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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_Vickers_scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_Vickers_scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Comparison with Vickers scale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_Vickers_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mohs scale</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_se_hardheidskaal" title="Mohs se hardheidskaal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mohs se hardheidskaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مقياس موس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقياس موس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_de_dureza_de_Mohs" title="Escala de dureza de Mohs – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Escala de dureza de Mohs" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escales_de_durez" title="Escales de durez – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escales de durez" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="কাঠিন্য মাত্রা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাঠিন্য মাত্রা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Шкала Моаса – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шкала Моаса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Шкала Моаса – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шкала Моаса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Скала на Моос – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скала на Моос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohsova_skala_tvrdo%C4%87e" title="Mohsova skala tvrdoće – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mohsova skala tvrdoće" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_de_Mohs" title="Escala de Mohs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escala de Mohs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohsova_stupnice_tvrdosti" title="Mohsova stupnice tvrdosti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mohsova stupnice tvrdosti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graddfa_Mohs" title="Graddfa Mohs – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Graddfa Mohs" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs%27_skala" title="Mohs' skala – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mohs' skala" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4rte#Härteprüfung_nach_Mohs" title="Härte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Härte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohsi_astmik" title="Mohsi astmik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mohsi astmik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κλίμακα Μος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλίμακα Μος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalas_de_dureza" title="Escalas de dureza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escalas de dureza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs-skalo" title="Mohs-skalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mohs-skalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_eskala" title="Mohs eskala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mohs eskala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="سختی موس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سختی موس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89chelle_de_Mohs" title="Échelle de Mohs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Échelle de Mohs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_de_Mohs" title="Escala de Mohs – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escala de Mohs" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B5%B3%EA%B8%B0%EA%B3%84" title="모스 굳기계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모스 굳기계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Մոոսի սանդղակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոոսի սանդղակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohsova_ljestvica" title="Mohsova ljestvica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mohsova ljestvica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_Mohs" title="Skala Mohs – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Skala Mohs" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_kvar%C3%B0i" title="Mohs kvarði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mohs kvarði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_di_Mohs" title="Scala di Mohs – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scala di Mohs" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1" title="סולם מוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סולם מוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_Mohs" title="Skala Mohs – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Skala Mohs" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="მოოსის სკალა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოოსის სკალა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Моос шкаласы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Моос шкаласы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeli_ya_ugumu_ya_Mohs" title="Skeli ya ugumu ya Mohs – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Skeli ya ugumu ya Mohs" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosa_skala" title="Mosa skala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mosa skala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moso_skal%C4%97" title="Moso skalė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Moso skalė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs-f%C3%A9le_kem%C3%A9nys%C3%A9gi_sk%C3%A1la" title="Mohs-féle keménységi skála – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mohs-féle keménységi skála" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Мосова скала – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мосова скала" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="മോസ് ധാതുകാഠിന്യമാനകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മോസ് ധാതുകാഠിന്യമാനകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مقياس موس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مقياس موس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_Mohs" title="Skala Mohs – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Skala Mohs" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Моссын шатлал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Моссын шатлал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardheidsschaal_van_Mohs" title="Hardheidsschaal van Mohs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hardheidsschaal van Mohs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E7%A1%AC%E5%BA%A6" title="モース硬度 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モース硬度" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_skala" title="Mohs skala – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mohs skala" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_hardleiksskala" title="Mohs hardleiksskala – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mohs hardleiksskala" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_de_Mohs" title="Escala de Mohs – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Escala de Mohs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="موس ناپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="موس ناپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="د موس مقياس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د موس مقياس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohshard" title="Mohshard – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mohshard" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_twardo%C5%9Bci_Mohsa" title="Skala twardości Mohsa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skala twardości Mohsa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_de_Mohs" title="Escala de Mohs – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escala de Mohs" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scara_de_duritate_Mohs" title="Scara de duritate Mohs – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scara de duritate Mohs" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Шкала Мооса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шкала Мооса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Моос шкалаата – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Моос шкалаата" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_scale_o_meeneral_haurdness" title="Mohs scale o meeneral haurdness – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mohs scale o meeneral haurdness" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkalla_e_Mohs-it_p%C3%ABr_fort%C3%ABsin%C3%AB_e_mineraleve" title="Shkalla e Mohs-it për fortësinë e mineraleve – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkalla e Mohs-it për fortësinë e mineraleve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohsova_stupnica_tvrdosti" title="Mohsova stupnica tvrdosti – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mohsova stupnica tvrdosti" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohsova_trdotna_lestvica" title="Mohsova trdotna lestvica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mohsova trdotna lestvica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%9B%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Тврдоћа по Мосовој скали – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тврдоћа по Мосовој скали" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohsova_skala" title="Mohsova skala – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mohsova skala" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohsin_kovuus" title="Mohsin kovuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mohsin kovuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_h%C3%A5rdhetsskala" title="Mohs hårdhetsskala – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mohs hårdhetsskala" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antas-Mohs_ng_katigasan_ng_mineral" title="Antas-Mohs ng katigasan ng mineral – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Antas-Mohs ng katigasan ng mineral" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மோசின் திண்மை அளவுகோல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மோசின் திண்மை அளவுகோல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA" title="มาตราโมส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาตราโมส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_sertli%C4%9Fi" title="Mohs sertliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mohs sertliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Шкала Мооса – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шкала Мооса" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81" title="موس پیمانہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="موس پیمانہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thang_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_c%E1%BB%A9ng_Mohs" title="Thang độ cứng Mohs – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thang độ cứng Mohs" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%B0%8F%E7%A1%AC%E5%BA%A6" title="莫氏硬度 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="莫氏硬度" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%B0%8F%E7%A1%AC%E5%BA%A6" title="莫氏硬度 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="莫氏硬度" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%B0%8F%E7%A1%AC%E5%BA%A6" title="莫氏硬度 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="莫氏硬度" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41472#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale" title="View the content 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale of mineral hardness</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Qualitative scale characterizing scratch resistance</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohssche-haerteskala_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Open wooden box with ten compartments, each containing a numbered mineral specimen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mohssche-haerteskala_hg.jpg/220px-Mohssche-haerteskala_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mohssche-haerteskala_hg.jpg/330px-Mohssche-haerteskala_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mohssche-haerteskala_hg.jpg/440px-Mohssche-haerteskala_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2427" data-file-height="3207" /></a><figcaption>Mohs hardness kit, containing one specimen of each mineral on the ten-point hardness scale</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Mohs scale</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MOHZ</span></i></a>) of mineral hardness is a <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_property" title="Qualitative property">qualitative</a> <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinal scale">ordinal scale</a>, from 1 to 10, characterizing <a href="/wiki/Scratch_hardness" title="Scratch hardness">scratch resistance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> through the ability of harder material to scratch softer material. </p><p>The scale was introduced in 1812 by the German <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogist</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Mohs" title="Friedrich Mohs">Friedrich Mohs</a>, in his book <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Versuch einer Elementar-Methode zur naturhistorischen Bestimmung und Erkennung der Fossilien</i></span> (English: Attempt at an elementary method for the natural-historical determination and recognition of fossils);<sup id="cite_ref-VonGroth1926_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonGroth1926-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is one of several definitions of <a href="/wiki/Hardness_comparison" title="Hardness comparison">hardness</a> in <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>, some of which are more quantitative.<sup id="cite_ref-MinSocAm_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MinSocAm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The method of comparing hardness by observing which minerals can scratch others is of great antiquity, having been mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> in his treatise <i>On Stones</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Naturalis Historia</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 77</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mohs scale is useful for identification of minerals in the <a href="/wiki/Field_research" title="Field research">field</a>, but is not an accurate predictor of how well materials endure in an industrial setting.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference_minerals">Reference minerals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohs_scale&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Reference minerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to visibly scratch another mineral. <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a> are chemically pure solids found in nature. <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">Rocks</a> are mixtures of one or more minerals. </p> <dl><dd><table style="float:right;border:none;background:white;margin-left:2em"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohs-Hardness-Graph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mohs-Hardness-Graph.svg/300px-Mohs-Hardness-Graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mohs-Hardness-Graph.svg/450px-Mohs-Hardness-Graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mohs-Hardness-Graph.svg/600px-Mohs-Hardness-Graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:2em;">Mohs scale along the horizontal axis matched with <br />one of the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute hardness">absolute hardness</a> scales along the <br />vertical. Diamond (Mohs 10) is 1500 (off scale). </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a> was the hardest known naturally occurring mineral when the scale was designed, and defines the top of the scale, arbitrarily set at 10. The hardness of a material is measured against the scale by finding the hardest material that the given material can scratch, or the softest material that can scratch the given material. For example, if some material is scratched by <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a> but not by <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a>, its hardness on the Mohs scale would be between 4 and 5.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Technically, "scratching" a material for the purposes of the Mohs scale means creating non-<a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">elastic</a> dislocations visible to the naked eye. Frequently, materials that are lower on the Mohs scale can create microscopic, non-elastic dislocations on materials that have a higher Mohs number. While these microscopic dislocations are permanent and sometimes detrimental to the harder material's structural integrity, they are not considered "scratches" for the determination of a Mohs scale number.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each of the ten hardness values in the Mohs scale is represented by a <i>reference mineral</i>, most of which are widespread in rocks. </p><p>The Mohs scale is an <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinal scale">ordinal scale</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a> (9) is twice as hard as <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">topaz</a> (8), but diamond (10) is four times as hard as corundum.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The table below shows the comparison with the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute hardness">absolute hardness</a> measured by a <a href="/wiki/Sclerometer" title="Sclerometer">sclerometer</a>, with images of the reference minerals in the rightmost column.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Mohs<br />hardness </th> <th>Reference<br />mineral </th> <th>Chemical formula </th> <th>Absolute<br />hardness<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th class="unsortable">Example image </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>1</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talc</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">Mg<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>Si<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Talc_block.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Talc_block.jpg/100px-Talc_block.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Talc_block.jpg/150px-Talc_block.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Talc_block.jpg/200px-Talc_block.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">Gypsum</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> · 2H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gypse_Arignac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gypse_Arignac.jpg/100px-Gypse_Arignac.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gypse_Arignac.jpg/150px-Gypse_Arignac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gypse_Arignac.jpg/200px-Gypse_Arignac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3055" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>3</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">Calcite</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span> </td> <td>14 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite-sample2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Calcite-sample2.jpg/100px-Calcite-sample2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Calcite-sample2.jpg/150px-Calcite-sample2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Calcite-sample2.jpg/200px-Calcite-sample2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>4</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca F<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> </td> <td>21 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluorite_with_Iron_Pyrite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fluorite_with_Iron_Pyrite.jpg/100px-Fluorite_with_Iron_Pyrite.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fluorite_with_Iron_Pyrite.jpg/150px-Fluorite_with_Iron_Pyrite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fluorite_with_Iron_Pyrite.jpg/200px-Fluorite_with_Iron_Pyrite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2374" data-file-height="2088" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>5</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">Apatite</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>(PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> (OH<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup>,Cl<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup>,F<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup>)</span> </td> <td>48 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apatite_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Apatite_Canada.jpg/100px-Apatite_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Apatite_Canada.jpg/150px-Apatite_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Apatite_Canada.jpg/200px-Apatite_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4808" data-file-height="6112" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>6</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthoclase" title="Orthoclase">Orthoclase<br />feldspar</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">K Al Si<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span> </td> <td>72 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OrthoclaseBresil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/OrthoclaseBresil.jpg/100px-OrthoclaseBresil.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/OrthoclaseBresil.jpg/150px-OrthoclaseBresil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/OrthoclaseBresil.jpg/200px-OrthoclaseBresil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>7</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> </td> <td>100 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg/100px-Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg/150px-Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg/200px-Quartz_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3529" data-file-height="3006" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>8</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Al<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>(OH<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup>,F<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> </td> <td>200 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Topaz-120187.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Topaz-120187.jpg/100px-Topaz-120187.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Topaz-120187.jpg/150px-Topaz-120187.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Topaz-120187.jpg/200px-Topaz-120187.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="482" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>9</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">Corundum</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Al<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span> </td> <td>400 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corundum-dtn14b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Corundum-dtn14b.jpg/100px-Corundum-dtn14b.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Corundum-dtn14b.jpg/150px-Corundum-dtn14b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Corundum-dtn14b.jpg/200px-Corundum-dtn14b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="361" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>10</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C</span> </td> <td>1500 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rough_diamond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rough_diamond.jpg/100px-Rough_diamond.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rough_diamond.jpg/150px-Rough_diamond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rough_diamond.jpg/200px-Rough_diamond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="271" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohs_scale&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mohs_scale" title="Special:EditPage/Mohs scale">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mohs+scale%22">"Mohs scale"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mohs+scale%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mohs+scale%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mohs+scale%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mohs+scale%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mohs+scale%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Below is a table of more materials by Mohs scale. Some of them have a hardness between two of the Mohs scale reference minerals. Some solid substances that are not minerals have been assigned a hardness on the Mohs scale. However, hardness can make it difficult to determine if the substance is a mixture of other substances or if it may be misleading or meaningless. For example, some sources have assigned a Mohs hardness of 6 or 7 to granite but it is a rock made of several minerals, each with its own Mohs hardness (e.g. topaz-rich granite contains: topaz — Mohs 8, quartz — Mohs 7, orthoclase — Mohs 6, plagioclase — Mohs 6–6.5, mica — Mohs 2–4). </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hardness </th> <th>Substance<sup id="cite_ref-Samsonov68_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samsonov68-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">0.2–0.4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">0.5–0.6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talc</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hardwood</a><sup id="cite_ref-geology.com_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geology.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2–2.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2.5–3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_copper" title="Native copper">Copper</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">3.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adamite" title="Adamite">Adamite</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">3.5-4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sphalerite" title="Sphalerite">Sphalerite</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">4–4.5 </td> <td>Ordinary <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">4.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colemanite" title="Colemanite">Colemanite</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">Apatite</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">5-5.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goethite" title="Goethite">Goethite</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">5.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">5.5–6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">6-6.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">Rutile</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">6.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">6.5–7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jadeite" title="Jadeite">Jadeite</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">Porcelain</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">7-7.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">7.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">7.5–8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">8.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">9–9.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moissanite" title="Moissanite">Moissanite</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">9.5–near 10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohs_scale&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite its lack of precision, the Mohs scale is relevant for field geologists, who use it to roughly identify minerals using scratch kits. The Mohs scale hardness of minerals can be commonly found in reference sheets. </p><p>Mohs hardness is useful in <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">milling</a>. It allows the assessment of which type of mill and grinding medium will best reduce a given product whose hardness is known.<sup id="cite_ref-Milling1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milling1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electronic manufacturers use the scale for testing the resilience of flat panel display components (such as cover glass for <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">LCDs</a> or encapsulation for <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLEDs</a>), as well as to evaluate the hardness of touch screens in consumer electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_Vickers_scale">Comparison with Vickers scale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohs_scale&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Comparison with Vickers scale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Comparison between Mohs hardness and <a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-mindat.org_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mindat.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Mineral<br />name </th> <th>Hardness (Mohs) </th> <th>Hardness (Vickers)<br />(kg/mm<sup>2</sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a></td> <td>1.5</td> <td>VHN<sub>10</sub> = 7–9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a></td> <td>2–2.5</td> <td>VHN<sub>100</sub> = 16–18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Native gold">Gold</a></td> <td>2.5</td> <td>VHN<sub>10</sub> = 30–34 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></td> <td>2.5</td> <td>VHN<sub>100</sub> = 61–65 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chalcocite" title="Chalcocite">Chalcocite</a></td> <td>2.5–3</td> <td>VHN<sub>100</sub> = 84–87 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_copper" title="Native copper">Copper</a></td> <td>2.5–3</td> <td>VHN<sub>100</sub> = 77–99 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">Galena</a></td> <td>2.5</td> <td>VHN<sub>100</sub> = 79–104 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sphalerite" title="Sphalerite">Sphalerite</a></td> <td>3.5–4</td> <td>VHN<sub>100</sub> = 208–224 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heazlewoodite" title="Heazlewoodite">Heazlewoodite</a></td> <td>4</td> <td>VHN<sub>100</sub> = 230–254 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goethite" title="Goethite">Goethite</a></td> <td>5–5.5</td> <td>VHN<sub>100</sub> = 667 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromite" title="Chromite">Chromite</a></td> <td>5.5</td> <td>VHN<sub>100</sub> = 1,278–1,456 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anatase" title="Anatase">Anatase</a></td> <td>5.5–6</td> <td>VHN<sub>100</sub> = 616–698 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">Rutile</a></td> <td>6–6.5</td> <td>VHN<sub>100</sub> = 894–974 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">Pyrite</a></td> <td>6–6.5</td> <td>VHN<sub>100</sub> = 1,505–1,520 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bowieite" title="Bowieite">Bowieite</a></td> <td>7</td> <td>VHN<sub>100</sub> = 858–1,288 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Euclase" title="Euclase">Euclase</a></td> <td>7.5</td> <td>VHN<sub>100</sub> = 1,310 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></td> <td>8.5</td> <td>VHN<sub>100</sub> = 1,875–2,000 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohs_scale&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <dl><dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">In demselben Jahre (1812) wurde MOHS als Professor am Joanneum angestellt und veröffentliche den ersten Teil seines Werkes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><span class="noitalic">Versuch einer Elementarmethode zur naturhistorischen Bestimmung und Erkennung der Fossilien</span>, in welcher die bekannte Härteskala aufgestellt wurde.</i></span> — <a href="#CITEREFvon_Groth1926">von Groth (1926)</a></dd> <dd> </dd> <dd>In the same year (1812) MOHS was employed as a professor at the Joanneum and published the first part of his work <i>Attempt at an elementary method for the natural-historical determination and recognition of fossils</i>, in which the well-known hardness scale was set up.<sup id="cite_ref-VonGroth1926_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonGroth1926-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohs_scale&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brinell_scale" title="Brinell scale">Brinell scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_Strength_Index" title="Geological Strength Index">Geological Strength Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardnesses of the elements (data page)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoop_hardness_test" title="Knoop hardness test">Knoop hardness test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_hardness_test" title="Meyer hardness test">Meyer hardness test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencil_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Pencil hardness">Pencil hardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_scale" title="Rockwell scale">Rockwell scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosiwal_scale" title="Rosiwal scale">Rosiwal scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_hardness" title="Scratch hardness">Scratch hardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhard_material" title="Superhard material">Superhard material</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohs_scale&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-VonGroth1926-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VonGroth1926_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VonGroth1926_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFvon_Groth1926" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Groth, Paul Heinrich (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tD0LAQAAIAAJ&q=+Härteskala+1812"><i>Entwicklungsgeschichte der Mineralogischen Wissenschaften</i></a> [<i>History of the development of the mineralogical sciences</i>] (in German). Berlin: Springer. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783662409107" title="Special:BookSources/9783662409107"><bdi>9783662409107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entwicklungsgeschichte+der+Mineralogischen+Wissenschaften&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1926&rft.isbn=9783662409107&rft.aulast=von+Groth&rft.aufirst=Paul+Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtD0LAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2BH%C3%A4rteskala%2B1812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohs+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brit_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/387714/Mohs-hardness">"Mohs hardness"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (online ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mohs+hardness&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F387714%2FMohs-hardness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohs+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MinSocAm-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MinSocAm_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/collectors_corner/article/mohs.htm">"Mohs scale of hardness"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mineralogical_Society_of_America" title="Mineralogical Society of America">Mineralogical Society of America</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Amethyst galleries. Mineral gallery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galleries.com/minerals/hardness.htm">the original</a> on 30 December 2006 – via galleries.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+important+about+hardness%3F&rft.series=Mineral+gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galleries.com%2Fminerals%2Fhardness.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohs+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inlandlapidary.com/user_area/hardness.asp">"Mineral hardness and hardness scales"</a>. Inland Lapidary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017152845/http://www.inlandlapidary.com/user_area/hardness.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2008 – via inlandlapidary.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mineral+hardness+and+hardness+scales&rft.pub=Inland+Lapidary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inlandlapidary.com%2Fuser_area%2Fhardness.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohs+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2012" class="citation book cs1">Mukherjee, Swapna (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mllvP7ZmWqkC&pg=PA373"><i>Applied Mineralogy: Applications in industry and environment</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-1162-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-1162-4"><bdi>978-94-007-1162-4</bdi></a> – via Google books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applied+Mineralogy%3A+Applications+in+industry+and+environment&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-94-007-1162-4&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Swapna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmllvP7ZmWqkC%26pg%3DPA373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohs+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samsonov68-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Samsonov68_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamsonov1968" class="citation book cs1">Samsonov, G.V., ed. 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New York, NY: IFI-Plenum. p. 432. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-6066-7">10.1007/978-1-4684-6066-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-6068-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-6068-1"><bdi>978-1-4684-6068-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mechanical+properties+of+the+elements&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Physicochemical+Properties+of+the+Elements&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=432&rft.pub=IFI-Plenum&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4684-6066-7&rft.isbn=978-1-4684-6068-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohs+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geology.com-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-geology.com_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geology.com/minerals/mohs-hardness-scale.shtml">"Mohs Hardness Scale: Testing the Resistance to Being Scratched"</a>. <i>geology.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geology.com&rft.atitle=Mohs+Hardness+Scale%3A+Testing+the+Resistance+to+Being+Scratched&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeology.com%2Fminerals%2Fmohs-hardness-scale.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohs+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milling1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Milling1_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powderprocess.net/Grinding_Milling.html">"Size reduction, comminution"</a>. Grinding and milling. PowderProcess.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Size+reduction%2C+comminution&rft.series=Grinding+and+milling&rft.pub=PowderProcess.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.powderprocess.net%2FGrinding_Milling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohs+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurdy2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Purdy, Kevin (16 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerworld.com/article/2833434/hardness-is-not-toughness--why-your-phone-s-screen-may-not-scratch--but-will-shatter.html">"Hardness is not toughness: Why your phone's screen may not scratch, but will shatter"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. IDG Communications Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Hardness+is+not+toughness%3A+Why+your+phone%27s+screen+may+not+scratch%2C+but+will+shatter&rft.date=2014-05-16&rft.aulast=Purdy&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Farticle%2F2833434%2Fhardness-is-not-toughness--why-your-phone-s-screen-may-not-scratch--but-will-shatter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohs+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mindat.org-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mindat.org_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph" class="citation web cs1">Ralph, Jolyon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mindat.org/">"Welcome to mindat.org"</a>. <i>mindat.org</i>. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mindat.org&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+mindat.org&rft.aulast=Ralph&rft.aufirst=Jolyon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohs+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohs_scale&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorduac._1990" class="citation magazine cs1">Cordua, William S. (c. 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gemcutters.org/LDA/hardness.htm">"The hardness of minerals and rocks"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lapidary_Digest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lapidary Digest (page does not exist)">Lapidary Digest</a></i> – via gemcutters.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lapidary+Digest&rft.atitle=The+hardness+of+minerals+and+rocks&rft.aulast=Cordua&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemcutters.org%2FLDA%2Fhardness.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohs+scale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaden2016" class="citation book cs1">Raden, Aja (2016). <i>Gem: The definitive visual guide</i>. 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