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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Holograph" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a>.</div> An autograph or holograph is a <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> or document written in its <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a>'s or <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a>'s hand. The meaning of "<a href="/wiki/Autograph" title="Autograph">autograph</a>" as a document penned entirely by the author of its content (as opposed to a typeset document or one written by a copyist or scribe other than the author) overlaps with that of "holograph". <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/220px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/330px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/440px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="698"></a><figcaption>The opening pages of the <a href="/wiki/Konya_Manuscript" title="Konya Manuscript">Konya manuscript</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Futuhat_al-Makkiyya" title="Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya">Meccan Revelations</a>, handwritten by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a> in the 13th century<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satie_sports_preface.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Satie_sports_preface.jpg/330px-Satie_sports_preface.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Satie_sports_preface.jpg/495px-Satie_sports_preface.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Satie_sports_preface.jpg/660px-Satie_sports_preface.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="838"></a><figcaption>"Préface" (preface) and "Choral inappétissant" (unsavoury chorale), first page of <a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a>'s autograph of <a href="/wiki/Sports_et_divertissements" title="Sports et divertissements">Sports et divertissements</a> (dated 15 May 1914)</figcaption></figure> Autograph manuscripts are studied by scholars (such as <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleographer">paleographers</a>), and can become <a href="/wiki/Autograph_collecting" title="Autograph collecting">collectable objects</a>. Holographic documents have, in some jurisdictions, a specific legal standing.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">not verified in body</a>] Related terms include archetype (the hypothesised form of an autograph), and protograph (the common ancestor of two closely-related <a href="/wiki/Textual_witness" class="mw-redirect" title="Textual witness"> witnesses</a> which ultimately descended from the same autograph). For example, the <a href="/wiki/Novgorodsko-Sofiysky_Svod" title="Novgorodsko-Sofiysky Svod">Novgorodsko-Sofiysky Svod</a> is the hypothetical protograph of the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Fourth_Chronicle" title="Novgorod Fourth Chronicle">Novgorod Fourth Chronicle</a> (NPL) and <a href="/wiki/Sofia_First_Chronicle" title="Sofia First Chronicle">Sofia First Chronicle</a>, both of which are extant <a href="/wiki/Textual_witness" class="mw-redirect" title="Textual witness">textual witnesses</a> of the lost archetype, the <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a> (PVL). A paradosis is a proposed best-reading, postulated when attempting to reconstruct the autograph. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Terminology">1 Terminology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Text">2 Text</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Music">3 Music</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Scholarship">3.1 Scholarship</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#As_collectable_object">3.2 As collectable object</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Holographic_documents">4 Holographic documents</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Further_reading">7 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> According to The Oxford English Minidictionary, an autograph is, apart from its meaning as a <a href="/wiki/Autograph#Celebrity's_signature" title="Autograph">signature</a>, a "<a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> in the author's handwriting," while a holograph is a "(document) written wholly in the handwriting of the person in whose name it appears."<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Maunde_Thompson" title="Edward Maunde Thompson">Edward Maunde Thompson</a> gives two common meanings of the word autograph as it applies to documents: "a document signed by the person from whom it emanates" and "one written entirely in the hand of such a person", noting that the latter is "more technically described as a holograph".<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archive-ugent-be-71214C7A-4DA8-11E1-9711-46853B7C8C91_DS-1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Archive-ugent-be-71214C7A-4DA8-11E1-9711-46853B7C8C91_DS-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Archive-ugent-be-71214C7A-4DA8-11E1-9711-46853B7C8C91_DS-1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="408" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2779" data-file-height="3780"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 408px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Archive-ugent-be-71214C7A-4DA8-11E1-9711-46853B7C8C91_DS-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Archive-ugent-be-71214C7A-4DA8-11E1-9711-46853B7C8C91_DS-1_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="408" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Archive-ugent-be-71214C7A-4DA8-11E1-9711-46853B7C8C91_DS-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-Archive-ugent-be-71214C7A-4DA8-11E1-9711-46853B7C8C91_DS-1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Archive-ugent-be-71214C7A-4DA8-11E1-9711-46853B7C8C91_DS-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-Archive-ugent-be-71214C7A-4DA8-11E1-9711-46853B7C8C91_DS-1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hippoliet_Van_Peene" title="Hippoliet Van Peene">Hippoliet Van Peene</a>'s autograph of the lyrics of "<a href="/wiki/De_Vlaamse_Leeuw" title="De Vlaamse Leeuw">De Vlaamse Leeuw</a>" (22 July 1845).<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Third_New_International_Dictionary" title="Webster's Third New International Dictionary">Webster's Third New International Dictionary</a>, the definitions are:<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <dl><dd><dl><dt>1autograph</dt> <dd>1: something that is written with one's own hand: a: an original handwritten manuscript (as of an author's or composer's work) ⟨valuable old ~s of Dickens⟩ [p. 147]</dd> <dt>1holograph</dt> <dd>: a document (as a letter, deed, or will) wholly in the handwriting of the person from whom it proceeds and whose act it purports to be [p. 1081]</dd></dl></dd></dl> According to Stanley Boorman in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>:<a href="#cite_note-NewGrove2001-6">[6]</a> <dl><dd><dl><dt>Holograph</dt> <dd>A document written in the hand of the author or composer. This distinguishes it from the more commonly used word, Autograph, for the latter, strictly, means merely that the document is written by someone who can be named.<a href="#cite_note-NewGrove2001-6">[6]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> Boorman describes the manuscripts handwritten by a composer as including holographs (copies of their own work) and autographs (copies of the works of other composers). He notes that this distinction is rarely made by "antiquarian dealers or auctioneers", but says that scribes and copyists often included other composers and so identifying them and their autographs can be useful for people studying their works.<a href="#cite_note-NewGrove2001-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beethoven_ninth_symphony_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Beethoven_ninth_symphony_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="155"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Beethoven_ninth_symphony_manuscript.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="155" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s final <a href="/wiki/Full_score" class="mw-redirect" title="Full score">score</a> of <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">his ninth symphony</a>: partial autograph, of the "non-autograph copy with autograph corrections" type.<a href="#cite_note-Beethoven9th-7">[7]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BWV_232_Credo_Revision.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/BWV_232_Credo_Revision.jpg/300px-BWV_232_Credo_Revision.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1378" data-file-height="964"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 210px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/BWV_232_Credo_Revision.jpg/300px-BWV_232_Credo_Revision.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="210" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/BWV_232_Credo_Revision.jpg/450px-BWV_232_Credo_Revision.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/BWV_232_Credo_Revision.jpg/600px-BWV_232_Credo_Revision.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>In 2009 <a href="/wiki/Uwe_Wolf_(musicologist)" title="Uwe Wolf (musicologist)">Uwe Wolf</a> reported about the X-ray technology he had used on the (D-B) Mus.ms. Bach P 180 manuscript, to distinguish J. S. Bach's autograph<a href="#cite_note-Tomita-8">[8]</a> composition from later revisions by his son C. P. E.<a href="#cite_note-P180-9">[9]</a></figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C5%8D_Tomita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yō Tomita (page does not exist)">Yō Tomita</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8D_Tomita" class="extiw" title="fr:Yō Tomita">fr</a>], writing in The Routledge Research Companion to Johann Sebastian Bach, "autograph" and "holograph" can be considered synonyms (i.e., a manuscript for which the writer is the author of the work), the former term being generally preferred in studies of manuscripts. Further, he writes that Bach's copies of compositions by other composers "should never be referred to as Bach's autographs, even if they are entirely in Bach's handwriting." He distinguishes two types of partial autographs: the first being written by a set of scribes, including the composer, the second being a copy made by a scribe other than the composer, to which the composer, in a later stage, applied editorial corrections and/or other modifications. According to Tomita, manuscripts of straightforward transcriptions should be referred to as "copy" or "transcription manuscript", while more convoluted arrangements should be referred to as an "autograph" rather than a "copy". In Bach scholarship, "original manuscript" refers to a score or performance parts written (by himself or his scribes) for the composer's own use.<a href="#cite_note-Tomita-8">[8]</a> In what follows the terms "autograph" and "holograph" are used as quoted in the sources indicated by the footnoted references. When these sources only use a description, such as "in the author's handwriting" or "written in the hand of the author", then, following Webster's, "autograph" is used for a "manuscript (as of an author's or composer's work)" and "holograph" for a "document (as a letter, deed, or will)", and either of these terms only when the explicitly named scribe of the manuscript or document is also the creator of its content. For instance: <ul><li>If the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9pertoire_International_des_Sources_Musicales" title="Répertoire International des Sources Musicales">RISM</a> page used as reference for the (D-B) Mus.ms. Bach P 180 manuscript describes that object as an "autograph" (by Johann Sebastian Bach), then that qualification is not changed to holograph: the context is clear, i.e. written and composed by J. S. Bach,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> even if this handwritten score was, in 1786, partially altered and completed for performance by the composer's son C. P. E. Bach.<a href="#cite_note-P180-9">[9]</a></li> <li>In the second half of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Rust" title="Wilhelm Rust">Wilhelm Rust</a> compiled a score from a composite 18th-century manuscript, partially in J. S. Bach's hand, of the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christus_ist_um_unsrer_Missetat_willen_verwundet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christus ist um unsrer Missetat willen verwundet">Jesus Christus ist um unsrer Missetat willen verwundet</a> St Mark Passion. None of the available descriptions at the <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> and RISM websites qualify either of these 18th- and 19th-century manuscripts as either autograph or holograph, nor by Bach, nor by Rust, but as versions of a work by another composer dubbed "Keiser".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The 18th-century manuscript can however be indicated as an "original source" according to the Bach Digital page on the Weimar version of this Passion.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li></ul> Autograph letters which are not in the handwriting of the person from whom they emanate, and perhaps only bear the signature of their author, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Autograph_letter_(Holy_See)" title="Autograph letter (Holy See)">Vatican usage of the term</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> are not further considered in this article about autograph manuscripts. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Text">Text</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Text" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg/220px-Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="1234"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 240px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg/220px-Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg/330px-Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg/440px-Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An autograph fragment of <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides'</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed" title="The Guide for the Perplexed">Guide for the Perplexed</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vinci_-_Hammer_2A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vinci_-_Hammer_2A.jpg/300px-Vinci_-_Hammer_2A.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4108" data-file-height="2796"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 204px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vinci_-_Hammer_2A.jpg/300px-Vinci_-_Hammer_2A.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="204" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vinci_-_Hammer_2A.jpg/450px-Vinci_-_Hammer_2A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vinci_-_Hammer_2A.jpg/600px-Vinci_-_Hammer_2A.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Two pages from the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Leicester" title="Codex Leicester">Codex Leicester</a>, a manuscript by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beatty-15">[15]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sketch_by_Emily_Bront%C3%AB_sgowing_herself_and_Anne_at_work_in_the_dining_room_of_the_parsonage..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sketch_by_Emily_Bront%C3%AB_sgowing_herself_and_Anne_at_work_in_the_dining_room_of_the_parsonage..jpg/300px-Sketch_by_Emily_Bront%C3%AB_sgowing_herself_and_Anne_at_work_in_the_dining_room_of_the_parsonage..jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="366" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1461" data-file-height="1782"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 366px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sketch_by_Emily_Bront%C3%AB_sgowing_herself_and_Anne_at_work_in_the_dining_room_of_the_parsonage..jpg/300px-Sketch_by_Emily_Bront%C3%AB_sgowing_herself_and_Anne_at_work_in_the_dining_room_of_the_parsonage..jpg" data-width="300" data-height="366" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sketch_by_Emily_Bront%C3%AB_sgowing_herself_and_Anne_at_work_in_the_dining_room_of_the_parsonage..jpg/450px-Sketch_by_Emily_Bront%C3%AB_sgowing_herself_and_Anne_at_work_in_the_dining_room_of_the_parsonage..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sketch_by_Emily_Bront%C3%AB_sgowing_herself_and_Anne_at_work_in_the_dining_room_of_the_parsonage..jpg/600px-Sketch_by_Emily_Bront%C3%AB_sgowing_herself_and_Anne_at_work_in_the_dining_room_of_the_parsonage..jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">Emily Brontë</a>'s diary (26 June 1837).<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_last_speech_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lincoln_last_speech_manuscript.jpg/300px-Lincoln_last_speech_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lincoln_last_speech_manuscript.jpg/300px-Lincoln_last_speech_manuscript.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lincoln_last_speech_manuscript.jpg/450px-Lincoln_last_speech_manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lincoln_last_speech_manuscript.jpg/600px-Lincoln_last_speech_manuscript.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>'s 1865 last address as president.<a href="#cite_note-Lincoln-17">[17]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Draft_document" title="Draft document">Draft document</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foul_papers" title="Foul papers">Foul papers</a></div> Autograph text, with or without drawn illustrations, or calculations, remains from many authors, from different eras, including: <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_of_Aquasparta" title="Matthew of Aquasparta">Matthew of Aquasparta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beatty-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>17th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>18th century</dt></dl> <ul><li>Johann Sebastian Bach's autograph report on the state of <a href="/wiki/Bach%27s_choir_and_orchestra" title="Bach's choir and orchestra">his choir and orchestra</a> in Leipzig<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> has been studied in the context of <a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">Historically informed performance</a> practice,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and his autograph letters to Georg Erdmann in the context of <a href="/wiki/Biographies_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Biographies of Johann Sebastian Bach">his biography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>19th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bront%C3%AB_sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Brontë sisters">Brontë sisters</a> and their brother <a href="/wiki/Branwell_Bront%C3%AB" title="Branwell Brontë">Branwell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lincoln-17">[17]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>20th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a>'s autograph calculations have been the subject of minute analysis: a hypothesis, proposed by <a href="/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Lendvai" title="Ernő Lendvai">Ernő Lendvai</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and others in the 3rd quarter of the 20th century, that the composer would have deliberately planned the proportions of his compositions according to <a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">golden ratio</a> principles, using the <a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_sequence" title="Fibonacci sequence">Fibonacci sequence</a>, was rejected in later scholarship for the absence of any such calculation in the many computational notes left by the composer.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s autographs have been the object of critical studies.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> An autograph page by Tolkien sold for US$81,250 in December 2018.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Also autograph letters by Tolkien have come up at auction.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>21st century</dt></dl> <ul><li>One of seven autograph copies of <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Tales_of_Beedle_the_Bard" title="The Tales of Beedle the Bard">The Tales of Beedle the Bard</a> sold for <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>1,950,000 in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vivaldi_Violinkonzert-gdur-buchmuseum_-_1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vivaldi_Violinkonzert-gdur-buchmuseum_-_1.jpeg/300px-Vivaldi_Violinkonzert-gdur-buchmuseum_-_1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2336"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vivaldi_Violinkonzert-gdur-buchmuseum_-_1.jpeg/300px-Vivaldi_Violinkonzert-gdur-buchmuseum_-_1.jpeg" data-width="300" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vivaldi_Violinkonzert-gdur-buchmuseum_-_1.jpeg/450px-Vivaldi_Violinkonzert-gdur-buchmuseum_-_1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vivaldi_Violinkonzert-gdur-buchmuseum_-_1.jpeg/600px-Vivaldi_Violinkonzert-gdur-buchmuseum_-_1.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a>'s autograph of <a href="/wiki/Ryom-Verzeichnis" title="Ryom-Verzeichnis">RV</a> 314, displayed in the Buchmuseum (<a href="/wiki/Saxon_State_and_University_Library_Dresden" title="Saxon State and University Library Dresden">SLUB Dresden</a>).<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BWV_906_autograph_c1738_(D-Dl_Mus._2405-T-52),_p3.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BWV_906_autograph_c1738_%28D-Dl_Mus._2405-T-52%29%2C_p3.png/300px-BWV_906_autograph_c1738_%28D-Dl_Mus._2405-T-52%29%2C_p3.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="493" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1832" data-file-height="3008"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 493px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BWV_906_autograph_c1738_%28D-Dl_Mus._2405-T-52%29%2C_p3.png/300px-BWV_906_autograph_c1738_%28D-Dl_Mus._2405-T-52%29%2C_p3.png" data-width="300" data-height="493" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BWV_906_autograph_c1738_%28D-Dl_Mus._2405-T-52%29%2C_p3.png/450px-BWV_906_autograph_c1738_%28D-Dl_Mus._2405-T-52%29%2C_p3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BWV_906_autograph_c1738_%28D-Dl_Mus._2405-T-52%29%2C_p3.png/600px-BWV_906_autograph_c1738_%28D-Dl_Mus._2405-T-52%29%2C_p3.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Third page of Bach's autograph of the <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_and_Fugue_in_C_minor,_BWV_906" title="Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 906">Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 906</a> (start of Fugue shown):<a href="#cite_note-BWV906-41">[41]</a> before the discovery of this manuscript in 1876, the Fugue could not be authenticated as Bach's.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuscript_of_Mahler%27s_Symphony_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manuscript_of_Mahler%27s_Symphony_2.jpg/300px-Manuscript_of_Mahler%27s_Symphony_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1310"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 197px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manuscript_of_Mahler%27s_Symphony_2.jpg/300px-Manuscript_of_Mahler%27s_Symphony_2.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="197" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manuscript_of_Mahler%27s_Symphony_2.jpg/450px-Manuscript_of_Mahler%27s_Symphony_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manuscript_of_Mahler%27s_Symphony_2.jpg/600px-Manuscript_of_Mahler%27s_Symphony_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a>'s autograph of <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Mahler)">his second symphony</a>, sold for a record sum in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Mahler2nd-43">[43]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sketch_(music)" title="Sketch (music)">Sketch (music)</a></div> Musical autographs exist in various stages of completion:<a href="#cite_note-Tomita-8">[8]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_(music)" title="Sketch (music)">Sketch</a>, indicating musical ideas written down in the early stages of a composition process, often not more than a few bars of music (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a>'s <a href="/wiki/D._309A" class="mw-redirect" title="D. 309A">D 309A</a> and <a href="/wiki/D._769A" class="mw-redirect" title="D. 769A">D 769A</a> survived as autograph sketches).<a href="#cite_note-Deutsch-44">[44]</a></li> <li>Draft, which can contain corrections, and is not necessarily a complete composition (e.g. the autograph of Schubert's <a href="/wiki/D._840" class="mw-redirect" title="D. 840">D 840</a> is an incomplete draft of a four-movement <a href="/wiki/Piano_sonata" title="Piano sonata">piano sonata</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Deutsch-44">[44]</a></li> <li>Composing score (e.g. autograph composing scores survive for several of Bach's cantatas).<a href="#cite_note-Tomita-8">[8]</a></li> <li>Fair copy, written out clear enough to be used for performance or publication of the music. Fair copies are not necessarily written by the composer, but if the composer has some control over the process of copying, and possibly adds some corrections or completions in his own hand, the fair copy may still be considered an original source (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a>'s partial autograph of the <a href="/wiki/BWV_210" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 210">BWV 210</a> cantata is a fair copy which is considered an original source).<a href="#cite_note-D%C3%BCrr-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> For pieces with multiple performers, apart from the score itself, also performance parts (i.e. sheet music for individual performers), may exist as autographs, as partial autographs or as copies by others, and would usually be fair copies although earlier stages of such parts may exist (e.g. D-Dl Mus. 2405-D-21 is a set of partial autograph performance parts of <a href="/wiki/Mass_for_the_Dresden_court_(Bach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass for the Dresden court (Bach)">Bach's 1733 Mass for the Dresden court</a>).<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li></ul> Intermediate stages are possible, for instance <a href="/wiki/Wagner%27s_method_of_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner's method of composition">Wagner's method of composition</a> entailed several sketch and draft stages, and a first stage of the complete score (Partiturerstschrift) before the fair copy.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Other composers used fewer steps: for his cantatas, Bach apparently often started directly with the composing score (with some sketches and drafts written in that score while composing), without, in the end, always transferring such score to a fair copy.<a href="#cite_note-Tomita-8">[8]</a> Sometimes, however, he started with the transcription of an earlier work, which developed in a revision score, before being transferred to a fair copy.<a href="#cite_note-Tomita-8">[8]</a> Or otherwise, a revision manuscript could be turned into performance material for a rewritten work: D-B Mus.ms. Bach St 112 VI, Fascicle 1, a partially autograph bundle of performance parts for the <a href="/wiki/Herr,_wenn_die_stolzen_Feinde_schnauben,_BWV_248_VI" title="Herr, wenn die stolzen Feinde schnauben, BWV 248 VI">last cantata of Bach's Christmas Oratorio</a>, contains four parts which are revision versions originally written for an otherwise undocumented cantata (<a href="/wiki/BWV_248_VI_a" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 248 VI a">BWV 248 VI a</a>).<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Sometimes a composer's autograph starts as a fair copy, continuing as a draft. For example, the Fantasia in the late 1730s autograph of <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_and_Fugue_in_C_minor,_BWV_906" title="Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 906">Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 906</a>, is a fair copy, but halfway through the (likely incomplete) Fugue the manuscript gradually shifts to a draft with several corrections.<a href="#cite_note-BWV906-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scholarship" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Scholarly studies of autographs can help in establishing authenticity or date of origin of a composition.<a href="#cite_note-Tomita-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-D%C3%BCrr-45">[45]</a> Autographs, and fair copies produced with the assistance of scribes, can also be studied to detect a composer's true intentions. For instance, <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a> argued that <a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a>'s autograph score of <a href="/wiki/From_the_House_of_the_Dead" title="From the House of the Dead">his last opera</a> was less authoritative as the final state of that opera than the fair copy by the composer's scribes, produced under his direction and with his corrections.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_collectable_object">As collectable object</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: As collectable object" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Autograph_collecting" title="Autograph collecting">Autograph collecting</a></div> Bach's autograph compositions are rarely available for private collectors: the bulk of his hundreds of extant autographs resides at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Library" title="Berlin State Library">Berlin State Library</a>, while only a fourth of 40 complete autograph manuscripts outside that collection are privately owned. One of such exceptional autographs, that came up for auction in 2016, fetched over £2.5m.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>'s autographs have, since a few months after the composer's death in 1827, been sold for considerable prices at auctions.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Beethoven's autograph of the <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Fuge" class="mw-redirect" title="Große Fuge">Große Fuge</a> (version for <a href="/wiki/Piano_four_hands" title="Piano four hands">four hands</a>) sold for £1.1m at <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a> in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In November 2016 the autograph score of a <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a> symphony sold for £4,546,250: no autograph symphony had ever sold for a higher price.<a href="#cite_note-Mahler2nd-43">[43]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Holographic_documents">Holographic documents</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Holographic documents" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This section has multiple issues. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Autograph_(manuscript)" title="Special:EditPage/Autograph (manuscript)">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Autograph_(manuscript)" title="Talk:Autograph (manuscript)">talk page</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Autograph_(manuscript)" title="Special:EditPage/Autograph (manuscript)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Autograph%22+manuscript">"Autograph" manuscript</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Autograph%22+manuscript+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Autograph%22+manuscript&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Autograph%22+manuscript+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Autograph%22+manuscript">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Autograph%22+manuscript&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (November 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (April 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> A holograph is a document written entirely in the handwriting of the person whose signature it bears. Some countries (e.g. France) or local jurisdictions within certain countries (e.g. some U.S. states) give legal standing to specific types of holographic documents, generally waiving requirements that they be witnessed. One of the most important types of such documents are <a href="/wiki/Holographic_will" title="Holographic will">holographic last wills</a>. In fiction, The Ardua Hall Holograph, handwritten by Aunt Lydia, plays a central role in Margaret Atwood's novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Testaments" title="The Testaments">The Testaments</a> (2019). <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_books_and_manuscripts" title="List of most expensive books and manuscripts">List of most expensive books and manuscripts</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHirtenstein" class="citation book cs1">Hirtenstein, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1049200830">the Master's hand : a preliminary study of Ibn 'Arabi's holographs and autographs</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1049200830">1049200830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=the+Master%27s+hand+%3A+a+preliminary+study+of+Ibn+%27Arabi%27s+holographs+and+autographs&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1049200830&rft.aulast=Hirtenstein&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1049200830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Hawkins, Joyce M. (ed.), 1994. The Oxford English Minidictionary, Revised Third Edition. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>, pp. 29 and 243. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861310-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861310-5">0-19-861310-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-3"><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thompson, Edward Maunde (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Autographs">"Autographs" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Autographs&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=45-47&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Edward+Maunde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:71214C7A-4DA8-11E1-9711-46853B7C8C91#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-5004,-440,15746,8792">"De Vlaemsche leeuw"</a>. lib.ugent.be. 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Bach P 180</a> at <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Library" title="Berlin State Library">Berlin State Library</a> website </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00018426?lang=en">D-B Mus.ms. 11471/1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00000803?lang=en">D-B Mus.ms. 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Autograph Manuscript, being a portion of the original manuscript of Therese</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bonhams" title="Bonhams">Bonhams</a> website. Retrieved 9 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTokoo2002" class="citation book cs1">Tokoo, Tatsuo (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NqB_lJExnRsC">A Catalogue and Index of the Shelley Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library and a General Index to the Facsimile Edition of the Bodleian Shelley Manuscripts, Volumes I–XXII</a>. Vol. XXIII. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815311584" title="Special:BookSources/9780815311584"><bdi>9780815311584</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catalogue+and+Index+of+the+Shelley+Manuscripts+in+the+Bodleian+Library+and+a+General+Index+to+the+Facsimile+Edition+of+the+Bodleian+Shelley+Manuscripts%2C+Volumes+I%E2%80%93XXII&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780815311584&rft.aulast=Tokoo&rft.aufirst=Tatsuo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNqB_lJExnRsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2011/english-literature-history-childrens-books-illustrations-l11404/lot.51.html">"Austen, Jane: AUTOGRAPH DRAFT MANUSCRIPT OF HER UNFINISHED NOVEL 'THE WATSONS'"</a>. www.sothebys.com. <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a>. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sothebys.com&rft.atitle=Austen%2C+Jane%3A+AUTOGRAPH+DRAFT+MANUSCRIPT+OF+HER+UNFINISHED+NOVEL+%27THE+WATSONS%27&rft.date=2011-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sothebys.com%2Fen%2Fauctions%2Fecatalogue%2F2011%2Fenglish-literature-history-childrens-books-illustrations-l11404%2Flot.51.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themorgan.org/collection/literary-and-historical-manuscripts/80096">Anne Brontë, Patrick Branwell, and Emily Jane Brontë: Autograph manuscripts and letters</a> at <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Library_%26_Museum" title="Morgan Library & Museum">Morgan Library & Museum</a> website. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/bronte-charlotte-1816-1855-autograph-letter-signed-c-6218425-details.aspx">"BRONTË, Charlotte (1816–1855): Autograph letter signed ('C Brontë') to D[avid] Waldie, Gloucester Terrace, London, 19 January (1853)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a>. 10 July 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BRONT%C3%8B%2C+Charlotte+%281816%E2%80%931855%29%3A+Autograph+letter+signed+%28%27C+Bront%C3%AB%27%29+to+D%5Bavid%5D+Waldie%2C+Gloucester+Terrace%2C+London%2C+19+January+%281853%29&rft.pub=Christie%27s&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Flotfinder%2FLot%2Fbronte-charlotte-1816-1855-autograph-letter-signed-c-6218425-details.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.201.html/2008/books-manuscripts-and-photographs-including-nine-manuscripts-by-andre-breton-from-the-simone-collinet-collection-pf8005">"Manifeste du surréalisme: Manuscrit autographe (Lorient-Paris, juillet-août 1924)"</a>. www.sothebys.com. <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a>. 21 May 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sothebys.com&rft.atitle=Manifeste+du+surr%C3%A9alisme%3A+Manuscrit+autographe+%28Lorient-Paris%2C+juillet-ao%C3%BBt+1924%29&rft.date=2008-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sothebys.com%2Fen%2Fauctions%2Fecatalogue%2Flot.201.html%2F2008%2Fbooks-manuscripts-and-photographs-including-nine-manuscripts-by-andre-breton-from-the-simone-collinet-collection-pf8005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Reference-{{{id}}}"><a href="/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Lendvai" title="Ernő Lendvai">Lendvai, Ernő</a>. 1971. Béla Bartók: An Analysis of His Music, introduced by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bush" title="Alan Bush">Alan Bush</a>. London: Kahn & Averill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900707-04-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-900707-04-6">0-900707-04-6</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/240301">240301</a>.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomfai1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Somfai" title="László Somfai">Somfai, László</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R1uFw41k3mgC&pg=PA80">"'Plans' and 'calculations'?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R1uFw41k3mgC">Bela Bartok: Composition, Concepts, and Autograph Sources</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 80–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520914612" title="Special:BookSources/9780520914612"><bdi>9780520914612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Plans%27+and+%27calculations%27%3F&rft.btitle=Bela+Bartok%3A+Composition%2C+Concepts%2C+and+Autograph+Sources&rft.pages=80-82&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780520914612&rft.aulast=Somfai&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR1uFw41k3mgC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/books-manuscripts/einstein-albert-autograph-letter-signed-a-6167096-details.aspx">"EINSTEIN, Albert (1879-1955). Autograph letter signed ("A. Einstein") to Eric Gutkind, Princeton, 3 January 1954"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a>. 4 December 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EINSTEIN%2C+Albert+%281879-1955%29.+Autograph+letter+signed+%28%22A.+Einstein%22%29+to+Eric+Gutkind%2C+Princeton%2C+3+January+1954.&rft.pub=Christie%27s&rft.date=2018-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Flotfinder%2Fbooks-manuscripts%2Feinstein-albert-autograph-letter-signed-a-6167096-details.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot/in-other-words-we-think-we-have-5665783-details.aspx">"CRICK, Francis Harry Compton (1916–2004). Autograph Letter Signed ("Daddy") to his son Michael, outlining the revolutionary discovery of the structure and function of DNA. Cambridge, 19 March 1953"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a>. 10 April 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CRICK%2C+Francis+Harry+Compton+%281916%E2%80%932004%29.+Autograph+Letter+Signed+%28%22Daddy%22%29+to+his+son+Michael%2C+outlining+the+revolutionary+discovery+of+the+structure+and+function+of+DNA.+Cambridge%2C+19+March+1953&rft.pub=Christie%27s&rft.date=2013-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Flotfinder%2Flot%2Fin-other-words-we-think-we-have-5665783-details.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrout2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (1 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dmu9G8oU3oQC&pg=PA15">"Towards a better Tolkien criticism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Robert_Eaglestone" title="Robert Eaglestone">Eaglestone, Robert</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dmu9G8oU3oQC">Reading The Lord of the Rings: New Writings on Tolkien's Classic</a>. <a href="/wiki/A_%26_C_Black" title="A & C Black">A & C Black</a>. pp. 15–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826484604" title="Special:BookSources/9780826484604"><bdi>9780826484604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+a+better+Tolkien+criticism&rft.btitle=Reading+The+Lord+of+the+Rings%3A+New+Writings+on+Tolkien%27s+Classic&rft.pages=15-28&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft.date=2006-03-01&rft.isbn=9780826484604&rft.aulast=Drout&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddmu9G8oU3oQC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/tolkien-jrr-1892-1973-autograph-manuscript-headed-the-6173279-details.aspx">"TOLKIEN, J.R.R. (1892-1973). Autograph manuscript, headed The Lord of the Rings III"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a>. 4 December 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TOLKIEN%2C+J.R.R.+%281892-1973%29.+Autograph+manuscript%2C+headed+The+Lord+of+the+Rings+III&rft.pub=Christie%27s&rft.date=2018-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Flotfinder%2FLot%2Ftolkien-jrr-1892-1973-autograph-manuscript-headed-the-6173279-details.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot/tolkien-jrr-autograph-letter-signed-3918797-details.aspx">"TOLKIEN, J.R.R. Autograph letter signed (J.R.R. Tolkien), to Nancy Smith. Oxford, Christmas Day 1963"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a>. 24 May 2002. Retrieved 30 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TOLKIEN%2C+J.R.R.+Autograph+letter+signed+%28J.R.R.+Tolkien%29%2C+to+Nancy+Smith.+Oxford%2C+Christmas+Day+1963.&rft.pub=Christie%27s&rft.date=2002-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Flotfinder%2Flot%2Ftolkien-jrr-autograph-letter-signed-3918797-details.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2014/rock-roll-history-presley-to-punk-n09160/lot.146.html">"Bob Dylan: Original working autograph manuscript of "Like a Rolling Stone" – the final draft lyrics as recorded (June, 1965)"</a>. www.sothebys.com. <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a>. 24 June 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sothebys.com&rft.atitle=Bob+Dylan%3A+Original+working+autograph+manuscript+of+%22Like+a+Rolling+Stone%22+%E2%80%93+the+final+draft+lyrics+as+recorded+%28June%2C+1965%29.&rft.date=2014-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sothebys.com%2Fen%2Fauctions%2Fecatalogue%2F2014%2Frock-roll-history-presley-to-punk-n09160%2Flot.146.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2007/english-literature-history-childrens-books-and-illustrations-l07411/lot.311A.html">"Rowling, J.K. AUTOGRAPH MANUSCRIPT OF THE TALES OF BEEDLE THE BARD TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL RUNES BY J.K. ROWLING"</a>. www.sothebys.com. <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a>. 13 December 2007. 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New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johannsebastian01terrgoog/page/n173">127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johann+Sebastian+Bach%3A+His+Life%2C+Art+and+Work+%E2%80%93+translated+from+the+German%2C+with+notes+and+appendices&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+and+Howe&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Forkel&rft.aufirst=Johann+Nikolaus&rft.au=Terry%2C+Charles+Sanford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahler2nd-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahler2nd_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahler2nd_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHann2016" class="citation news cs1">Hann, Michael (29 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/nov/29/mahler-second-symphony-manuscript-sold-record-sum">"Mahler's second symphony manuscript sells for record £4.5m"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mahler%27s+second+symphony+manuscript+sells+for+record+%C2%A34.5m&rft.date=2016-11-29&rft.aulast=Hann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2016%2Fnov%2F29%2Fmahler-second-symphony-manuscript-sold-record-sum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deutsch-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deutsch_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deutsch_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsch1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Erich_Deutsch" title="Otto Erich Deutsch">Deutsch, Otto Erich</a>; et al. (<a href="/wiki/Walther_D%C3%BCrr" title="Walther Dürr">Walther Dürr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Feil" title="Arnold Feil">Arnold Feil</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christa_Landon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christa Landon (page does not exist)">Christa Landon</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christa_Landon" class="extiw" title="de:Christa Landon">de</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Werner_Aderhold" title="Werner Aderhold">Werner Aderhold</a>) (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/FranzSchubert.ThematischesVerzeichnisSeinerWerkeInChronologischerFolge">Franz Schubert: Thematisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke in chronologischer Folge</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Schubert_Edition" title="New Schubert Edition">New Schubert Edition</a>, Series VIII: Supplement (in German). Vol. 4. Kassel: <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4renreiter" title="Bärenreiter">Bärenreiter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783761805718" title="Special:BookSources/9783761805718"><bdi>9783761805718</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISMN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISMN (identifier)">ISMN</a> 9790006305148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Schubert%3A+Thematisches+Verzeichnis+seiner+Werke+in+chronologischer+Folge&rft.place=Kassel&rft.series=New+Schubert+Edition%2C+Series+VIII%3A+Supplement&rft.pub=B%C3%A4renreiter&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9783761805718&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Otto+Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FFranzSchubert.ThematischesVerzeichnisSeinerWerkeInChronologischerFolge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dürr-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%BCrr_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%BCrr_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDürr1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%BCrr" title="Alfred Dürr">Dürr, Alfred</a> (1971). Die Kantaten von Johann Sebastian Bach (in German). Vol. 1. Bärenreiter-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/523584">523584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Kantaten+von+Johann+Sebastian+Bach&rft.pub=B%C3%A4renreiter-Verlag&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F523584&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCrr&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> Work <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000265?lang=en">00265</a>, Bach Digital Source <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00002401?lang=en">2401</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> Source <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00002721">2721</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RISM_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RISM (identifier)">RISM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/sources/212000569">212000569</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarcy1993" class="citation book cs1">Darcy, Warren (1993). Das Rheingold. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816603-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816603-6"><bdi>0-19-816603-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Rheingold&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-816603-6&rft.aulast=Darcy&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00002461?lang=en">D-B Mus.ms. Bach St 112 VI, Fascicle 1</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyrrell1980" class="citation AV-media-notes cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">Tyrrell, John</a> (1980). "The definitive score of 'From the House of the Dead'". Janáček: From the House of the Dead (Media notes). Decca. p. 18. 430 375–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek%3A+From+the+House+of+the+Dead&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Decca&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Tyrrell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/books-manuscripts/bach-johann-sebastian-6012445-details.aspx">"BACH, Johann Sebastian (1685–1750): Autograph music manuscript, titled and signed in autograph Prelude [-- Fuga – Allegro] pour la Luth. ò Cembal. Par J.S. Bach, for the Prelude, Fugue and Allegro for lute or keyboard in E-flat major, BWV 998, n.d. (c.1735–1740)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a>. 13 July 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BACH%2C+Johann+Sebastian+%281685%E2%80%931750%29%3A+Autograph+music+manuscript%2C+titled+and+signed+in+autograph+Prelude+%5B--+Fuga+%E2%80%93+Allegro%5D+pour+la+Luth.+%C3%B2+Cembal.+Par+J.S.+Bach%2C+for+the+Prelude%2C+Fugue+and+Allegro+for+lute+or+keyboard+in+E-flat+major%2C+BWV+998%2C+n.d.+%28c.1735%E2%80%931740%29&rft.pub=Christie%27s&rft.date=2016-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Flotfinder%2Fbooks-manuscripts%2Fbach-johann-sebastian-6012445-details.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroh2007" class="citation journal cs1">Stroh, Patricia (March 2007). "Beethoven in the Auction Market: A Twenty-Year Review". <a href="/wiki/Notes_(journal)" title="Notes (journal)">Notes</a>. II. 63 (3). <a href="/wiki/Music_Library_Association" title="Music Library Association">Music Library Association</a>: 533–564. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnot.2007.0043">10.1353/not.2007.0043</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4487822">4487822</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192468809">192468809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes&rft.atitle=Beethoven+in+the+Auction+Market%3A+A+Twenty-Year+Review&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=533-564&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192468809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4487822%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fnot.2007.0043&rft.aulast=Stroh&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonigsbaum2005" class="citation news cs1">Honigsbaum, Mark (2 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/dec/02/arts.artsnews1">"Beethoven manuscript fetches £1.1m"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Beethoven+manuscript+fetches+%C2%A31.1m&rft.date=2005-12-02&rft.aulast=Honigsbaum&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2005%2Fdec%2F02%2Farts.artsnews1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolob2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata%C5%A1a_Golob" class="extiw" title="sl:Nataša Golob">Golob, Nataša</a> [in Slovenian], ed. (2013). Medieval Autograph Manuscripts: Proceedings of the XVIIth Colloquium of the Comité International de Paléographie Latine, Held in Ljubljana, 7–10 September 2010. <a href="/wiki/Brepols" title="Brepols">Brepols</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782503549163" title="Special:BookSources/9782503549163"><bdi>9782503549163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Autograph+Manuscripts%3A+Proceedings+of+the+XVIIth+Colloquium+of+the+Comit%C3%A9+International+de+Pal%C3%A9ographie+Latine%2C+Held+in+Ljubljana%2C+7%E2%80%9310+September+2010&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9782503549163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priscilla_Taylor_(editor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Priscilla Taylor (editor) (page does not exist)">Taylor, Priscilla</a>, ed. (1984). Manuscripts: The First Twenty Years. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313242816" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313242816"><bdi>978-0313242816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuscripts%3A+The+First+Twenty+Years&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0313242816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Autograph_manuscripts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Autograph manuscripts">Autograph manuscripts</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/">Shapell Manuscript Foundation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&oldid=1260481398">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&oldid=1260481398</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 1 December 2024, at 00:29 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="أوتوجراف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوتوجراف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="اوتوگراف – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوتوگراف" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Автограф – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Автограф" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograf" title="Autograf – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Autograf" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograph" title="Autograph – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Autograph" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograaf" title="Autograaf – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Autograaf" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autografo" title="Autografo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Autografo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-autograph" title="I-autograph – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-autograph" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autografo" title="Autografo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Autografo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%93_(%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8)" title="כתב יד (מקור) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתב יד (מקור)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograaf" title="Autograaf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Autograaf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E7%AD%86" title="直筆 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="直筆" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dastxat" title="Dastxat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dastxat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_(%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C)" title="Автограф (рукопись) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Автограф (рукопись)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BD%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="آٽوگراف – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آٽوگراف" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Автограф – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Автограф" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Авторський рукопис – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Авторський рукопис" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="خودنگارش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خودنگارش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> 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