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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_laptops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_laptops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of laptops</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_laptops-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of laptops subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_laptops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Smaller_and_larger_laptops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smaller_and_larger_laptops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Smaller and larger laptops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smaller_and_larger_laptops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convertible,_hybrid,_2-in-1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convertible,_hybrid,_2-in-1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Convertible, hybrid, 2-in-1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convertible,_hybrid,_2-in-1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugged_laptop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugged_laptop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Rugged laptop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugged_laptop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hardware</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hardware subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Display</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Screen_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screen_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Screen technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screen_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_finish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_finish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Surface finish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_finish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Sizes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Resolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refresh_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refresh_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Refresh rates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refresh_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_processing_unit_(CPU)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_processing_unit_(CPU)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Central processing unit (CPU)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_processing_unit_(CPU)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphics_processing_unit_(GPU)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphics_processing_unit_(GPU)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Graphics processing unit (GPU)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphics_processing_unit_(GPU)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Internal storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removable_media_drive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removable_media_drive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Removable media drive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removable_media_drive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speaker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speaker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Speaker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speaker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inputs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inputs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Inputs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inputs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Input/output_(I/O)_ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Input/output_(I/O)_ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Input/output (I/O) ports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Input/output_(I/O)_ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_cards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_cards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Expansion cards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_cards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battery_and_power_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battery_and_power_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Battery and power supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battery_and_power_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_connectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_connectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Power connectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_connectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Docking_station" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Docking_station"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Docking station</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Docking_station-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charging_trolleys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charging_trolleys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>Charging trolleys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charging_trolleys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_panels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_panels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>Solar panels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_panels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17</span> <span>Accessories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.18</span> <span>Modularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obsolete_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obsolete_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.19</span> <span>Obsolete features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obsolete_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ergonomics_and_health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ergonomics_and_health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Ergonomics and health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ergonomics_and_health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sales</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sales-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sales subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historic_market_share" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_market_share"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Historic market share</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_market_share-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption_by_users" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_by_users"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Adoption by users</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_by_users-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Price" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Price"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Price</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Price-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Disposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extreme_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extreme_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Extreme use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extreme_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Laptop</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 103 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-103" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">103 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skootrekenaar" title="Skootrekenaar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skootrekenaar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8B%E1%8D%95%E1%89%B6%E1%8D%95" title="ላፕቶፕ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ላፕቶፕ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84" title="حاسوب محمول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حاسوب محمول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordenador_port%C3%A1til" title="Ordenador portátil – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ordenador portátil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AA" title="ल्यापटप – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ल्यापटप" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notbuk" title="Notbuk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Notbuk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AA" title="ল্যাপটপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ল্যাপটপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumputar_jinjing" title="Kumputar jinjing – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kumputar jinjing" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Ноўтбук – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ноўтбук" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA" title="लैपटाप – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लैपटाप" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Преносим компютър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Преносим компютър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Laptop" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinador_port%C3%A0til" title="Ordinador portàtil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ordinador portàtil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Ноутбук – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ноутбук" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Notebook" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliniadur" title="Gliniadur – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gliniadur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6rbar_computer" title="Bærbar computer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bærbar computer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Notebook" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BClearvuti" title="Sülearvuti – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sülearvuti" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Φορητός υπολογιστής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φορητός υπολογιστής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computadora_port%C3%A1til" title="Computadora portátil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Computadora portátil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekokomputilo" title="Tekokomputilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tekokomputilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordenagailu_eramangarri" title="Ordenagailu eramangarri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ordenagailu eramangarri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%BE%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="لپ‌تاپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لپ‌تاپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fartelda" title="Fartelda – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fartelda" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinateur_portable" title="Ordinateur portable – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ordinateur portable" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADomhaire_gl%C3%BAine" title="Ríomhaire glúine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríomhaire glúine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioonag" title="Glioonag – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Glioonag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1til" title="Portátil – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Portátil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BA-th%C3%AC_thien-n%C3%B3" title="Sú-thì thien-nó – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sú-thì thien-nó" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%A9%ED%86%B1" title="랩톱 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="랩톱" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84" title="Նոթբուք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նոթբուք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA" title="लैपटॉप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लैपटॉप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prijenosno_ra%C4%8Dunalo" title="Prijenosno računalo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prijenosno računalo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayer-komputero" title="Kayer-komputero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kayer-komputero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laptop" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilaptop" title="Ilaptop – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ilaptop" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fart%C3%B6lva" title="Fartölva – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fartölva" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_portatile" title="Computer portatile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Computer portatile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93" title="מחשב נייד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחשב נייד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Laptop" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಡಿಲಗಣಕ ಅಥವಾ ಲ್ಯಾಪ್‌ಟಾಪ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಡಿಲಗಣಕ ಅಥವಾ ಲ್ಯಾಪ್‌ಟಾಪ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="ლეპტოპი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლეპტოპი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A0%D9%BE_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="لؠپ ٹاپ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="لؠپ ٹاپ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Ноутбук – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ноутбук" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarakilishi_mpakato" title="Tarakilishi mpakato – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tarakilishi mpakato" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Ноутбук – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ноутбук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinatrulum_portabile" title="Ordinatrulum portabile – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ordinatrulum portabile" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C4%93pjdators" title="Klēpjdators – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klēpjdators" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Laptop" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es%C3%A1lela_ya_bom%C9%9Bmi" title="Esálela ya bomɛmi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Esálela ya bomɛmi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Laptop" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Преносен сметач – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Преносен сметач" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ലാപ്‌ടോപ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലാപ്‌ടോപ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA" title="लॅपटॉप – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लॅपटॉप" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="ლეპტოპი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლეპტოპი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8" title="لاب توب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لاب توب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%BE%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="لپ‌تاب – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لپ‌تاب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer_riba" title="Komputer riba – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Komputer riba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Laptop" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC" title="လက်ပ်တော့ပ် ကွန်ပျူတာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လက်ပ်တော့ပ် ကွန်ပျူတာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Laptop" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AA" title="ल्याप्टप – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ल्याप्टप" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%91%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3" title="ノートパソコン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノートパソコン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6rbar_datamaskin" title="Bærbar datamaskin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bærbar datamaskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyaa" title="Koyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Koyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Laptop" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA" title="ਲੈਪਟਾਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੈਪਟਾਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="لیپ ٹاپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیپ ٹاپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ورونپاسی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ورونپاسی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Laptop" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laptop" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Laptop" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptup" title="Laptup – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Laptup" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Ноутбук – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ноутбук" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptopi" title="Laptopi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Laptopi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA" title="ලැප්ටොප් පරිගණකය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලැප්ටොප් පරිගණකය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Laptop" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="ليپٽاپ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ليپٽاپ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Laptop" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenosnik" title="Prenosnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prenosnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombuyuuterka_Dhabta" title="Kombuyuuterka Dhabta – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kombuyuuterka Dhabta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%BE" title="لاپتۆپ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لاپتۆپ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Лаптоп – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лаптоп" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Laptop" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ptop" title="Léptop – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Léptop" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannettava_tietokone" title="Kannettava tietokone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kannettava tietokone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4rbar_dator" title="Bärbar dator – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bärbar dator" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="மடிக்கணினி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மடிக்கணினி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Ноутбук – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ноутбук" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D" title="ల్యాప్‌టాప్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ల్యాప్‌టాప్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B" title="แล็ปท็อป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แล็ปท็อป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diz%C3%BCst%C3%BC_bilgisayar" title="Dizüstü bilgisayar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dizüstü bilgisayar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Ноутбук – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ноутбук" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="لیپ ٹاپ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لیپ ٹاپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_t%C3%ADnh_x%C3%A1ch_tay" title="Máy tính xách tay – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy tính xách tay" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputatoora_al%C3%BC%27%C3%BCj%C3%BC%C3%BCi" title="Komputatoora alü'üjüüi – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Komputatoora alü'üjüüi" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Laptop" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%94%E8%AE%B0%E7%B0%BF%E7%94%B5%E8%84%91" title="笔记簿电脑 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="笔记簿电脑" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="שויס קאמפיוטער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שויס קאמפיוטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%8F%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" title="手提電腦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="手提電腦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AD%86%E8%A8%98%E5%9E%8B%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" title="筆記型電腦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="筆記型電腦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumputer_t%C3%A8ngt%C3%A8ng" title="Kumputer tèngtèng – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kumputer tèngtèng" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3962#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laptop_computer&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Laptop computer">Laptop computer</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Personal computer for mobile use</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Laptop_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Laptop (disambiguation)">Laptop (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/36px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/54px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/72px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>A request that this article title be changed to <i><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laptop_computer&redirect=no">Laptop computer</a></span></i> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Laptop#Requested_move_22_November_2024" title="Talk:Laptop">under discussion</a></b>. Please <em>do not move</em> this article until the discussion is closed.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laptop_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Laptop_collage.jpg/330px-Laptop_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Laptop_collage.jpg/495px-Laptop_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Laptop_collage.jpg/660px-Laptop_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4400" /></a><figcaption>Clockwise from top left: A 2021 <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Pro_(Apple_silicon)" title="MacBook Pro (Apple silicon)">MacBook Pro</a> by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>; a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <a href="/wiki/Surface_Pro_7" title="Surface Pro 7">Surface Pro 7</a> with detachable hinge <i>(left)</i> and a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Dell_XPS#XPS_15_(9570,_May_2018)" title="Dell XPS">Dell XPS 15 9570</a> with 360 degree hinge <i>(right)</i>; a 2014 <a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_Helix" title="ThinkPad Helix">ThinkPad Helix</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a> with detachable screen; and a 2014 <a href="/wiki/Acer_Inc." title="Acer Inc.">Acer</a> <a href="/wiki/Chromebook" title="Chromebook">Chromebook</a> 11</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>laptop computer</b> or <b>notebook computer</b>, also known as a <b>laptop</b> or <b>notebook</b>, is a small, portable <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> (PC). Laptops typically have a <a href="/wiki/Clamshell_design" title="Clamshell design">clamshell</a> <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">form factor</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Flat-panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat-panel">flat-panel</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer screen">screen</a> on the inside of the upper lid and an <a href="/wiki/Alphanumeric_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphanumeric keyboard">alphanumeric keyboard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">pointing device</a> on the inside of the lower lid.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the computer's internal hardware is fitted inside the lower lid enclosure under the keyboard, although many modern laptops have a built-in <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcam</a> at the top of the screen, and some even feature a <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> display. In most cases, unlike <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computers</a> which run on <a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">mobile operating systems</a>, laptops tend to run on desktop operating systems, which were originally developed for <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop computers</a>. </p><p>The word <i>laptop</i>, modeled after the term <i>desktop</i> (as in <i>desktop computer</i>), refers to the fact that the computer can be practically placed on the user's <a href="/wiki/Lap" title="Lap">lap</a>; while the word <i>notebook</i> refers to most laptops sharing a form factor with paper <a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">notebooks</a>. As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laptop&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, the terms <i>laptop</i> and <i>notebook</i> are used interchangeably;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in other <a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects of English</a>, one or the other may be preferred.<sup id="cite_ref-Buzzle_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buzzle-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>notebook</i> originally referred to <a href="/wiki/Notebook_(laptop)" title="Notebook (laptop)">a type of portable computer</a> that was smaller and lighter than mainstream laptops of the time, but has since come to mean the same thing and no longer refers to any specific size. </p><p>Laptops are used in a variety of settings, such as at work (especially on <a href="/wiki/Business_trip" class="mw-redirect" title="Business trip">business trips</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, for <a href="/wiki/PC_game" title="PC game">playing games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsing</a>, for personal <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a>, and for general <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">home computer</a> use. They can run on both <a href="/wiki/AC_power_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="AC power supply">AC power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rechargable" class="mw-redirect" title="Rechargable">rechargable</a> <a href="/wiki/Battery_pack" title="Battery pack">battery packs</a> and can be folded shut for convenient storage and transportation, making them suitable for <a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">mobile use</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wikipedia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laptops combine many of the <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> components and capabilities of a desktop computer into a single unit, including a display screen (usually 11–17 in or 280–430 mm in diagonal size), small speakers, a keyboard, and a pointing device (namely compact ones such as <a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">touchpads</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">pointing sticks</a>). Hardware specifications may vary significantly between different types, models, and <a href="/wiki/Price_point" title="Price point">price points</a>. </p><p>Design elements, form factors, and construction can also vary significantly between models depending on the intended use. Examples of specialized models of laptops include <a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop" title="2-in-1 laptop">2-in-1 laptops</a>, with keyboards that either be <a href="/wiki/2-in-1_detachable" class="mw-redirect" title="2-in-1 detachable">detached</a> or <a href="/wiki/2-in-1_convertible" class="mw-redirect" title="2-in-1 convertible">pivoted out of view</a> from the display (often marketed having a "laptop mode"); <a href="/wiki/Rugged_computer" title="Rugged computer">rugged laptops</a>, for use in construction or <a href="/wiki/Military_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Military application">military applications</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_goods_sold" title="Cost of goods sold">low-production-cost</a> laptops such as those from the <a href="/wiki/One_Laptop_per_Child" title="One Laptop per Child">One Laptop per Child</a> (OLPC) organization, which incorporate features like <a href="/wiki/Solar_charging" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar charging">solar charging</a> and semi-flexible components not found on most laptop computers. <a href="/wiki/Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">Portable computers</a>, which later developed into modern laptops, were originally considered to be a small <a href="/wiki/Niche_market" title="Niche market">niche market</a>, mostly for specialized field applications, such as in the military, for accountants, or travelling sales representatives. As portable computers evolved into modern laptops, they became widely used for a variety of purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-NPD_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPD-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_laptops" title="History of laptops">History of laptops</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portable_computer#Early_history" title="Portable computer">Portable computer § Early history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_Kay_and_the_prototype_of_Dynabook,_pt._5_(3010032738).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Alan_Kay_and_the_prototype_of_Dynabook%2C_pt._5_%283010032738%29.jpg/220px-Alan_Kay_and_the_prototype_of_Dynabook%2C_pt._5_%283010032738%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Alan_Kay_and_the_prototype_of_Dynabook%2C_pt._5_%283010032738%29.jpg/330px-Alan_Kay_and_the_prototype_of_Dynabook%2C_pt._5_%283010032738%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Alan_Kay_and_the_prototype_of_Dynabook%2C_pt._5_%283010032738%29.jpg/440px-Alan_Kay_and_the_prototype_of_Dynabook%2C_pt._5_%283010032738%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alan_Kay" title="Alan Kay">Alan Kay</a> holding the mockup of his <a href="/wiki/Dynabook" title="Dynabook">Dynabook</a> concept in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of the laptop follows closely behind the development of the <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> itself. A "personal, portable information manipulator" was imagined by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Kay" title="Alan Kay">Alan Kay</a> at <a href="/wiki/Xerox_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a> in 1968,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and described in his 1972 paper as the "<a href="/wiki/Dynabook" title="Dynabook">Dynabook</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IBM Special Computer APL Machine Portable (SCAMP) was demonstrated in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prototype was based on the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PALM_processor" title="IBM PALM processor">IBM PALM processor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/IBM_5100" title="IBM 5100">IBM 5100</a>, the first commercially available <a href="/wiki/Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">portable computer</a>, appeared in September 1975, and was based on the SCAMP prototype.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_5100_-_MfK_Bern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/IBM_5100_-_MfK_Bern.jpg/220px-IBM_5100_-_MfK_Bern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/IBM_5100_-_MfK_Bern.jpg/330px-IBM_5100_-_MfK_Bern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/IBM_5100_-_MfK_Bern.jpg/440px-IBM_5100_-_MfK_Bern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3306" data-file-height="2421" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/IBM_5100" title="IBM 5100">IBM 5100</a> (1975)</figcaption></figure> <p>As 8-bit CPU machines became widely accepted, the number of portables increased rapidly. The first "laptop-sized notebook computer" was the <a href="/wiki/Epson_HX-20" title="Epson HX-20">Epson HX-20</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ipsj_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipsj-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> invented (patented) by <a href="/wiki/Suwa_Seikosha" class="mw-redirect" title="Suwa Seikosha">Suwa Seikosha</a>'s Yukio Yokozawa in July 1980,<sup id="cite_ref-patent_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introduced at the <a href="/wiki/COMDEX" title="COMDEX">COMDEX</a> computer show in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a> by Japanese company <a href="/wiki/Seiko_Epson" class="mw-redirect" title="Seiko Epson">Seiko Epson</a> in 1981,<sup id="cite_ref-hx20_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hx20-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ipsj_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipsj-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and released in July 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-ipsj_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipsj-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-peres_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peres-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had an <a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a> screen, a rechargeable battery, and a calculator-size printer, in a 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) chassis, the size of an <a href="/wiki/A4_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="A4 paper">A4</a> <a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">notebook</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ipsj_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipsj-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was described as a "laptop" and "notebook" computer in its patent.<sup id="cite_ref-patent_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epson-hx-20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Epson-hx-20.jpg/220px-Epson-hx-20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Epson-hx-20.jpg/330px-Epson-hx-20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Epson-hx-20.jpg/440px-Epson-hx-20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Epson_HX-20" title="Epson HX-20">Epson HX-20</a>, the first "<a href="/wiki/Notebook_(laptop)" title="Notebook (laptop)">notebook computer</a>", was invented in 1980 and introduced in 1982.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GRiD_Compass_1101_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/GRiD_Compass_1101_%281%29.jpg/220px-GRiD_Compass_1101_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/GRiD_Compass_1101_%281%29.jpg/330px-GRiD_Compass_1101_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/GRiD_Compass_1101_%281%29.jpg/440px-GRiD_Compass_1101_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grid_Compass" title="Grid Compass">GRiD Compass 1101</a> (1982)</figcaption></figure> <p>Both <a href="/wiki/RadioShack" title="RadioShack">Tandy/RadioShack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> (HP) also produced portable computers of varying designs during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first laptops using the <a href="/wiki/Flip_(form)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flip (form)">flip form factor</a> appeared in the early 1980s. The <a href="/wiki/Dulmont_Magnum" title="Dulmont Magnum">Dulmont Magnum</a> was released in Australia in 1981–82, but was not marketed internationally until 1984–85. The <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$8,150</span> (equivalent to $25,730 in 2023) <a href="/wiki/Grid_Compass" title="Grid Compass">GRiD Compass 1101</a>, released in 1982, was used at <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_military" class="mw-redirect" title="United States military">military</a>, among others. The <a href="/wiki/Sharp_PC-5000" title="Sharp PC-5000">Sharp PC-5000</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Ampere_WS-1" title="Ampere WS-1">Ampere WS-1</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ampere_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ampere-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gavilan_SC" title="Gavilan SC">Gavilan SC</a> were released between 1983 and 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ampere_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ampere-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Toshiba_T1100" title="Toshiba T1100">Toshiba T1100</a> won acceptance by PC experts and the mass market as a way to have PC portability.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1983 onward, several new input techniques were developed and included in laptops, including the <a href="/wiki/Touch_pad" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch pad">touch pad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gavilan_SC" title="Gavilan SC">Gavilan SC</a>, 1983), the <a href="/wiki/Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">pointing stick</a> (IBM <a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_700" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad 700">ThinkPad 700</a>, 1992), and <a href="/wiki/Handwriting_recognition" title="Handwriting recognition">handwriting recognition</a> (Linus Write-Top,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1987). Some CPUs, such as the 1990 Intel <a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">i386SL</a>, were designed to use minimum power to increase the battery life of portable computers and were supported by dynamic <a href="/wiki/Power_management" title="Power management">power management</a> features such as Intel <a href="/wiki/SpeedStep" title="SpeedStep">SpeedStep</a> and AMD <a href="/wiki/PowerNow!" title="PowerNow!">PowerNow!</a> in some designs. </p><p>Some laptops in the 1980s using red <a href="/wiki/Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">plasma displays</a> could only be used when connected to AC power, and had a built in power supply.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of <a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">memory cards</a> was driven in the 1980s by the need for a floppy-disk-drive alternative, having lower power consumption, less weight, and reduced volume in laptops. The Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) was an industry association created in 1989 to promote a standard for memory cards in PCs. The specification for PCMCIA type I cards, later renamed PC Cards, was first released in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zenith_supersPORT_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Zenith_supersPORT_%281%29.jpg/200px-Zenith_supersPORT_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Zenith_supersPORT_%281%29.jpg/300px-Zenith_supersPORT_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Zenith_supersPORT_%281%29.jpg/400px-Zenith_supersPORT_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Zenith_SupersPort" title="Zenith SupersPort">Zenith SupersPort</a> laptop, released in 1988</figcaption></figure> <p>Displays reached 640x480 (<a href="/wiki/VGA" class="mw-redirect" title="VGA">VGA</a>) resolution by 1988 (<a href="/wiki/Compaq_SLT" title="Compaq SLT">Compaq SLT/286</a>), and color screens started becoming a common upgrade in 1991,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with increases in resolution and screen size occurring frequently until the introduction of 17" screen laptops in 2003. Hard drives started to be used in portables, encouraged by the introduction of 3.5" drives in the late 1980s, and became common in laptops starting with the introduction of 2.5" and smaller drives around 1990; capacities have typically lagged behind those of physically larger desktop drives. </p><p>Resolutions of laptop <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcams</a> are 720p (HD), or 480p in lower-end laptops.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest-known laptops with <a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a> (Full HD) webcams, like the Samsung 700G7C, were released in the early 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">Optical disc drives</a> became common in full-size laptops around 1997: initially, CD-ROM drives, supplanted by CD-R, then DVD, then <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> drives with writing capability. Starting around 2011, the trend shifted against internal optical drives, and as of 2022, they have largely disappeared, though are still readily available as external <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripherals</a>. </p><p>In 2021, Dell showed Concept Luna, which is a concept for a laptop that can be easily disassembled.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The terms <i>laptop</i> and <i>notebook</i> both trace their origins to the early 1980s, coined to describe <a href="/wiki/Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">portable computers</a> in a size class smaller than the contemporary mainstream units (so-called <a href="/wiki/Luggable_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Luggable computer">"luggables"</a>) but larger than <a href="/wiki/Pocket_computer" title="Pocket computer">pocket computers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-byte_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The etymologist <a href="/wiki/William_Safire" title="William Safire">William Safire</a> traced the origin of <i>laptop</i> to some time before 1984;<sup id="cite_ref-safire_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safire-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the earliest attestation of <i>laptop</i> found by the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> dates to 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word is modeled after the term <i>desktop</i>, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop computer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-safire_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safire-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Notebook</i>, meanwhile, emerged earlier in 1982<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to describe <a href="/wiki/Epson" title="Epson">Epson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/HX-20" class="mw-redirect" title="HX-20">HX-20</a> portable, whose dimensions roughly correspond to a <a href="/wiki/Letter_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter paper">letter</a>-sized <a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">pad of paper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-byte_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notebooks emerged as their own separate market from laptops with the release of the <a href="/wiki/NEC_UltraLite" title="NEC UltraLite">NEC UltraLite</a> in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-fd_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fd-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> Notebooks and laptops continued to occupy distinct market segments into the mid-1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but ergonomic considerations and customer preference for larger screens soon led to notebooks <a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">converging</a> with laptops in the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-mueller_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mueller-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the terms <i>laptop</i> and <i>notebook</i> are synonymous, with <i>laptop</i> being the more common term in most English-speaking territories.<sup id="cite_ref-mueller_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mueller-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buzzle_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buzzle-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_laptops">Types of laptops</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compaq_Armada_7800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Compaq_Armada_7800.jpg/220px-Compaq_Armada_7800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Compaq_Armada_7800.jpg/330px-Compaq_Armada_7800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Compaq_Armada_7800.jpg/440px-Compaq_Armada_7800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Compaq_Armada" title="Compaq Armada">Compaq Armada</a> laptop from the late 1990s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macbook_Air.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Macbook_Air.jpg/220px-Macbook_Air.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Macbook_Air.jpg/330px-Macbook_Air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Macbook_Air.jpg/440px-Macbook_Air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4588" data-file-height="3618" /></a><figcaption>Apple <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" title="MacBook Air">MacBook Air</a>, an "ultraportable" laptop weighing under 3.0 lb (1.36 kg)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenovo_ideapad_300_300-14IBR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lenovo_ideapad_300_300-14IBR.jpg/220px-Lenovo_ideapad_300_300-14IBR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lenovo_ideapad_300_300-14IBR.jpg/330px-Lenovo_ideapad_300_300-14IBR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lenovo_ideapad_300_300-14IBR.jpg/440px-Lenovo_ideapad_300_300-14IBR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2315" data-file-height="2194" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IdeaPad" title="IdeaPad">IdeaPad</a> laptop</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ThinkPad_X220.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/ThinkPad_X220.jpg/220px-ThinkPad_X220.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/ThinkPad_X220.jpg/330px-ThinkPad_X220.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/ThinkPad_X220.jpg/440px-ThinkPad_X220.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Lenovo's <a href="/wiki/ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a> business laptop, originally an <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> product</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asus_Transformer_Pad_TF701T_Tablet_and_Keyboard_Dock.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Asus_Transformer_Pad_TF701T_Tablet_and_Keyboard_Dock.png/220px-Asus_Transformer_Pad_TF701T_Tablet_and_Keyboard_Dock.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Asus_Transformer_Pad_TF701T_Tablet_and_Keyboard_Dock.png/330px-Asus_Transformer_Pad_TF701T_Tablet_and_Keyboard_Dock.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Asus_Transformer_Pad_TF701T_Tablet_and_Keyboard_Dock.png/440px-Asus_Transformer_Pad_TF701T_Tablet_and_Keyboard_Dock.png 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ASUS_Transformer" class="mw-redirect" title="ASUS Transformer">Asus Transformer Pad</a>, a hybrid tablet, powered by <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microsoft_Surface_Pro_3_with_Type_Cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Microsoft_Surface_Pro_3_with_Type_Cover.jpg/220px-Microsoft_Surface_Pro_3_with_Type_Cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Microsoft_Surface_Pro_3_with_Type_Cover.jpg/330px-Microsoft_Surface_Pro_3_with_Type_Cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Microsoft_Surface_Pro_3_with_Type_Cover.jpg/440px-Microsoft_Surface_Pro_3_with_Type_Cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Surface_Pro_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Surface Pro 3">Microsoft Surface Pro 3</a>, 2-in-1 detachable</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alienware.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Alienware.JPG/220px-Alienware.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Alienware.JPG/330px-Alienware.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Alienware.JPG/440px-Alienware.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alienware" title="Alienware">Alienware</a> gaming laptop with <a href="/wiki/Backlit" class="mw-redirect" title="Backlit">backlit</a> keyboard and touch pad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsung_QX-511_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Samsung_QX-511_%282%29.JPG/220px-Samsung_QX-511_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Samsung_QX-511_%282%29.JPG/330px-Samsung_QX-511_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Samsung_QX-511_%282%29.JPG/440px-Samsung_QX-511_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Sens" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Sens">Samsung Sens</a> laptop</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toughbook-cf-m34_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Toughbook-cf-m34_4.jpg/220px-Toughbook-cf-m34_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Toughbook-cf-m34_4.jpg/330px-Toughbook-cf-m34_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Toughbook-cf-m34_4.jpg/440px-Toughbook-cf-m34_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1628" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toughbook" title="Toughbook">Panasonic Toughbook</a> CF-M34, a rugged laptop/subnotebook</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 1970s introduction of portable computers, their forms have changed significantly, <a href="/wiki/Spawning" title="Spawning">spawning</a> a variety of visually and technologically differing subclasses. Excepting distinct legal trademark around terms (notably <a href="/wiki/Ultrabook" title="Ultrabook">Ultrabook</a>), hard distinctions between these classes were rare, and their usage has varied over time and between sources. Since the late 2010s, more specific terms have become less commonly used, with sizes distinguished largely by the size of the screen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smaller_and_larger_laptops">Smaller and larger laptops</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Notebook_(laptop)" title="Notebook (laptop)">Notebook (laptop)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subnotebook" title="Subnotebook">Subnotebook</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Desktop_replacement_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Desktop replacement computer">Desktop replacement computer</a></div><p> There were in the past a number of marketing categories for smaller and larger laptop computers; these included "notebook" and "<a href="/wiki/Subnotebook" title="Subnotebook">subnotebook</a>" models, low cost "<a href="/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">netbooks</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Ultra-mobile_PC" title="Ultra-mobile PC">ultra-mobile PCs</a>" where the size class overlapped with devices like <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> and handheld <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Desktop_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Desktop replacement">Desktop replacement</a>" laptops for machines notably larger and heavier than typical to operate more powerful <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">processors</a> or <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">graphics hardware</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-types_cnet_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-types_cnet-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these terms have fallen out of favor as the size of mainstream laptops has gone down and their capabilities have gone up; except for niche models, laptop sizes tend to be distinguished by the size of the screen, and for more powerful models, by any specialized purpose the machine is intended for, such as a "<a href="/wiki/Gaming_computer" title="Gaming computer">gaming laptop</a>" or a "<a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">mobile workstation</a>" for professional use.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gaming_computer#Gaming_laptop_computers" title="Gaming computer">Gaming computer § Gaming laptop computers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_workstation" title="Mobile workstation">Mobile workstation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convertible,_hybrid,_2-in-1"><span id="Convertible.2C_hybrid.2C_2-in-1"></span>Convertible, hybrid, 2-in-1</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Convertible"></span> <span class="anchor" id="Hybrid"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2-in-1_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="2-in-1 PC">2-in-1 PC</a></div> <p>The latest trend of <a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">technological convergence</a> in the portable computer industry spawned a broad range of devices, which combined features of several previously separate device types. The <i>hybrids</i>, <i>convertibles</i>, and <i>2-in-1s</i> emerged as crossover devices, which share traits of both tablets and laptops. All such devices have a <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> display designed to allow users to work in a <i>tablet</i> mode, using either <a href="/wiki/Multi-touch" title="Multi-touch">multi-touch</a> gestures or a <a href="/wiki/Stylus_(computing)" title="Stylus (computing)">stylus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Digital_pen" title="Digital pen">digital pen</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="2-in-1 PC">Convertibles</a> are devices with the ability to conceal a hardware keyboard. Keyboards on such devices can be flipped, rotated, or slid behind the back of the chassis, thus transforming from a laptop into a tablet. <i>Hybrids</i> have a keyboard detachment mechanism, and due to this feature, all critical components are situated in the part with the display. <i>2-in-1s</i> can have a hybrid or a convertible form, often dubbed <i>2-in-1 detachable</i> and <i>2-in-1 convertibles</i> respectively, but are distinguished by the ability to run a desktop <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a>. 2-in-1s are often marketed as <i>laptop replacement tablets</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2-in-1s are often very thin, around 10 millimetres (0.39 in), and light devices with a long battery life. 2-in-1s are distinguished from mainstream tablets as they feature an <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a>-architecture <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a> (typically a low- or <a href="/wiki/Ultra-low-voltage" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-low-voltage">ultra-low-voltage</a> model), such as the Intel <a href="/wiki/Intel_Core" title="Intel Core">Core i5</a>, run a full-featured desktop <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a> like <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a>, and have a number of typical laptop <a href="/wiki/I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="I/O">I/O</a> ports, such as <a href="/wiki/USB_3" class="mw-redirect" title="USB 3">USB 3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mini_DisplayPort" title="Mini DisplayPort">Mini DisplayPort</a>. </p><p>2-in-1s are designed to be used not only as a <a href="/wiki/Media_consumption" title="Media consumption">media consumption</a> device but also as valid desktop or laptop replacements, due to their ability to run <i>desktop</i> applications, such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a>. It is possible to connect multiple <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripheral</a> devices, such as a mouse, keyboard, and several external displays to a modern 2-in-1. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Surface" title="Microsoft Surface">Microsoft Surface</a> Pro-series devices and <a href="/wiki/Surface_Book" title="Surface Book">Surface Book</a> are examples of modern 2-in-1 detachable, whereas <a href="/wiki/Lenovo_Yoga" title="Lenovo Yoga">Lenovo Yoga</a>-series computers are a variant of 2-in-1 convertibles. While the older <a href="/wiki/Surface_RT" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface RT">Surface RT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surface_2" title="Surface 2">Surface 2</a> have the same chassis design as the Surface Pro, their use of <a href="/wiki/ARM_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM processors">ARM processors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_RT" title="Windows RT">Windows RT</a> do not classify them as 2-in-1s, but as hybrid tablets.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, a number of hybrid laptops run a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">mobile operating system</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>. These include <a href="/wiki/Asus_Transformer" title="Asus Transformer">Asus's Transformer Pad</a> devices, examples of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_tablet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid tablet">hybrids</a> with a detachable keyboard design, which do not fall in the category of 2-in-1s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugged_laptop">Rugged laptop</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rugged_computer" title="Rugged computer">Rugged computer</a></div> <p>A rugged laptop is designed to reliably operate in harsh usage conditions such as strong vibrations, extreme temperatures, and wet or dusty environments. Rugged laptops are bulkier, heavier, and much more expensive than regular laptops,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus are seldom seen in regular consumer use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware">Hardware</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Laptop" title="Special:EditPage/Laptop">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal computer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Computer hardware</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macbook_12_Retina_2015_Internal_Snapshot_(30433168804).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Macbook_12_Retina_2015_Internal_Snapshot_%2830433168804%29.jpg/220px-Macbook_12_Retina_2015_Internal_Snapshot_%2830433168804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Macbook_12_Retina_2015_Internal_Snapshot_%2830433168804%29.jpg/330px-Macbook_12_Retina_2015_Internal_Snapshot_%2830433168804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Macbook_12_Retina_2015_Internal_Snapshot_%2830433168804%29.jpg/440px-Macbook_12_Retina_2015_Internal_Snapshot_%2830433168804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Inner view of a <a href="/wiki/MacBook_(Retina)" class="mw-redirect" title="MacBook (Retina)">MacBook (Retina)</a> laptop</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsung-1GB-DDR2-Laptop-RAM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Samsung-1GB-DDR2-Laptop-RAM.jpg/220px-Samsung-1GB-DDR2-Laptop-RAM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Samsung-1GB-DDR2-Laptop-RAM.jpg/330px-Samsung-1GB-DDR2-Laptop-RAM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Samsung-1GB-DDR2-Laptop-RAM.jpg/440px-Samsung-1GB-DDR2-Laptop-RAM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/SODIMM" class="mw-redirect" title="SODIMM">SODIMM</a> memory module</figcaption></figure> <p>The basic components of laptops function identically to their desktop counterparts. Traditionally they were <a href="/wiki/Miniaturized" class="mw-redirect" title="Miniaturized">miniaturized</a> and adapted to mobile use, The design restrictions on power, size, and <a href="/wiki/Laptop_cooler" title="Laptop cooler">cooling</a> of laptops limit the maximum performance of laptop parts compared to that of desktop components, although that difference has increasingly narrowed.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, laptop components are not intended to be replaceable or upgradable by the end-user, except for components that can be detached; in the past, batteries and optical drives were commonly exchangeable. Some laptops feature socketed processors with sockets such as the <a href="/wiki/Socket_G2" title="Socket G2">Socket G2</a>, but many laptops use processors that are soldered to the motherboard. Many laptops come with RAM and storage that is soldered to the motherboard and cannot be easily replaced. This restriction is one of the major differences between laptops and desktop computers, because the large "<a href="/wiki/Computer_tower" title="Computer tower">tower</a>" cases used in desktop computers are designed so that new <a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard disks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a>, and other components can be added. Memory and storage can often be upgraded with some disassembly, but with the most compact laptops, there may be no upgradeable components at all.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following sections summarize the differences and distinguishing features of laptop components in comparison to desktop personal computer parts.<sup id="cite_ref-parts-kate_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parts-kate-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Display">Display</h3></div> <p>The typical laptop has a screen that, when unfolded, is upright to the user. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Screen_technology">Screen technology</h4></div> <p>Laptop screens most commonly employ <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">liquid-crystal display (LCD)</a> technology, although use of <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a> panels has risen substantially since 2020.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The display interfaces with the motherboard using the <a href="/wiki/Embedded_DisplayPort" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded DisplayPort">embedded DisplayPort</a> protocol via the <a href="/wiki/Low-voltage_differential_signaling" title="Low-voltage differential signaling">Low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS)</a> 30 or 40 pin connector. The panels are mainly manufactured by <a href="/wiki/AU_Optronics" class="mw-redirect" title="AU Optronics">AU Optronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/BOE_Technology" title="BOE Technology">BOE Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/LG_Display" title="LG Display">LG Display</a> or <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Display" title="Samsung Display">Samsung Display</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surface_finish">Surface finish</h4></div> <p>Externally, it can be a <i>glossy</i> or a <i>matte</i> (anti-glare) screen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sizes">Sizes</h4></div> <p>In the past, there was a broader range of marketing terms (both formal and informal) to distinguish between different sizes of laptops. These included <a href="/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">Netbooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subnotebook" title="Subnotebook">subnotebooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultra-mobile_PC" title="Ultra-mobile PC">Ultra-mobile PC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Desktop_replacement_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Desktop replacement computer">Desktop replacement computers</a>; these are sometimes still used informally, although they are essentially dead in terms of manufacturer marketing. </p><p>As of 2021,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laptop&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> mainstream consumer laptops tend to come with 11", 13" or 15"-16" screens; 14" models are more popular among business machines. Larger and smaller models are available, but less common – there is no clear dividing line in minimum or maximum size. Machines small enough to be handheld (screens in the 6–8" range) can be marketed either as very small laptops or "handheld PCs", while the distinction between the largest laptops and "All-in-One" desktops is whether they fold for travel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resolution">Resolution</h4></div> <p>Having a higher resolution display allows more items to fit onscreen at a time, improving the user's ability to multitask, although, at the higher resolutions on smaller screens, the resolution may only serve to display sharper graphics and text rather than increasing the usable area. Since the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Pro_with_Retina_display" class="mw-redirect" title="MacBook Pro with Retina display">MacBook Pro with Retina display</a> in 2012, there has been an increase in the availability of "HiDPI" (or high <a href="/wiki/Pixel_density" title="Pixel density">Pixel density</a>) displays; as of 2022,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laptop&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> this is generally considered to be anything higher than 1920 pixels wide. This has increasingly converged around 4K (3840-pixel-wide) resolutions. </p><p>External displays can be connected to most laptops, with most models supporting at least one.<sup id="cite_ref-3-Displays_FAQ_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3-Displays_FAQ-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of technology such as <a href="/wiki/USB4" title="USB4">USB4</a> (section <a href="/wiki/USB4#Alternate_Mode_partner_specifications" title="USB4">Alternate Mode partner specifications</a>). DisplayPort Alt Mode has been utilized to charge a laptop and provide display output over one USB-C Cable.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Refresh_rates">Refresh rates</h4></div> <p>Most laptop displays have a maximum <a href="/wiki/Refresh_rate" title="Refresh rate">refresh rate</a> of 60 Hz. The <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a> M17x and <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> 700G7A, both released in 2011, were among the first laptops to feature a 120 Hz refresh rate,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more such laptops have appeared in the years since. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_processing_unit_(CPU)"><span id="Central_processing_unit_.28CPU.29"></span>Central processing unit (CPU)</h3></div> <p>A laptop's <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a> has advanced power-saving features and produces less heat than one intended purely for desktop use. Mainstream laptop CPUs made after 2018 have at least two processor cores, often four cores, and sometimes more, with 6 and 8 cores becoming more common. </p><p>For the low price and mainstream performance, there is no longer a significant performance difference between laptop and desktop CPUs, but at the high end, the fastest desktop CPUs still substantially outperform the fastest laptop processors, at the expense of massively higher power consumption and heat generation; the fastest laptop processors top out at 56 watts of heat, while the fastest desktop processors top out at 150 watts (and often need water cooling). </p><p>There has been a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Notebook_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="Notebook processors">CPUs designed for laptops</a> available from both <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a>, and other manufacturers. On non-<a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> architectures, Motorola and IBM produced the chips for the former <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>-based Apple laptops (<a href="/wiki/IBook" title="IBook">iBook</a> and <a href="/wiki/PowerBook" title="PowerBook">PowerBook</a>). Between around 2000 to 2014, most full-size laptops had socketed, replaceable CPUs; on thinner models, the CPU was soldered on the motherboard and was not replaceable or upgradable without replacing the motherboard. Since 2015, Intel has not offered new laptop CPU models with pins to be interchangeable, preferring <a href="/wiki/Ball_grid_array" title="Ball grid array">ball grid array</a> chip packages which have to be soldered;<sup id="cite_ref-btarunr_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btarunr-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as of 2021, only a few rare models using desktop parts. </p><p>In the past, some laptops have used a desktop processor instead of the laptop version and have had high-performance gains at the cost of greater weight, heat, and limited battery life; this is not unknown as of 2022, but since around 2010, the practice has been restricted to small-volume gaming models. Laptop CPUs are rarely able to be <a href="/wiki/Overclocking" title="Overclocking">overclocked</a>; most use locked processors. Even on gaming models where unlocked processors are available, the cooling system in most laptops is often very close to its limits and there is rarely headroom for an overclocking–related operating temperature increase. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphics_processing_unit_(GPU)"><span id="Graphics_processing_unit_.28GPU.29"></span>Graphics processing unit (GPU)</h3></div> <p>On most laptops, the GPU is <i>integrated</i> into the CPU to conserve power and space. This was introduced by Intel with the <a href="/wiki/Intel_Core" title="Intel Core">Core i-series</a> of mobile processors in 2010, followed by similar <a href="/wiki/AMD_APU" title="AMD APU">AMD APU</a> processors in January 2011. </p><p>Before that, lower-end machines tended to use graphics processors integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Chipset#Computers" title="Chipset">system chipset</a>, while higher-end machines had a separate graphics processor. In the past, laptops <i>lacking</i> a <i>separate</i> graphics processor were limited in their utility for gaming and professional applications involving <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> graphics, but the capabilities of CPU-integrated graphics have converged with the low-end of dedicated graphics processors since the mid-2010s. For laptops possessing limited onboard graphics capability but sufficient I/O throughput, an <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit#External_GPU_(eGPU)" title="Graphics processing unit">external GPU (eGPU)</a> can provide additional graphics power at the cost of physical space and portability. </p><p>Higher-end laptops intended for gaming or professional 3D work still come with dedicated (and in some cases even dual) graphics processors on the motherboard or as an internal <a href="/wiki/Mobile_PCI_Express_Module" title="Mobile PCI Express Module">expansion card</a>. Since 2011, these almost always involve switchable graphics so that when there is <i>no</i> demand for the higher performance dedicated graphics processor, the more power-efficient <i>integrated</i> graphics processor will be used. <a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Optimus" title="Nvidia Optimus">Nvidia Optimus</a> and <a href="/wiki/AMD_Hybrid_Graphics" title="AMD Hybrid Graphics">AMD Hybrid Graphics</a> are examples of this sort of system of switchable graphics. </p><p>Traditionally, the system <a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a> on laptops (as well as on desktop computers) was physically separate from the graphics memory used by the GPU. Apple's <a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon#M_series" title="Apple silicon">M series</a> <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">SoCs</a> feature a unified pool of memory for both the system and the GPU; this approach can produce substantial efficiency gains for some applications but comes at the cost of eGPU support. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memory">Memory</h3></div> <p>Since around the year 2000, most laptops have used <a href="/wiki/SO-DIMM" class="mw-redirect" title="SO-DIMM">SO-DIMM</a> slots in which <a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a> is mounted,<sup id="cite_ref-parts-kate_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parts-kate-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although, as of 2021, an increasing number of models use memory soldered to the motherboard, either alongside SO-DIMM slots or without any slots and soldering all memory to the motherboard, but a new form factor, the <a href="/wiki/CAMM_(memory_module)" title="CAMM (memory module)">CAMM module</a>, is slated to fix the size and timing limitation. Before 2000, most laptops used proprietary memory modules if their memory was upgradable. </p><p>In the early 2010s, high end laptops such as the 2011 Samsung <i>700G7A</i> have passed the 10 GB RAM barrier, featuring 16 GB of RAM.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When upgradeable, memory slots are sometimes accessible from the bottom of the laptop for ease of upgrading; in other cases, accessing them requires significant disassembly. Most laptops have two memory slots, although some will have only one, either for cost savings or because some amount of memory is soldered. Some high-end models have four slots; these are usually mobile engineering workstations, although a few high-end models intended for gaming do as well. </p><p>As of 2021,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laptop&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> 8 GB RAM is most common, with lower-end models occasionally having 4 GB. Higher-end laptops may come with 16 GB of RAM or more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_storage">Internal storage</h3></div> <p>The earliest laptops most often used <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a> for storage, although a few used either RAM disk or tape, by the late 1980s <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drives</a> had become the standard form of storage. </p><p>Between 1990 and 2009, almost all laptops typically had a <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a> (HDD) for storage; since then, <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">solid-state drives</a> (SSD) have gradually come to supplant hard drives in all but some inexpensive consumer models. Solid-state drives are faster and more power-efficient, as well as eliminating the hazard of drive and data corruption caused by a laptop's physical impacts, as they use no mechanical parts such as a rotational platter.<sup id="cite_ref-PCW-SSD_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCW-SSD-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many cases, they are more compact as well. Initially, in the late 2000s, SSDs were substantially more expensive than HDDs, but as of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laptop&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> prices on smaller capacity (under 1 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">terabyte</a>) drives have converged; larger capacity drives remain more expensive than comparable-sized HDDs. </p><p>Since around 1990, where a hard drive is present it will typically be a 2.5-inch drive; some very compact laptops support even smaller 1.8-inch HDDs, and a very small number used 1" <a href="/wiki/Microdrive" title="Microdrive">Microdrives</a>. Some SSDs are built to match the size/shape of a laptop hard drive, but increasingly they have been replaced with smaller <a href="/wiki/MSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="MSATA">mSATA</a> or <a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a> cards. SSDs using the newer and much faster <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVM Express</a> standard for connecting are only available as cards. </p><p>As of 2022,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laptop&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> many laptops no longer contain space for a 2.5" drive, accepting only M.2 cards; a few of the smallest have storage soldered to the motherboard. For those that can, they can typically contain a single 2.5-inch drive, but a small number of laptops with a screen wider than 15 inches can house two drives. </p><p>A variety of <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive#External_hard_disk_drives" title="Hard disk drive">external HDDs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">NAS</a> data storage servers with support of <a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a> technology can be attached to virtually any laptop over such interfaces as <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>, <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a>, <a href="/wiki/ESATA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESATA">eSATA</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a>, or over a wired or wireless network to further increase space for the storage of data. Many laptops also incorporate a <a href="/wiki/Secure_Digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital">SD</a> or <a href="/wiki/MicroSD" class="mw-redirect" title="MicroSD">microSD</a> card slot. This enables users to download digital pictures from an SD card onto a laptop, thus enabling them to delete the SD card's contents to free up space for taking new pictures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removable_media_drive">Removable media drive</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">Optical disc drives</a> capable of playing <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROMs</a>, compact discs (CD), <a href="/wiki/DVD#DVD_drives_and_players" title="DVD">DVDs</a>, and in some cases, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray discs</a> (BD), were nearly universal on full-sized models between the mid-1990s and the early 2010s. As of 2021,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laptop&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> drives are uncommon in compact or premium laptops; they remain available in some bulkier models, but the trend towards thinner and lighter machines is gradually eliminating these drives and players – when needed they can be connected via USB instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speaker">Speaker</h3></div> <p>Laptops usually have built-in speakers and built-in microphones. However, integrated speakers may be small and of restricted sound quality to conserve space. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inputs">Inputs</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acer_CB5-311_series_touchpad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Acer_CB5-311_series_touchpad.jpg/220px-Acer_CB5-311_series_touchpad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Acer_CB5-311_series_touchpad.jpg/330px-Acer_CB5-311_series_touchpad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Acer_CB5-311_series_touchpad.jpg/440px-Acer_CB5-311_series_touchpad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>Closeup of a <a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">touchpad</a> on an <a href="/wiki/Acer_Inc." title="Acer Inc.">Acer</a> laptop, where buttons and the touch-sensitive surface are shared</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trackpoint_Assembly.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Trackpoint_Assembly.JPG/220px-Trackpoint_Assembly.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Trackpoint_Assembly.JPG/330px-Trackpoint_Assembly.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Trackpoint_Assembly.JPG/440px-Trackpoint_Assembly.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Closeup of a <a href="/wiki/TrackPoint" class="mw-redirect" title="TrackPoint">TrackPoint</a> cursor and UltraNav buttons on a <a href="/wiki/ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a> laptop</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RJ-45_Ethernet_socket_on_Lenovo_T410_Laptop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/RJ-45_Ethernet_socket_on_Lenovo_T410_Laptop.jpg/260px-RJ-45_Ethernet_socket_on_Lenovo_T410_Laptop.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/RJ-45_Ethernet_socket_on_Lenovo_T410_Laptop.jpg/390px-RJ-45_Ethernet_socket_on_Lenovo_T410_Laptop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/RJ-45_Ethernet_socket_on_Lenovo_T410_Laptop.jpg/520px-RJ-45_Ethernet_socket_on_Lenovo_T410_Laptop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3226" data-file-height="1244" /></a><figcaption>Interfaces on a ThinkPad laptop (2011): <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> network port (center), <a href="/wiki/VGA" class="mw-redirect" title="VGA">VGA</a> (left), <a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a> (top right) and <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> 2.0 (bottom right). Due to the trend towards very flat laptops and the widespread use of <a href="/wiki/WLAN" class="mw-redirect" title="WLAN">WLAN</a>, the relatively high Ethernet socket is no longer mandatory in today's devices, as is the technically outdated VGA.</figcaption></figure> <p>An alphanumeric keyboard is used to enter text, data, and other commands (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Function_key" title="Function key">function keys</a>). A <a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">touchpad</a> (also called a trackpad), a <a href="/wiki/Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">pointing stick</a>, or both, are used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, and an integrated keyboard<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is used for typing. Some touchpads have buttons separate from the touch surface, while others share the surface. A quick double-tap is typically registered as a click, and operating systems may recognize multi-finger touch gestures. </p><p>An external keyboard and mouse may be connected using a <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> port or wirelessly, via <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> or similar technology. Some laptops have <a href="/wiki/Multitouch" class="mw-redirect" title="Multitouch">multitouch</a> <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> displays, either available as an option or standard. Most laptops have <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphones</a>, which can be used to communicate with other people with both moving images and sound, via <a href="/wiki/Web_conferencing" title="Web conferencing">web conferencing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">video-calling</a> software. </p><p>Laptops typically have USB ports and a combined headphone/microphone jack, for use with headphones, a combined headset, or an external mic. Many laptops have a <a href="/wiki/Card_reader" title="Card reader">card reader</a> for reading digital camera SD cards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Input/output_(I/O)_ports"><span id="Input.2Foutput_.28I.2FO.29_ports"></span>Input/output (I/O) ports</h3></div> <p>On a typical laptop, there are several <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port (hardware)">ports</a>; if they use only the older USB connectors instead of <a href="/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB-C</a>, they will typically have an external monitor port (<a href="/wiki/VGA" class="mw-redirect" title="VGA">VGA</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVI" class="mw-redirect" title="DVI">DVI</a>, <a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mini_DisplayPort" title="Mini DisplayPort">Mini DisplayPort</a> or occasionally more than one), an audio in/out port (often in form of a single socket) is common. It is possible to connect up to three external displays to a 2014-era laptop via a single Mini DisplayPort, using <a href="/wiki/DisplayPort#Multi-Stream_Transport" title="DisplayPort">multi-stream transport</a> technology.<sup id="cite_ref-3-Displays_FAQ_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3-Displays_FAQ-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, in a 2015 version of its <a href="/wiki/MacBook" title="MacBook">MacBook</a>, transitioned from a number of different <a href="/wiki/I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="I/O">I/O</a> ports to a single USB-C port.<sup id="cite_ref-MacBook_2015_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacBook_2015-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This port can be used both for charging and connecting a variety of devices through the use of <a href="/wiki/Aftermarket_(merchandise)" title="Aftermarket (merchandise)">aftermarket</a> adapters. Apple has since transitioned back to using a number of different ports. Google, with its updated version of <a href="/wiki/Chromebook_Pixel" title="Chromebook Pixel">Chromebook Pixel</a>, shows a similar transition trend towards USB-C, although keeping older USB Type-A ports for a better compatibility with older devices.<sup id="cite_ref-ChromebookPixel_2015_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChromebookPixel_2015-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although being common until the end of the 2000s decade, <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> network port are rarely found on modern laptops, due to widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">wireless networking</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Legacy_port" title="Legacy port">Legacy ports</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/PS/2_connector" class="mw-redirect" title="PS/2 connector">PS/2</a> keyboard/mouse port, <a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">parallel port</a>, or <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a> are provided on some models, but they are increasingly rare. On <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s systems, and on a handful of other laptops, there are also <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a> ports, but <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunderbolt 3">Thunderbolt 3</a> uses USB-C. Laptops typically have a headphone jack, so that the user can connect headphones or amplified speaker systems for listening to music or other audio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_cards">Expansion cards</h3></div> <p>In the past, a <a href="/wiki/PC_Card" title="PC Card">PC Card</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/PCMCIA" title="PCMCIA">PCMCIA</a>) or <a href="/wiki/ExpressCard" title="ExpressCard">ExpressCard</a> slot for expansion was often present on laptops to allow adding and removing functionality, even when the laptop is powered on; these are becoming increasingly rare since the introduction of <a href="/wiki/USB_3.0" title="USB 3.0">USB 3.0</a>. Some internal subsystems such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, or a wireless cellular modem can be implemented as replaceable internal expansion cards, usually accessible under an access cover on the bottom of the laptop. The standard for such cards is <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a>, which comes in both <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express_Mini_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI Express Mini Card">mini</a> and even smaller <a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a> sizes. In newer laptops, it is not uncommon to also see <a href="/wiki/Micro_SATA#mSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro SATA">Micro SATA</a> (mSATA) functionality on PCI Express Mini or M.2 card slots allowing the use of those slots for SATA-based solid-state drives.<sup id="cite_ref-parts-cards_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parts-cards-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mobile_PCI_Express_Module" title="Mobile PCI Express Module">Mobile PCI Express Module</a> (MXM) is a type of expansion card that is used for graphics cards.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battery_and_power_supply">Battery and power supply</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Smart_battery" title="Smart battery">Smart battery</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HP_Laptop_Battery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/HP_Laptop_Battery.jpg/220px-HP_Laptop_Battery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/HP_Laptop_Battery.jpg/330px-HP_Laptop_Battery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/HP_Laptop_Battery.jpg/440px-HP_Laptop_Battery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Almost all laptops use smart batteries.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the late 1990s, laptops have typically used <a href="/wiki/Lithium_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium ion">lithium ion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lithium_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium polymer">lithium polymer</a> <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">batteries</a>, These replaced the older <a href="/wiki/Nickel_metal-hydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel metal-hydride">nickel metal-hydride</a> typically used in the 1990s, and <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93cadmium_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel–cadmium batteries">nickel–cadmium batteries</a> used in most of the earliest laptops. A few of the oldest laptops used <a href="/wiki/Non-rechargeable_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-rechargeable batteries">non-rechargeable batteries</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">lead–acid batteries.</a> </p><p>Battery life is highly variable by model and workload and can range from one hour to nearly a day. A battery's performance <a href="/wiki/Capacity_loss" title="Capacity loss">gradually decreases over time</a>; a noticeable reduction in capacity is typically evident after two to three years of regular use, depending on the charging and discharging pattern and the design of the battery. Innovations in laptops and batteries have seen situations in which the battery can provide up to 24 hours of continued operation, assuming average power consumption levels. An example is the HP EliteBook 6930p when used with its ultra-capacity battery.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laptops with removable batteries may support larger replacement batteries with extended capacity. </p><p>A laptop's battery is charged using an external <a href="/wiki/Power_supply" title="Power supply">power supply</a>, which is plugged into a wall outlet. The power supply outputs a DC voltage typically in the range of 7.2—24 volts. The power supply is usually external and connected to the laptop through a DC connector cable. In most cases, it can charge the battery and power the laptop simultaneously. When the battery is fully charged, the laptop continues to run on power supplied by the external power supply, avoiding battery use. If the used power supply is not strong enough to power computing components and charge the battery simultaneously, the battery may charge in a shorter period of time if the laptop is turned off or sleeping. The charger typically adds about 400 grams (0.88 lb) to the overall transporting weight of a laptop, although some models are substantially heavier or lighter. Most 2016-era laptops use a <a href="/wiki/Smart_battery" title="Smart battery">smart battery</a>, a rechargeable <a href="/wiki/Battery_pack" title="Battery pack">battery pack</a> with a built-in <a href="/wiki/Battery_management_system" title="Battery management system">battery management system</a> (BMS). The smart battery can internally measure voltage and current, and deduce charge level and State of Health (SoH) parameters, indicating the state of the cells.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_connectors">Power connectors</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notebook-Computer-AC-Adapter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Notebook-Computer-AC-Adapter.jpg/220px-Notebook-Computer-AC-Adapter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Notebook-Computer-AC-Adapter.jpg/330px-Notebook-Computer-AC-Adapter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Notebook-Computer-AC-Adapter.jpg/440px-Notebook-Computer-AC-Adapter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Laptop power supply with cylindrical coaxial DC power connector</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/DC_connectors" class="mw-redirect" title="DC connectors">DC connectors</a>, typically cylindrical/barrel-shaped <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_power_connector" title="Coaxial power connector">coaxial power connectors</a> have been used in laptops. Some vendors such as <a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a> made intermittent use of a rectangular connector. </p><p>Some connector heads feature a center pin to allow the end device to determine the power supply type by measuring the resistance between it and the connector's negative pole (outer surface). Vendors may block charging if a power supply is not recognized as the original part, which could deny the legitimate use of universal third-party chargers.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the advent of <a href="/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB-C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portable_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable electronics">portable electronics</a> made increasing use of it for both <a href="/wiki/USB_Power_Delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="USB Power Delivery">power delivery</a> and data transfer. Its support for 20 V (common laptop power supply voltage) and 5 A typically suffices for low to mid-end laptops, but some with higher power demands such as <a href="/wiki/Gaming_laptop" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaming laptop">gaming laptops</a> depend on dedicated DC connectors to handle currents beyond 5 A without risking overheating, some even above 10 A. Additionally, dedicated DC connectors are more durable and less prone to wear and tear from frequent reconnection, as their design is less delicate.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooling">Cooling</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">Waste heat</a> from the operation is difficult to remove in the compact internal space of a laptop. The earliest laptops used passive cooling; this gave way to <a href="/wiki/Heat_sink" title="Heat sink">heat sinks</a> placed directly on the components to be cooled, but when these hot components are deep inside the device, a large space-wasting air duct is needed to exhaust the heat. Modern laptops instead rely on <a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">heat pipes</a> to rapidly move waste heat towards the edges of the device, to allow for a much smaller and compact fan and heat sink cooling system. Waste heat is usually exhausted away from the device operator towards the rear or sides of the device. Multiple air intake paths are used since some intakes can be blocked, such as when the device is placed on a soft conforming surface like a chair cushion. Secondary device temperature monitoring may reduce performance or trigger an emergency shutdown if it is unable to dissipate heat, such as if the laptop were to be left running and placed inside a carrying case. Aftermarket cooling pads with external fans can be used with laptops to reduce operating temperatures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Docking_station">Docking station</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Docking_station_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Docking_station_2.jpg/170px-Docking_station_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Docking_station_2.jpg/255px-Docking_station_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Docking_station_2.jpg/340px-Docking_station_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="2468" /></a><figcaption>Docking station and laptop</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Docking_station" title="Docking station">docking station</a> (sometimes referred to simply as a <i>dock</i>) is a laptop accessory that contains multiple ports and in some cases expansion slots or bays for fixed or removable drives. A laptop connects and disconnects to a docking station, typically through a single large proprietary connector. A docking station is an especially popular laptop accessory in a corporate computing environment, due to the possibility of a docking station transforming a laptop into a full-featured desktop replacement, yet allowing for its easy release. This ability can be advantageous to "<a href="/wiki/Road_warrior_(computing)" title="Road warrior (computing)">road warrior</a>" employees who have to travel frequently for work, and yet who also come into the office. If more ports are needed, or their position on a laptop is inconvenient, one can use a cheaper passive device known as a <a href="/wiki/Docking_station#Port_replicator" title="Docking station">port replicator</a>. These devices mate to the connectors on the laptop, such as through <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> or <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charging_trolleys">Charging trolleys</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Laptop_charging_trolley" title="Laptop charging trolley">Laptop charging trolleys</a>, also known as laptop trolleys or laptop carts, are mobile storage containers to charge multiple <a href="/wiki/Laptops" class="mw-redirect" title="Laptops">laptops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netbooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Netbooks">netbooks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computers</a> at the same time. The trolleys are used in schools that have replaced their traditional static computer labs<sup id="cite_ref-doug_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doug-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suites of desktop equipped with "tower" computers, but do not have enough plug sockets in an individual classroom to charge all of the devices. The trolleys can be wheeled between rooms and <a href="/wiki/Classrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Classrooms">classrooms</a> so that all students and teachers in a particular building can access fully <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">charged</a> <a href="/wiki/IT" class="mw-redirect" title="IT">IT</a> equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laptop charging trolleys are also used to deter and protect against opportunistic and organized theft. Schools, especially those with <a href="/wiki/Open_plan" title="Open plan">open plan</a> designs, are often prime targets for <a href="/wiki/Thieves" class="mw-redirect" title="Thieves">thieves</a> who steal high-value items. Laptops, netbooks, and tablets are among the highest–value portable items in a school. Moreover, laptops can easily be concealed under clothing and stolen from buildings. Many types of laptop–charging trolleys are designed and constructed to protect against theft. They are generally made out of steel, and the laptops remain locked up while not in use. Although the trolleys can be moved between areas from one classroom to another, they can often be mounted or locked to the floor, support pillars, or walls to prevent thieves from stealing the laptops, especially overnight.<sup id="cite_ref-doug_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doug-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_panels">Solar panels</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solar_notebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar notebook">Solar notebook</a></div> <p>In some laptops, solar panels are able to generate enough solar power for the laptop to operate.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/One_Laptop_Per_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="One Laptop Per Child">One Laptop Per Child</a> Initiative released the <a href="/wiki/OLPC_XO-1" class="mw-redirect" title="OLPC XO-1">OLPC XO-1</a> laptop which was tested and successfully operated by use of solar panels.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presently, they are designing an <a href="/wiki/OLPC_XO-3" title="OLPC XO-3">OLPC XO-3</a> laptop with these features. The OLPC XO-3 can operate with 2 watts of electricity because its renewable energy resources generate a total of 4 watts.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> has also designed the NC215S solar–powered notebook that will be sold commercially in the U.S. market.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessories">Accessories</h3></div> <p>A common accessory for laptops is a laptop sleeve, laptop skin, or laptop case, which provides a degree of protection from scratches. Sleeves, which are distinguished by being relatively thin and flexible, are most commonly made of <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a>, with sturdier ones made of <a href="/wiki/LRPu" title="LRPu">low-resilience polyurethane</a>. Some laptop sleeves are wrapped in <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_nylon" title="Ballistic nylon">ballistic nylon</a> to provide some measure of <a href="/wiki/Waterproofing" title="Waterproofing">waterproofing</a>. Bulkier and sturdier cases can be made of metal with polyurethane padding inside and may have locks for added security. Metal, padded cases also offer protection against impacts and drops. Another common accessory is a <a href="/wiki/Laptop_cooler" title="Laptop cooler">laptop cooler</a>, a device that helps lower the internal temperature of the laptop either actively or passively. A common active method involves using electric fans to draw heat away from the laptop, while a passive method might involve propping the laptop up on some type of pad so it can receive more airflow. Some stores sell laptop pads that enable a reclining person on a bed to use a laptop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modularity">Modularity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenovo_G555_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_-_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Lenovo_G555_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_-_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80.JPG/220px-Lenovo_G555_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_-_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Lenovo_G555_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_-_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80.JPG/330px-Lenovo_G555_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_-_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Lenovo_G555_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_-_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80.JPG/440px-Lenovo_G555_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_-_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1298" /></a><figcaption>Opened bottom covers allow replacement of RAM and storage modules (Lenovo G555)</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the components of earlier models of laptops can easily be replaced without opening completely its bottom part, such as the keyboard, battery, hard disk, memory modules, CPU cooling fan, etc. </p><p>Some of the components of recent models of laptops reside inside. Replacing most of its components, such as the keyboard, battery, hard disk, memory modules, CPU cooling fan, etc., requires the removal of either the top or bottom part, the removal of the motherboard, and returning them. </p><p>In some types, solder and glue are used to mount components such as RAM, storage, and batteries, making repairs additionally difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obsolete_features">Obsolete features</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3Com_modem_-_Ethernet_PCMCIA_in_IBM_9547.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/3Com_modem_-_Ethernet_PCMCIA_in_IBM_9547.jpg/200px-3Com_modem_-_Ethernet_PCMCIA_in_IBM_9547.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/3Com_modem_-_Ethernet_PCMCIA_in_IBM_9547.jpg/300px-3Com_modem_-_Ethernet_PCMCIA_in_IBM_9547.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/3Com_modem_-_Ethernet_PCMCIA_in_IBM_9547.jpg/400px-3Com_modem_-_Ethernet_PCMCIA_in_IBM_9547.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3493" data-file-height="2998" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a> <a href="/wiki/PCMCIA" title="PCMCIA">PCMCIA</a> card on a 1990s ThinkPad. The card would normally fully insert into the socket.</figcaption></figure> <p>Features that certain early models of laptops used to have that are not available in most current laptops include: </p> <ul><li>Reset ("cold restart") button in a hole (needed a thin metal tool to press)</li> <li>Instant power off button in a hole (needed a thin metal tool to press)</li> <li>Integrated charger or power adapter inside the laptop</li> <li>Dedicated Media buttons (Internet, Volume, Play, Pause, Next, Previous)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Floppy disk drive">Floppy disk drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">Modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">IEEE 1394</a> port</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docking_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Docking port">Docking port</a></li> <li>Shared <a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2</a> input device port</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IrDA" class="mw-redirect" title="IrDA">IrDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-video" class="mw-redirect" title="S-video">S-video</a> port</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a> audio port</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC_Card" title="PC Card">PC Card</a> / <a href="/wiki/PCMCIA" title="PCMCIA">PCMCIA</a> slot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExpressCard" title="ExpressCard">ExpressCard</a> slot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Drive" class="mw-redirect" title="CD Drive">CD/DVD Drives</a> (starting with 2013 models)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_port" class="mw-redirect" title="VGA port">VGA port</a> (starting with 2013 models)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrid_Gruppefremvisning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Astrid_Gruppefremvisning.jpg/220px-Astrid_Gruppefremvisning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Astrid_Gruppefremvisning.jpg/330px-Astrid_Gruppefremvisning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Astrid_Gruppefremvisning.jpg/440px-Astrid_Gruppefremvisning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A teacher using the laptop as part of a workshop for school children</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homework_(8120708019).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Homework_%288120708019%29.jpg/220px-Homework_%288120708019%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Homework_%288120708019%29.jpg/330px-Homework_%288120708019%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Homework_%288120708019%29.jpg/440px-Homework_%288120708019%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2860" /></a><figcaption>A man using a laptop on a park bench</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Portability</b> is usually the first feature mentioned in any comparison of laptops versus desktop PCs.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physical portability allows a laptop to be used in many places—not only at home and the office but also during commuting and flights, in coffee shops, in lecture halls and libraries, at clients' locations or a meeting room, etc. Within a home, portability enables laptop users to move their devices from room to room. Portability offers several distinct advantages:</li> <li><b>Productivity</b>: Using a laptop in places where a desktop PC cannot be used can help employees and students to increase their productivity on work or school tasks, such as an office worker reading their work e-mails during an hour-long commute by train, or a student doing their homework at the university coffee shop during a break between lectures, for example.</li> <li><b>Up-to-date information</b>: Using a single laptop prevents fragmentation of files across multiple PC's as the files exist in a single location and are always up-to-date.</li> <li><b>Connectivity</b>: A key advantage of laptops is that they almost always have integrated connectivity features such as <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>, and sometimes connection to <a href="/wiki/Cellular_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular networks">cellular networks</a> either through native integration or use of a <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotspot (Wi-Fi)">hotspot</a>. Wi-Fi networks and laptop programs are especially widespread at university campuses.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other advantages of laptops: </p> <ul><li><b>Size</b>: Laptops are smaller than desktop PCs. This is beneficial when space is at a premium, for example in small apartments and student dorms. When not in use, a laptop can be closed and put away in a desk drawer.</li> <li><b>Low power consumption</b>: Laptops are several times more power-efficient than desktops. A typical laptop uses 10–100 W, compared to 200–800W for desktops. This could be particularly beneficial for large businesses, which run hundreds of personal computers thus economies of scale, and homes where there is a computer running 24/7 (such as a home media server, print server, etc.).</li> <li><b>Quiet</b>: Laptops are typically much quieter than desktops, due both to the components (often silent <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drives" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state drives">solid-state drives</a> replacing hard drives) and to less heat production leading to the use of fewer, sometimes no cooling fans. The latter has given rise to laptops that have no moving parts, resulting in complete silence during use.</li> <li><b>Battery</b>: a charged laptop can continue to be used in case of a power outage and is not affected by short power interruptions and blackouts, an issue that is present with desktop PC's.</li> <li><b>All-in-One</b>: designed to be portable, most modern laptops have all components integrated into the chassis. For desktops (excluding all-in-ones) this is usually divided into the desktop "tower" (the unit with the CPU, hard drive, power supply, etc.), keyboard, mouse, display screen, and optional peripherals such as speakers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h3></div> <p>Compared to desktop PCs, laptops have disadvantages in the following areas: </p> <dl><dt>Performance</dt> <dd>The majority of laptops released in 2022 are capable of common tasks such as web browsing, video playback, and office applications, even at the low end. That said, the performance of desktops often surpasses comparably priced laptops. The upper limits of performance of laptops remain lower than desktops, due to mostly practical reasons, such as decreased battery life, increased size and heat, etc.</dd> <dt>Upgradeability</dt> <dd>The upgradeability of laptops is very limited compared to thoroughly standardized desktops, due to technical and economic reasons. In general, hard drives and memory can be upgraded easily. Due to the integrated nature of laptops, however, the motherboard, CPU, and graphics, are seldom officially upgradeable. Some efforts towards industry standard parts and layouts have been attempted, such as <a href="/wiki/Common_Building_Block" title="Common Building Block">Common Building Block</a>, but the industry remains largely <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_hardware" title="Proprietary hardware">proprietary</a> and fragmented. There is no industry-wide standard <a href="/wiki/Computer_form_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer form factor">form factor</a> for laptops; Moreover, starting with 2013 models, laptops have become increasingly integrated (soldered) with the motherboard for most of its components (CPU, SSD, RAM, etc.) to reduce size and upgradeability prospects.<sup id="cite_ref-btarunr_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btarunr-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Durability</dt> <dd><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laptop_overheating_due_to_dust-clogged_internal_heatsinks_in_2.5_year_old_laptop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Laptop_overheating_due_to_dust-clogged_internal_heatsinks_in_2.5_year_old_laptop.jpg/220px-Laptop_overheating_due_to_dust-clogged_internal_heatsinks_in_2.5_year_old_laptop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Laptop_overheating_due_to_dust-clogged_internal_heatsinks_in_2.5_year_old_laptop.jpg/330px-Laptop_overheating_due_to_dust-clogged_internal_heatsinks_in_2.5_year_old_laptop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Laptop_overheating_due_to_dust-clogged_internal_heatsinks_in_2.5_year_old_laptop.jpg/440px-Laptop_overheating_due_to_dust-clogged_internal_heatsinks_in_2.5_year_old_laptop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A clogged <a href="/wiki/Heat_sink" title="Heat sink">heat sink</a> on a laptop after 2.5 years of use</figcaption></figure> Laptops are less durable than desktops/PCs. However, the durability of the laptop depends on the user if proper maintenance is done then the laptop can work longer.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laptop_keyboard_with_its_keys_removed_for_cleaning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Laptop_keyboard_with_its_keys_removed_for_cleaning.jpg/220px-Laptop_keyboard_with_its_keys_removed_for_cleaning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Laptop_keyboard_with_its_keys_removed_for_cleaning.jpg/330px-Laptop_keyboard_with_its_keys_removed_for_cleaning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Laptop_keyboard_with_its_keys_removed_for_cleaning.jpg/440px-Laptop_keyboard_with_its_keys_removed_for_cleaning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Laptop keyboard with its keys (except the space bar) removed, revealing crumbs, pet hair, and other detritus to be cleaned away</figcaption></figure><br />Because of their portability, laptops are subject to more wear and physical damage than desktops, additionally hindered by their integrated nature. A liquid spill onto the keyboard, while a minor issue with a desktop system, can damage the internals of a laptop and destroy the computer, resulting in a costly repair or entire replacement of laptops. One study found that a laptop is three times more likely to break during the first year of use than a desktop.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To maintain a laptop, it is recommended to clean it every three months for dirt, debris, dust, and food particles. Most cleaning kits consist of a lint-free or <a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">microfiber</a> cloth for the screen and keyboard, compressed air for getting dust out of the cooling fan, and a cleaning solution. Harsh chemicals such as bleach should not be used to clean a laptop, as they can damage it.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Heating and cooling</dt> <dd>Laptops rely on extremely compact cooling systems involving a <a href="/wiki/Computer_fan" title="Computer fan">fan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heat_sink" title="Heat sink">heat sink</a> that can fail from blockage caused by accumulated airborne dust and debris. Most laptops do not have any type of removable dust collection filter over the air intake for these cooling systems, resulting in a system that gradually conducts more heat and noise as the years pass. In some cases, the laptop starts to overheat even at idle load levels. This dust is usually stuck inside where the fan and heat sink meet, where it can not be removed by a casual cleaning and vacuuming. Most of the time, compressed air can dislodge the dust and debris but may not entirely remove it. After the device is turned on, the loose debris is reaccumulated into the cooling system by the fans. Complete disassembly is usually required to clean the laptop entirely. However, preventative maintenance such as regular cleaning of the heat sink via compressed air can prevent dust build-up on the heat sink. Many laptops are difficult to disassemble by the average user and contain components that are sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge" title="Electrostatic discharge">electrostatic discharge</a> (ESD).</dd> <dt>Battery life</dt> <dd>Battery life is limited because the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacity_Loss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capacity Loss (page does not exist)">capacity drops with time</a>, eventually warranting replacement after as little as 2–3 years. A new battery typically stores enough energy to run the laptop for five to six hours or more, depending on usage and the battery size. The battery is often easily replaceable and a higher capacity model may be obtained for longer charging and discharging time. Some laptops do not have the usual removable battery and have to be brought to the service center of their manufacturer or a third-party laptop service center to have their battery replaced. Replacement batteries can also be expensive, depending on the availability of the parts. Desktop PC's do not face similar problems since they are reliant on long lasting <a href="/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">power supplies</a>.</dd> <dt>Security and privacy</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Laptop_theft" title="Laptop theft">Laptop theft</a></div>Because they are valuable, commonly used, portable, and easy to hide in a backpack or other type of bag, laptops are often <a href="/wiki/Laptop_theft" title="Laptop theft">stolen</a>. Every day, over 1,600 laptops go missing from U.S. airports.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of stolen business or personal data, and of the resulting problems (<a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">identity theft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Credit_card_fraud" title="Credit card fraud">credit card fraud</a>, breach of privacy), can be many times the value of the stolen laptop itself. Consequently, the physical protection of laptops and the safeguarding of data contained in them are both of great importance. Some laptops, primarily professional and educational devices, have a <a href="/wiki/Kensington_security_slot" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensington security slot">Kensington security slot</a>, which can be used to tether them with a security cable and lock. In addition, modern operating systems have features such as <a href="/wiki/Activation_Lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Activation Lock">Activation Lock</a> or similar that prevents the use of the device without credentials. As of 2015,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laptop&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> some laptops also have additional security elements added, including <a href="/wiki/Biometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Biometric">biometric</a> security components such as <a href="/wiki/Windows_Hello" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Hello">Windows Hello</a> or <a href="/wiki/Touch_ID" title="Touch ID">Touch ID</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Software such as <a href="/wiki/GadgetTrak" title="GadgetTrak">GadgetTrak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Find_My" title="Find My"> Find My Mac</a> have been engineered to help people locate and recover their stolen laptops in the event of theft. Setting one's laptop with a password on its firmware (protection against going to firmware setup or booting), internal HDD/SSD (protection against accessing it and loading an operating system on it afterward), and every user account of the operating system are additional security measures that a user should do.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fewer than 5% of lost or stolen laptops are recovered by the companies that own them,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, that number may decrease due to a variety of companies and software solutions specializing in laptop recovery. In the 2010s, the common availability of <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcams</a> on laptops raised privacy concerns. In <i><a href="/wiki/Robbins_v._Lower_Merion_School_District" title="Robbins v. Lower Merion School District">Robbins v. Lower Merion School District</a></i> (Eastern District of Pennsylvania 2010), school-issued laptops loaded with special software enabled staff from two high schools to take secret webcam shots of students at home, via their students' laptops.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ergonomics_and_health_effects">Ergonomics and health effects</h4></div> <dl><dt>Wrists</dt> <dd>Prolonged use of laptops can cause <a href="/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury" title="Repetitive strain injury">repetitive strain injury</a> because of their small, flat keyboard and trackpad pointing devices.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usage of separate, external <a href="/wiki/Ergonomic_keyboard" title="Ergonomic keyboard">ergonomic keyboards</a> and pointing devices is recommended to prevent injury when working for long periods of time; they can be connected to a laptop easily by USB, <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> or via a docking station. Some health standards require ergonomic keyboards at workplaces.</dd> <dt>Neck and spine</dt> <dd>A laptop's integrated screen often requires users to lean over for a better view, which can cause neck or spinal injuries. A larger and higher-quality external screen can be connected to almost any laptop to alleviate this and to provide additional screen space for more productive work. Another solution is to use a <a href="/wiki/Docking_station#Computer_stands" title="Docking station">computer stand</a>.</dd> <dt>Possible effect on fertility</dt> <dd>A study by <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York</a> researchers found that heat generated from laptops can increase the temperature of the lap of male users when balancing the computer on their lap, potentially putting <a href="/wiki/Sperm_count" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperm count">sperm count</a> at risk. The study, which included roughly two dozen men between the ages of 21 and 35, found that the sitting position required to balance a laptop can increase scrotum temperature by as much as 2.1 °C (4 °F). However, further research is needed to determine whether this directly affects male <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">sterility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later 2010 study of 29 males published in <i>Fertility and Sterility</i> found that men who kept their laptops on their laps experienced scrotal hyperthermia (overheating) in which their scrotal temperatures increased by up to 2.0 °C (4 °F). The resulting heat increase, which could not be offset by a laptop cushion, may increase male infertility.<sup id="cite_ref-study1_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-study1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yin_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yin-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caulfield_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caulfield-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Joelving_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joelving-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laptop-coaster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Laptop-coaster.jpg/220px-Laptop-coaster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Laptop-coaster.jpg/330px-Laptop-coaster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Laptop-coaster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Laptop_cooler" title="Laptop cooler">Laptop cooler</a> (silver) under laptop (white), preventing heating of lap and improving laptop airflow</figcaption></figure><br />A common practical solution to this problem is to place the laptop on a table or desk or to use a book or pillow between the body and the laptop.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another solution is to obtain a cooling unit for the laptop. These are usually USB powered and consist of a hard thin plastic case housing one, two, or three cooling fans – with the entire assembly designed to sit under the laptop in question – which results in the laptop remaining cool to the touch, and greatly reduces laptop heat buildup.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Thighs</dt> <dd>Heat generated from using a laptop on the lap can also cause skin discoloration on the thighs known as "<a href="/wiki/Toasted_skin_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Toasted skin syndrome">toasted skin syndrome</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diaz_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diaz-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hendrick_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendrick-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TANNER_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TANNER-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sales">Sales</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Major laptop brands</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Acer_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Acer Inc">Acer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway Inc">Gateway</a> / <a href="/wiki/EMachines" title="EMachines">eMachines</a> / <a href="/wiki/Packard_Bell" title="Packard Bell">Packard Bell</a>: <a href="/wiki/TravelMate" class="mw-redirect" title="TravelMate">TravelMate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acer_Extensa" title="Acer Extensa">Extensa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acer_Ferrari" title="Acer Ferrari">Ferrari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acer_Aspire" title="Acer Aspire">Aspire</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Packard_Bell_Easynote&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Packard Bell Easynote (page does not exist)">Easynote</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chromebook" title="Chromebook">Chromebook</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Inc">Apple</a>: <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" title="MacBook Air">MacBook Air</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Pro" title="MacBook Pro">MacBook Pro</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Asus" title="Asus">Asus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Asus_TUF" class="mw-redirect" title="Asus TUF">TUF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asus_ROG" class="mw-redirect" title="Asus ROG">ROG</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asus_Pro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asus Pro (page does not exist)">Pro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asus_ProArt" class="mw-redirect" title="Asus ProArt">ProArt</a>, ZenBook, VivoBook, ExpertBook</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Clevo" title="Clevo">Clevo</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alienware" title="Alienware">Alienware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dell_Inspiron" title="Dell Inspiron">Inspiron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dell_Latitude" title="Dell Latitude">Latitude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dell_Precision" title="Dell Precision">Precision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dell_vostro" class="mw-redirect" title="Dell vostro">Vostro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dell_XPS" title="Dell XPS">XPS</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Dynabook_Inc." title="Dynabook Inc.">Dynabook</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>): <a href="/wiki/Toshiba_Portege" class="mw-redirect" title="Toshiba Portege">Portege</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshiba_Tecra" class="mw-redirect" title="Toshiba Tecra">Tecra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshiba_Satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Toshiba Satellite">Satellite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qosmio" title="Qosmio">Qosmio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libretto_(notebook)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libretto (notebook)">Libretto</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Northwest" title="Falcon Northwest">Falcon Northwest</a>: DRX, TLX, I / O</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lifebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifebook">Lifebook</a>, Celsius</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte_Technology" title="Gigabyte Technology">Gigabyte</a>: <a href="/wiki/AORUS" class="mw-redirect" title="AORUS">AORUS</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindustan Computers">HCL</a> (India): <a href="/w/index.php?title=ME_Laptop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ME Laptop (page does not exist)">ME Laptop</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ME_Netbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ME Netbook (page does not exist)">ME Netbook</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaptop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leaptop (page does not exist)">Leaptop</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=MiLeap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MiLeap (page does not exist)">MiLeap</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>: <a href="/wiki/HP_Pavilion_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="HP Pavilion (computer)">Pavilion</a>, <a href="/wiki/HP_Envy" title="HP Envy">Envy</a>, <a href="/wiki/HP_ProBook" title="HP ProBook">ProBook</a>, <a href="/wiki/HP_EliteBook" title="HP EliteBook">EliteBook</a>, <a href="/wiki/HP_ZBook" title="HP ZBook">ZBook</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a>: <a href="/wiki/Huawei_MateBook_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei MateBook series">Matebook</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a>: <a href="/wiki/ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a>, <a href="/wiki/ThinkBook" title="ThinkBook">ThinkBook</a>, <a href="/wiki/IdeaPad" title="IdeaPad">IdeaPad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenovo_Yoga" title="Lenovo Yoga">Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenovo_Legion" title="Lenovo Legion">Legion</a> and the <i>Essential</i> B and G Series</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xnote" class="mw-redirect" title="Xnote">Xnote</a>, <a href="/wiki/LG_Gram" title="LG Gram">Gram</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Medion" title="Medion">Medion</a>: Akoya (OEM version of MSI Wind)</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Micro-Star_International" title="Micro-Star International">MSI</a>: <abbr title="Entertainment">E</abbr>, <abbr title="Classic">C</abbr>, <abbr title="Professional">P</abbr>, <abbr title="Gaming">G</abbr>, <abbr title="Value">V</abbr>, <abbr title="Aesthetic">A</abbr>, <abbr title="Slim">X</abbr>, U series, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MSI_Modern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MSI Modern (page does not exist)">Modern</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MSI_Prestige&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MSI Prestige (page does not exist)">Prestige</a> and <a href="/wiki/MSI_Wind_Netbook" title="MSI Wind Netbook">Wind Netbook</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>: <a href="/wiki/Toughbook" title="Toughbook">Toughbook</a>, Satellite, <span class="nowrap">Let's Note (Japan only)</span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Sens" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Sens">Sens</a>: N, P, Q, R and X series; <a href="/wiki/Chromebook" title="Chromebook">Chromebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Ativ" title="Samsung Ativ">ATIV Book</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/TG_Sambo" class="mw-redirect" title="TG Sambo">TG Sambo</a> (Korea): <a href="/wiki/Averatec" class="mw-redirect" title="Averatec">Averatec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Averatec_Buddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Averatec Buddy">Averatec Buddy</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>)</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Xiaomi" title="Xiaomi">Xiaomi</a>: Mi, Mi Gaming and Mi RedmiBook laptops</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_laptop_brands" title="Template:Major laptop brands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_laptop_brands" title="Template talk:Major laptop brands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_laptop_brands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major laptop brands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_laptop_brands_and_manufacturers" title="List of laptop brands and manufacturers">List of laptop brands and manufacturers</a></div><p>There are many laptop brands and manufacturers. Several major brands that offer notebooks in various classes are listed in the adjacent box. The major brands usually offer good service and support, including well-executed documentation and driver downloads that remain available for many years after a particular laptop model is no longer produced. Capitalizing on service, support, and brand image, laptops from major brands are more expensive than laptops from smaller brands and <a href="/wiki/Original_design_manufacturer" title="Original design manufacturer">ODMs</a>. Some brands specialize in a particular class of laptops, such as gaming laptops (<a href="/wiki/Alienware" title="Alienware">Alienware</a>), high-performance laptops (<a href="/wiki/HP_Envy" title="HP Envy">HP Envy</a>), netbooks (<a href="/wiki/EeePC" class="mw-redirect" title="EeePC">EeePC</a>) and laptops for children (<a href="/wiki/OLPC" class="mw-redirect" title="OLPC">OLPC</a>). </p><p>Many brands, including the major ones, do not design and do not manufacture their laptops. Instead, a small number of Original Design Manufacturers (ODMs) design new models of laptops, and the brands choose the models to be included in their lineup. In 2006, 7 major ODMs manufactured 7 of every 10 laptops in the world, with the largest one (<a href="/wiki/Quanta_Computer" title="Quanta Computer">Quanta Computer</a>) having 30% of the world market share.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, identical models are available both from a major label and from a low-profile ODM in-house brand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historic_market_share">Historic market share</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Market_share_of_personal_computer_vendors" title="Market share of personal computer vendors">Market share of personal computer vendors</a></div> <p>As of 1992–1993, <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> ranked as the global leading vendor in the notebook computer market. In the United States meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> led the market followed by <a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the year 1993, global revenue for the laptop market was led by Compaq, followed by Toshiba, Apple, <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, altogether accounting for over 53% of global revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the top three vendors for notebooks in market share as of 1996 were: Toshiba, followed by Compaq, and followed by IBM.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 1999, Toshiba ranked first in worldwide laptop sales followed by IBM, Compaq, and <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toshiba led the market with a share of 18.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first quarter of 2002 in the United States market, Dell controlled 25.2% in the notebook space, well ahead of Toshiba (13.6%) and Compaq (11.7%), the latter of which had been acquired by <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> (HP). At fourth and fifth place were <a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Sony</a> and IBM.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Europe,_the_Middle_East_and_Africa" title="Europe, the Middle East and Africa">Europe, the Middle East and Africa</a> (EMEA) territories, <a href="/wiki/Acer_Inc." title="Acer Inc.">Acer</a> was the largest vendor of laptops, in 2004–2005, having overtaken HP and IBM there.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the year 2005 according to <a href="/wiki/IDC_(consulting_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="IDC (consulting group)">IDC</a>, Dell was the top global vendor of notebooks with a market share of 17.29%, followed by: HP (15.7%), Toshiba (10.96%), Acer (10.15%) and <a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a> (8.23%); Lenovo had acquired IBM that same year. The remaining of the top ten was made up of <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu_Siemens_Computers" title="Fujitsu Siemens Computers">Fujitsu Siemens</a>, Sony, <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>, Apple and <a href="/wiki/Asus" title="Asus">Asus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first quarter of 2010, the largest vendor of portable computers, including <a href="/wiki/Netbooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Netbooks">netbooks</a>, was either HP or Acer, depending on data source. Both had shipped approximately 9 million units each. Dell, Toshiba, Asus and Lenovo followed, each with approximate sales of 5 to 6 million each. Apple, <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a> and Sony sold under 2 million each.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of the third quarter of 2020, <a href="/wiki/HP_Inc." title="HP Inc.">HP</a> was cited as the leading vendor for notebook computers closely followed by Lenovo, both with a share of 23.6% each. They were followed by Dell (13.7%), Apple (9.7%) and Acer (7.9%).<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoption_by_users">Adoption by users</h3></div> <p>Battery-powered portable computers had just 2% worldwide market share in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, laptops have become increasingly popular, both for business and personal use.<sup id="cite_ref-Computer_Economics,_Inc_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Computer_Economics,_Inc-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third quarter of 2008 was the first time when worldwide notebook PC shipments exceeded <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktops</a>, with 38.6 million units versus 38.5 million units.<sup id="cite_ref-Computer_Economics,_Inc_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Computer_Economics,_Inc-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-is2009-01-13_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-is2009-01-13-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT09_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT09-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, it was estimated that 166 million laptops were sold,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the first quarter of 2024, around 64% of personal computers sold were laptops or detachable tablets.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the advent of tablets and affordable laptops, many computer users now have laptops due to the convenience offered by the device. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Price">Price</h3></div> <p>Before 2008, laptops were very expensive. In May 2005, the average notebook sold for <span style="white-space: nowrap">$1,131</span> while desktops sold for an average of <span style="white-space: nowrap">$696</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 2008, however, prices of laptops decreased substantially due to low-cost <a href="/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">netbooks</a>, drawing an average <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$689</span> at U.S. retail stores in August 2008. Starting with the 2010s, laptops have decreased substantially in price at the low end due to inexpensive and low power <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">Arm processors</a>, less demanding operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">SoC's</a>. As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laptop&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, a new laptop can be obtained for <span style="white-space: nowrap">$299</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disposal">Disposal</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">E-Waste</a></div> <p>The list of materials that go into a laptop computer is long, and many of the substances used, such as <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> compounds, are <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogenic">carcinogenic</a> to humans. Although these toxins are relatively harmless when the laptop is in use, concerns that discarded laptops cause a serious health and environmental risks when improperly discarded have arisen. The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE Directive) in Europe specified that all laptop computers must be recycled by law. Similarly, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (<a href="/wiki/Epargyreus_clarus" title="Epargyreus clarus">EPA</a>) has outlawed <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a> dumping or the incinerating of discarded laptop computers. </p><p>Most laptop computers begin the recycling process with a method known as <a href="/wiki/Demanufacturing" title="Demanufacturing">Demanufacturing</a>, which involves the physical separation of the components of the laptop.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These components are then either grouped into materials (e.g. plastic, metal and glass) for recycling or more complex items that require more advanced materials separation (e.g.) circuit boards, hard drives and batteries. </p><p>Corporate laptop recycling can require an additional process known as data destruction. The data destruction process ensures that all information or data that has been stored on a laptop hard drive can never be retrieved again. Below is an overview of some of the data protection and environmental laws and regulations applicable for laptop recycling data destruction: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Act_1998" title="Data Protection Act 1998">Data Protection Act 1998</a> (DPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPrivacy_Directive_(European_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="EPrivacy Directive (European Union)">EU Privacy Directive</a> (Due 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority" title="Financial Conduct Authority">Financial Conduct Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbanes-Oxley_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarbanes-Oxley Act">Sarbanes-Oxley Act</a></li> <li>PCI-DSS Data Security Standard</li> <li>Waste, Electronic & Electrical Equipment Directive (<a href="/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump" title="Weekly Shōnen Jump">WEEE</a>)</li> <li>Basel Convention</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Secrecy_Act" title="Bank Secrecy Act">Bank Secrecy Act</a> (BSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_and_Accurate_Credit_Transactions_Act" title="Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act">FACTA</a> Sarbanes-Oxley Act</li> <li>FDA Security Regulations (21 C.F.R. part 11)</li> <li>Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIPAA" class="mw-redirect" title="HIPAA">HIPAA</a> (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)</li> <li>NIST SP 800–53</li> <li>Add NIST SP 800–171</li> <li>Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act</li> <li>Patriot Act of 2002</li> <li>PCI Data Security Standard</li> <li>US Safe Harbor Provisions</li> <li>Various state laws<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>6/3 JAN</li> <li>Gramm-leach-Bliley Act</li> <li>DCID</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extreme_use">Extreme use</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station#Communications_and_computers" title="International Space Station">International Space Station § Communications and computers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-38_EVA-1_Laptops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/ISS-38_EVA-1_Laptops.jpg/220px-ISS-38_EVA-1_Laptops.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/ISS-38_EVA-1_Laptops.jpg/330px-ISS-38_EVA-1_Laptops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/ISS-38_EVA-1_Laptops.jpg/440px-ISS-38_EVA-1_Laptops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>ISS laptops in the US lab</figcaption></figure> <p>The ruggedized <a href="/wiki/Grid_Compass" title="Grid Compass">Grid Compass</a> computer was used since the early days of the Space Shuttle program. The first <a href="/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf" title="Commercial off-the-shelf">commercial</a> laptop used in space was a <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_portable" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh portable">Macintosh portable</a> in 1990 on Space Shuttle mission <a href="/wiki/STS-41" title="STS-41">STS-41</a> and again in 1991 aboard <a href="/wiki/STS-43" title="STS-43">STS-43</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple and other laptop computers continue to be flown aboard crewed spaceflights, though the only long-duration flight certified computer for the International Space Station is the <a href="/wiki/ThinkPad#Use_in_space" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2011, over 100 ThinkPads were aboard the ISS. Laptops used aboard the International Space Station and other spaceflights are generally the same ones that <a href="/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf" title="Commercial off-the-shelf">can be purchased</a> by the general public but needed modifications are made to allow them to be used safely and effectively in a weightless environment such as updating the cooling systems to function without relying on hot air rising and accommodation for the lower cabin air pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laptops operating in harsh usage environments and conditions, such as strong vibrations, extreme temperatures, and wet or dusty conditions differ from those used in space in that they are <a href="/wiki/Rugged_computer" title="Rugged computer">custom designed</a> for the task and do not use <a href="/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf" title="Commercial off-the-shelf">commercial off-the-shelf</a> hardware. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">List of computer size categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laptop_brands_and_manufacturers" title="List of laptop brands and manufacturers">List of laptop brands and manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">Netbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartbook" title="Smartbook">Smartbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromebook" title="Chromebook">Chromebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrabook" title="Ultrabook">Ultrabook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscriber Identity Module">Subscriber Identity Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_broadband" title="Mobile broadband">Mobile broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Internet_device" title="Mobile Internet device">Mobile Internet device</a> (MID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">Personal digital assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIA_OpenBook" title="VIA OpenBook">VIA OpenBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">Tethering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XJACK" title="XJACK">XJACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_computer_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source computer hardware">Open-source computer hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novena_(computing_platform)" title="Novena (computing platform)">Novena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_USB_modem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile USB modem">Mobile modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a> glasses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudbook" title="Cloudbook">Cloudbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laptop%E2%80%93tablet_convergence" title="Laptop–tablet convergence">Laptop–tablet convergence</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oldcomputers.net&rft.atitle=IBM+5100+computer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foldcomputers.net%2Fibm5100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaptop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.support.epson.com/pdf/hx20__/hx20__sl.pdf">"Epson SX-20 Promotional Brochure"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Epson America, Inc. 1987<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Peres, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NMJxyAwGvKcC&pg=PA306"><i>The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography</i>, page 306</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oldcomputers.net/trs100.html">"Tandy/Radio Shack model 100 portable computer"</a>. <i>oldcomputers.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oldcomputers.net&rft.atitle=Tandy%2FRadio+Shack+model+100+portable+computer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foldcomputers.net%2Ftrs100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaptop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oldcomputers.net/hp85.html">"Hewlett-Packard model 85"</a>. <i>oldcomputers.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oldcomputers.net&rft.atitle=Hewlett-Packard+model+85&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foldcomputers.net%2Fhp85.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaptop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=476">Sharp PC-5000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404211845/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=476">Archived</a> 4 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Old Computers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ampere-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ampere_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ampere_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cosy.com/language/cosyhard/cosyhard.htm">"Bob Armstrong"</a>. <i>cosy.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(10 October 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240505050802/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1988/10/10/the-latest-wave-in-personal-computers-is-small-but-fast/1f947411-c060-43e2-aa57-9ee496eaca9b/">"The Latest Wave in Personal Computers Is Small but Fast"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p. F28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1988/10/10/the-latest-wave-in-personal-computers-is-small-but-fast/1f947411-c060-43e2-aa57-9ee496eaca9b/">the original</a> on 5 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Latest+Wave+in+Personal+Computers+Is+Small+but+Fast&rft.pages=F28&rft.date=1988-10-10&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=T.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fbusiness%2F1988%2F10%2F10%2Fthe-latest-wave-in-personal-computers-is-small-but-fast%2F1f947411-c060-43e2-aa57-9ee496eaca9b%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaptop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-byte-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-byte_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-byte_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1982" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Gregg (April 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1982-04/page/n105/">"The First <i>Byte</i>-Sized Computer"</a>. <i>Byte</i>. <b>7</b> (4). 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Random House Publishing Group. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307799746" title="Special:BookSources/9780307799746"><bdi>9780307799746</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quoth+the+Maven%3A+More+on+Language+from+William+Safire&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780307799746&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWYV0aLwMd6UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaptop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240505044414/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/laptop_n?tl=true">"laptop, n. & adj"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.spaceref.com&rft.atitle=2001%3A+A+Space+Laptop+%E2%80%93+SpaceRef+%E2%80%93+Your+Space+Reference&rft.date=2000-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceref.com%2Fnews%2Fviewnews.html%3Fid%3D213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaptop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-in-one_computer" title="All-in-one computer">All-in-one</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panel_PC" title="Panel PC">Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_computer" title="Table computer">Tabletop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_computer" title="Surface computer">Surface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">Desktop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deskside_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Deskside computer">Deskside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza-box_form_factor" title="Pizza-box form factor">Pizza box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_tower" title="Computer tower">Tower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">Portable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_form_factor_PC" title="Small form factor PC">Small form factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini_PC" title="Mini PC">Mini PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_computer" title="Plug computer">Plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_PC" title="Stick PC">Stick PC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">Rack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blade_server" title="Blade server">Blade server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_PC" title="Blade PC">Blade PC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laptop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop" title="2-in-1 laptop">2-in-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_convertible" title="2-in-1 laptop">Convertible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudbook" title="Cloudbook">Cloudbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_workstation" title="Mobile workstation">Mobile workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook_(laptop)" title="Notebook (laptop)">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subnotebook" title="Subnotebook">Subnotebook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">Netbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartbook" title="Smartbook">Smartbook</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_detachable" title="2-in-1 laptop">Detachable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Handheld</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_organizer" title="Electronic organizer">Electronic organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">E-reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">Handheld game console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_PC" title="Handheld PC">Handheld PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">Mobile data terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Foldable</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmtop_PC" title="Palmtop PC">Palmtop PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">Personal digital assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_computer" title="Pocket computer">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_data_terminal" title="Portable data terminal">Portable data terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siftable" title="Siftable">Siftable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-mobile_PC" title="Ultra-mobile PC">Ultra-mobile PC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">Calculator</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphing_calculator" title="Graphing calculator">Graphing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_calculator" title="Programmable calculator">Programmable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_calculator" title="Scientific calculator">Scientific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_tracker" title="Activity tracker">Activity tracker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smart_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart band">Smart band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch#Digital" title="Watch">Digital wristwatch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculator_watch" title="Calculator watch">Calculator watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_watch" title="GPS watch">Sportwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartglasses" title="Smartglasses">Smartglasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_ring" title="Smart ring">Smart ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Midrange_computer" title="Midrange computer">Midrange</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superminicomputer" title="Superminicomputer">Supermini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">Mainframe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minisupercomputer" title="Minisupercomputer">Minisuper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">Super</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_appliance" title="Information appliance">Information appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanocomputer" title="Nanocomputer">Nano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_computer" title="Rugged computer">Rugged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_smartphone" title="Rugged smartphone">Rugged smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">Single-board</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-on-module" title="Computer-on-module">Computer-on-module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartdust" title="Smartdust">Smartdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Classes_of_computers" title="Category:Classes of computers">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electronics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronic_systems" title="Template:Electronic systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electronic_systems" title="Template talk:Electronic systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electronics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">Analogue electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation" title="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microelectronics" title="Microelectronics">Microelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics">Optoelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_electronics" title="Power electronics">Power electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schematic_capture" title="Schematic capture">Schematic capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_management_(electronics)" title="Thermal management (electronics)">Thermal management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2020%E2%80%93present" title="Timeline of computing 2020–present">2020s in computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomtronics" title="Atomtronics">Atomtronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioelectronics" title="Bioelectronics">Bioelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies#Electronics" title="List of emerging technologies">List of emerging electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failure_of_electronic_components" title="Failure of electronic components">Failure of electronic components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_electronics" title="Flexible electronics">Flexible electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-power_electronics" title="Low-power electronics">Low-power electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_electronics" title="Molecular electronics">Molecular electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoelectronics" title="Nanoelectronics">Nanoelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_electronics" title="Organic electronics">Organic electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photonics" title="Photonics">Photonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piezotronics" title="Piezotronics">Piezotronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum electronics">Quantum electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spintronics" title="Spintronics">Spintronics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electronic<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_dryer" title="Clothes dryer">Clothes dryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">Computer</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezer">Freezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Home robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_theater_PC" title="Home theater PC">Home theater PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_stove" title="Kitchen stove">Cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwave oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Networking hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_vacuum_cleaner" title="Robotic vacuum cleaner">Robotic vacuum cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankless_water_heating" title="Tankless water heating">Water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_equipment" title="Audio equipment">Audio equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_electronics" title="Automotive electronics">Automotive electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_system" title="Control system">Control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_acquisition" title="Data acquisition">Data acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">e-book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EHealth" title="EHealth">e-health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic warfare</a></li> 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