Handbook of Texas

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class="pb-5"> <div class="row pb-5 flex-column-reverse flex-lg-row">  <div class="col-12 col-lg-8 col-xl-7">  <div id="above-fold-search-results"> <div id="search-results"> <div class="gcse-searchresults"></div> </div> </div>  <div id="slot-id-8" class="slot slot-wide mb-4">  <div class="promo promo-type-image-link " id="convert-promo--promo-id-820"> <a href="https://www.legacyoftexas.com/product/texas-on-this-day-second-edition" class=""> <img style="" src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/promos/texas-on-this-day-leaderboard.png" alt="Get the new Texas on this day book!" class="" > </a> </div> </div>   <p class="has-dropcap full-width-p mb-5"> The <em>Handbook of Texas</em> is a digital state encyclopedia developed by the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) that is freely accessible for students, teachers, scholars, and the general public. The <em>Handbook</em> consists of overview, general, and biographical entries focused on the entire history of Texas from the indigenous Native Americans and the Prehistoric Era to the state's diverse population and the Modern Age. These entries emphasize the role Texans played in state, national, and world history. </p>  <div id="popular-day" class="popular-entries"> <h2 class="h1 mb-5 border-bottom pb-3" id="heading-popular-today"> Today's Popular Entries </h2> <div class="popular-entry mb-5"> <p class="h3 mb-3"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/texas-revolution"> Texas Revolution </a> </p> <small class="entry-teaser"> <p>The Texas Revolution began in October 1835 with the battle of Gonzales and ended on April 21, 1836, with the battle of San Jacinto, but earlier clashes between government forces and frontier colonists make it impossible to set dogmatic limits in terms of military battles, cultural misunderstandings, and political differences that were a part of the revolution. The seeds of the conflict were planted during the last years of Spanish rule (1815–21) when Anglo Americans drifted across the Neutral Ground and the eastern bank of the Red River into Spanish territory, squatted on the land, and populated Spanish Texas. More alarming than these illegal residents, who only wanted to "settle and stay," were filibusters such as Philip Nolan, who commandeered portions of Spanish lands for personal gain and political capital. During the fading years of New Spain, its ruling council, the Cortes, worried about securing their far northern frontier and began to encourage foreign immigration to Texas, including Anglo American colonization. One who was eager to take advantage of a change in Spanish policy was Moses Austin, who received a commission from the Spanish governor of Texas to bring 300 families and establish a colony, thereby rebuilding some of his lost fortune associated with the Panic of 1819. Upon his death in 1821, his son and heir Stephen Fuller Austin fulfilled his father's vision and became the first empresario of Texas.</p> </small> </div> <div class="popular-entry mb-5"> <p class="h3 mb-3"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/crockett-david"> Crockett, David </a> </p> <small class="entry-teaser"> <p>David (Davy) Crockett, frontiersman, congressman, and defender of the Alamo, son of John and Rebecca (Hawkins) Crockett, was born in Greene County, Tennessee, on August 17, 1786. In 1798, two years after the Crocketts opened a tavern on the road from Knoxville to Abingdon, Virginia, John Crockett hired his son out to Jacob Siler to help drive a herd of cattle to Rockbridge County, Virginia. Siler tried to detain David by force after the job was completed, but the boy escaped at night by walking seven miles in two hours through knee-deep snow. He eventually made his way home in late 1798 or early 1799. Soon afterward he started school, but preferred playing hooky and ran away to escape his father's punishment. This "strategic withdrawal," as Crockett called it, lasted 2½ years while he worked as a wagoner and day-laborer and at odd jobs to support himself. When he returned home in 1802 he had grown so much that his family did not recognize him at first. When they did, he found that all was forgiven. Crockett reciprocated their generosity by working for about a year to discharge his father's debts, which totaled seventy-six dollars, and subsequently returned to school for six months.</p> </small> </div> <div class="popular-entry mb-5"> <p class="h3 mb-3"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/republic-of-texas"> Republic of Texas </a> </p> <small class="entry-teaser"> <p>This entry is currently being revised and the new version will be available soon!</p> </small> </div> <div class="popular-entry mb-5"> <p class="h3 mb-3"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/convention-of-1836"> Convention of 1836 </a> </p> <small class="entry-teaser"> <p>The Convention of 1836 wrote the Texas Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the Republic of Texas, organized the ad interim government, and named Sam Houston commander in chief of the military forces of the republic. The call for the convention to meet at Washington-on-the-Brazos was issued by the General Council of the provisional government over the veto of Governor Henry Smith in December 1835, and the delegates were elected on February 1, 1836.</p> </small> </div> <div class="popular-entry mb-5"> <p class="h3 mb-3"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/bowie-james"> Bowie, James </a> </p> <small class="entry-teaser"> <p>James Bowie was born near Terrapin Creek (now Spring Creek) where it crosses Bowie's Mill Road (Turnertown Road), nine miles northwest of Franklin, Logan County (now Simpson County), Kentucky, probably on April 10, 1796. He was the son of Reason (or Rezin) and Elve Ap-Catesby Jones (or Johns) Bowie. In 1794 Reason Bowie had moved his family from Tennessee to Logan County, where he farmed and operated a gristmill with the help of eight slaves. In February 1800 he moved to Madrid, in what is now Missouri. On May 2, 1801, at Rapides, Louisiana, Reason Bowie and his brothers David, Rhesa, and John swore allegiance to the Spanish government. In October the families settled on farms in what is now Catahoula Parish. There Reason's sons, James, John J., Stephen, and Rezin P. Bowie, grew to manhood. The family took an active part in community affairs and the elder Bowie reportedly became the largest slaveowner in his locale, with twenty slaves. About 1809 the Bowie clan moved to the Atakapa country in southeastern Louisiana; there Reason purchased 640 acres on the Vermilion River near the mouth of Little Bayou. He then developed a plantation near Opelousas, where he grew cotton and sugarcane, raised livestock, and bought and sold slaves. Reason Bowie died there around 1821.</p> </small> </div> <div class="popular-entry mb-5"> <p class="h3 mb-3"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/comanche-indians"> Comanche Indians </a> </p> <small class="entry-teaser"> <p>The Comanches, exceptional horsemen who dominated the Southern Plains, played a prominent role in Texas frontier history throughout much of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Anthropological evidence indicates that they were originally a mountain tribe, a branch of the Northern Shoshones, who roamed the Great Basin region of the western United States as crudely equipped hunters and gatherers. Both cultural and linguistic similarities confirm the Comanches' Shoshone origins. The Comanche language is derived from the Uto-Aztecan linguistic family and is virtually identical to the language of the Northern Shoshones. Sometime during the late seventeenth century, the Comanches acquired horses, and that acquisition drastically altered their culture. The life of the pedestrian tribe was revolutionized as they rapidly evolved into a mounted, well-equipped, and powerful people. Their new mobility allowed them to leave their mountain home and their Shoshone neighbors and move onto the plains of eastern Colorado and western Kansas, where game was plentiful.</p> </small> </div> <div class="popular-entry mb-5"> <p class="h3 mb-3"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/mexican-war-of-independence"> Mexican War of Independence </a> </p> <small class="entry-teaser"> <p>The Mexican War of Independence was in reality a series of revolts that grew out of the increasing political turmoil both in Spain and Mexico at the beginning of the nineteenth century. During the French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars Spain fought both as an ally and as an enemy of France and suffered frequent interruptions in its commerce with its American colonies. Burdened with mounting war debts and facing a deepening economic crisis, Spanish rulers settled on extracting increased colonial revenues to meet European obligations. A royal decree in 1804 ordered imperial officials to confiscate certain church assets and place them at the disposal of the crown. In Mexico, as the church called in loans and mortgages and credit from that source dried up, a financial crisis emerged that was aggravated by an economic downturn caused by disruptions in overseas trade and bad harvests. Growing disaffection in New Spain received considerable reinforcement when Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808 and forced Ferdinand VII to abdicate the Spanish throne in favor of his brother Joseph.</p> </small> </div> <div class="popular-entry mb-5"> <p class="h3 mb-3"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/mexican-americans"> Mexican Americans </a> </p> <small class="entry-teaser"> <p>People of Mexican descent in Texas trace their biological origins to the racial mixture that occurred following the Spanish conquest of Mexico in the 1520s. During the Spanish colonial period, population increases occurred as Spanish males mixed with Indian females, begetting a mestizo race. By 1821, when Mexico won its independence from Spain, the mestizo population almost equalled the size of the indigenous stock and that of Iberian-born persons. Mexicans advanced northward from central Mexico in exploratory and settlement operations soon after the conquest, but did not permanently claim the Texas frontierland until after 1710. In the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the French became increasingly active along the Texas Gulf Coast, and in response, the viceroy in Mexico City made preparations for the colonization of the Texas wilderness. The first expedition in 1716 peopled an area that subsequently became the town of Nacogdoches; a second in 1718 settled present-day San Antonio; and a third established La Bahía (Goliad) in 1721. During the 1740s and 1750s, the crown founded further colonies along both banks of the Rio Grande, including what is now Laredo. At this early time, the crown relied primarily on persuasion to get settlers to pick up and relocate in the far-off Texas lands. Those responding hailed from Coahuila and Nuevo León, though intrepid souls from the interior joined the early migrations. In reality, few pioneers wished to live in isolation or amid conditions that included possible Indian attacks. They feared a setting that lacked adequate supplies, sustenance, and medical facilities for the sick, especially infants. Frontier living inhibited population growth so that at the beginning of the nineteenth century, when Spanish Texas neared its end, the Mexican-descent population numbered only about 5,000.</p> </small> </div> <div class="popular-entry mb-5"> <p class="h3 mb-3"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/parker-quanah"> Parker, Quanah </a> </p> <small class="entry-teaser"> <p>Quanah Parker, the last chief of the Quahada Comanche Indians, son of Peta Nocona and Cynthia Ann Parker, was born about 1845. According to Quanah himself, he was born on Elk Creek south of the Wichita Mountains in what is now Oklahoma, but there has been debate regarding his birthplace, and a Centennial marker on Cedar Lake northeast of Seminole, Texas, in Gaines County, claims that site as Quanah's birth location. He was a major figure both in Comanche resistance to White settlement and in the tribe's adjustment to reservation life. Nomadic hunter of the Llano Estacado, leader of the Quahada assault on Adobe Walls in 1874 (see RED RIVER WAR), cattle rancher, entrepreneur, and friend of American presidents, Quanah Parker was truly a man of two worlds. The name Quanah means "smell" or "odor." Though the date of his birth is recorded variously at 1845 and 1852, there is no mystery regarding his parentage. His mother was the celebrated captive of a Comanche raid on Parker's Fort (1836) and convert to the Indian way of life. His father was a noted war chief of the Noconi band of the Comanches. Despite his mixed ancestry, Quanah's early childhood seems to have been quite unexceptional for his time and place. In 1860, however, Peta Nocona was killed defending an encampment on the Pease River against Texas Rangers under Lawrence Sullivan Ross. The raid, which resulted in the capture and incarceration of Cynthia Ann and Quanah's sister Topasannah, also decimated the Noconis and forced Quanah, now an orphan, to take refuge with the Quahada Comanches of the Llano Estacado.</p> </small> </div> <div class="popular-entry mb-5"> <p class="h3 mb-3"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/flags-of-texas"> Flags of Texas </a> </p> <small class="entry-teaser"> <p>The strong Texas interest in flags is shown in public and private displays of the "Six Flags Over Texas," i.e., the flags of the six countries that have ruled over Texas: the Kingdom of France, the Kingdom of Spain, the Mexican Federal Republic, the Republic of Texas, the Confederate States of America, and the United States of America. Spain has had four significant flags during its occupation of the New World. The royal banner of Castile and León, bearing two lions and two castles, was used as a state flag and ensign from around 1230 to around 1516. From 1516 to May 28, 1785, Spain used a state flag and ensign consisting of a modified red saltire on white to signify the house of Burgundy. A variant of the state flag and ensign 1580 to 1640 depicted the complete Spanish coat of arms on a white field. King Charles III established the familiar Spanish flag, with horizontal stripes of red-gold-red and the simple arms of Castile and León as the Spanish ensign, effective on May 28, 1785, and as the Spanish state flag on land, effective March 8, 1793. These flags were used until April 27, 1931.</p> </small> </div> <div class="popular-entry mb-5"> <p class="h3 mb-3"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/houston-sam"> Houston, Sam </a> </p> <small class="entry-teaser"> <p>Sam Houston, one of the most illustrious political figures of Texas, was born on March 2, 1793, the fifth child (and fifth son) of Samuel and Elizabeth (Paxton) Houston, on their plantation in sight of Timber Ridge Church, Rockbridge County, Virginia. He was of Scots-Irish ancestry and reared Presbyterian. He acquired rudimentary education during his boyhood by attending a local school for no more than six months. When he was thirteen years old, his father died; some months later, in the spring of 1807, he emigrated with his mother, five brothers, and three sisters to Blount County in Eastern Tennessee, where the family established a farm near Maryville on a tributary of Baker's Creek. Houston went to a nearby academy for a time and reportedly fed his fertile imagination by reading classical literature, especially the Iliad.</p> </small> </div> <div class="popular-entry mb-5"> <p class="h3 mb-3"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/travis-william-barret"> Travis, William Barret </a> </p> <small class="entry-teaser"> <p>William Barret Travis, Texas commander at the battle of the Alamo, was the eldest of eleven children of Mark and Jemima (Stallworth) Travis. At the time of his birth the family lived on Mine Creek near the Red Bank community, which centered around the Red Bank Baptist Church in Edgefield District, near Saluda, Saluda County, South Carolina. There is some confusion regarding the date and circumstances of his birth. Many sources give the date as August 9, others as August 1, 1809. The family Bible, however, records the former date. Others have confused the date of his birth with that of his elder, and illegitimate, half-brother, Toliferro Travis. The first Travers, or Travis, to settle in North America landed in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1627. Edward Travers became a member of the house of burgesses and amassed significant holdings of land. Subsequent generations of the family drifted southward to the Carolinas, where Barrick or Barrot Travers established a farm in the Edgefield District. Somewhere in the journey Travers became Travis, and Barrot came to be spelled Barret. Barrot Travis's sons, Alexander and Mark, became farmers, and Alexander also became a prominent clergyman.</p> </small> </div> </div>  <div id="slot-id-9" class="slot slot-wide">  <div class="promo promo-type-image-link " id="convert-promo--promo-id-820"> <a href="https://www.legacyoftexas.com/product/texas-on-this-day-second-edition" class=""> <img style="" src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/promos/texas-on-this-day-leaderboard.png" alt="Get the new Texas on this day book!" class="" > </a> </div> </div>   <div class="spinoffs"> <h2 class="h1 mb-5 border-bottom pb-3 pt-5"> Special Projects </h2>  <div class="mb-5 d-flex align-items-center" style="gap: 0.62rem;"> <a class="special-project-img-link font-italic no-print" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/handbook-of-dallas-fort-worth" title="Dallas-Fort Worth"> <img class="img-fluid px-3" src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/projects/handbook-of-dallas-fort-worth.png" alt="spinoff logo" > </a> <div> <h2 class="font-weight-light mb-3"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/handbook-of-dallas-fort-worth"> Handbook of Dallas-Fort Worth </a> </h2> <div class="line-clamp-md"> <div class="small"> <p>The tremendous growth of the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex from the 19th through 21st centuries far outpaced the recorded history of this economically vital area. Texas is often associated with its rural ranching history, yet as the decades passed, the cultural and economic identities of Lone Star State evolved to reflect the increasing importance and influence of the urban areas. No area in Texas illustrates this transformation better than DFW—a well-traveled location during the cattle trailing and early railroad eras that blossomed into a modern financial and cultural hotspot in the present day. We need a more complete documentation of the DFW metroplex, and the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) seeks to correct this imbalance in the historical record.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div>  <div class="mb-5 d-flex align-items-center" style="gap: 0.62rem;"> <a class="special-project-img-link font-italic no-print" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/texas-medicine" title="Texas Medicine"> <img class="img-fluid px-3" src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/projects/texas-medicine.jpg" alt="spinoff logo" > </a> <div> <h2 class="font-weight-light mb-3"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/texas-medicine"> Handbook of Texas Medicine </a> </h2> <div class="line-clamp-md"> <div class="small"> <p>Texans lay claim to a dynamic medical history. The state has borne witness to deadly disease outbreaks, the establishment of world-renowned medical institutions, and the discovery of new therapeutics and cures. From the first documented surgery on Texas soil by Cabeza de Vaca in the sixteenth century to the innovative research spearheaded by university laboratories to develop vaccines and therapeutics for COVID-19, the medical story of Texas is reflective of the many ways Texans have engaged to protect and promote their health and well-being. Today, the healthcare industry represents a significant share of the Texas economy, contributing more than $108 billion to the state’s GDP, according to data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Yet, despite the fundamental role medicine has played in shaping the growth and development of the state, a comprehensive and authoritative medical history of Texas remains unfulfilled. With the development of the <em>Handbook of Texas Medicine, </em>TSHA proudly presents a unique opportunity to address this disparity.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div>  <div class="mb-5 d-flex align-items-center" style="gap: 0.62rem;"> <a class="special-project-img-link font-italic no-print" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/texas-women" title="Texas Women"> <img class="img-fluid px-3" src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/projects/texas-women.png" alt="spinoff logo" > </a> <div> <h2 class="font-weight-light mb-3"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/texas-women"> Handbook of Texas Women </a> </h2> <div class="line-clamp-md"> <div class="small"> <p>The Handbook of Texas Women project strives to expand on the <em>Handbook of Texas</em> by promoting a more inclusive and comprehensive history of Texas. Texas women make Texas history, and TSHA wants to significantly recognize the various ways women have shaped the state’s history at home, across the state, nationally, and abroad. The impacts of women on Texas history are often overlooked, and as more and more people are accessing information using smartphones, tablets, and other mobile technologies, this project will seize upon the unprecedented opportunities of the digital age in order to reshape how Texas women’s history will be understood, preserved, and disseminated in the twenty-first century.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div>  <div class="mb-5 d-flex align-items-center" style="gap: 0.62rem;"> <a class="special-project-img-link font-italic no-print" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/texas-music" title="Texas Music"> <img class="img-fluid px-3" src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/projects/texas-music.png" alt="spinoff logo" > </a> <div> <h2 class="font-weight-light mb-3"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/texas-music"> Handbook of Texas Music </a> </h2> <div class="line-clamp-md"> <div class="small"> <p>What is it about Texas music? Trying to define it is like reviewing a dictionary. There is way too much detail to try to pin it down. However, this much is clear: Texans have given American music its distinctive voice, and that's no brag, just fact.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div>  <div class="mb-5 d-flex align-items-center" style="gap: 0.62rem;"> <a class="special-project-img-link font-italic no-print" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/tejano-history" title="Tejano History"> <img class="img-fluid px-3" src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/projects/tejano-history.png" alt="spinoff logo" > </a> <div> <h2 class="font-weight-light mb-3"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/tejano-history"> Handbook of Tejano History </a> </h2> <div class="line-clamp-md"> <div class="small"> <p>The TSHA is proud to announce the launch of the <em>Handbook of Tejano History</em>, which contains more than 1,200 entries, including 300 new entries, detailing the critical influence of Tejanos on the Lone Star State. Released on March 29, 2016, to commemorate the fourth anniversary of the Tejano Monument unveiling on the Capitol grounds in Austin, the <em>Handbook of Tejano History</em> is the culmination of a two-year effort involving dozens of researchers, educators, students, and Texas history enthusiasts committed to capturing and sharing Tejano contributions to Texas life and culture. Originally conceived in partnership with the board of directors of the Tejano Monument, Inc., the Association’s <em>Handbook of Tejano History</em> joins a number of other important initiatives born out of the legacy of the Tejano Monument, including the Tejano History Curriculum Project and Austin Independent School District’s Cuauhtli Academy/Academia Cuauhtli.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div>  <div class="mb-5 d-flex align-items-center" style="gap: 0.62rem;"> <a class="special-project-img-link font-italic no-print" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas" title="African American Texas"> <img class="img-fluid px-3" src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/projects/african-american-texas.png" alt="spinoff logo" > </a> <div> <h2 class="font-weight-light mb-3"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas"> Handbook of African American Texas </a> </h2> <div class="line-clamp-md"> <div class="small"> <p>African Americans have been part of the landscape of Texas for as long as Europeans and their descendants. Spanning a period of more than five centuries, African American presence began in 1528 with the arrival of Estevanico, an African slave who accompanied the first Spanish exploration of the land in the southwestern part of the United States that eventually became Texas. While African Americans have been subjected to slavery, segregation, and discrimination during this long history, they have made significant contributions to the growth and development of Texas. They have influenced Texas policies and social standards. Living and working with other ethnic groups, they have helped create a unique Texas culture. Historians have not always acknowledged the role that African Americans have played in the Lone Star State. Although numerous studies of Texas’s past appeared in the twentieth century, until 1970 there remained too many empty pages in the history of the state concerning the black population. This situation has changed since the 1970s, but the need to capture more of the African American experience still exists. For this reason, we are happy to launch the <em>Handbook of African American Texas</em>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div>  <div class="mb-5 d-flex align-items-center" style="gap: 0.62rem;"> <a class="special-project-img-link font-italic no-print" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/civil-war-texas" title="Civil War Texas"> <img class="img-fluid px-3" src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/projects/civil-war-texas.png" alt="spinoff logo" > </a> <div> <h2 class="font-weight-light mb-3"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/civil-war-texas"> Handbook of Civil War Texas </a> </h2> <div class="line-clamp-md"> <div class="small"> <p>At 4:30 on the morning of April 12, 1861—one hundred and fifty years ago this spring (2011)—Confederate States of America artillery opened fire on United States troops in Fort Sumter, South Carolina, beginning the American Civil War. Texans, who had voted overwhelmingly in February 1861 to secede from the Union and then watched their state join the Confederacy in March, thus became involved in a four-year conflict that would take the lives of many and leave none untouched. Texas escaped much of the terrible destruction of the war for a simple reason—United States troops never managed to invade and occupy the state’s interior. In sum, the Civil War exacted a huge price, primarily in terms of lives lost and ruined in the Confederate Army and in the privations of those left at home. However, the conflict had two vitally positive results for Texas: It freed the state’s more than 200,000 enslaved people, and it destroyed the curse of the ‘Peculiar Institution’ for the entire society of the Lone Star State.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div>  <div class="mb-5 d-flex align-items-center" style="gap: 0.62rem;"> <a class="special-project-img-link font-italic no-print" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/houston" title="Houston"> <img class="img-fluid px-3" src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/projects/houston.png" alt="spinoff logo" > </a> <div> <h2 class="font-weight-light mb-3"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/houston"> Handbook of Houston </a> </h2> <div class="line-clamp-md"> <div class="small"> <p>The Texas State Historical Association and the Houston History Alliance (HHA) are proud to announce the launch of the <em>Handbook of Houston</em>, which contains more than 1,250 new and existing entries highlighting the significant impact Houston has had on the state, the nation, and the world. Launched on March 2, 2017, the <em>Handbook of Houston</em> is the culmination of many years of historical research.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div>  <hr class="d-lg-none mb-5"> <div class="row d-lg-none">  <div class="col-12 col-sm-10 col-md-6 offset-sm-1 offset-md-0"> <div class="mb-5"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/texas-day-by-day"> <img class="img-fluid" src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/dbd/banner--dbd.jpg" alt="texas day by day logo"> </a> <div class="card-body px-0"> <p class="h6"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/texas-day-by-day" class=""> Nature Conservancy buys Enchanted Rock </a> </p> <p class="small"> <i class="fa fa-calendar pr-2" aria-hidden="true"></i> 47 years ago today </p> <hr> <p class="h6"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/texas-day-by-day" class=""> Texas loses stagecoach mail and passenger service </a> </p> <p class="small"> <i class="fa fa-calendar pr-2" aria-hidden="true"></i> 164 years ago today </p> <hr> <p class="h6"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/texas-day-by-day" class=""> First president of Rice Institute retires </a> </p> <p class="small"> <i class="fa fa-calendar pr-2" aria-hidden="true"></i> 79 years ago today </p> <hr> <h3 class="h6 card-title"> Get the <small class="font-weight-bold font-italic">FREE!</small> Texas Day by Day delivered straight to your inbox: </h3> <div class="d-flex flex-wrap"> <a href="https://eepurl.com/biy8fL" class="btn btn-danger mr-2 mb-2" id="signup-weekly"> <i class="fa fa-envelope pr-2" aria-hidden="true"></i> Weekly Edition </a> <a href="https://eepurl.com/biy8f1" class="btn btn-primary mb-2 bg-blue-500" id="signup-daily"> <i class="fa fa-envelope pr-2" aria-hidden="true"></i> Daily Edition </a> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="col-12 col-md-6"> <div class="popular-entries mb-5"> <h2 class="h1 mb-3 border-bottom pb-2" id="heading-popular-week"> This Week's Popular Entries </h2> <p class="serif-font"> Our entries are accessed thousands of times per day from all over the globe. 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<div class="col-12 col-lg-7 serif-font">  <img src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/handbook/logo-handbook-of-texas.png" alt="handbook of texas logo" class="img-fluid pt-md-3 pb-5"> <img class="img-fluid mb-3 d-block float-lg-left mx-auto ml-lg-0 mr-lg-4" src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/handbook/handbook-home.png" alt="image of the analog version of the handbook"> <div class="font-lg"> <p> The <em>Handbook of Texas</em> is a digital state encyclopedia developed by the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) that is free and accessible on the Internet for students, teachers, scholars, and the general public. The <em>Handbook</em> consists of overview, general, and biographical entries focused on the entire history of Texas from the indigenous Native Americans and the Prehistoric Era to the state’s diverse population and the Modern Age. These entries emphasize the role Texans played in state, national, and world history. The TSHA continuously expands the <em>Handbook</em> through multi-year special projects that focus on diverse topics to preserve all Texans’ history. In 2016 the <em>Handbook</em> website experienced 10,454,137 page views with 4,657,707 unique users from 201 countries and territories, making it not only a Texas resource, but a global one. </p> <p> The <em>Handbook of Texas</em> project began in 1939 as an effort led by University of Texas Professor Walter Prescott Webb to preserve Texas history and create “the most useful book that has ever been published in Texas.” Webb admitted that his goal might be “an impossible dream,” but his leadership facilitated the funding, staffing, and publication of the original two-volume <em>Handbook</em> in 1952 with a supplemental third volume in 1976. The University of Texas at Austin supported scholarship focused on Texas history and maintained a continuous relationship with the TSHA by providing office space and employing staff members as University faculty. In 1996 the six-volume <em>Handbook</em> included 23,640 entries and 687 illustrations within 6,945 pages. Leadership at the TSHA recognized the growth of personal computers and chose to bypass an interactive CD-ROM in favor of digitizing the entire <em>Handbook</em> for release on the Internet. The <em>Handbook of Texas Online</em> launched in February 1999 and was among the first digital encyclopedias accessible for free on the Internet to the general public. </p> <p> The <em>Handbook</em> currently includes 27,945 encyclopedic entries. These entries are written by volunteer historians and professionals, reviewed by TSHA staff, vetted by scholars, and approved by the TSHA Chief Historian before appearing online. The development of new entries is driven by current events, user suggestions, and internal identification of missing topics, which are reviewed by the Chief Historian for consideration. Existing entries are continuously revised or updated according to user suggestions and a routine revision schedule. Authors utilize secondary and primary sources such as books, census records, newspapers, military service records, obituaries, diaries, and letters to craft historically accurate entries. The sources are compiled into a bibliography and updated regularly to provide readers with the most current scholarship. The <em>Handbook</em> editors fact-check, copyedit, and format entries using appropriate language for users ranging from middle school to college. </p> <p> The <em>Handbook</em> began as a printed reference resource without images, but the expansion to six volumes included the addition of photographs and other illustrations. The <em>Handbook</em> staff recognized the need to update the digital <em>Handbook</em> with appropriate media, such as images, videos, audio, and interactive maps. The staff now includes media with every new entry and has added media to the most viewed entries. As a result, the <em>Handbook</em> now includes thousands of images, hundreds of audio samples, and dozens of video clips from the TSHA <em>Texas Talks</em> webinars. The media captions identify the title, copyright owner, and location of the media, as well as link to the original source. The staff disabled the right-click feature within the <em>Handbook</em> website to limit reproduction of the images and encourage users to visit the participating digital repositories and archives for access and republication. The TSHA has compiled promotional eBooks composed of <em>Handbook</em> entries focused on a variety of topics including: African Americans, Civil War, Tejanos, Texas Revolution, Women, and Music in Texas. Furthermore, <em>Handbook</em> content facilitated the development of <em>Texas Day By Day</em>, a program that provides daily updates to users’ computers, tablets, and smartphones on notable people, places, and events Texas history. </p> <p> After more than 73 years the <em>Handbook</em> project continues to promote scholarship and encourage the study of Texas history. The TSHA and <em>Handbook</em> staff collaborate with historical associations within Texas and across the United States to promote the study of state and local history. The <em>Handbook</em> project provides opportunities for graduate students, lay historians, scholars, and professors to preserve history by researching and authoring concise entries for educational purposes and the betterment of society. The <em>Handbook</em> entries are cited in thousands of books, articles, documentaries, and webpages such as <em>Wikipedia</em>, Legislative Reference Library of Texas, Find-a-Grave, and Ancestry. Professor Webb could not have possibly imagined the ways in which the <em>Handbook</em> has grown and changed over time, but he certainly would be pleased that the public demand for scholarship remains so strong. We strive to assure the <em>Handbook</em> remains accessible, inclusive, accurate, and meets current scholarly standards. </p> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 col-lg-5 col-xl-4 offset-xl-1 serif-font">  <h2 class="mt-3 mb-3 pb-2 font-weight-normal border-bottom"> <em>Handbook</em> Help Topics </h2> <div class="help-link-content"> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/about/contact/handbook-staff"> <i class="fa fa-envelope pr-2" aria-hidden="true"></i> Contact <em>Handbook</em> Staff </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/help-topics/handbook/format-and-style"> Format and Style Guide </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/help-topics/handbook/subject-category-descriptions"> Subject Category Descriptions </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/help-topics/handbook/author-information"> Author Information </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/help-topics/handbook/image-use-disclaimer"> Image Use Disclaimer </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/about/contact"> Contact TSHA Staff by Department </a> </li> </ul> </div>  <h2 class="mt-5 mb-3 pb-2 font-weight-normal border-bottom"> See Also </h2> <div class="help-link-content mb-5"> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/about/contact/handbook-entry-author-agreement-form"> <em>Handbook</em> Entry Author Agreement Form </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/about/contact/handbook-entry-author-exit-survey"> <em>Handbook</em> Entry Author Exit Survey </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/about/contact/handbook-entry-topic-suggestion"> <em>Handbook</em> Entry Topic Suggestion </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/about/contact/handbook-entry-proposal"> <em>Handbook</em> Entry Proposal </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/about/contact/handbook-entry-revision"> Revision Request </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/about/contact/handbook-entry-error"> Report an Error </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="sans-serif-font">  <div id="slot-id-12" class="slot slot-sidebar">  <div class="promo promo-type-image-link " id="convert-promo--promo-id-784"> <a href="https://www.ebay.com/str/tshatexanaauction" class=""> <img style="" src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/promos/Ebay_Bks_Sq.png" alt="eBay - Used Books_square" class="" > </a> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pre-footer container-fluid bg-fff border-top border-bottom no-print"> <div class="row justify-content-between align-items-center pt-5 pt-md-0"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/home"> <img src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/logo_tsha.png" alt="tsha logo" class="img-fluid" width="348"> </a> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center"> <a href="https://www.legacyoftexas.com/"> <img src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/logo--legacy-of-texas.png" alt="legacy of texas logo" class="img-fluid px-md-3 px-lg-0 py-3 py-md-0" width="250"> </a> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center"> <a href="https://www.texasalmanac.com/"> <img src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/logo--texas-almanac.png" alt="texas almanac logo" class="img-fluid px-md-3 px-lg-0" width="250"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container-fluid bg-newspaper no-print">  <div class="container"> <div class="row justify-content-center"> <div class="col-12 col-md-6"> <div class="py-5 mb-5"> <h2 class="pt-5 mb-3 h1 text-center" style="font-size: 3.24rem;"> Be the first to know </h2> <p class="text-center h4 mb-4"> Sign up for our newsletter, <em>Especially Texan</em>, and stay up to date on all things Texas. </p> <aside class="pt-3"> <section class=""> <form action="https://tshamail.org/subscribe" method="POST" accept-charset="utf-8"> <label for="name">Name</label> <br> <input type="text" name="name" id="name" style="width: 100%; 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