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Пигменты. Большая российская энциклопедия
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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18.2363 4.12686C18.2363 3.43651 18.796 2.87686 19.4863 2.87686C20.1767 2.87686 20.7363 3.43651 20.7363 4.12686C20.7363 4.81722 20.1767 5.37686 19.4863 5.37686C18.796 5.37686 18.2363 4.81722 18.2363 4.12686ZM19.4863 1.37686C17.9675 1.37686 16.7363 2.60808 16.7363 4.12686C16.7363 4.43206 16.786 4.72564 16.8778 4.99996H7C4.79086 4.99996 3 6.79082 3 8.99996V19C3 21.2091 4.79086 23 7 23H17C19.2091 23 21 21.2091 21 19V8.99996C21 8.16642 20.745 7.39244 20.3089 6.75173C21.4258 6.40207 22.2363 5.35911 22.2363 4.12686C22.2363 2.60808 21.0051 1.37686 19.4863 1.37686ZM7 6.49996H16.6319L14.6964 8.43547C14.4035 8.72837 14.4035 9.20324 14.6964 9.49613C14.9893 9.78903 15.4641 9.78903 15.757 9.49613L18.3547 6.89846C19.0438 7.34362 19.5 8.11852 19.5 8.99996V19C19.5 20.3807 18.3807 21.5 17 21.5H7C5.61929 21.5 4.5 20.3807 4.5 19V8.99996C4.5 7.61924 5.61929 6.49996 7 6.49996ZM9.25 12C9.25 11.5857 9.58579 11.25 10 11.25H12H14C14.4142 11.25 14.75 11.5857 14.75 12C14.75 12.4142 14.4142 12.75 14 12.75H12H10C9.58579 12.75 9.25 12.4142 9.25 12ZM9.25 17C9.25 16.5857 9.58579 16.25 10 16.25H12H14C14.4142 16.25 14.75 16.5857 14.75 17C14.75 17.4142 14.4142 17.75 14 17.75H12H10C9.58579 17.75 9.25 17.4142 9.25 17Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Аннотация</span></a><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Аннотация</span></span></span><a href="/c/pigmenty-53bb4d/annotation" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18.2363 4.12686C18.2363 3.43651 18.796 2.87686 19.4863 2.87686C20.1767 2.87686 20.7363 3.43651 20.7363 4.12686C20.7363 4.81722 20.1767 5.37686 19.4863 5.37686C18.796 5.37686 18.2363 4.81722 18.2363 4.12686ZM19.4863 1.37686C17.9675 1.37686 16.7363 2.60808 16.7363 4.12686C16.7363 4.43206 16.786 4.72564 16.8778 4.99996H7C4.79086 4.99996 3 6.79082 3 8.99996V19C3 21.2091 4.79086 23 7 23H17C19.2091 23 21 21.2091 21 19V8.99996C21 8.16642 20.745 7.39244 20.3089 6.75173C21.4258 6.40207 22.2363 5.35911 22.2363 4.12686C22.2363 2.60808 21.0051 1.37686 19.4863 1.37686ZM7 6.49996H16.6319L14.6964 8.43547C14.4035 8.72837 14.4035 9.20324 14.6964 9.49613C14.9893 9.78903 15.4641 9.78903 15.757 9.49613L18.3547 6.89846C19.0438 7.34362 19.5 8.11852 19.5 8.99996V19C19.5 20.3807 18.3807 21.5 17 21.5H7C5.61929 21.5 4.5 20.3807 4.5 19V8.99996C4.5 7.61924 5.61929 6.49996 7 6.49996ZM9.25 12C9.25 11.5857 9.58579 11.25 10 11.25H12H14C14.4142 11.25 14.75 11.5857 14.75 12C14.75 12.4142 14.4142 12.75 14 12.75H12H10C9.58579 12.75 9.25 12.4142 9.25 12ZM9.25 17C9.25 16.5857 9.58579 16.25 10 16.25H12H14C14.4142 16.25 14.75 16.5857 14.75 17C14.75 17.4142 14.4142 17.75 14 17.75H12H10C9.58579 17.75 9.25 17.4142 9.25 17Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Аннотация</span></a></div><div class="tw-grow tw-basis-0 max-md:tw-max-w-[80px]"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-mx-auto tw-hidden lg:tw-flex"><!--[--><!--[--><a href="/c/pigmenty-53bb4d/media" class="bre-article-menu__list-item"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17 4H7C5.61929 4 4.5 5.11929 4.5 6.5V17.5C4.5 18.1033 4.71367 18.6566 5.06946 19.0885L15.6829 8.95748C15.8374 8.81003 16.0474 8.73542 16.2603 8.75237C16.4732 8.76931 16.6687 8.87621 16.7979 9.04625L19.5 12.6023V6.5C19.5 5.11929 18.3807 4 17 4ZM19.5 15.0592C19.465 15.0278 19.4324 14.9926 19.4028 14.9538L16.1114 10.6221L6.37067 19.9201C6.57173 19.9723 6.78263 20 7 20H17C18.3807 20 19.5 18.8807 19.5 17.5V15.0592ZM7 2.5C4.79086 2.5 3 4.29086 3 6.5V17.5C3 19.7091 4.79086 21.5 7 21.5H17C19.2091 21.5 21 19.7091 21 17.5V6.5C21 4.29086 19.2091 2.5 17 2.5H7ZM9.20078 7.25C8.51042 7.25 7.95078 7.80964 7.95078 8.5C7.95078 9.19036 8.51042 9.75 9.20078 9.75C9.89113 9.75 10.4508 9.19036 10.4508 8.5C10.4508 7.80964 9.89113 7.25 9.20078 7.25ZM6.45078 8.5C6.45078 6.98122 7.68199 5.75 9.20078 5.75C10.7196 5.75 11.9508 6.98122 11.9508 8.5C11.9508 10.0188 10.7196 11.25 9.20078 11.25C7.68199 11.25 6.45078 10.0188 6.45078 8.5Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Медиа</span></a><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Медиа</span></span></span><a href="/c/pigmenty-53bb4d/media" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17 4H7C5.61929 4 4.5 5.11929 4.5 6.5V17.5C4.5 18.1033 4.71367 18.6566 5.06946 19.0885L15.6829 8.95748C15.8374 8.81003 16.0474 8.73542 16.2603 8.75237C16.4732 8.76931 16.6687 8.87621 16.7979 9.04625L19.5 12.6023V6.5C19.5 5.11929 18.3807 4 17 4ZM19.5 15.0592C19.465 15.0278 19.4324 14.9926 19.4028 14.9538L16.1114 10.6221L6.37067 19.9201C6.57173 19.9723 6.78263 20 7 20H17C18.3807 20 19.5 18.8807 19.5 17.5V15.0592ZM7 2.5C4.79086 2.5 3 4.29086 3 6.5V17.5C3 19.7091 4.79086 21.5 7 21.5H17C19.2091 21.5 21 19.7091 21 17.5V6.5C21 4.29086 19.2091 2.5 17 2.5H7ZM9.20078 7.25C8.51042 7.25 7.95078 7.80964 7.95078 8.5C7.95078 9.19036 8.51042 9.75 9.20078 9.75C9.89113 9.75 10.4508 9.19036 10.4508 8.5C10.4508 7.80964 9.89113 7.25 9.20078 7.25ZM6.45078 8.5C6.45078 6.98122 7.68199 5.75 9.20078 5.75C10.7196 5.75 11.9508 6.98122 11.9508 8.5C11.9508 10.0188 10.7196 11.25 9.20078 11.25C7.68199 11.25 6.45078 10.0188 6.45078 8.5Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Медиа</span></a></div><div class="tw-grow tw-basis-0 max-md:tw-max-w-[80px]"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-mx-auto tw-hidden lg:tw-flex"><!--[--><!--[--><a href="/c/pigmenty-53bb4d/references" class="bre-article-menu__list-item"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5 3.25C3.48122 3.25 2.25 4.48122 2.25 6V16.1667C2.25 17.6854 3.48122 18.9167 5 18.9167H9.3C9.80519 18.9167 10.2974 19.1269 10.6662 19.5139C11.0362 19.9022 11.25 20.4361 11.25 21C11.25 21.4142 11.5858 21.75 12 21.75C12.4142 21.75 12.75 21.4142 12.75 21C12.75 20.4227 12.9564 19.8833 13.3026 19.4973C13.6464 19.114 14.0941 18.9167 14.5412 18.9167H19C20.5188 18.9167 21.75 17.6855 21.75 16.1667V6C21.75 4.48122 20.5188 3.25 19 3.25H15.3882C14.2627 3.25 13.2022 3.74922 12.4341 4.60572C12.266 4.79308 12.1147 4.99431 11.9809 5.20674C11.8358 4.98777 11.6713 4.78092 11.4885 4.58908C10.6758 3.73626 9.56568 3.25 8.4 3.25H5ZM12.75 17.993C13.2735 17.6237 13.8929 17.4167 14.5412 17.4167H19C19.6904 17.4167 20.25 16.857 20.25 16.1667V6C20.25 5.30964 19.6904 4.75 19 4.75H15.3882C14.7165 4.75 14.0534 5.04681 13.5507 5.60725C13.0457 6.17037 12.75 6.95001 12.75 7.77778V17.993ZM11.25 18.0438V7.77778C11.25 6.96341 10.9414 6.18924 10.4026 5.62389C9.86506 5.05976 9.14388 4.75 8.4 4.75H5C4.30964 4.75 3.75 5.30964 3.75 6V16.1667C3.75 16.857 4.30964 17.4167 5 17.4167H9.3C10.0044 17.4167 10.6825 17.64 11.25 18.0438Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Библиография</span></a><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Библиография</span></span></span><a href="/c/pigmenty-53bb4d/references" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5 3.25C3.48122 3.25 2.25 4.48122 2.25 6V16.1667C2.25 17.6854 3.48122 18.9167 5 18.9167H9.3C9.80519 18.9167 10.2974 19.1269 10.6662 19.5139C11.0362 19.9022 11.25 20.4361 11.25 21C11.25 21.4142 11.5858 21.75 12 21.75C12.4142 21.75 12.75 21.4142 12.75 21C12.75 20.4227 12.9564 19.8833 13.3026 19.4973C13.6464 19.114 14.0941 18.9167 14.5412 18.9167H19C20.5188 18.9167 21.75 17.6855 21.75 16.1667V6C21.75 4.48122 20.5188 3.25 19 3.25H15.3882C14.2627 3.25 13.2022 3.74922 12.4341 4.60572C12.266 4.79308 12.1147 4.99431 11.9809 5.20674C11.8358 4.98777 11.6713 4.78092 11.4885 4.58908C10.6758 3.73626 9.56568 3.25 8.4 3.25H5ZM12.75 17.993C13.2735 17.6237 13.8929 17.4167 14.5412 17.4167H19C19.6904 17.4167 20.25 16.857 20.25 16.1667V6C20.25 5.30964 19.6904 4.75 19 4.75H15.3882C14.7165 4.75 14.0534 5.04681 13.5507 5.60725C13.0457 6.17037 12.75 6.95001 12.75 7.77778V17.993ZM11.25 18.0438V7.77778C11.25 6.96341 10.9414 6.18924 10.4026 5.62389C9.86506 5.05976 9.14388 4.75 8.4 4.75H5C4.30964 4.75 3.75 5.30964 3.75 6V16.1667C3.75 16.857 4.30964 17.4167 5 17.4167H9.3C10.0044 17.4167 10.6825 17.64 11.25 18.0438Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Библиография</span></a></div><div class="tw-grow tw-basis-0 max-md:tw-max-w-[80px]"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-mx-auto tw-hidden lg:tw-flex"><!--[--><!--[--><a href="/c/pigmenty-53bb4d/versions" class="bre-article-menu__list-item"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M10.9565 3.85864H7.51619C7.8045 3.2057 8.4577 2.75 9.21734 2.75H13.5652H14.7687C15.4365 2.75 16.0697 3.0466 16.4972 3.55959L19.2502 6.86313C19.5871 7.26748 19.7717 7.77718 19.7717 8.30354V10.6957V16.7826C19.7717 17.5422 19.316 18.1954 18.663 18.4838V13.3043V10.9122C18.663 10.0349 18.3555 9.18542 17.7939 8.51149L15.0409 5.20795C14.3284 4.35298 13.273 3.85864 12.1601 3.85864H10.9565ZM14.913 22.7499C16.6051 22.7499 18.0354 21.6293 18.5022 20.0898C20.0762 19.8113 21.2717 18.4365 21.2717 16.7826V10.6957V8.30354C21.2717 7.42628 20.9641 6.57678 20.4025 5.90285L17.6496 2.59931C16.9371 1.74434 15.8817 1.25 14.7687 1.25H13.5652H9.21734C7.56341 1.25 6.18869 2.44548 5.91016 4.01947C4.37062 4.48633 3.25 5.91662 3.25 7.60864V18.9999C3.25 21.071 4.92893 22.7499 7 22.7499H14.913ZM7 5.35864C5.75736 5.35864 4.75 6.366 4.75 7.60864V18.9999C4.75 20.2426 5.75736 21.2499 7 21.2499H14.913C16.1557 21.2499 17.163 20.2426 17.163 18.9999V13.3043V10.9122C17.163 10.7991 17.1545 10.6867 17.1378 10.5761H15.3043C13.9296 10.5761 12.8152 9.46164 12.8152 8.08694V5.45611C12.6051 5.39215 12.3845 5.35864 12.1601 5.35864H10.9565H7ZM14.3152 6.68014V8.08694C14.3152 8.63322 14.758 9.07607 15.3043 9.07607H16.3118L14.3152 6.68014ZM6.72827 13.3043C6.72827 12.8901 7.06406 12.5543 7.47827 12.5543H14.4348C14.849 12.5543 15.1848 12.8901 15.1848 13.3043C15.1848 13.7185 14.849 14.0543 14.4348 14.0543H7.47827C7.06406 14.0543 6.72827 13.7185 6.72827 13.3043ZM7.47827 16.9022C7.06406 16.9022 6.72827 17.238 6.72827 17.6522C6.72827 18.0664 7.06406 18.4022 7.47827 18.4022H10.9565C11.3707 18.4022 11.7065 18.0664 11.7065 17.6522C11.7065 17.238 11.3707 16.9022 10.9565 16.9022H7.47827Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Версии</span></a><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Версии</span></span></span><a href="/c/pigmenty-53bb4d/versions" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M10.9565 3.85864H7.51619C7.8045 3.2057 8.4577 2.75 9.21734 2.75H13.5652H14.7687C15.4365 2.75 16.0697 3.0466 16.4972 3.55959L19.2502 6.86313C19.5871 7.26748 19.7717 7.77718 19.7717 8.30354V10.6957V16.7826C19.7717 17.5422 19.316 18.1954 18.663 18.4838V13.3043V10.9122C18.663 10.0349 18.3555 9.18542 17.7939 8.51149L15.0409 5.20795C14.3284 4.35298 13.273 3.85864 12.1601 3.85864H10.9565ZM14.913 22.7499C16.6051 22.7499 18.0354 21.6293 18.5022 20.0898C20.0762 19.8113 21.2717 18.4365 21.2717 16.7826V10.6957V8.30354C21.2717 7.42628 20.9641 6.57678 20.4025 5.90285L17.6496 2.59931C16.9371 1.74434 15.8817 1.25 14.7687 1.25H13.5652H9.21734C7.56341 1.25 6.18869 2.44548 5.91016 4.01947C4.37062 4.48633 3.25 5.91662 3.25 7.60864V18.9999C3.25 21.071 4.92893 22.7499 7 22.7499H14.913ZM7 5.35864C5.75736 5.35864 4.75 6.366 4.75 7.60864V18.9999C4.75 20.2426 5.75736 21.2499 7 21.2499H14.913C16.1557 21.2499 17.163 20.2426 17.163 18.9999V13.3043V10.9122C17.163 10.7991 17.1545 10.6867 17.1378 10.5761H15.3043C13.9296 10.5761 12.8152 9.46164 12.8152 8.08694V5.45611C12.6051 5.39215 12.3845 5.35864 12.1601 5.35864H10.9565H7ZM14.3152 6.68014V8.08694C14.3152 8.63322 14.758 9.07607 15.3043 9.07607H16.3118L14.3152 6.68014ZM6.72827 13.3043C6.72827 12.8901 7.06406 12.5543 7.47827 12.5543H14.4348C14.849 12.5543 15.1848 12.8901 15.1848 13.3043C15.1848 13.7185 14.849 14.0543 14.4348 14.0543H7.47827C7.06406 14.0543 6.72827 13.7185 6.72827 13.3043ZM7.47827 16.9022C7.06406 16.9022 6.72827 17.238 6.72827 17.6522C6.72827 18.0664 7.06406 18.4022 7.47827 18.4022H10.9565C11.3707 18.4022 11.7065 18.0664 11.7065 17.6522C11.7065 17.238 11.3707 16.9022 10.9565 16.9022H7.47827Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Версии</span></a></div><!--]--></div></div></nav><!--[--><div><meta itemprop="image primaryImageOfPage" content="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5Y4zr3CvHsLoZlplHCiNvQ&filename=vault/baa91707ca58990e3b10d036fa584e89.webp&width=120"><article itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Article"><div itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"><meta itemprop="name" content="Автономная некоммерческая организация «Национальный научно-образовательный центр «Большая российская энциклопедия»"><meta itemprop="address" content="Покровский бульвар, д. 8, стр. 1А, Москва, 109028"><meta itemprop="telephone" content="+7 (495) 781-15-95"><meta itemprop="logo" content="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/logo.98u7ubS9.svg"></div><div itemprop="copyrightHolder" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"><meta itemprop="name" content="Автономная некоммерческая организация «Национальный научно-образовательный центр «Большая российская энциклопедия»"><meta itemprop="address" content="Покровский бульвар, д. 8, стр. 1А, Москва, 109028"><meta itemprop="telephone" content="+7 (495) 781-15-95"><meta itemprop="logo" content="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/logo.98u7ubS9.svg"></div><meta itemprop="articleSection" content="Химические соединения"><meta itemprop="headline" content="Пигменты"><meta itemprop="keywords" content="Окрашивающие вещества"><!----><div class="bre-article-page max-md:tw-mt-10 md:max-lg:tw-mt-[81px] max-md:tw-mt-[105px]"><!----><nav class="bre-article-loc -hide-on-desktop-s"><div class="bre-article-loc-button"><span class="bre-article-loc-title">Содержание</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><div class="bre-article-loc-short">Применение пигментов</div></div><!----></nav><div class="article-sidebar -hide-on-desktop-s"><div class="article-sidebar-button -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s"><span class="article-sidebar-title">Информация</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><!--[--><div class="article-sidebar-text -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s">Пигменты</div><!--]--></div><div class="article-sidebar-wrapper -hide-on-tablet"><header class="bre-article-header -hide-on-tablet"><div class="bre-label__wrap"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-leading-[0px]"><!--[--><!--[--><a href="/t/chemical_compounds" class="bre-label _link">Химические соединения</a><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Химические соединения</span></span></span><!----></div><!--[--><!----><h1 class="bre-article-header-title">Пигменты</h1><!--]--><!----></header><section class="-hide-on-tablet tw-h-14 md:tw-h-20"><!----></section><!----><span class="bre-media-image article-sidebar-image _note-exclude _clean" data-width="100%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude _clean" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Пигменты"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Пигменты."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="traveler1116 / E+ / Getty Images"><!----><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5Y4zr3CvHsLoZlplHCiNvQ&filename=vault/baa91707ca58990e3b10d036fa584e89.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Пигменты" data-nuxt-img sizes="320px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5Y4zr3CvHsLoZlplHCiNvQ&filename=vault/baa91707ca58990e3b10d036fa584e89.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=LI_R56r9JrouWUsFCtzraA&filename=vault/baa91707ca58990e3b10d036fa584e89.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=pz-S13-oPJUqO3nT58YL7w&filename=vault/baa91707ca58990e3b10d036fa584e89.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=F94hJ4u6jl4l68_oxqgvtA&filename=vault/baa91707ca58990e3b10d036fa584e89.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Hd0L0NRd_k19tECE-wdL5w&filename=vault/baa91707ca58990e3b10d036fa584e89.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5j2vGQplGkJAVjoq2MrOLg&filename=vault/baa91707ca58990e3b10d036fa584e89.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=FzsonCvnrAis1U2T2eFChA&filename=vault/baa91707ca58990e3b10d036fa584e89.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ElSGgggIbce_Gjs2v44yEA&filename=vault/baa91707ca58990e3b10d036fa584e89.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bijobrrnAkmduhhmP6ox9w&filename=vault/baa91707ca58990e3b10d036fa584e89.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Пигменты" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><!----></span><!----><!----></span><div class="article-sidebar-meta"><dl class="tw-mt-0"><!--[--><!--[--><dt>Области знаний:</dt><dd>Красители и пигменты</dd><!--]--><!--]--><!----></dl></div></div></div><div class="bre-article-page__container"><div class="bre-article-page__content bre-article-content"><header class="bre-article-header -show-on-tablet"><div class="bre-label__wrap"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-leading-[0px]"><!--[--><!--[--><a href="/t/chemical_compounds" class="bre-label _link">Химические соединения</a><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Химические соединения</span></span></span><!----></div><!--[--><!----><h1 class="bre-article-header-title">Пигменты</h1><!--]--><!----></header><section class="tw-flex"><div class="-show-on-tablet tw-h-14 md:tw-h-20"><div><div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter"><meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/ViewAction"><meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content=""></div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter"><meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/ShareAction"><meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content=""></div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter"><meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction"><meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content=""></div></div><span></span></div></div><span></span></section><div class="js-preview-link-root"><div itemprop="articleBody" class="bre-article-body"><!--[--><section><section><p><b>Пигме́нты </b>(от лат. pigmentum – краска), <a href="/c/dispersnye-sistemy-9c0801" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->высокодисперсные<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> <a href="/c/poroshki-0ba64f" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->порошкообразные<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> красящие вещества, практически нерастворимые (в отличие от красителей) в <a href="/c/voda-07375d" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->воде<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, органических растворителях, пленкообразователях и других окрашиваемых средах. Подразделяют на органические и неорганические, ахроматичные, к которым относятся чёрные, белые (только неорганические пигменты) и нейтрально-серые, и хроматические (пигменты всех других цветов).</p><h2 id="h2_primenenie_pigmentov">Применение пигментов</h2><p>Применяют пигменты в основном для изготовления <a href="/c/lakokrasochnye-materialy-a070f4" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->лакокрасочных материалов<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (например, <a href="/c/emali-a34211" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->эмалей<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/kraski-0d8973" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->красок<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, в том числе полиграфических и художественных), а также для <a href="/c/krashenie-2301c1" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->крашения<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> в массе <a href="/c/plasticheskie-massy-8a5284" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->пластмасс<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/rezina-a30ae3" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->резин<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, резинотехнических изделий, <a href="/c/khimicheskie-volokna-ed3160" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->синтетических волокон<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, плёнок, <a href="/c/bumaga-7facca" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->бумаги<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, искусственной кожи, <a href="/c/stroitel-nye-materialy-3aacd8" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->строительных материалов<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, силикатных <a href="/c/glazur-5c2efd" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->глазурей<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (только неорганические пигменты), косметических препаратов и др.</p><div title="Добавление порошкообразного пигмента в белую краску для создания нужного цвета."><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude"><!--[--><div class="bre-video-player" tabindex="0"><div itemscope itemprop="video" itemtype="https://schema.org/VideoObject"><meta itemprop="isFamilyFriendly" content="true"><meta itemprop="duration" content="PT35S"><div><meta itemprop="name" content="Добавление порошкообразного пигмента в белую краску для создания нужного цвета"><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Pond5 / legion-media.ru"><meta itemprop="description" content="Добавление порошкообразного пигмента в белую краску для создания нужного цвета."><!----></div><div><link itemprop="thumbnail" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=SFuhOYonpNOwfIGdBdUP1g&filename=vault/4782b4226693aa8473368995bb78ef02.webp&width=120"><link itemprop="thumbnailUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=SFuhOYonpNOwfIGdBdUP1g&filename=vault/4782b4226693aa8473368995bb78ef02.webp&width=120"><link itemprop="embedUrl" href="https://m.bigenc.ru/vault/52a23d256d80ea1ebcd2d0e133a7a93a.mp4#t=0"><meta itemprop="url" content="https://m.bigenc.ru/vault/52a23d256d80ea1ebcd2d0e133a7a93a.mp4#t=0"><meta itemprop="uploadDate" content="2023-05-24T18:46:51Z"><meta itemprop="bitrate" content="1986835"></div></div><div class="bre-video-player__placeholder tw-aspect-video tw-w-full"></div><button class="bre-video-player__play"></button><div class="bre-video-player__layer"><span class="bre-media-image _poster"><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=SFuhOYonpNOwfIGdBdUP1g&filename=vault/4782b4226693aa8473368995bb78ef02.webp&width=120" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=SFuhOYonpNOwfIGdBdUP1g&filename=vault/4782b4226693aa8473368995bb78ef02.webp&width=120 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нужного цвета" sizes="(max-width: 1023px) 100vw, 1024px" loading="lazy"></span></div></div><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Добавление порошкообразного пигмента в белую краску для создания нужного цвета.</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Добавление порошкообразного пигмента в белую краску для создания нужного цвета.</span></span></span></span><!----></span><div class="bre-media-reference tw-mt-2"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-ml-0.5 tw-line-clamp-1 tw-cursor-default -text-body-2 tw-text-gray-2">Pond5 / legion-media.ru</span><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><!--[--><span class="-text-caption-1 tw-inline-block tw-cursor-default tw-text-primary-white">Pond5 / legion-media.ru</span><!--]--></span></span></div></span></span></div><h2 id="h2_fiziko-himicheskie_svoistva_pigmentov">Физико-химические свойства пигментов</h2><p>Пигменты полидисперсны; гранулометрический (дисперсионный) состав их оказывает большое влияние на оптические и технико-экономические характеристики. Определяющее значение имеет размер первичных частиц – кристаллов пигментов, возникающих и растущих в ходе его синтеза, – и образующихся из них прочных агрегатов и агломератов. Для каждого пигмента существует свой оптически оптимальный размер частиц (лежит в пределах 0,2–1,0 мкм), при котором основные оптические свойства – <a href="/c/rasseianie-sveta-2067d7" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->рассеяние<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/pogloshchenie-sveta-d20617" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->поглощение<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> и <a href="/c/otrazhenie-sveta-c8b8e5" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->отражение<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> света (избирательное для хроматических пигментов) – максимальны; поэтому расход такого пигмента для окраски минимален. Практически размер агрегатов пигментов составляет 0,2–40 мкм. Усреднённым показателем дисперсности пигментов служит <a href="/c/udel-naia-poverkhnost-a4fe56" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->удельная поверхность<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (S<sub>уд</sub>), которая лежит в пределах 0,1–70 м<sup>2</sup>/г.</p><p>Свойства поверхности частиц пигментов (<a href="/c/energiia-gel-mgol-tsa-a0134e" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->свободная энергия<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, количество и сила активных центров кислотного и основного характера, <a href="/c/izoelektricheskaia-tochka-8230a8" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->изоэлектрическая точка<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, количество дефектов кристаллической решётки – <a href="/c/vakansiia-v-kristalle-e55659" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->вакансий<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/dislokatsii-v-kristallakh-17b9b3" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->дислокаций<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>) определяют размеры и прочность агрегатов, <a href="/c/adsorbtsiia-3a70e2" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->адсорбционное<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> взаимодействие с окрашиваемой средой (величину и свойства адсорбционно-сольватных межфазных слоёв). Поверхностные свойства пигментов регулируют технологией производства, дополнительной обработкой и модифицированием поверхности с помощью <a href="/c/poverkhnostno-aktivnye-veshchestva-3e1b92" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->поверхностно-активных веществ<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (ПАВ).</p><p>Введение пигментов в окрашиваемые материалы (пигментирование) сочетают с дезагрегацией, т. е. с разрушением больших рыхлых агломераторов и прочных агрегатов пигментов на более мелкие частицы, в пределе до первичных, и равномерным распределением их в объёме с образованием устойчивой микрогетерогенной системы. Этот процесс <a href="/c/dispergirovanie-73de8d" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->диспергирования<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> успешно осуществляется только в условиях:</p><ul><li><p>полного смачивания поверхности пигментов компонентами окрашиваемой среды;</p></li><li><p>наличия адсорбционного взаимодействия с окружающей средой, содержащей ПАВ-диспергаторы, в присутствии которых облегчаются и углубляются механические разрушения агрегатов под действием сдвиговых усилий в смешивающих и перетирающих машинах;</p></li><li><p>формирования межфазных адсорбционно-сольватных слоёв достаточной толщины для стабилизации дисперсий пигментов от повторного сближения частиц, <a href="/c/koaguliatsiia-0ebae9" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->коагуляции<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> и <a href="/c/flokuliatsiia-7a6d90" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->флокуляции<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>.</p></li></ul><p>Диспергирование проводят в растворах или расплавах <a href="/c/oligomery-3842dc" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->олигомеров<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> или <a href="/c/polimery-df0b9f" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->полимеров<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> при определённых реологических характеристиках окрашиваемых смесей, используя соответствующие машины, смесители и диспергаторы.</p><p>Для сохранения дисперсности пигментов от необратимой коагуляции и фазового срастания частиц при сушке используют водные пасты пигментов после их промывки и <a href="/c/fil-tratsiia-de32ed" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->фильтрации<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> для изготовления <a href="/c/vodorazbavliaemye-lakokrasochnye-materialy-be1871" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->водоразбавляемых красок<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, окраски бумажной массы, строительных и других материалов. Для пигментирования безводных материалов с помощью ПАВ отделяют воду и, смешивая и диспергируя, переводят пигмент в органическую среду (чаще всего в полимеры, а также в нелетучие растворители, <a href="/c/plastifikatory-21b44f" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->пластификаторы<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, олигомеры), получая т. н. фляшинг-пасты, применяемые для диспергирования в пигментируемых материалах.</p><p>В целях улучшения пигментных, технологичных и экологичных свойств, устранения слёживания и пыления, облегчения диспергирования пигменты переводят в т. н. выпускные формы: легкодиспергируемые порошки, пасты (концентраты в связующих носителях чаще в олигомерах и полимерах), твёрдые частицы (стружки-чипсы), микрокапсулы, гранулы и таблетки. Выпускные формы не универсальны и применимы только для соответствующих их специфике материалов.</p><p>Неорганические пигменты помимо цвета придают пигментированным материалам непрозрачность и защищают полимеры от <a href="/c/destruktsiia-polimerov-73c6db" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->фотодеструкции<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>. Твёрдые частицы неорганических пигментов, особенно игольчатой и чешуйчатой форм, структурируют и армируют <a href="/c/lakokrasochnye-pokrytiia-bd6206" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->лакокрасочные покрытия<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, увеличивая их прочность, твёрдость, водо- и атмосферостойкость. Многие неорганические пигменты химически защищают металлы от <a href="/c/korroziia-628a65" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->коррозии<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (их используют для изготовления грунтовок).</p><p>Органические пигменты имеют лишь декоративное значение. От неорганических пигментов они отличаются более широкой цветовой гаммой, более высокой чистотой и яркостью тона, очень высокой красящей способностью, но меньшей устойчивостью к воздействию органических растворителей, меньшей миграционно-, свето- и атмосферостойкостью.</p><h2 id="h2_otsenka_kachestva_pigmentov">Оценка качества пигментов</h2><p>Для оценки качества пигментов используют ряд технико-экономических характеристик. Укрывистость (кроющая способность) – свойство делать невидимым цвет окрашиваемых подложек; оценивает расход пигмента (г/м<sup>2</sup>), который уменьшается с увеличением разности показателей преломления пигмента (n<sub>D</sub> > 1,55) и окружающей среды (для органических веществ n<sub>D</sub> 1,48–1,55). Вещества, у которых n<sub>D</sub> ≤ 1,55, служат наполнителями, или т. н. функциональными пигментами (увеличивают массу, твёрдость, газонепроницаемость, снижают расход дефицитных и дорогих пигментов). Неукрывистые (прозрачные), т. н. лессирующие, пигменты применяют ограниченно, например ультрамарин (для подсинивания белых материалов), типографские белила и некоторые пигменты для художественных красок и эмалей со специальными оптическими эффектами. Органические пигменты в большинстве случаев лессирующие. Красящая способность (интенсивность) – способность цветных пигментов влиять на цвет полученной пигментной смеси или композиции; чем выше красящая способность, тем меньшее количество пигмента требуется для доведения смеси до стандартного оттенка; оценивается (как и разбеливающая способность белых неорганических пигментов) относительной величиной (%), получаемой путём сравнения количеств испытуемого и эталонного пигмента.</p><p>Mаслоёмкоcть – количество масла (г), необходимое для смачивания и превращения 100 г порошка пигмента в нетекучую пасту. Пигмент характеризуют также по цвету, его оттенку, яркости и чистоте тона, светостойкости, устойчивости к химическим реагентам и органическим растворителям, фотохимической активности, термо- и миграционной устойчивости, диспергируемости и др. Все эти свойства при одинаковом химическом составе зависят от кристаллической структуры, формы и размера частиц пигмента.</p><p>В случае <a href="/c/polimorfizm-kristallov-e31885" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->полиморфных<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> веществ не все кристаллические структуры их могут быть пигментами. Так, TiO<sub>2</sub> структур <a href="/c/rutil-4fb373" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->рутила<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> и <a href="/c/anataz-3edf75" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->анатаза<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> – хорошие неорганические пигменты (структуры <a href="/c/brukit-dad63d" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->брукита<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> – плохие); железооксидные и другие неорганические пигменты игольчатой и пластинчатой форм отличаются от зернистых цветом и высокими защитными свойствами.</p><h2 id="h2_neorganicheskie_pigmentы">Неорганические пигменты </h2><p>По происхождению различают природные и синтетические неорганические пигменты, по назначению – декоративные, декоративно-защитные, противокоррозионные и целевого назначения, к которым относят полиграфические, художественные, сигнальные (светящиеся), светотехнические, термоиндикаторные, бактерицидные, термостойкие и др. Химический состав и назначение пигментов, имеющих наибольшее практическое значение, приведены в таблице 1; из них около 70 % от общего объёма производства приходится на белые пигменты, свойства которых приведены в таблице 2.</p><p data-textalign="center"><i>Таблица 1. Наиболее важные неорганические пигменты</i></p><div class="tw-my-6"><!--[--><div class="table-wrap-title" itemprop="about"><!--[--><p></p><!--]--></div><div class="table-wrap" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Table" itemprop="hasPart"><div class="table-scroller"><table><tbody><!--[--><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Цвет</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Декоративно-защитные</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Противокоррозионные</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Целевого назначения*</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Белые</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/dioksid-titana-d2354e" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Диоксид титана<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> TiO<sub>2</sub> (рутил, анатаз)</p><p>Цинковые белила (<a href="/c/oksid-tsinka-88583a" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->оксид цинка<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>) ZnO</p><p><a href="/c/litopon-082b08" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Литопон<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> ZnS·BaSO<sub>4</sub></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Свинцовые белила 2PbCO<sub>3</sub>·Pb(OH)<sub>2</sub></p><p>Фосфат цинка Zn<sub>3</sub> (PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·<i>n</i>Н<sub>2</sub>О</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Типографские белила Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>; Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></p><p>Светящийся сульфид цинка ZnS</p><p>Алюминат цинка (светотехнический) ZnAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></p><p><a href="/c/titanaty-9b9507" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Титанаты<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> Mg, Al, Zn(T)</p><p>Борат бария BaB<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>·<i>n</i>Н<sub>2</sub>О (Б)</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Чёрные</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/tekhnicheskii-uglerod-5aae50" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Технический углерод<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (сажи, черни) С</p><p>Смешанный <a href="/c/oksidy-zheleza-ef38b9" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->оксид железа<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (II, III) Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>–</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Титанаты Fe<sup>3+</sup> , Cu<sup>2+</sup> , Со<sup>2+</sup> (T, X)</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Серые</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/aliuminievaia-pudra-1ead0d" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Алюминиевая пудра<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> Al</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Цинковая пыль Zn</p><p>Свинцовый порошок Pb + PbO</p><p><a href="/c/zheleznaia-sliudka-52e83f" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Железная слюдка<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>–</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Жёлтые</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Свинцовый <a href="/c/krony-19f4b6" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->крон<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> лимонный 2PbCrO<sub>4</sub>·PbSO<sub>4</sub></p><p>Свинцовый крон жёлтый 13PbCrO<sub>4</sub>·PbSO<sub>4</sub></p><p>Цинковый крон малярный 3ZnCrO<sub>4</sub>·Zn(OH)<sub>2</sub>·K<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O</p><p>Жёлтый железооксидный FeO(OH)</p><p>Природная и синтетическая <a href="/c/okhry-86f61f" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->охра<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> FeO(OH)+Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>·2SiO<sub>2</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Стронциевый крон SrCrO<sub>4</sub></p><p>Цианамид свинца PbCN<sub>2</sub></p><p>Цинковый крон грунтовочный ZnCrO<sub>4</sub>·4Zn(OH)<sub>2</sub></p><p>Силикохромат свинца 3PbO·PbCrO<sub>4</sub> + + PbO·SiO<sub>2</sub></p><p>Барнево-калиевый крон BaK<sub>2</sub>(CrO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Титанаты Ni<sup>2</sup> <sup>+</sup> , Fe<sup>2+</sup> (T, X)</p><p>Кадмопон (CdS)<sub>3</sub>·BaSO<sub>4</sub> (T, X)</p><p>Сульфид кадмия CdS (T, X)</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Красные</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Железооксидные природные (<a href="/c/zheleznyi-surik-bdcbdf" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->сурик<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/mumiia-prirodnyi-krasitel-dca62a" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->мумия<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>) и синтетические Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></p><p>Свинцово-молибдатный крон 7PbCrO<sub>4</sub>·PbSO<sub>4</sub>·PbMoO<sub>4</sub></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/svintsovyi-surik-3b44a5" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Свинцовый сурик<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> Pb<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></p><p>Феррит цинка ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></p><p>Феррит кальция CaFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/oksid-medi-i-8d2d42" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Оксид меди(I)<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> CuO (Б) Сульфид-селенид кадмия CdS·<i>n</i>CdSe (X)</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Оранжевые</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>–</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Свинцовый крон PbCrO<sub>4</sub>·PbO</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>–</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Синие</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/zheleznaia-lazur-b307e0" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Железная лазурь<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> Fe<sub>4</sub>[Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sub>3</sub>·K<sub>4</sub>Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>·<i>n</i>H<sub>2</sub>O <a href="/c/ul-tramarin-e2cfc5" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Ультрамарин<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> 2[Na<sub>2</sub>O·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>·3SiO<sub>2</sub>]·Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>–</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Алюминат кобальта CoO·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (T,X)</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Зелёные</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><a href="/c/oksid-khroma-iii-57ddf6" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Оксид хрома(III)<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></p><p><a href="/c/izumrudnaia-zelen-a3c057" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Изумрудная зелень<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ·<i>n</i>Н<sub>2</sub>О <a href="/c/zeleni-smeshannye-cfab70" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Зелени смешанные<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (жёлтые + синие)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Фосфат хрома CrPO<sub>4</sub>·<i>n</i>H<sub>2</sub>O</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Титанат хрома CrTiO<sub>3</sub> (T,X)</p><p>Хромит кобальта CoO·Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (T, X)</p><p>Оксиды смешанные CoO·<i>n</i>ZnO (T, X)</p></td></tr><!--]--></tbody></table></div></div><div class="table-wrap-summary" itemprop="description"><!--[--><p></p><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><p><i>* Принятые обозначения пигментов: T – термостойкие; X – для художественных красок; Б – бактерицидные.</i></p><p data-textalign="center"><i>Таблица 2.</i> <i>Свойства белых пигментов</i></p><div class="tw-my-6"><!--[--><div class="table-wrap-title" itemprop="about"><!--[--><p></p><!--]--></div><div class="table-wrap" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Table" itemprop="hasPart"><div class="table-scroller"><table><tbody><!--[--><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p data-textalign="center">Пигмент</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p data-textalign="center">n<sub>D</sub></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p data-textalign="center">Плотность, г/см<sup>3</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p data-textalign="center">Оптимальный размер частиц, мкм</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p data-textalign="center">Удельная поверхность, м<sup>2</sup>/г</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p data-textalign="center">Укрывистость, г/м<sup>2</sup></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p data-textalign="center">Маслоёмкость, г/100 г</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p data-textalign="center">Предельно допустимая концентрация, мг/м<sup>3</sup></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Диоксид титана (рутил)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>2,72<br></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>4,20<br></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>0,18<br></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p data-textalign="center">7–20<br></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>25–40<br></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>17–20</p><p></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>10</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Диоксид титана (анатаз)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>2,55<br></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>3,85<br></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>0,20<br></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p data-textalign="center">9–15</p><p data-textalign="center"></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>30–45</p><p></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>20–25</p><p></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>10</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Цинковые белила</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>2,05<br></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>5,50<br></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>0,47<br></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p data-textalign="center">6–10</p><p data-textalign="center"></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>100–140</p><p></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>12–18</p><p></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>0,5</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Литопон</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>1,84<br></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>4,30<br></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>0,29<br></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p data-textalign="center">1,5–3,0</p><p data-textalign="center"></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>110–140</p><p></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>13–15</p><p></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>0,5</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Свинцовые белила</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>2,09<br></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>6,65<br></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>0,49<br></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p data-textalign="center">1,25<br></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>140–200</p><p></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>9–12</p><p></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>0,01</p></td></tr><!--]--></tbody></table></div></div><div class="table-wrap-summary" itemprop="description"><!--[--><p></p><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><p>Природные неорганические пигменты (например, железный сурик, мумия, охры, <a href="/c/umbra-16a5c7" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->умбра<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>) получают из минералов. В производстве синтетических неорганических пигментов используют следующие способы: химическое <a href="/c/osazhdenie-v-khimicheskoi-tekhnologii-decb91" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->осаждение<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> из водных растворов и <a href="/c/suspenzii-6dbfd0" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->суспензий<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (например, литопон, кроны, железная лазурь); прокаливание смесей твёрдых веществ [например, ультрамарин – из <a href="/c/kaolin-63a5df" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->каолина<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> и <a href="/c/sera-bf890c" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->серы<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> – из <a href="/c/dikhromat-kaliia-246687" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->хромпика<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, TiO<sub>2</sub> – из гидратированного <a href="/c/dioksid-titana-d2354e" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->диоксида титана<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> TiO(OH)<sub>2</sub>]; реакциями в паровой или газовой фазе с последующей конденсацией продуктов реакций (ZnO – из Zn, TiO<sub>2</sub> – из TiCl<sub>4</sub>, технический углерод – из природного газа).</p><p>Для придания пигментных свойств продукты синтеза и природные пигменты подвергают различным обработкам (например, промывке, фильтрации, водному размолу, сушке, измельчению, микронизации, модифицированию и др.). Модифицированные неорганические пигменты кроме основного красящего вещества содержат разнообразные добавки ПАВ и неорганических веществ (например, зародышей, модификаторов и стабилизаторов кристаллической структуры).</p><p>Так, разные марки пигментного TiO<sub>2</sub> содержат до 4,5 % SiO<sub>2</sub>, 7,5 % Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, 3 % ZnO, снижающих фотоактивность, коагуляцию и флокуляцию, а также органические модификаторы. В т. н. оболочковых, или керновых (от нем. Kern – ядро), неорганических пигментах пигментные вещества образуют внешнюю оболочку частиц (10–30 % общей массы), полученную осаждением на наполнитель (ядро), например на <a href="/c/tal-k-06f1fb" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->тальк<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, каолин, <a href="/c/belaia-sazha-fc4ea0" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->белую сажу<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/dioksid-kremniia-75ec6e" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->аэросил<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>; пример оболочкового пигмента – силикохромат свинца.</p><p>Модифицированием сначала неорганическими веществами, а затем ПАВ и микронизацией получают легкодиспергируемые пигменты; смешением их с малыми количествами пластификаторов, олигомеров или полимеров готовят выпускные формы. Максимальное практическое использование оптических свойств белых пигментов достигнуто созданием микрокапсулированных в органической полимерной оболочке (размер 0,4–0,6 мкм) частиц TiO<sub>2</sub> (0,2–0,3 мкм) совместно с пузырьком воздуха. В этом случае увеличивается разность n<sub>D</sub> на границе с воздухом, что стабильно повышает укрывистость пигментов и снижает их расход на 30 % в водоразбавляемых красках.</p><p>Токсичные неорганические пигменты, содержащие Pb, Cr, Cd, заменяют экологически безвредными <a href="/c/ferrity-509bb7" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->ферритами<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/titanaty-9b9507" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->титанатами<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/aliuminaty-7a5917" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->алюминатами<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>.</p><h2 id="h2_organicheskie_pigmentы">Органические пигменты</h2><p>Наибольшее практическое значение имеют азопигменты и азолаки, трифенилметановые, фталоцианиновые и полициклические пигменты.</p><p>Технологическая схема производства органических пигментов включает стадии синтеза, фильтрования, промывки, сушки, размола; в некоторых случаях после синтеза осуществляют специальную обработку (финиш-процесс) для придания продуктам необходимой красящей способности и комплекса физико-химических свойств, улучшающих условия их применения. Финиш-процесс проводят: механическим измельчением пигментов в присутствии солей (CaCl<sub>2</sub>, NaCl, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) и органических растворителей или без них с последующей обработкой ПАВ или резинатом Ca; переосаждением из растворов в концентрированной <a href="/c/sernaia-kislota-40f7eb" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->серной<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, полифосфорной или других кислот; нагреванием в органических растворителях.</p><p>Выпускают органические пигменты (как и неорганические) в виде порошков и специальных выпускных форм (препарированных). Необходимое качество первых достигается подбором оптимальных условий синтеза, модифицирующих добавок (содержание до 5 %), условий фильтрования, сушки, размола. Выпускные формы содержат 30–50 % препарирующего агента, выбор которого определяется областью применения; выпускают их в твёрдом виде и в виде паст (получают методом «фляшинга»). Препарирующими агентами служат, например, <a href="/c/nitraty-tselliulozy-537c54" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->нитроцеллюлоза<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (для нитроэмалей и красок для глубокой печати), <a href="/c/kanifol-cb2dc0" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->канифоль<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> и её производные (для печатных красок и эмалей), <a href="/c/sopolimery-vinilkhlorida-b5e56c" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->сополимер винилхлорида<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> с винилацетатом (для крашения <a href="/c/polivinilkhlorid-e9ea91" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->ПВХ<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> в массе и печати на нём, для <a href="/c/polietilen-785a7c" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->полиэтилена<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>).</p><p>Пигментные водные пасты (получают диспергированием водных паст пигментов с различными ПАВ) содержат 15–45 % пигмента, 40–50 % воды и специальные добавки (например, <a href="/c/antifrizy-f1424a" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->антифриз<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, противомикробные). Безводные пигментные фляшинг-пасты в пластификаторе, например <a href="/c/dioktilftalat-90283f" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->диоктил-<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> или <a href="/c/dibutilftalat-89f4e0" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->дибутилфталате<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, содержат ~40 % органического пигмента.</p><p>Существуют также выпускные формы органических пигментов, в состав которых входит наполнитель (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) или неорганический пигмент, например TiO<sub>2</sub>; получают механическим смешением сухих компонентов или <a href="/c/azosochetanie-d018a1" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->азосочетанием<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> в дисперсии неорганического пигмента.</p><p>Для крашения пластмасс используют концентраты и суперконцентраты пигментов.</p><h3 id="h3_azopigmentы">Азопигменты</h3><p><a href="/c/azokrasiteli-aa824e" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Азопигменты<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> – самая многочисленная группа органических пигментов (50–60 % от общего производства). Цвет от зеленовато-жёлтого до фиолетового; обладают высокой красящей способностью и яркостью. В промышленности получают двумя способами:</p><p>1) азосочетанием в водной или водно-органической среде с использованием растворителей, смешивающихся с водой, в присутствии ПАВ при 20–60 °C и рН 4–10.</p><p>Азосоставляющие (ариламиды ацетоуксусной и З-гидрокси-2-нафтойной кислот, пиразолоны и 2-нафтол) применяют в виде щелочного раствора или свежеосаждённой тонкодисперсной суспензии. Диазосоставляющими для моноазопигментов служат замещённые <a href="/c/anilin-bfc1b7" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->анилина<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, содержащие, например, атом Cl, группу NO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>3</sub>, OCH<sub>3</sub> или SO<sub>2</sub>N(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, для дисазопигментов – замещённые <a href="/c/benzidin-0ec1b0" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->бензидина<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, содержащие атом Cl, группу CH<sub>3</sub> или OCH<sub>3</sub>. Крупнотоннажные азопигменты получают по непрерывной технологии. Наиболее важны из них пигменты: жёлтый светопрочный (а), светопрочный 23 (б), жёлтые прозрачные, оранжевый, алый, ярко-красные. Они характеризуются хорошей свето- и атмосферостойкостью, но недостаточно устойчивы к действию органических растворителей, нестойки выше 180–200 °C и к миграции (способность пигментов выделяться на поверхности окрашенной плёнки или окрашенного в массе материала) в ПВХ.</p><p><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude" data-width="75%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Структурные формулы азопигментов"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Структурные формулы азопигментов."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Архив БРЭ"><!----><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=KLnHP8YJ4j9kW7DBOS-CKg&filename=vault/7068579b6fb37c878cb287c096998a2c.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Структурные формулы азопигментов" data-nuxt-img sizes="640px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=KLnHP8YJ4j9kW7DBOS-CKg&filename=vault/7068579b6fb37c878cb287c096998a2c.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=mBeVPm_8Gu-En6eZT55OJA&filename=vault/7068579b6fb37c878cb287c096998a2c.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=nmna6luEIai4v1gMt3zE2Q&filename=vault/7068579b6fb37c878cb287c096998a2c.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=YwZ8hfxnwd8_vKVpnkMptQ&filename=vault/7068579b6fb37c878cb287c096998a2c.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=RyRrTkrscx7UgREAwkUmEg&filename=vault/7068579b6fb37c878cb287c096998a2c.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ysy4znFmbrVPTNKx5U3Zqw&filename=vault/7068579b6fb37c878cb287c096998a2c.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=BcwwNpJJ0F48m65M01Q7xg&filename=vault/7068579b6fb37c878cb287c096998a2c.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=2VeC0B43SFbOKSZArQRQkA&filename=vault/7068579b6fb37c878cb287c096998a2c.webp&width=1920 1920w" title="Структурные формулы азопигментов" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Структурные формулы азопигментов.</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Структурные формулы азопигментов.</span></span></span></span><!----></span><!----></span></span><!----><!----></span>Большей устойчивостью к действию растворителей и миграции, чем перечисленные выше органические пигменты, обладают азопигменты на основе ариламидов ацетоуксусной и 3-гид-рокси-2-нафтойной кислот, содержащие несколько карбоксамидных групп, например синтезируемые из З-нитро-4-аминоанизола и 4-карбамоил- или 3,5-дикарбамоиланилидов ацетоуксусной кислоты (соответственно жёлтый и оранжевый пигменты для крашения резин и ПВХ). Высокопрочны азопигменты, содержащие карбоксамидные группы в 5- или 6-членном гетероцикле, входящем в состав диазо- или азосоставляющей. Так, жёлтые, оранжевые и красные азопигменты получают из ариламидов ацетоуксусной и З-гидрокси-2-нафтойной кислот, содержащих остаток 5-аминобензимидазолона;</p><p>2) ацилированием ароматических диаминов (преимущественно 1,4-фенилендиамина и его хлорзамещённых) азокрасителями, содержащими хлорформильные группы, в среде органических растворителей синтезируют конденсационные дисазопигменты, например жёлтые и красные. Они обладают высокой молярной массой (800 и выше), благодаря чему устойчивы к миграции, действию органических растворителей, свето-, атмосферо-, термостойки.</p><p><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude" data-width="75%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Структурные формулы конденсационных дисазопигментов"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Структурные формулы конденсационных дисазопигментов."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Архив БРЭ"><!----><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=tsg0bzg_yPG_0b4PQWXqew&filename=vault/dfcd64dcec044229435fd41379e08443.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Структурные формулы конденсационных дисазопигментов" data-nuxt-img sizes="640px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=tsg0bzg_yPG_0b4PQWXqew&filename=vault/dfcd64dcec044229435fd41379e08443.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=1ftjLGHCbKscWUcrlmmzAQ&filename=vault/dfcd64dcec044229435fd41379e08443.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=GfESoDrOjs8mC2yN8syi7A&filename=vault/dfcd64dcec044229435fd41379e08443.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=BksJtX6NmFjsXHzgazP07w&filename=vault/dfcd64dcec044229435fd41379e08443.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=C-zm9y0sDlRSvP2_4dzkWg&filename=vault/dfcd64dcec044229435fd41379e08443.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=k62bB5GlAk7cAxciP_Xo9w&filename=vault/dfcd64dcec044229435fd41379e08443.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=B30wWsMKN1mU6HE0eVS80w&filename=vault/dfcd64dcec044229435fd41379e08443.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QaUERsf4xKbP-yaj0UeQvQ&filename=vault/dfcd64dcec044229435fd41379e08443.webp&width=1920 1920w" title="Структурные формулы конденсационных дисазопигментов" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Структурные формулы конденсационных дисазопигментов.</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Структурные формулы конденсационных дисазопигментов.</span></span></span></span><!----></span><!----></span></span><!----><!----></span></p><h3 id="h3_azolaki">Азолаки</h3><p>Азолаки – соли (Ba, Ca, Sr или Mn) моноазокрасителей, содержащих сульфо- или карбоксильные группы. Получают обработкой солями металлов водных растворов Na- или NH<sub>4</sub>-солей соответствующих красителей. Обладают высокой красящей способностью, хорошей устойчивостью к действию органических растворителей, недостаточно свето- и термостойки (кроме Mn-солей), неустойчивы в щелочах и кислотах.</p><p>Практически важны: рубиновый (Са-соль моноазокрасителя из 2-амино-5-метилсульфокислоты и З-гидрокси-2-нафтойной кислоты), красные (Ca-, Sr- и Mn-соли моноазокрасителя из 2-амино-4-хлор-5-метилсульфокислоты и 3-гидрокси-2-нафтойной кислоты) и красный (Ba-соль моноазокрасителя из 2-амино-5-хлор-4-метилсульфокислоты и 2-нафтола) – формула VIII, а, б, в соответственно:</p><p><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude" data-width="75%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Структурные формулы азолаков"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Структурные формулы азолаков."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Архив БРЭ"><!----><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=RR_YdtytSgcmdzPzOmmyNA&filename=vault/803c285deb3ababf9af3fd67175ec534.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Структурные формулы азолаков" data-nuxt-img sizes="640px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=RR_YdtytSgcmdzPzOmmyNA&filename=vault/803c285deb3ababf9af3fd67175ec534.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=tZfqmKSFmPoeiVcOM5rA1A&filename=vault/803c285deb3ababf9af3fd67175ec534.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=v3bldxDcnLzEIhZi6bma_w&filename=vault/803c285deb3ababf9af3fd67175ec534.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=S2l6gAUgIG6Bc6rf8ONx5Q&filename=vault/803c285deb3ababf9af3fd67175ec534.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=rR2LER_58n3lVLdJITgD0w&filename=vault/803c285deb3ababf9af3fd67175ec534.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Vnq7QWk09nRrgOrhkVgprA&filename=vault/803c285deb3ababf9af3fd67175ec534.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=t12sExylqL_qh027pze-Pg&filename=vault/803c285deb3ababf9af3fd67175ec534.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=FnmYVo15WM5iFdIUW2Fm6Q&filename=vault/803c285deb3ababf9af3fd67175ec534.webp&width=1920 1920w" title="Структурные формулы азолаков" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Структурные формулы азолаков.</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Структурные формулы азолаков.</span></span></span></span><!----></span><!----></span></span><!----><!----></span></p><h3 id="h3_trifenilmetanovыe_pigmentы">Трифенилметановые пигменты</h3><p>Трифенилметановые пигменты – нерастворимые соли основных трифенилметановых красителей, из которых наибольшее значение имеют синие, фиолетовые и зелёные лаки основные и пигмент синий трифенилметановый (<a href="/c/arilmetanovye-krasiteli-7dc194" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->арилметановые красители<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>).</p><h3 id="h3_ftalotsianinovыe_pigmentы">Фталоцианиновые пигменты</h3><p><a href="/c/ftalotsianinovye-krasiteli-efd025" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Фталоцианиновые пигменты<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> отличаются высокой красящей способностью, устойчивостью к действию органических растворителей и миграции в ПВХ, свето- и термостойкостью. Наиболее практически важны голубые фталоцианиновые пигменты (неустойчивая и устойчивая <i>α</i>-модификации и <i>β</i>-модификация фталоцианина Cu, соответствующие <i>α</i>-модификации фталоцианина, не содержащего металл, т. н. безметалльного) и зелёный (перхлорфталоцианин Cu). Получают различными способами обработки фталоцианина Cu: голубые пигменты в виде <i>α</i>-неустойчивой модификации – переосаждением из 8–10-кратного количества концентрированной H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> или механическим размолом с ней (2–3-кратное количество), в виде <i>β</i>-модификации – в основном пластичным размолом в органической среде в присутствии минеральных солей; голубой пигмент в виде <i>α</i>-устойчивой модификации получают аналогично <i>α</i>-неустойчивой модификации, но из частично хлорированного фталоцианина Cu (~1 атом хлора на молекулу). Зелёный пигмент получают всеми указанными выше способами синтеза для голубых пигментов.</p><p>Фталоцианиновым пигментам свойственно явление флокуляции – недостаточная агрегативная устойчивость в полиграфических красках для глубокой печати и эмалях, особенно в смеси с неорганическими пигментами; проявляется в снижении красящей способности и блеска, в расслаивании эмалей и красок при хранении. Нефлокулирующие пигменты (устойчивой <i>α</i>- и <i>β</i>-модификаций) получают введением в процессе получения пигментных форм специальных добавок, например фталоцианина Cu, содержащего группы SO<sub>3</sub>H, и их нерастворимых в воде Ba- или Ca-солей, солей с алифатическими аминами, фталоцианинов Co, Mn, Ti, Sn, Al, Mg.</p><h3 id="h3_politsiklicheskie_pigmentы">Полициклические пигменты</h3><p>Полициклические пигменты имеют цвета от жёлтого до фиолетового. Обладают высокой термо-, свето- и атмосферостойкостью, устойчивостью к действию органических растворителей и к миграции. Технологический процесс получения этих пигментов включает синтез пигмента и финиш-процесс. Ниже приведены основные типы этих пигментов.</p><p>Пигменты, получаемые на основе <a href="/c/politsiklicheskie-kubovye-krasiteli-4aedf2" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->полициклических кубовых красителей<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, включают следующие наиболее важные представители: <a href="/c/indantron-15d3b6" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->индантроновый синий<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> и ярко-оранжевый на основе дибромантантрона; жёлтый на основе флавантрона, оранжевый на основе хлорзамещённого пирантрона, красные на основе хлор-, бромзамещённых пирантронов; красный 4,4'-диамино-1,1'-диантрахинонил; периноновые пигменты – <i>транс</i>- и <i>цис</i>-изомеры продукта взаимодействия нафталин-1,4,5,8-тетракарбоновой кислоты с о-фенилендиамином (<a href="/c/perinonovye-krasiteli-866405" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->периноновые красители<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>), причём <i>цис</i>-изомер (цвета бордо) менее устойчив к миграции и действию органических растворителей, чем оранжевый <i>транс</i>-изомер.</p><div><div class="bre-slider _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Collection https://schema.org/ItemList" itemprop="hasPart"><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude _gallery" data-width="100%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Структурная формула флавантрона"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Структурная формула флавантрона."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Архив БРЭ"><!----><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=yQJgeugJ6a3Npkdw2iPpuQ&filename=vault/271796b1247b89b26695d3e69f677487.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Структурная формула флавантрона" data-nuxt-img sizes="1024px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=yQJgeugJ6a3Npkdw2iPpuQ&filename=vault/271796b1247b89b26695d3e69f677487.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=-h7ayddO1tvPsEkBGXxukw&filename=vault/271796b1247b89b26695d3e69f677487.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=a_W-5u-etV-e-7Lx20Hpkg&filename=vault/271796b1247b89b26695d3e69f677487.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=LnwFkdw_HpdYfWvka3xr3w&filename=vault/271796b1247b89b26695d3e69f677487.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=maTBCNZ8t5aQkfAA0ypACg&filename=vault/271796b1247b89b26695d3e69f677487.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bJa-6uEjcw-rOvTKPZvMrA&filename=vault/271796b1247b89b26695d3e69f677487.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=p2C5vnQDA7JTH0Uex5P0Lw&filename=vault/271796b1247b89b26695d3e69f677487.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=v5vS8iSEK88g2HVBx2izAw&filename=vault/271796b1247b89b26695d3e69f677487.webp&width=1920 1920w" title="Структурная формула флавантрона" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Структурная формула флавантрона.</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Структурная формула флавантрона.</span></span></span></span><!----></span><!----></span></span><!----><span class="-show-on-tablet"><div class="bre-arrow bre-image-arrow _left"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-3"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M19.2071 9.20906C19.5976 8.81854 19.5976 8.18537 19.2071 7.79485C18.8166 7.40432 18.1834 7.40432 17.7929 7.79485L19.2071 9.20906ZM11.5 15.502L10.7929 16.2091C11.1834 16.5996 11.8166 16.5996 12.2071 16.2091L11.5 15.502ZM5.20711 7.79485C4.81658 7.40432 4.18342 7.40432 3.79289 7.79485C3.40237 8.18537 3.40237 8.81854 3.79289 9.20906L5.20711 7.79485ZM17.7929 7.79485L10.7929 14.7948L12.2071 16.2091L19.2071 9.20906L17.7929 7.79485ZM12.2071 14.7948L5.20711 7.79485L3.79289 9.20906L10.7929 16.2091L12.2071 14.7948Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span></div><div class="bre-arrow bre-image-arrow _right"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-3"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M19.2071 9.20906C19.5976 8.81854 19.5976 8.18537 19.2071 7.79485C18.8166 7.40432 18.1834 7.40432 17.7929 7.79485L19.2071 9.20906ZM11.5 15.502L10.7929 16.2091C11.1834 16.5996 11.8166 16.5996 12.2071 16.2091L11.5 15.502ZM5.20711 7.79485C4.81658 7.40432 4.18342 7.40432 3.79289 7.79485C3.40237 8.18537 3.40237 8.81854 3.79289 9.20906L5.20711 7.79485ZM17.7929 7.79485L10.7929 14.7948L12.2071 16.2091L19.2071 9.20906L17.7929 7.79485ZM12.2071 14.7948L5.20711 7.79485L3.79289 9.20906L10.7929 16.2091L12.2071 14.7948Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span></div></span></span><!--[--><!--]--><div class="bre-slider-dots"><!--[--><button class="bre-slider-dot _current"></button><button class="bre-slider-dot"></button><!--]--></div><!--[--><div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="itemListElement"><meta itemprop="name" content="Структурная формула 8,16-пирантрендиона"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Структурная формула 8,16-пирантрендиона."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Архив БРЭ"><link itemprop="contentUrl" href="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=R2u04UsXnuAQQTskBQg7rg&filename=vault/f3dee35f06b71bbd6c8edb53af83c2d1.webp&width=120"><!----></div><!--]--></div></div><p></p><h3 id="h3_perilenovыe_pigmentы">Периленовые пигменты</h3><p>Периленовые пигменты – диимиды перилен-3,4,9,10-тетракарбоновой кислоты (XI); получают взаимодействием диангидрида кислоты с водным аммиаком (красно-фиолетовый пигмент) или алифатическими (реже ароматическими) аминами. Например, с метиламином синтезируют пигмент цвета бордо.</p><p><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude" data-width="75%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Структурная формула диимид перилен-3,4,9,10-тетракарбоновой кислоты"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Структурная формула диимид перилен-3,4,9,10-тетракарбоновой кислоты."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Архив БРЭ"><!----><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QvDxmLV63ebaxc99w_1G-A&filename=vault/07574881de77ef11b0ea45485392653b.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Структурная формула диимид перилен-3,4,9,10-тетракарбоновой кислоты" data-nuxt-img sizes="640px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QvDxmLV63ebaxc99w_1G-A&filename=vault/07574881de77ef11b0ea45485392653b.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=sfWdvSlWxuSsFsrbuCeZng&filename=vault/07574881de77ef11b0ea45485392653b.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Lct-DRjZuHAyoKZ2O53bSw&filename=vault/07574881de77ef11b0ea45485392653b.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=IXvz0fYHWc8S_4LGxTJC0w&filename=vault/07574881de77ef11b0ea45485392653b.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=e3adWm48cOJhEbOSUWYtfw&filename=vault/07574881de77ef11b0ea45485392653b.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=oqVDPRo-LvdRfXQ9upNDbg&filename=vault/07574881de77ef11b0ea45485392653b.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=pB6e_GAz90ToO7eZxGcelg&filename=vault/07574881de77ef11b0ea45485392653b.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=q2dQ2bzoGt3BOfOBwM5KCw&filename=vault/07574881de77ef11b0ea45485392653b.webp&width=1920 1920w" title="Структурная формула диимид перилен-3,4,9,10-тетракарбоновой кислоты" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Структурная формула диимид перилен-3,4,9,10-тетракарбоновой кислоты.</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Структурная формула диимид перилен-3,4,9,10-тетракарбоновой кислоты.</span></span></span></span><!----></span><!----></span></span><!----><!----></span></p><h3 id="h3_hinakridonovыe_pigmentы">Хинакридоновые пигменты</h3><p>Хинакридоновые пигменты – линейный <i>транс</i>-охинакридон (XII) и его галоген- и метилзамещённые; обладают очень высокой светостойкостью, высокой красящей способностью, миграционно- и термоустойчивы. Основные методы синтеза: диэфир <a href="/c/iantarnaia-kislota-efe602" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->янтарной кислоты<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> нагревают с <a href="/c/alkogoliaty-702ce0" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->алкоголятом<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> Na в высококипящем органическом растворителе (например, в даутерме), образовавшийся диалкилсукцинилсукцинат конденсируют с первичным ароматическим амином, получая диэфир 2,5-диариламино-3,6-дигидротерефталевой кислоты, который подвергают циклизации и окислению (например, Na-солью м-нитробензолсульфокислоты) в <a href="/c/etilenglikoli-860a5b" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->этиленгликоле<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>; 2,5-дигалогентерефталевую кислоту или её диэфир конденсируют с <a href="/c/anilin-bfc1b7" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->анилином<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, полученную 2,5-дифениламинотерефталевую кислоту циклизуют в присутствии AlCl<sub>3</sub>, TiCl<sub>4</sub> либо P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> в органическом растворителе или полифосфорной кислоте; 2,5-дифениламинотерефталевую кислоту циклизуют в концентрированную H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, образующееся дисульфопроизводное хинакридона превращают в дикалиевую соль и подвергают гидролизу в 5–10%-ной <a href="/c/sernaia-kislota-40f7eb" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->серной<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> или <a href="/c/ortofosfornaia-kislota-a328e3" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->фосфорной<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> кислоте.</p><p><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude" data-width="75%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Структурная формула линейного транс-охинакридона и его галоген- и метилзамещённых"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Структурная формула линейного транс-охинакридона и его галоген- и метилзамещённых."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Архив БРЭ"><!----><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=oCMd8wttl2ei3zfhw89ipg&filename=vault/9d21edecd4d6d93d39bba1a02a4ded8d.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Структурная формула линейного транс-охинакридона и его галоген- и метилзамещённых" data-nuxt-img sizes="640px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=oCMd8wttl2ei3zfhw89ipg&filename=vault/9d21edecd4d6d93d39bba1a02a4ded8d.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=pfNAmeX5TArCkOw8HW-93Q&filename=vault/9d21edecd4d6d93d39bba1a02a4ded8d.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=VABTiQasaatkP-kExB8YYA&filename=vault/9d21edecd4d6d93d39bba1a02a4ded8d.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=IIt-PYCSF1Ew7fAg9s0wyg&filename=vault/9d21edecd4d6d93d39bba1a02a4ded8d.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=NNi3c4m5wDzWSN0A9kEU3g&filename=vault/9d21edecd4d6d93d39bba1a02a4ded8d.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=EOZOJ1NneeZKmzA5LwpdSw&filename=vault/9d21edecd4d6d93d39bba1a02a4ded8d.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=rP7PUE6BOqHwWRCXIqb_4w&filename=vault/9d21edecd4d6d93d39bba1a02a4ded8d.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QEgScBWw6Dlw0_P9Ej_z9A&filename=vault/9d21edecd4d6d93d39bba1a02a4ded8d.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=kq6TdMJypgNtvYTYI6C5Ug&filename=vault/9d21edecd4d6d93d39bba1a02a4ded8d.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Структурная формула линейного транс-охинакридона и его галоген- и метилзамещённых" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Структурная формула линейного транс-охинакридона и его галоген- и метилзамещённых.</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Структурная формула линейного транс-охинакридона и его галоген- и метилзамещённых.</span></span></span></span><!----></span><!----></span></span><!----><!----></span>В зависимости от метода получения выпускных форм линейный <i>транс</i>-хинакридон может иметь различные модификации, из которых практически важны <i>γ</i>- и <i>β</i>-модификации (розовая и фиолетовая соответственно).</p><h3 id="h3_dioksazinovыe_pigmentы">Диоксазиновые пигменты</h3><p>Диоксазиновые пигменты – производные трифендиоксазина. В промышленности синтезируют только фиолетовый диоксазиновый пигмент из тетрахлор-n-бензохинона и 3-амино-N-этилкарбазола, по красящей способности в 6–10 раз превосходящий другие пигменты (<a href="/c/oksazinovye-krasiteli-616882" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->оксазиновые красители<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>).</p><p><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude" data-width="75%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Структурная формула 4,4ʼ,7,7ʼ-тетрахлортиоиндиго"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Структурная формула 4,4ʼ,7,7ʼ-тетрахлортиоиндиго."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="Архив БРЭ"><!----><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=jhv6akH_wQnkWEvl0fymPw&filename=vault/abae1e5257365273ee5491fcc15a8306.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Структурная формула 4,4ʼ,7,7ʼ-тетрахлортиоиндиго" data-nuxt-img sizes="640px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=jhv6akH_wQnkWEvl0fymPw&filename=vault/abae1e5257365273ee5491fcc15a8306.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=n4g98wuwr3ewJ8-c9gwWcA&filename=vault/abae1e5257365273ee5491fcc15a8306.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=d54qg_oHlqF1yW2DfS7kjQ&filename=vault/abae1e5257365273ee5491fcc15a8306.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Rk5y4WXWOt007FFhjr5Lwg&filename=vault/abae1e5257365273ee5491fcc15a8306.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=j8oiwllru9sprGOTgsHosw&filename=vault/abae1e5257365273ee5491fcc15a8306.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=LyCN5FEILKAfIvuXEv50zA&filename=vault/abae1e5257365273ee5491fcc15a8306.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=fueJqL1rFiL7QyK8Ji13yQ&filename=vault/abae1e5257365273ee5491fcc15a8306.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=YV7SXDRLZZuEGXtJ-XFHWA&filename=vault/abae1e5257365273ee5491fcc15a8306.webp&width=1920 1920w" title="Структурная формула 4,4ʼ,7,7ʼ-тетрахлортиоиндиго" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Структурная формула 4,4ʼ,7,7ʼ-тетрахлортиоиндиго.</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Структурная формула 4,4ʼ,7,7ʼ-тетрахлортиоиндиго.</span></span></span></span><!----></span><!----></span></span><!----><!----></span>Среди тиоиндигоидных пигментов наиболее важен 4,4',7,7'-тетрахлортиоиндиго красно-фиолетового цвета (<a href="/c/tioindigoidnye-krasiteli-b2b01c" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->тиоиндигоидные красители<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>).</p><h2 id="h2_prochie_pigmentы">Прочие пигменты</h2><p>Кроме перечисленных выше практическое значение имеют органические пигменты других химических групп: жёлтые и красные азометиновые и их металлические (Ni, Cu) комплексы (<a href="/c/azometinovye-krasiteli-9e4ca4" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->азометиновые красители<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>), жёлтые, оранжевые и красные производные 4,5,6,7-тетрахлоризоиндолинона, пигмент глубоко-чёрный (<a href="/c/anilinovyi-chiornyi-8fd807" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->анилиновый чёрный<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>), пигмент зелёный – Fe-комплекс 1-нитрозо-2-нафтола.</p><span class="author _note-exclude"><span itemscope itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">П. И. Ермилов, Г. M. Макаровская. </span></span>Первая публикация: Химическая энциклопедия, 1992.</span></section></section><!--]--></div><span class="bre-inline-menu _article-meta" style=""><meta itemprop="description" content="Пигме́нты, высокодисперсные порошкообразные красящие вещества, практически нерастворимые (в отличие от красителей) в воде, органических..."><span><span class="bre-inline-menu__item _article-meta max-md:tw-block"><!--[-->Опубликовано <!--]--><span itemprop="datePublished">5 июля 2023 г. в 11:15 (GMT+3). </span></span><span class="bre-inline-menu__item _article-meta max-md:tw-block"> Последнее обновление <span itemprop="dateModified">5 июля 2023 г. в 11:15 (GMT+3).</span></span></span><span class="-flex-divider"></span><span class="bre-inline-menu__item tw-items-start"><button type="button" class="b-button tw-gap-2 b-button--link -text-button-text tw-rounded-lg tw-cursor-pointer" data-v-cfbedafc><!----><span class="c-button__content" data-v-cfbedafc><!--[-->Связаться с редакцией<!--]--></span></button></span></span></div></div><div class="bre-tags-wrap"><!--[--><span data-v-063d9480><a href="/l/okrashivaiushchie-veshchestva-ac0bff" class="bre-article-tag bre-article-tag__link _default _no-border" data-v-063d9480>#Окрашивающие вещества</a><!----></span><!--]--></div></div><aside class="bre-article-page__sidebar -show-on-desktop-s" style=""><!----><nav class="bre-article-loc lg:tw-sticky"><div class="bre-article-loc-button"><span class="bre-article-loc-title">Содержание</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><div class="bre-article-loc-short">Применение пигментов</div></div><!----></nav><div class="bre-article-page__sidebar-wrapper"><div class="article-sidebar"><div class="article-sidebar-button -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s"><span class="article-sidebar-title">Информация</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><!--[--><div class="article-sidebar-text -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s"></div><!--]--></div><div class="article-sidebar-wrapper -hide-on-tablet"><!----><!----><!----><span class="bre-media-image article-sidebar-image _note-exclude _clean" data-width="100%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude _clean" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Пигменты"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Пигменты."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="traveler1116 / E+ / Getty Images"><!----><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5Y4zr3CvHsLoZlplHCiNvQ&filename=vault/baa91707ca58990e3b10d036fa584e89.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Пигменты" data-nuxt-img sizes="320px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5Y4zr3CvHsLoZlplHCiNvQ&filename=vault/baa91707ca58990e3b10d036fa584e89.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=LI_R56r9JrouWUsFCtzraA&filename=vault/baa91707ca58990e3b10d036fa584e89.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=pz-S13-oPJUqO3nT58YL7w&filename=vault/baa91707ca58990e3b10d036fa584e89.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=F94hJ4u6jl4l68_oxqgvtA&filename=vault/baa91707ca58990e3b10d036fa584e89.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Hd0L0NRd_k19tECE-wdL5w&filename=vault/baa91707ca58990e3b10d036fa584e89.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5j2vGQplGkJAVjoq2MrOLg&filename=vault/baa91707ca58990e3b10d036fa584e89.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=FzsonCvnrAis1U2T2eFChA&filename=vault/baa91707ca58990e3b10d036fa584e89.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ElSGgggIbce_Gjs2v44yEA&filename=vault/baa91707ca58990e3b10d036fa584e89.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bijobrrnAkmduhhmP6ox9w&filename=vault/baa91707ca58990e3b10d036fa584e89.webp&width=3840 3840w" title="Пигменты" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><!----></span><!----><!----></span><div class="article-sidebar-meta"><dl class="tw-mt-0"><!--[--><!--[--><dt>Области знаний:</dt><dd>Красители и пигменты</dd><!--]--><!--]--><!----></dl></div></div></div></div></aside></div><!----></article></div><!--]--></div><!----><!--]--><div></div></main><footer class="bre-footer" itemscope itemprop="hasPart" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter"><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="&copy;&nbsp;АНО БРЭ, 2022&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;2024. 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Цвет от зеленовато-жёлтого до фиолетового; обладают высокой красящей способностью и яркостью. В промышленности получают двумя способами:",{"attrs":2649,"content":2650,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":86},{"textAlign":10},[2651],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2652,"type":48},"1) азосочетанием в водной или водно-органической среде с использованием растворителей, смешивающихся с водой, в присутствии ПАВ при 20–60 °C и рН 4–10.",{"attrs":2654,"content":2655,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":86},{"textAlign":10},[2656,2658,2666,2668,2672,2674,2678,2680,2684,2686,2690,2692,2696,2697,2702,2703,2707,2709,2717,2719,2723,2725,2729],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2657,"type":48},"Азосоставляющие (ариламиды ацетоуксусной и З-гидрокси-2-нафтойной кислот, пиразолоны и 2-нафтол) применяют в виде щелочного раствора или свежеосаждённой тонкодисперсной суспензии. Диазосоставляющими для моноазопигментов служат замещённые ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2659,"text":2665,"type":48},[2660],{"attrs":2661,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":61},{"content_id":2662,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":2663,"link_type":82,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"bfc1b7d6-b96e-4334-971b-d7d5392ff30b",{"slug":2664,"type":60},"anilin-bfc1b7","анилина",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2667,"type":48},", содержащие, например, атом Cl, группу NO",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2669,"text":57,"type":48},[2670],{"attrs":2671,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":289},{"version":45},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2673,"type":48},", CH",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2675,"text":770,"type":48},[2676],{"attrs":2677,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":289},{"version":45},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2679,"type":48},", OCH",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2681,"text":770,"type":48},[2682],{"attrs":2683,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":289},{"version":45},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2685,"type":48}," или SO",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2687,"text":57,"type":48},[2688],{"attrs":2689,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":289},{"version":45},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2691,"type":48},"N(C",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2693,"text":57,"type":48},[2694],{"attrs":2695,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":289},{"version":45},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":1532,"type":48},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2698,"text":2701,"type":48},[2699],{"attrs":2700,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":289},{"version":45},"5",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":793,"type":48},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2704,"text":57,"type":48},[2705],{"attrs":2706,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":289},{"version":45},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2708,"type":48},", для дисазопигментов – замещённые ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2710,"text":2716,"type":48},[2711],{"attrs":2712,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":61},{"content_id":2713,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":2714,"link_type":82,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"0ec1b087-c3a9-4224-948a-481b5d552e1d",{"slug":2715,"type":60},"benzidin-0ec1b0","бензидина",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2718,"type":48},", содержащие атом Cl, группу CH",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2720,"text":770,"type":48},[2721],{"attrs":2722,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":289},{"version":45},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2724,"type":48}," или OCH",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2726,"text":770,"type":48},[2727],{"attrs":2728,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":289},{"version":45},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2730,"type":48},". Крупнотоннажные азопигменты получают по непрерывной технологии. Наиболее важны из них пигменты: жёлтый светопрочный (а), светопрочный 23 (б), жёлтые прозрачные, оранжевый, алый, ярко-красные. Они характеризуются хорошей свето- и атмосферостойкостью, но недостаточно устойчивы к действию органических растворителей, нестойки выше 180–200 °C и к миграции (способность пигментов выделяться на поверхности окрашенной плёнки или окрашенного в массе материала) в ПВХ.",{"attrs":2732,"content":2733,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":86},{"textAlign":10},[2734,2749],{"attrs":2735,"content":10,"marks":2743,"text":13,"type":2748},{"alt":13,"caption":2736,"copyright":2737,"copyrightLink":13,"display":201,"ref_id":2738,"src":2739,"srcset":2740,"storage_link":13,"text":2736,"title":2741,"ts_expire":229,"width":2742},"Структурные формулы азопигментов.","Архив БРЭ","b13b4d24-2083-4675-b55c-e60d59927b02","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=KLnHP8YJ4j9kW7DBOS-CKg&filename=vault/7068579b6fb37c878cb287c096998a2c.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=KLnHP8YJ4j9kW7DBOS-CKg&filename=vault/7068579b6fb37c878cb287c096998a2c.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=mBeVPm_8Gu-En6eZT55OJA&filename=vault/7068579b6fb37c878cb287c096998a2c.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=nmna6luEIai4v1gMt3zE2Q&filename=vault/7068579b6fb37c878cb287c096998a2c.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=YwZ8hfxnwd8_vKVpnkMptQ&filename=vault/7068579b6fb37c878cb287c096998a2c.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=RyRrTkrscx7UgREAwkUmEg&filename=vault/7068579b6fb37c878cb287c096998a2c.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ysy4znFmbrVPTNKx5U3Zqw&filename=vault/7068579b6fb37c878cb287c096998a2c.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=BcwwNpJJ0F48m65M01Q7xg&filename=vault/7068579b6fb37c878cb287c096998a2c.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=2VeC0B43SFbOKSZArQRQkA&filename=vault/7068579b6fb37c878cb287c096998a2c.webp&width=1920 1920w","Структурные формулы азопигментов","75%",[2744],{"attrs":2745,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":2747},{"caption":2736,"display":201,"style":2746,"version":45},"width:75%;","wrapper-inline","image",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2750,"type":48},"Большей устойчивостью к действию растворителей и миграции, чем перечисленные выше органические пигменты, обладают азопигменты на основе ариламидов ацетоуксусной и 3-гид-рокси-2-нафтойной кислот, содержащие несколько карбоксамидных групп, например синтезируемые из З-нитро-4-аминоанизола и 4-карбамоил- или 3,5-дикарбамоиланилидов ацетоуксусной кислоты (соответственно жёлтый и оранжевый пигменты для крашения резин и ПВХ). Высокопрочны азопигменты, содержащие карбоксамидные группы в 5- или 6-членном гетероцикле, входящем в состав диазо- или азосоставляющей. Так, жёлтые, оранжевые и красные азопигменты получают из ариламидов ацетоуксусной и З-гидрокси-2-нафтойной кислот, содержащих остаток 5-аминобензимидазолона;",{"attrs":2752,"content":2753,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":86},{"textAlign":10},[2754],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2755,"type":48},"2) ацилированием ароматических диаминов (преимущественно 1,4-фенилендиамина и его хлорзамещённых) азокрасителями, содержащими хлорформильные группы, в среде органических растворителей синтезируют конденсационные дисазопигменты, например жёлтые и красные. Они обладают высокой молярной массой (800 и выше), благодаря чему устойчивы к миграции, действию органических растворителей, свето-, атмосферо-, термостойки.",{"attrs":2757,"content":2758,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":86},{"textAlign":10},[2759],{"attrs":2760,"content":10,"marks":2766,"text":13,"type":2748},{"alt":13,"caption":2761,"copyright":2737,"copyrightLink":13,"display":201,"ref_id":2762,"src":2763,"srcset":2764,"storage_link":13,"text":2761,"title":2765,"ts_expire":229,"width":2742},"Структурные формулы конденсационных дисазопигментов.","44bb20e3-b809-468f-bf53-82e81b92db99","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=tsg0bzg_yPG_0b4PQWXqew&filename=vault/dfcd64dcec044229435fd41379e08443.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=tsg0bzg_yPG_0b4PQWXqew&filename=vault/dfcd64dcec044229435fd41379e08443.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=1ftjLGHCbKscWUcrlmmzAQ&filename=vault/dfcd64dcec044229435fd41379e08443.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=GfESoDrOjs8mC2yN8syi7A&filename=vault/dfcd64dcec044229435fd41379e08443.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=BksJtX6NmFjsXHzgazP07w&filename=vault/dfcd64dcec044229435fd41379e08443.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=C-zm9y0sDlRSvP2_4dzkWg&filename=vault/dfcd64dcec044229435fd41379e08443.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=k62bB5GlAk7cAxciP_Xo9w&filename=vault/dfcd64dcec044229435fd41379e08443.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=B30wWsMKN1mU6HE0eVS80w&filename=vault/dfcd64dcec044229435fd41379e08443.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QaUERsf4xKbP-yaj0UeQvQ&filename=vault/dfcd64dcec044229435fd41379e08443.webp&width=1920 1920w","Структурные формулы конденсационных дисазопигментов",[2767],{"attrs":2768,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":2747},{"caption":2761,"display":201,"style":2746,"version":45},{"attrs":2770,"content":2772,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":2635},{"textAlign":10,"version":45,"id":2771},"h3_azolaki",[2773],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2774,"type":48},"Азолаки",{"attrs":2776,"content":2777,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":86},{"textAlign":10},[2778,2780,2784],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2779,"type":48},"Азолаки – соли (Ba, Ca, Sr или Mn) моноазокрасителей, содержащих сульфо- или карбоксильные группы. Получают обработкой солями металлов водных растворов Na- или NH",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2781,"text":279,"type":48},[2782],{"attrs":2783,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":289},{"version":45},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2785,"type":48},"-солей соответствующих красителей. Обладают высокой красящей способностью, хорошей устойчивостью к действию органических растворителей, недостаточно свето- и термостойки (кроме Mn-солей), неустойчивы в щелочах и кислотах.",{"attrs":2787,"content":2788,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":86},{"textAlign":10},[2789],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2790,"type":48},"Практически важны: рубиновый (Са-соль моноазокрасителя из 2-амино-5-метилсульфокислоты и З-гидрокси-2-нафтойной кислоты), красные (Ca-, Sr- и Mn-соли моноазокрасителя из 2-амино-4-хлор-5-метилсульфокислоты и 3-гидрокси-2-нафтойной кислоты) и красный (Ba-соль моноазокрасителя из 2-амино-5-хлор-4-метилсульфокислоты и 2-нафтола) – формула VIII, а, б, в соответственно:",{"attrs":2792,"content":2793,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":86},{"textAlign":10},[2794],{"attrs":2795,"content":10,"marks":2801,"text":13,"type":2748},{"alt":13,"caption":2796,"copyright":2737,"copyrightLink":13,"display":201,"ref_id":2797,"src":2798,"srcset":2799,"storage_link":13,"text":2796,"title":2800,"ts_expire":229,"width":2742},"Структурные формулы азолаков.","7b496d35-bc18-49ff-a018-5edc6204a313","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=RR_YdtytSgcmdzPzOmmyNA&filename=vault/803c285deb3ababf9af3fd67175ec534.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=RR_YdtytSgcmdzPzOmmyNA&filename=vault/803c285deb3ababf9af3fd67175ec534.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=tZfqmKSFmPoeiVcOM5rA1A&filename=vault/803c285deb3ababf9af3fd67175ec534.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=v3bldxDcnLzEIhZi6bma_w&filename=vault/803c285deb3ababf9af3fd67175ec534.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=S2l6gAUgIG6Bc6rf8ONx5Q&filename=vault/803c285deb3ababf9af3fd67175ec534.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=rR2LER_58n3lVLdJITgD0w&filename=vault/803c285deb3ababf9af3fd67175ec534.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Vnq7QWk09nRrgOrhkVgprA&filename=vault/803c285deb3ababf9af3fd67175ec534.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=t12sExylqL_qh027pze-Pg&filename=vault/803c285deb3ababf9af3fd67175ec534.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=FnmYVo15WM5iFdIUW2Fm6Q&filename=vault/803c285deb3ababf9af3fd67175ec534.webp&width=1920 1920w","Структурные формулы азолаков",[2802],{"attrs":2803,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":2747},{"caption":2796,"display":201,"style":2746,"version":45},{"attrs":2805,"content":2807,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":2635},{"textAlign":10,"version":45,"id":2806},"h3_trifenilmetanovыe_pigmentы",[2808],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2809,"type":48},"Трифенилметановые пигменты",{"attrs":2811,"content":2812,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":86},{"textAlign":10},[2813,2815,2823],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2814,"type":48},"Трифенилметановые пигменты – нерастворимые соли основных трифенилметановых красителей, из которых наибольшее значение имеют синие, фиолетовые и зелёные лаки основные и пигмент синий трифенилметановый (",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2816,"text":2822,"type":48},[2817],{"attrs":2818,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":61},{"content_id":2819,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":2820,"link_type":603,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"7dc194ff-9f07-4875-aadd-25359623a5aa",{"slug":2821,"type":60},"arilmetanovye-krasiteli-7dc194","арилметановые красители",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2562,"type":48},{"attrs":2825,"content":2827,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":2635},{"textAlign":10,"version":45,"id":2826},"h3_ftalotsianinovыe_pigmentы",[2828],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2829,"type":48},"Фталоцианиновые пигменты",{"attrs":2831,"content":2832,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":86},{"textAlign":10},[2833,2840,2842,2847,2849,2854,2856,2860,2862,2866,2868,2872,2873,2877,2879,2883,2885,2889,2891,2895],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2834,"text":2829,"type":48},[2835],{"attrs":2836,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":61},{"content_id":2837,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":2838,"link_type":603,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"efd02507-8075-4082-ae02-f6ab2e00bbd2",{"slug":2839,"type":60},"ftalotsianinovye-krasiteli-efd025",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2841,"type":48}," отличаются высокой красящей способностью, устойчивостью к действию органических растворителей и миграции в ПВХ, свето- и термостойкостью. Наиболее практически важны голубые фталоцианиновые пигменты (неустойчивая и устойчивая ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2843,"text":2846,"type":48},[2844],{"attrs":2845,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":645},{"version":45},"α",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2848,"type":48},"-модификации и ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2850,"text":2853,"type":48},[2851],{"attrs":2852,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":645},{"version":45},"β",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2855,"type":48},"-модификация фталоцианина Cu, соответствующие ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2857,"text":2846,"type":48},[2858],{"attrs":2859,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":645},{"version":45},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2861,"type":48},"-модификации фталоцианина, не содержащего металл, т. н. безметалльного) и зелёный (перхлорфталоцианин Cu). Получают различными способами обработки фталоцианина Cu: голубые пигменты в виде ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2863,"text":2846,"type":48},[2864],{"attrs":2865,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":645},{"version":45},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2867,"type":48},"-неустойчивой модификации – переосаждением из 8–10-кратного количества концентрированной H",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2869,"text":57,"type":48},[2870],{"attrs":2871,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":289},{"version":45},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2491,"type":48},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2874,"text":279,"type":48},[2875],{"attrs":2876,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":289},{"version":45},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2878,"type":48}," или механическим размолом с ней (2–3-кратное количество), в виде ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2880,"text":2853,"type":48},[2881],{"attrs":2882,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":645},{"version":45},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2884,"type":48},"-модификации – в основном пластичным размолом в органической среде в присутствии минеральных солей; голубой пигмент в виде ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2886,"text":2846,"type":48},[2887],{"attrs":2888,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":645},{"version":45},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2890,"type":48},"-устойчивой модификации получают аналогично ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2892,"text":2846,"type":48},[2893],{"attrs":2894,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":645},{"version":45},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2896,"type":48},"-неустойчивой модификации, но из частично хлорированного фталоцианина Cu (~1 атом хлора на молекулу). Зелёный пигмент получают всеми указанными выше способами синтеза для голубых пигментов.",{"attrs":2898,"content":2899,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":86},{"textAlign":10},[2900,2902,2906,2908,2912,2914,2918],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2901,"type":48},"Фталоцианиновым пигментам свойственно явление флокуляции – недостаточная агрегативная устойчивость в полиграфических красках для глубокой печати и эмалях, особенно в смеси с неорганическими пигментами; проявляется в снижении красящей способности и блеска, в расслаивании эмалей и красок при хранении. 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Ниже приведены основные типы этих пигментов.",{"attrs":2932,"content":2933,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":86},{"textAlign":10},[2934,2936,2945,2947,2955,2957,2962,2963,2968,2970,2978,2980,2984,2986,2990],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2935,"type":48},"Пигменты, получаемые на основе ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":2937,"text":2944,"type":48},[2938],{"attrs":2939,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":61},{"content_id":2940,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":2941,"link_type":2943,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"4aedf289-e8a1-483f-9df8-fb9040d631a3",{"slug":2942,"type":60},"politsiklicheskie-kubovye-krasiteli-4aedf2","14","полициклических кубовых красителей",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":2946,"type":48},", включают следующие наиболее важные представители: 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пигменты",{"attrs":3010,"content":3011,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":86},{"textAlign":10},[3012],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":3013,"type":48},"Периленовые пигменты – диимиды перилен-3,4,9,10-тетракарбоновой кислоты (XI); получают взаимодействием диангидрида кислоты с водным аммиаком (красно-фиолетовый пигмент) или алифатическими (реже ароматическими) аминами. 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