25 16.857 20.25 16.1667V6C20.25 5.30964 19.6904 4.75 19 4.75H15.3882C14.7165 4.75 14.0534 5.04681 13.5507 5.60725C13.0457 6.17037 12.75 6.95001 12.75 7.77778V17.993ZM11.25 18.0438V7.77778C11.25 6.96341 10.9414 6.18924 10.4026 5.62389C9.86506 5.05976 9.14388 4.75 8.4 4.75H5C4.30964 4.75 3.75 5.30964 3.75 6V16.1667C3.75 16.857 4.30964 17.4167 5 17.4167H9.3C10.0044 17.4167 10.6825 17.64 11.25 18.0438Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Библиография</span></a></div><div class="tw-grow tw-basis-0 max-md:tw-max-w-[80px]"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-mx-auto tw-hidden lg:tw-flex"><a href="/c/glazur-5c2efd/versions" class="bre-article-menu__list-item"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M10.9565 3.85864H7.51619C7.8045 3.2057 8.4577 2.75 9.21734 2.75H13.5652H14.7687C15.4365 2.75 16.0697 3.0466 16.4972 3.55959L19.2502 6.86313C19.5871 7.26748 19.7717 7.77718 19.7717 8.30354V10.6957V16.7826C19.7717 17.5422 19.316 18.1954 18.663 18.4838V13.3043V10.9122C18.663 10.0349 18.3555 9.18542 17.7939 8.51149L15.0409 5.20795C14.3284 4.35298 13.273 3.85864 12.1601 3.85864H10.9565ZM14.913 22.7499C16.6051 22.7499 18.0354 21.6293 18.5022 20.0898C20.0762 19.8113 21.2717 18.4365 21.2717 16.7826V10.6957V8.30354C21.2717 7.42628 20.9641 6.57678 20.4025 5.90285L17.6496 2.59931C16.9371 1.74434 15.8817 1.25 14.7687 1.25H13.5652H9.21734C7.56341 1.25 6.18869 2.44548 5.91016 4.01947C4.37062 4.48633 3.25 5.91662 3.25 7.60864V18.9999C3.25 21.071 4.92893 22.7499 7 22.7499H14.913ZM7 5.35864C5.75736 5.35864 4.75 6.366 4.75 7.60864V18.9999C4.75 20.2426 5.75736 21.2499 7 21.2499H14.913C16.1557 21.2499 17.163 20.2426 17.163 18.9999V13.3043V10.9122C17.163 10.7991 17.1545 10.6867 17.1378 10.5761H15.3043C13.9296 10.5761 12.8152 9.46164 12.8152 8.08694V5.45611C12.6051 5.39215 12.3845 5.35864 12.1601 5.35864H10.9565H7ZM14.3152 6.68014V8.08694C14.3152 8.63322 14.758 9.07607 15.3043 9.07607H16.3118L14.3152 6.68014ZM6.72827 13.3043C6.72827 12.8901 7.06406 12.5543 7.47827 12.5543H14.4348C14.849 12.5543 15.1848 12.8901 15.1848 13.3043C15.1848 13.7185 14.849 14.0543 14.4348 14.0543H7.47827C7.06406 14.0543 6.72827 13.7185 6.72827 13.3043ZM7.47827 16.9022C7.06406 16.9022 6.72827 17.238 6.72827 17.6522C6.72827 18.0664 7.06406 18.4022 7.47827 18.4022H10.9565C11.3707 18.4022 11.7065 18.0664 11.7065 17.6522C11.7065 17.238 11.3707 16.9022 10.9565 16.9022H7.47827Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Версии</span></a><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Версии</span></span></span><a href="/c/glazur-5c2efd/versions" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M10.9565 3.85864H7.51619C7.8045 3.2057 8.4577 2.75 9.21734 2.75H13.5652H14.7687C15.4365 2.75 16.0697 3.0466 16.4972 3.55959L19.2502 6.86313C19.5871 7.26748 19.7717 7.77718 19.7717 8.30354V10.6957V16.7826C19.7717 17.5422 19.316 18.1954 18.663 18.4838V13.3043V10.9122C18.663 10.0349 18.3555 9.18542 17.7939 8.51149L15.0409 5.20795C14.3284 4.35298 13.273 3.85864 12.1601 3.85864H10.9565ZM14.913 22.7499C16.6051 22.7499 18.0354 21.6293 18.5022 20.0898C20.0762 19.8113 21.2717 18.4365 21.2717 16.7826V10.6957V8.30354C21.2717 7.42628 20.9641 6.57678 20.4025 5.90285L17.6496 2.59931C16.9371 1.74434 15.8817 1.25 14.7687 1.25H13.5652H9.21734C7.56341 1.25 6.18869 2.44548 5.91016 4.01947C4.37062 4.48633 3.25 5.91662 3.25 7.60864V18.9999C3.25 21.071 4.92893 22.7499 7 22.7499H14.913ZM7 5.35864C5.75736 5.35864 4.75 6.366 4.75 7.60864V18.9999C4.75 20.2426 5.75736 21.2499 7 21.2499H14.913C16.1557 21.2499 17.163 20.2426 17.163 18.9999V13.3043V10.9122C17.163 10.7991 17.1545 10.6867 17.1378 10.5761H15.3043C13.9296 10.5761 12.8152 9.46164 12.8152 8.08694V5.45611C12.6051 5.39215 12.3845 5.35864 12.1601 5.35864H10.9565H7ZM14.3152 6.68014V8.08694C14.3152 8.63322 14.758 9.07607 15.3043 9.07607H16.3118L14.3152 6.68014ZM6.72827 13.3043C6.72827 12.8901 7.06406 12.5543 7.47827 12.5543H14.4348C14.849 12.5543 15.1848 12.8901 15.1848 13.3043C15.1848 13.7185 14.849 14.0543 14.4348 14.0543H7.47827C7.06406 14.0543 6.72827 13.7185 6.72827 13.3043ZM7.47827 16.9022C7.06406 16.9022 6.72827 17.238 6.72827 17.6522C6.72827 18.0664 7.06406 18.4022 7.47827 18.4022H10.9565C11.3707 18.4022 11.7065 18.0664 11.7065 17.6522C11.7065 17.238 11.3707 16.9022 10.9565 16.9022H7.47827Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Версии</span></a></div></div></div></nav><div><meta itemprop="image primaryImageOfPage" content="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=jNPX7e-GNV-0jqQtYJhycw&filename=vault/218e10b71028910ce7c9e7f9b3ccfd4e.webp&width=120"><article itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Article"><div itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"><meta itemprop="name" content="Автономная некоммерческая организация «Национальный научно-образовательный центр «Большая российская энциклопедия»"><meta itemprop="address" content="Покровский бульвар, д. 8, стр. 1А, Москва, 109028"><meta itemprop="telephone" content="+7 (495) 781-15-95"><meta itemprop="logo" content="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/logo.98u7ubS9.svg"></div><div itemprop="copyrightHolder" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"><meta itemprop="name" content="Автономная некоммерческая организация «Национальный научно-образовательный центр «Большая российская энциклопедия»"><meta itemprop="address" content="Покровский бульвар, д. 8, стр. 1А, Москва, 109028"><meta itemprop="telephone" content="+7 (495) 781-15-95"><meta itemprop="logo" content="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/logo.98u7ubS9.svg"></div><meta itemprop="articleSection" content="Материалы"><meta itemprop="headline" content="Глазурь"><meta itemprop="keywords" content="Искусственные твёрдые вещества"><div class="bre-article-page max-md:tw-mt-10 md:max-lg:tw-mt-[81px] max-md:tw-mt-[105px]"><nav class="bre-article-loc -hide-on-desktop-s"><div class="bre-article-loc-button"><span class="bre-article-loc-title">Содержание</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><div class="bre-article-loc-short">Виды и способы приготовления</div></div></nav><div class="article-sidebar -hide-on-desktop-s"><div class="article-sidebar-button -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s"><span class="article-sidebar-title">Информация</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><div class="article-sidebar-text -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s">Глазурь</div></div><div class="article-sidebar-wrapper -hide-on-tablet"><header class="bre-article-header -hide-on-tablet"><div class="bre-label__wrap"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-leading-[0px]"><a href="/t/materials" class="bre-label _link">Материалы</a><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Материалы</span></span></span></div><h1 class="bre-article-header-title">Глазурь</h1></header><section class="-hide-on-tablet tw-h-14 md:tw-h-20"></section><span class="bre-media-image article-sidebar-image _note-exclude _clean" data-width="100%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude _clean" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Купол мечети Биби-Ханым, Самарканд"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Купол мечети Биби-Ханым, Самарканд."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Izzet Keribar / Getty Images"><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=jNPX7e-GNV-0jqQtYJhycw&filename=vault/218e10b71028910ce7c9e7f9b3ccfd4e.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Купол мечети Биби-Ханым, Самарканд" data-nuxt-img sizes="320px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=jNPX7e-GNV-0jqQtYJhycw&filename=vault/218e10b71028910ce7c9e7f9b3ccfd4e.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=HHSwDJquBTl9B8OEdJmAvg&filename=vault/218e10b71028910ce7c9e7f9b3ccfd4e.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=nbOrNd36ijWubjNLMwySTQ&filename=vault/218e10b71028910ce7c9e7f9b3ccfd4e.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=1WXWC3k1sAgbFDOCDouHkQ&filename=vault/218e10b71028910ce7c9e7f9b3ccfd4e.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=qVFbsQ2fhi7jEUryw6S1iQ&filename=vault/218e10b71028910ce7c9e7f9b3ccfd4e.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=tjQbZVsMZJAM6YCZEol1bg&filename=vault/218e10b71028910ce7c9e7f9b3ccfd4e.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=vM0qYDjvqiY1klaC27M6dA&filename=vault/218e10b71028910ce7c9e7f9b3ccfd4e.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=1AF03WC-BZZlGvR9o44_dw&filename=vault/218e10b71028910ce7c9e7f9b3ccfd4e.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=sTxxnnts2M5WMmbA9ukCbA&filename=vault/218e10b71028910ce7c9e7f9b3ccfd4e.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Купол мечети Биби-Ханым, Самарканд" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span></span></span></span><div class="article-sidebar-meta"><dl class="tw-mt-0"><dt>Области знаний:</dt><dd>Производство керамики</dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="bre-article-page__container"><div class="bre-article-page__content bre-article-content"><header class="bre-article-header -show-on-tablet"><div class="bre-label__wrap"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-leading-[0px]"><a href="/t/materials" class="bre-label _link">Материалы</a><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Материалы</span></span></span></div><h1 class="bre-article-header-title">Глазурь</h1></header><section class="tw-flex"><div class="-show-on-tablet tw-h-14 md:tw-h-20"><div><div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter"><meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/ViewAction"><meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content=""></div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter"><meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/ShareAction"><meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content=""></div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter"><meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction"><meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content=""></div></div><span></span></div></div><span></span></section><div class="js-preview-link-root"><div itemprop="articleBody" class="bre-article-body"><section><section><p><b>Глазу́рь</b> (нем. Glasur, от Glas – стекло), тонкое, толщиной 0,1–0,45 мм, стекловидное покрытие на <a href="/c/keramika-396c9e" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">керамических</a> изделиях. Придаёт им декоративность, соответствующую художественным требованиям, предохраняет от загрязнения, действия <a href="/c/kisloty-232993" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">кислот</a> и <a href="/c/shchiolochi-ee5867" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">щелочей</a>, повышает <a href="/c/teplostoikost-dcb7ee" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">термическую</a>, <a href="/c/elektricheskaia-prochnost-d7565a" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">диэлектрическую</a> и механическую <a href="/c/prochnost-tviordogo-tela-7f8d47" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">прочность</a>, уменьшает водо- и <a href="/c/gazopronitsaemost-cc2a72" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">газопроницаемость</a>.</p><h2 id="h2_vidы_i_sposoбы_prigotovleniya">Виды и способы приготовления</h2><p>Глазури представляют собой <a href="/c/neorganicheskoe-steklo-c867b1" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">неорганические стёкла</a> (<a href="/c/shchelochnye-metally-e9153c" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">щелочные</a>, <a href="/c/shchiolochnozemel-nye-metally-77fe39" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">щёлочноземельные</a>, алюмоборосиликатные, <a href="/c/strontsii-4cfda5" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">стронциевые</a> и др.). В качестве основных компонентов применяются <a href="/c/polevye-shpaty-67b6dd" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">полевой шпат</a>, <a href="/c/mineraly-kremnezioma-394fba" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">кремнезём</a>, <a href="/c/kvarts-dc1c3f" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">кварц</a>, <a href="/c/kaolin-63a5df" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">каолин</a>, <a href="/c/bura-mineral-9977ae" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">бура</a>, <a href="/c/karbonat-kaliia-b5bcb4" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">поташ</a>, <a href="/c/karbonat-kal-tsiia-7c6a63" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">мел</a>, <a href="/c/mramor-e8cdcf" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">мрамор</a>, <a href="/c/dolomit-mineral-48d22b" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">доломит</a> и др. Смесь измельчённых исходных материалов (обычно в виде <a href="/c/suspenzii-6dbfd0" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">суспензии</a>) наносят на изделия и закрепляют <a href="/c/obzhig-172a80" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">обжигом</a>. По температуре <a href="/c/spekanie-8f7e2e" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">спекания</a> глазури подразделяют на тугоплавкие (1100–1450 °C) и легкоплавкие (900–1100 °C). Тугоплавкие глазури, которые, как правило, наносят на изделия в сыром виде, т. е. без предварительного <a href="/c/plavlenie-595995" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">сплавления</a> (фриттования), обогащены кремнезёмом и <a href="/c/oksid-aliuminiia-b5944f" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">глинозёмом</a>. Легкоплавкие глазури, которые обычно фриттуют, содержат <a href="/c/oksidy-098457" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">оксиды</a> щелочных, щёлочноземельных металлов и <a href="/c/bor-khimicheskii-element-46834b" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">бора</a>. В их состав также входят соединения <a href="/c/barii-03fa72" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">бария</a> и <a href="/c/svinets-765310" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">свинца</a> (а иногда и <a href="/c/strontsii-4cfda5" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">стронция</a>, <a href="/c/olovo-0d3ab7" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">олова</a>, <a href="/c/tsink-6c4bab" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">цинка</a>, <a href="/c/tsirkonii-3c5579" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">циркония</a>, <a href="/c/titan-khimicheskii-element-007801" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">титана</a> и др.). Некоторые исходные компоненты легкоплавких глазурей растворяются в воде, могут быть <a href="/c/toksichnost-d9c905" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">токсичны</a>, поэтому <a href="/c/shikhta-fdfcf6" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">шихту</a> глазури предварительно фриттуют при температуре 500–700 °C. Получаемый стекловидный <a href="/c/legkoplavkie-splavy-c3942d" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">сплав</a> (фритта), трудно растворяющийся в воде, является основной составляющей легкоплавких глазурей. Разработку составов глазури, в зависимости от исходных сырьевых материалов, производят с применением <a href="/c/vychislitel-naia-tekhnika-0d4e24" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">вычислительной техники</a> по специально разработанным <a href="/c/komp-iuternaia-programma-c84ead" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">программам</a>.</p><p>Суспензию для нанесения глазури (глазурования) готовят в <a href="/c/barabanno-sharovaia-mel-nitsa-17b8ab" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">шаровых мельницах</a> с добавками воды, <a href="/c/gliny-0092e6" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">глины</a>; окрашивают, смешивая с <a href="/c/pigmenty-53bb4d" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">пигментами</a> (непрозрачные покрытия) или сплавляя с красящими оксидами (прозрачные покрытия). Суспензию наносят на изделия распылением из <a href="/c/pul-verizator-d86ed4" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">пульверизатора</a>, обливом или <a href="/c/kist-76826f" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">кистью</a>. Для получения глазурования покрытий используется также сухая смесь (размолотые фритта, пигменты), которая наносится <a href="/c/elektrostatika-d0f99c" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">электростатическим</a> методом, напудриванием.</p><p>По <a href="/c/strukturnye-fazovye-perekhody-02cffc" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">структурно-фазовому состоянию</a> глазури подразделяются на прозрачные, глушёные (непрозрачные), слабозаглушённые и ситаллизированные. Глушение осуществляют добавлением в состав глазури соединений олова, циркония, титана и др. Тонкую кристаллическую структуру глазури получают <a href="/c/sitally-002a0f" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">ситаллизацией</a>, для чего в исходный состав вводят оксиды <a href="/c/tserii-b86e3a" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">церия</a>, титана, цинка, <a href="/c/litii-07d0ed" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">лития</a> и др. (например, глазури для <a href="/c/maiolika-b48375" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">майолики</a> и <a href="/c/faians-4c3c5b" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">фаянса</a>). Высококачественную блестящую поверхность с интенсивной белизной получают в процессе управляемой <a href="/c/kristallizatsiia-5e8e66" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">кристаллизации</a> при заданной температуре (800–1000 °C) для предотвращения фазового расслаивания, <a href="/c/likvatsiia-v-metallurgii-3cb1d6" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">ликвации</a>.</p><p><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude" data-width="33%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Ваза. Делфтский фаянс. Ок. 1690. По эскизу Даниэля Маро Старшего"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Ваза. Делфтский фаянс. Ок. 1690. По эскизу Даниэля Маро Старшего. Рейксмюсеум, Амстердам."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam"><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=80AT18ltf8tTVHnbyvmyZQ&filename=vault/de63bab7ce75a44b0fba884a48190980.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Ваза. Делфтский фаянс. Ок. 1690. По эскизу Даниэля Маро Старшего" data-nuxt-img srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=80AT18ltf8tTVHnbyvmyZQ&filename=vault/de63bab7ce75a44b0fba884a48190980.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=LbnvlUAgaOLS00iQB96LcA&filename=vault/de63bab7ce75a44b0fba884a48190980.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ALd5UNBu3ko27B1sdVIEiw&filename=vault/de63bab7ce75a44b0fba884a48190980.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=AXMWKKYc1yju2WTomOy_nA&filename=vault/de63bab7ce75a44b0fba884a48190980.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QREUgqCpFJpl-lHpMC4HCQ&filename=vault/de63bab7ce75a44b0fba884a48190980.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=1ZJ46Gl2HAtBKql0xW6XXQ&filename=vault/de63bab7ce75a44b0fba884a48190980.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Mlg7O21KhFJQRWoodCquTQ&filename=vault/de63bab7ce75a44b0fba884a48190980.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=-BI-7HF492PTvkAFdrDzHw&filename=vault/de63bab7ce75a44b0fba884a48190980.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=kI7GTIffO81xtEFHeadgjA&filename=vault/de63bab7ce75a44b0fba884a48190980.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Ваза. Делфтский фаянс. Ок. 1690. По эскизу Даниэля Маро Старшего" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span></span><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Ваза. Делфтский фаянс. Ок. 1690. По эскизу Даниэля Маро Старшего. Рейксмюсеум, Амстердам.</span><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Ваза. Делфтский фаянс. Ок. 1690. По эскизу Даниэля Маро Старшего. Рейксмюсеум, Амстердам.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Различают глазури для <a href="/c/farfor-08351b" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">фарфора</a>, фаянса, майолики и др. Декоративность покрытиям из глазури придают с помощью «кракле» (сетка трещин), «змеиной кожи» (сборка глазури), «кружев» (вспучивание глазури) и др. Возможна <a href="/c/rospis-6c18bf" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">роспись</a> одной глазури по другой, подглазурная и надглазурная роспись <a href="/c/kraski-0d8973" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">красками</a> и др.</p><span class="author _note-exclude"><span itemscope itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">С. С. Солнцев. </span></span>Первая публикация: Большая российская энциклопедия, 2007.</span></section><section><h2 id="h2_istoricheskaya_spravka">Историческая справка</h2><p>Древнейшие глазури обнаружены на изделиях из <a href="/c/tal-k-06f1fb" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">стеатита</a> (глазурованные бусы, 5-е тыс. до н. э., Египет) и толчёного <a href="/c/kvarts-dc1c3f" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">кварца</a> (т. н. египетский <a href="/c/faians-4c3c5b" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">фаянс</a>, ювелирные украшения, амулеты, статуэтки, флаконы, 4-е тыс. до н. э., Египет, Месопотамия). В архитектурном декоре (на <a href="/c/keramicheskaia-plitka-c02461" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">силикатных плитках</a> или <a href="/c/kirpich-957669" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">кирпичах</a>) глазурь широко применялась со 2-й половины 2-го тыс. до н. э. в <a href="/c/arkhitektura-3b5d3c" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">зодчестве</a> <a href="/c/assiriia-0cf55a" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">Ассирии</a>, <a href="/c/vavilon-gorod-4d5784" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">Вавилона</a> и <a href="/c/gosudarstvo-akhemenidov-418398" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">ахеменидского</a> Ирана. Традиция глазурования <a href="/c/keramika-396c9e" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">керамики</a> предположительно восходит к Китаю, где уже в эпоху <a href="/c/khan-415817" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">Хань</a> (206 до н. э. – 220 н. э.) были известны <a href="/c/shchelochnye-metally-e9153c" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">щелочные</a>, <a href="/c/svinets-765310" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">свинцовые</a> и <a href="/c/polevye-shpaty-67b6dd" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">полевошпатовые</a> глазури, которые использовались для изготовления погребальных глиняных сосудов, статуэток, <a href="/c/model-42a048" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">моделей</a> домов. Китайский свинцовые глазури периода <a href="/c/tan-istoricheskoe-gosudarstvo-cb3b09" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">Тан</a> (618–907), отличающиеся высокой чистотой, яркостью и блеском жёлтых, коричневых и зелёных тонов, которые нередко прихотливо сочетаются в одном изделии, послужили примером для многочисленных подражаний в <a href="/c/goncharstvo-a386d8" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">гончарстве</a> Ирана и Средней Азии.</p><p>С освоения технологии свинцовых глазурей началось (с конца 8 в.) развитие искусства глазурования керамики Ближнего и Среднего Востока. В 11–12 вв. постепенно возрождается древняя традиция применения глазури в архитектурной керамике, которая с 14 в. стала основной формой декора в зодчестве мусульманских стран (глазурованные кирпичи, плитки, <a href="/c/izraztsy-f531e4" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">изразцы</a>, поливная резная <a href="/c/terrakota-8edf87" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">терракота</a>, наборная <a href="/c/mozaika-cfb925" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">мозаика</a> из многоцветных керамических деталей). </p><p>Для гончарного искусства Византии, развивающего местные позднеантичные традиции и испытывающего восточные (особенно иранские) влияния, характерно разнообразие свинцовых глазурей (зелёных, кремово-охристых, бесцветных) на белом <a href="/c/angob-4387fe" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">ангобе</a> с мелким гравированным или крупным, вынутым шпателем рисунком.</p><p>В Древней Руси производство глазури (ранние образцы датируются 10–11 вв.) начало развиваться на основе приёмов, привнесённых византийскими мастерами. Первоначально оно было связано с изготовлением облицовочных плиток, позднее – также глиняных сосудов, игрушек. В 16–17 вв. свинцовые глазури широко применялись в изготовлении полихромных и зелёных («муравлёных») изразцов. Находки глазурованных глиняных изделий 9–10 вв. на территории Болгарии, 12–13 вв. – в Чехии, Польше, Франции и Бельгии свидетельствуют о существовании локальных производств глазури в средневековой Европе. Проникновение техники свинцово-<a href="/c/olovo-0d3ab7" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">оловянного</a> глазурования с Ближнего Востока в мастерские мусульманской Испании (13–14 вв.), а затем Италии привело к развитию испано-мавританской керамики (с росписью <a href="/c/liustr-2512ed" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">люстром</a> и синим <a href="/c/kobal-t-1cc3c5" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">кобальтом</a>) и итальянской <a href="/c/maiolika-b48375" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">майолики</a>. Высокие эстетические возможности белой оловянной глазури выявил и широко применял в монументальной керамической пластике в 15 в. Лука делла <a href="/c/robbia-973e1e" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">Роббиа</a>. В 17–18 вв. голландские гончары использовали белую оловянную глазурь для создания изделий, имитирующих китайский фарфор с синей кобальтовой росписью (т. н. <a href="/c/delftskii-faians-640185" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false">делфтский фаянс</a>).</p><span class="author _note-exclude"><span itemscope itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Э. В. Сайко. </span></span>Первая публикация: Большая российская энциклопедия, 2007.</span></section></section></div><span class="bre-inline-menu _article-meta" style=""><meta itemprop="description" content="Глазу́рь, тонкое, толщиной 0,1–0,45 мм, стекловидное покрытие на керамических изделиях. Придаёт им декоративность, соответствующую художественным..."><span><span class="bre-inline-menu__item _article-meta max-md:tw-block">Опубликовано <span itemprop="datePublished">22 января 2023 г. в 18:10 (GMT+3). </span></span><span class="bre-inline-menu__item _article-meta max-md:tw-block"> Последнее обновление <span itemprop="dateModified">16 апреля 2023 г. в 15:39 (GMT+3).</span></span></span><span class="-flex-divider"></span><span class="bre-inline-menu__item tw-items-start"><button type="button" class="b-button tw-gap-2 b-button--link -text-button-text tw-rounded-lg tw-cursor-pointer" data-v-cfbedafc><span class="c-button__content" data-v-cfbedafc>Связаться с редакцией</span></button></span></span></div></div><div class="bre-tags-wrap"><span data-v-063d9480><a href="/l/iskusstvennye-tviordye-veshchestva-95e07d" class="bre-article-tag bre-article-tag__link _default _no-border" data-v-063d9480>#Искусственные твёрдые вещества</a></span></div></div><aside class="bre-article-page__sidebar -show-on-desktop-s" style=""><nav class="bre-article-loc lg:tw-sticky"><div class="bre-article-loc-button"><span class="bre-article-loc-title">Содержание</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><div class="bre-article-loc-short">Виды и способы приготовления</div></div></nav><div class="bre-article-page__sidebar-wrapper"><div class="article-sidebar"><div class="article-sidebar-button -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s"><span class="article-sidebar-title">Информация</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><div class="article-sidebar-text -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s"></div></div><div class="article-sidebar-wrapper -hide-on-tablet"><span class="bre-media-image article-sidebar-image _note-exclude _clean" data-width="100%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude _clean" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Купол мечети Биби-Ханым, Самарканд"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Купол мечети Биби-Ханым, Самарканд."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Izzet Keribar / Getty Images"><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=jNPX7e-GNV-0jqQtYJhycw&filename=vault/218e10b71028910ce7c9e7f9b3ccfd4e.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Купол мечети Биби-Ханым, Самарканд" data-nuxt-img sizes="320px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=jNPX7e-GNV-0jqQtYJhycw&filename=vault/218e10b71028910ce7c9e7f9b3ccfd4e.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=HHSwDJquBTl9B8OEdJmAvg&filename=vault/218e10b71028910ce7c9e7f9b3ccfd4e.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=nbOrNd36ijWubjNLMwySTQ&filename=vault/218e10b71028910ce7c9e7f9b3ccfd4e.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=1WXWC3k1sAgbFDOCDouHkQ&filename=vault/218e10b71028910ce7c9e7f9b3ccfd4e.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=qVFbsQ2fhi7jEUryw6S1iQ&filename=vault/218e10b71028910ce7c9e7f9b3ccfd4e.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=tjQbZVsMZJAM6YCZEol1bg&filename=vault/218e10b71028910ce7c9e7f9b3ccfd4e.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=vM0qYDjvqiY1klaC27M6dA&filename=vault/218e10b71028910ce7c9e7f9b3ccfd4e.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=1AF03WC-BZZlGvR9o44_dw&filename=vault/218e10b71028910ce7c9e7f9b3ccfd4e.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=sTxxnnts2M5WMmbA9ukCbA&filename=vault/218e10b71028910ce7c9e7f9b3ccfd4e.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Купол мечети Биби-Ханым, Самарканд" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span></span></span></span><div class="article-sidebar-meta"><dl class="tw-mt-0"><dt>Области знаний:</dt><dd>Производство керамики</dd></dl></div></div></div></div></aside></div></article></div></div><div></div></main><footer class="bre-footer" itemscope itemprop="hasPart" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter"><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="&copy;&nbsp;АНО БРЭ, 2022&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;2024. 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