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</li> <li id="toc-Toughness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toughness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Toughness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toughness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yield_strength" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yield_strength"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 Yield strength </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yield_strength-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elasticity_and_tensile_strength" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elasticity_and_tensile_strength"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.4 Elasticity and tensile strength </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elasticity_and_tensile_strength-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrical_conductivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical_conductivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Electrical conductivity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical_conductivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Surface property </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Chemical stability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Color </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clarity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clarity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Clarity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clarity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fluorescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluorescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Fluorescence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluorescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_conductivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_conductivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 Thermal conductivity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_conductivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surface_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Surface distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_in_mantle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_in_mantle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Origin in mantle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_in_mantle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Carbon sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_and_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_and_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Formation and growth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_and_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport_to_the_surface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_to_the_surface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Transport to the surface </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport_to_the_surface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Double_diamonds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_diamonds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Double diamonds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_diamonds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 In space </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Industry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Industry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gem-grade_diamonds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gem-grade_diamonds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Gem-grade diamonds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gem-grade_diamonds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cutting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cutting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Cutting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cutting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Marketing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial-grade_diamonds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial-grade_diamonds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Industrial-grade diamonds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial-grade_diamonds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Political issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetics,_simulants,_and_enhancements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetics,_simulants,_and_enhancements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Synthetics, simulants, and enhancements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synthetics,_simulants,_and_enhancements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Synthetics, simulants, and enhancements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Synthetics,_simulants,_and_enhancements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Synthetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Synthetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simulants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simulants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Simulants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simulants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enhancements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enhancements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Enhancements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enhancements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Identification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology,_earliest_use_and_composition_discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology,_earliest_use_and_composition_discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Etymology, earliest use and composition discovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology,_earliest_use_and_composition_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 General and cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Diamond</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 140 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" > 140 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="हीरा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हीरा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ألماس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألماس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="হীৰা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হীৰা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Diamante" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaveraite" title="Itaveraite – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Itaveraite" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="آلماس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلماس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95" title="হীরক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হীরক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intan" title="Intan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Intan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C4%81n-chio%CC%8Dh" title="Soān-chio̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Soān-chio̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Алмас (минерал) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алмас (минерал)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Алмаз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алмаз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Алмаз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Алмаз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Diamante" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Диамант – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Диамант" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijamant" title="Dijamant – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dijamant" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngoda" title="Ngoda – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ngoda" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diemwnt" title="Diemwnt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diemwnt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teemant" title="Teemant – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teemant" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Διαμάντι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαμάντι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diamante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamanto" title="Diamanto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Diamanto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Diamante" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="الماس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الماس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hira" title="Hira – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hira" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamantar" title="Diamantar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Diamantar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Diamante" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="हिरो – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="हिरो" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chon-sa%CC%8Dk" title="Chon-sa̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chon-sa̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84%EB%AA%AC%EB%93%9C" title="다이아몬드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다이아몬드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Ալմաստ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալմաստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="हीरा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हीरा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijamant" title="Dijamant – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dijamant" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamanto" title="Diamanto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Diamanto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87" title="ডিয়ামান্টে – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ডিয়ামান্টে" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intan" title="Intan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Intan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Diamante" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Алмаси – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Алмаси" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demantur" title="Demantur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Demantur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diamante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D" title="יהלום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהלום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiyama%C9%A3" title="Tiyamaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tiyamaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ವಜ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಜ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ალმასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალმასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diama%C5%84t" title="Diamańt – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Diamańt" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Алмаз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алмаз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almasi" title="Almasi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Almasi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Алмаз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Алмаз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamas" title="Adamas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Adamas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimants" title="Dimants – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dimants" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deimantas" title="Deimantas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Deimantas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamaant" title="Diamaant – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Diamaant" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/krilytabno" title="krilytabno – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="krilytabno" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%A9m%C3%A1nt" title="Gyémánt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyémánt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Дијамант – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дијамант" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondra" title="Diamondra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Diamondra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="വജ്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വജ്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="हिरा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिरा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="الماز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الماز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intan" title="Intan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Intan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C5%8Dng" title="Cōng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cōng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Diamante" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Алмааз – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Алмааз" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="စိန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စိန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="हिरा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="हेरा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हेरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="ダイヤモンド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダイヤモンド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Алмаз – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Алмаз" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE" title="ହୀରା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହୀରା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moogaa(Diamond)" title="Moogaa(Diamond) – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Moogaa(Diamond)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmos" title="Olmos – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Olmos" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਹੀਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੀਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ہیرا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="الماس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الماس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demant" title="Demant – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Demant" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diament" title="Diament – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Diament" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Diamante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmaz" title="Elmaz – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Elmaz" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27ispi_umi%C3%B1a" title="Q'ispi umiña – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'ispi umiña" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Алмаз – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Алмаз" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Алмаз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алмаз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Алмаас – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Алмаас" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="वज्रम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वज्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9" title="ᱦᱤᱨᱟᱹ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱤᱨᱟᱹ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyug" title="Uyug – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Uyug" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamanti" title="Diamanti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Diamanti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamanti" title="Diamanti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Diamanti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92" title="දියමන්ති – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දියමන්ති" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Diamond" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88_(%DA%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D9%86%DA%8A)" title="هيرو (ڊائمنڊ) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هيرو (ڊائمنڊ)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luul_(macdan)" title="Luul (macdan) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Luul (macdan)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ئەڵماس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەڵماس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Дијамант – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дијамант" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijamant" title="Dijamant – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dijamant" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlian" title="Berlian – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Berlian" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timantti" title="Timantti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Timantti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyamante" title="Diyamante – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Diyamante" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வைரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வைரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="వజ్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వజ్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A3" title="เพชร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เพชร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Алмос – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алмос" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ವಜ್ರ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ವಜ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmas" title="Elmas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elmas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Алмаз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алмаз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ہیرا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ئالماس – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالماس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuenqsig" title="Cuenqsig – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cuenqsig" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Diamant" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Kim cương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kim cương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teemant" title="Teemant – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Teemant" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%9F%B3" title="金剛石 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="金剛石" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Diamante" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%BB%E7%9F%B3" title="钻石 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钻石" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98" title="בריליאנט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בריליאנט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AD%C3%A1m%E1%BB%8D%CC%80nd%C3%AC" title="Díámọ̀ndì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Díámọ̀ndì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3" title="鑽石 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鑽石" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deimants" title="Deimants – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Deimants" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%BB%E7%9F%B3" title="钻石 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钻石" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daim%E1%BB%8Dn" title="Daimọn – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Daimọn" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" 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For the gemstone, see <a href="/wiki/Diamond_(gemstone)" title="Diamond (gemstone)">Diamond (gemstone)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Diamond_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Diamond (disambiguation)">Diamond (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:black; background-color: #7da7d9">Diamond</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond-dimd15a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A triangular prism-shaped diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Diamond-dimd15a.jpg/260px-Diamond-dimd15a.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Diamond-dimd15a.jpg/390px-Diamond-dimd15a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Diamond-dimd15a.jpg/520px-Diamond-dimd15a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="488" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">A natural diamond crystal</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #7da7d9">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Native_element_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Native element minerals">Native minerals</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(repeating unit)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mineral_symbols" title="List of mineral symbols">IMA symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dia<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93Strunz_classification" title="Nickel–Strunz classification">Strunz classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.CB.10a</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dana_Classification_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Dana Classification System">Dana classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.3.6.1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Crystal system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">Cubic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal class">Crystal class</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hexoctahedral (m3m) <a href="/wiki/H-M_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="H-M symbol">H-M symbol</a>: (4/m 3 2/m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Fd3m (No. 227)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #7da7d9">Structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jmol <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(3D)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C1%28C2%28C7%29%29C3%28C89%29C%28C4%28C0%29%29C5CC1C%28C1%29C%28C5%28C5%29%29C36C3%28C21%29C%28C78%29C%28C1%29C%28C90%29C6%28C54%29CC1C3">Interactive image</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #7da7d9">Identification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Formula_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula mass">Formula mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12.01 <a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">g/mol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Typically yellow, brown, or gray to colorless. Less often blue, green, black, translucent white, pink, violet, orange, purple, and red.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">Crystal habit</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Octahedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Octahedral">Octahedral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">Twinning</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Spinel law common (yielding "macle")</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">Cleavage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">111 (perfect in four directions)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(mineralogy)" title="Fracture (mineralogy)">Fracture</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Irregular/Uneven</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">hardness</th><td class="infobox-data">10 (defining mineral)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adamantine_lustre" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamantine lustre">Adamantine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Streak_(mineralogy)" title="Streak (mineralogy)">Streak</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Colorless</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">Diaphaneity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Transparency_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (optics)">Transparent</a> to subtransparent to translucent</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.52±0.01</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.5–3.53 <a href="/wiki/Gram_per_cubic_centimetre" title="Gram per cubic centimetre">g/cm3</a> 3500–3530 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram_per_cubic_metre" title="Kilogram per cubic metre">kg/m3</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Polish luster</th><td class="infobox-data">Adamantine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Optical properties</th><td class="infobox-data">Isotropic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.418 (at 500 nm)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">Birefringence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pleochroism" title="Pleochroism">Pleochroism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">Dispersion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.044</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carbon#Characteristics" title="Carbon">Pressure dependent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#cite_note-mindat-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamant_gisements.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Diamant_gisements.jpg/280px-Diamant_gisements.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Diamant_gisements.jpg/420px-Diamant_gisements.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Diamant_gisements.jpg/560px-Diamant_gisements.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2434" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption>Main diamond producing countries</figcaption></figure> Diamond is a <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Allotropes of carbon">solid form of the element carbon</a> with its atoms arranged in a <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structure</a> called <a href="/wiki/Diamond_cubic" title="Diamond cubic">diamond cubic</a>. Diamond as a form of carbon is a tasteless, odourless, strong, brittle solid, colourless in pure form, a poor conductor of electricity, and insoluble in water. Another solid form of carbon known as <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_stability" title="Chemical stability">chemically stable</a> form of carbon at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">room temperature and pressure</a>, but diamond is <a href="/wiki/Metastable" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastable">metastable</a> and converts to it at a negligible rate under those conditions. Diamond has the highest <a href="/wiki/Scratch_hardness" title="Scratch hardness">hardness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a> of any natural material, properties that are used in major industrial applications such as cutting and polishing tools. They are also the reason that <a href="/wiki/Diamond_anvil_cell" title="Diamond anvil cell">diamond anvil cells</a> can subject materials to pressures found deep in the Earth. Because the arrangement of atoms in diamond is extremely rigid, few types of impurity can contaminate it (two exceptions are <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>). Small numbers of <a href="/wiki/Lattice_defect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lattice defect">defects</a> or impurities (about one per million of lattice atoms) can color a diamond blue (boron), yellow (nitrogen), brown (defects), green (radiation exposure), purple, pink, orange, or red. Diamond also has a very high <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> and a relatively high <a href="/wiki/Optical_dispersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical dispersion">optical dispersion</a>. Most natural diamonds have ages between 1 billion and 3.5 billion years. Most were formed at depths between 150 and 250 kilometres (93 and 155 mi) in the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>, although a few have come from as deep as 800 kilometres (500 mi). Under high pressure and temperature, carbon-containing fluids dissolved various minerals and replaced them with diamonds. Much more recently (hundreds to tens of million years ago), they were carried to the surface in <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruption">volcanic eruptions</a> and deposited in <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">kimberlites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">lamproites</a>. <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_diamond" title="Synthetic diamond">Synthetic diamonds</a> can be grown from high-purity carbon under high pressures and temperatures or from <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> gases by <a href="/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition" title="Chemical vapor deposition">chemical vapor deposition</a> (CVD). <a href="/wiki/Diamond_simulant" title="Diamond simulant">Imitation diamonds</a> can also be made out of materials such as <a href="/wiki/Cubic_zirconia" title="Cubic zirconia">cubic zirconia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">silicon carbide</a>. Natural, synthetic, and imitation diamonds are most commonly distinguished using optical techniques or thermal conductivity measurements. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Material_properties_of_diamond" title="Material properties of diamond">Material properties of diamond</a></div> Diamond is a solid form of pure carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal. Solid carbon comes in different forms known as <a href="/wiki/Allotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotrope">allotropes</a> depending on the type of chemical bond. The two most common <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Allotropes of carbon">allotropes of pure carbon</a> are diamond and <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>. In graphite, the bonds are sp2 <a href="/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation" title="Orbital hybridisation">orbital hybrids</a> and the atoms form in planes, with each bound to three nearest neighbors, 120 degrees apart. In diamond, they are sp3 and the atoms form tetrahedra, with each bound to four nearest neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Tetrahedra are rigid, the bonds are strong, and, of all known substances, diamond has the greatest number of atoms per unit volume, which is why it is both the hardest and the least <a href="/wiki/Compressibility" title="Compressibility">compressible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChemThermo-7">[7]</a> It also has a high density, ranging from 3150 to 3530 kilograms per cubic metre (over three times the density of water) in natural diamonds and 3520 kg/m3 in pure diamond.<a href="#cite_note-mindat-2">[2]</a> In graphite, the bonds between nearest neighbors are even stronger, but the bonds between parallel adjacent planes are weak, so the planes easily slip past each other. Thus, graphite is much softer than diamond. However, the stronger bonds make graphite less flammable.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Diamonds have been adopted for many uses because of the material's exceptional physical characteristics. It has the highest <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a> and the highest sound velocity. It has low adhesion and friction, and its coefficient of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">thermal expansion</a> is extremely low. Its optical transparency extends from the <a href="/wiki/Far_infrared" title="Far infrared">far infrared</a> to the deep <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> and it has high <a href="/wiki/Optical_dispersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical dispersion">optical dispersion</a>. It also has high electrical resistance. It is chemically inert, not reacting with most corrosive substances, and has excellent biological compatibility.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon-phase-diagramp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Carbon-phase-diagramp.svg/220px-Carbon-phase-diagramp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Carbon-phase-diagramp.svg/330px-Carbon-phase-diagramp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Carbon-phase-diagramp.svg/440px-Carbon-phase-diagramp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Theoretically predicted <a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">phase diagram</a> of carbon</figcaption></figure> The equilibrium pressure and temperature conditions for a transition between graphite and diamond are well established theoretically and experimentally. The equilibrium pressure varies linearly with temperature, between 1.7 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">GPa</a> at 0 K and 12 GPa at 5000 K (the diamond/graphite/liquid <a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">triple point</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Bundy-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> However, the phases have a wide region about this line where they can coexist. At <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a>, 20 °C (293 K) and 1 standard atmosphere (0.10 MPa), the stable phase of carbon is graphite, but diamond is <a href="/wiki/Metastable" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastable">metastable</a> and its rate of conversion to graphite is negligible.<a href="#cite_note-ChemThermo-7">[7]</a> However, at temperatures above about 4500 K, diamond rapidly converts to graphite. Rapid conversion of graphite to diamond requires pressures well above the equilibrium line: at 2000 K, a pressure of 35 GPa is needed.<a href="#cite_note-Bundy-10">[10]</a> Above the graphite–diamond–liquid carbon triple point, the melting point of diamond increases slowly with increasing pressure; but at pressures of hundreds of GPa, it decreases.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> At high pressures, <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> have a BC8 <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body-centered cubic</a> crystal structure, and a similar structure is predicted for carbon at high pressures. At 0 K, the transition is predicted to occur at 1100 GPa.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Results published in an article in the scientific journal <a href="/wiki/Nature_Physics" title="Nature Physics">Nature Physics</a> in 2010 suggest that, at ultra-high pressures and temperatures (about 10 million atmospheres or 1 TPa and 50,000 °C), diamond melts into a metallic fluid. The extreme conditions required for this to occur are present in the <a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">ice giants</a> <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>. Both planets are made up of approximately 10 percent carbon and could hypothetically contain oceans of liquid carbon. Since large quantities of metallic fluid can affect the magnetic field, this could serve as an explanation as to why the geographic and magnetic poles of the two planets are unaligned.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crystal_structure">Crystal structure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_defects_in_diamond" title="Crystallographic defects in diamond">Crystallographic defects in diamond</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond_structure.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Diamond_structure.gif/220px-Diamond_structure.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Diamond_structure.gif/330px-Diamond_structure.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Diamond_structure.gif/440px-Diamond_structure.gif 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Diamond unit cell, showing the tetrahedral structure</figcaption></figure> The most common crystal structure of diamond is called <a href="/wiki/Diamond_cubic" title="Diamond cubic">diamond cubic</a>. It is formed of <a href="/wiki/Unit_cell" title="Unit cell">unit cells</a> (see the figure) stacked together. Although there are 18 atoms in the figure, each corner atom is shared by eight unit cells and each atom in the center of a face is shared by two, so there are a total of eight atoms per unit cell.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The length of each side of the unit cell is denoted by a and is 3.567 <a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">angstroms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ashcroft-17">[17]</a> The nearest neighbor distance in the diamond lattice is 1.732a/4 where a is the lattice constant, usually given in Angstrøms as a = 3.567 Å, which is 0.3567 nm. A diamond cubic lattice can be thought of as two interpenetrating <a href="/wiki/Face-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centered cubic">face-centered cubic</a> lattices with one displaced by <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄4 of the diagonal along a cubic cell, or as one lattice with two atoms associated with each lattice point.<a href="#cite_note-Ashcroft-17">[17]</a> Viewed from a <1 1 1> <a href="/wiki/Miller_index" title="Miller index">crystallographic direction</a>, it is formed of layers stacked in a repeating ABCABC ... pattern. Diamonds can also form an ABAB ... structure, which is known as hexagonal diamond or <a href="/wiki/Lonsdaleite" title="Lonsdaleite">lonsdaleite</a>, but this is far less common and is formed under different conditions from cubic carbon.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crystal_habit">Crystal habit</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond_face_trigons_scale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A triangular facet of a crystal having triangular etch pits with the largest having a base length of about 0.2 millimetres (0.0079 in)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Diamond_face_trigons_scale.jpg/220px-Diamond_face_trigons_scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Diamond_face_trigons_scale.jpg/330px-Diamond_face_trigons_scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Diamond_face_trigons_scale.jpg/440px-Diamond_face_trigons_scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>One face of an uncut octahedral diamond, showing trigons (of positive and negative relief) formed by natural chemical etching</figcaption></figure> Diamonds occur most often as <a href="/wiki/Euhedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Euhedral">euhedral</a> or rounded <a href="/wiki/Octahedron" title="Octahedron">octahedra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">twinned</a> octahedra known as <a href="/wiki/Macle" title="Macle">macles</a>. As diamond's crystal structure has a cubic arrangement of the atoms, they have many <a href="/wiki/Facet" title="Facet">facets</a> that belong to a <a href="/wiki/Cube_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cube (geometry)">cube</a>, octahedron, <a href="/wiki/Rhombicosidodecahedron" title="Rhombicosidodecahedron">rhombicosidodecahedron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetrakis_hexahedron" title="Tetrakis hexahedron">tetrakis hexahedron</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Disdyakis_dodecahedron" title="Disdyakis dodecahedron">disdyakis dodecahedron</a>. The crystals can have rounded-off and unexpressive edges and can be elongated. Diamonds (especially those with rounded crystal faces) are commonly found coated in nyf, an opaque gum-like skin.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Some diamonds contain opaque fibers. They are referred to as opaque if the fibers grow from a clear substrate or fibrous if they occupy the entire crystal. Their colors range from yellow to green or gray, sometimes with cloud-like white to gray impurities. Their most common shape is cuboidal, but they can also form octahedra, dodecahedra, macles, or combined shapes. The structure is the result of numerous impurities with sizes between 1 and 5 microns. These diamonds probably formed in kimberlite magma and sampled the volatiles.<a href="#cite_note-Cartigny-20">[20]</a> Diamonds can also form polycrystalline aggregates. There have been attempts to classify them into groups with names such as <a href="/wiki/Boart" class="mw-redirect" title="Boart">boart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballas" title="Ballas">ballas</a>, stewartite, and framesite, but there is no widely accepted set of criteria.<a href="#cite_note-Cartigny-20">[20]</a> Carbonado, a type in which the diamond grains were <a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">sintered</a> (fused without melting by the application of heat and pressure), is black in color and tougher than single crystal diamond.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> It has never been observed in a volcanic rock. There are many theories for its origin, including formation in a star, but no consensus.<a href="#cite_note-Cartigny-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical">Mechanical</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hardness">Hardness</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers_anvil_diamons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Vickers_anvil_diamons.jpg/220px-Vickers_anvil_diamons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Vickers_anvil_diamons.jpg/330px-Vickers_anvil_diamons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Vickers_anvil_diamons.jpg/440px-Vickers_anvil_diamons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>The extreme hardness of diamond in certain orientations makes it useful in materials science, as in this pyramidal diamond embedded in the working surface of a <a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness tester</a>.</figcaption></figure> Diamond is the hardest material on the <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_property" title="Qualitative property">qualitative</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a>. To conduct the <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_measurement" title="Unit of measurement">quantitative</a> <a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness test</a>, samples of materials are struck with a pyramid of standardized dimensions using a known force – a diamond crystal is used for the pyramid to permit a wide range of materials to be tested. From the size of the resulting indentation, a Vickers hardness value for the material can be determined. Diamond's great hardness relative to other materials has been known since antiquity, and is the source of its name. This does not mean that it is infinitely hard, indestructible, or unscratchable.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Indeed, diamonds can be scratched by other diamonds<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and worn down over time even by softer materials, such as vinyl <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">phonograph records</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Diamond hardness depends on its purity, crystalline perfection, and orientation: hardness is higher for flawless, pure crystals oriented to the <a href="/wiki/Miller_index#Case_of_cubic_structures" title="Miller index"><111></a> direction (along the longest diagonal of the cubic diamond lattice).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Therefore, whereas it might be possible to scratch some diamonds with other materials, such as <a href="/wiki/Boron_nitride" title="Boron nitride">boron nitride</a>, the hardest diamonds can only be scratched by other diamonds and <a href="/wiki/Aggregated_diamond_nanorod" title="Aggregated diamond nanorod">nanocrystalline diamond aggregates</a>. The hardness of diamond contributes to its suitability as a gemstone. Because it can only be scratched by other diamonds, it maintains its polish extremely well. Unlike many other gems, it is well-suited to daily wear because of its resistance to scratching—perhaps contributing to its popularity as the preferred gem in <a href="/wiki/Engagement_ring" title="Engagement ring">engagement</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wedding_ring" title="Wedding ring">wedding rings</a>, which are often worn every day. The hardest natural diamonds mostly originate from the <a href="/wiki/Copeton_Dam" title="Copeton Dam">Copeton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bingara" class="mw-redirect" title="Bingara">Bingara</a> fields located in the <a href="/wiki/New_England_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="New England (Australia)">New England</a> area in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia. These diamonds are generally small, perfect to semiperfect octahedra, and are used to polish other diamonds. Their hardness is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_growth" title="Crystal growth">crystal growth</a> form, which is single-stage crystal growth. Most other diamonds show more evidence of multiple growth stages, which produce inclusions, flaws, and defect planes in the crystal lattice, all of which affect their hardness. It is possible to treat regular diamonds under a combination of high pressure and high temperature to produce diamonds that are harder than the diamonds used in hardness gauges.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Diamonds cut glass, but this does not positively identify a diamond because other materials, such as quartz, also lie above glass on the <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale" title="Mohs scale">Mohs scale</a> and can also cut it. Diamonds can scratch other diamonds, but this can result in damage to one or both stones. Hardness tests are infrequently used in practical gemology because of their potentially destructive nature.<a href="#cite_note-read-29">[29]</a> The extreme hardness and high value of diamond means that gems are typically polished slowly, using painstaking traditional techniques and greater attention to detail than is the case with most other gemstones;<a href="#cite_note-hazen-30">[30]</a> these tend to result in extremely flat, highly polished facets with exceptionally sharp facet edges. Diamonds also possess an extremely high refractive index and fairly high dispersion. Taken together, these factors affect the overall appearance of a polished diamond and most <a href="/wiki/Diamantaire" title="Diamantaire">diamantaires</a> still rely upon skilled use of a <a href="/wiki/Loupe" title="Loupe">loupe</a> (magnifying glass) to identify diamonds "by eye".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Toughness">Toughness</h4></div> Somewhat related to hardness is another mechanical property toughness, which is a material's ability to resist breakage from forceful impact. The <a href="/wiki/Toughness" title="Toughness">toughness</a> of natural diamond has been measured as 50–65 <a href="/wiki/Megapascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapascal">MPa</a>·m1/2.[<a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles"><span title="Unit of toughness as given at the article on toughness is newton-metres per cubic metre, dimensionally equivalent to newtons per square metre i.e. pascals. What is this factor of m^{1/2} doing here? Should we actually be talking about and linking to Fracture toughness (which unfortunately doesn't have a discussion of units)? (October 2023)">contradictory</a>]<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> This value is good compared to other ceramic materials, but poor compared to most engineering materials such as engineering alloys, which typically exhibit toughness over 80 MPa·m1/2. As with any material, the macroscopic geometry of a diamond contributes to its resistance to breakage. Diamond has a <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleavage plane">cleavage plane</a> and is therefore more fragile in some orientations than others. <a href="/wiki/Diamond_cutting" title="Diamond cutting">Diamond cutters</a> use this attribute to cleave some stones before faceting them.<a href="#cite_note-harlow-34">[34]</a> "Impact toughness" is one of the main indexes to measure the quality of synthetic industrial diamonds. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yield_strength">Yield strength</h4></div> Diamond has compressive yield strength of 130–140 GPa.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> This exceptionally high value, along with the hardness and transparency of diamond, are the reasons that <a href="/wiki/Diamond_anvil" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond anvil">diamond anvil</a> cells are the main tool for high pressure experiments.<a href="#cite_note-Dubrovinsky-36">[36]</a> These anvils have reached pressures of 600 GPa.<a href="#cite_note-Wogan2012-37">[37]</a> Much higher pressures may be possible with <a href="/wiki/Nanocrystalline_material" title="Nanocrystalline material">nanocrystalline</a> diamonds.<a href="#cite_note-Dubrovinsky-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wogan2012-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elasticity_and_tensile_strength">Elasticity and tensile strength</h4></div> Usually, attempting to deform bulk diamond crystal by tension or bending results in brittle fracture. However, when single crystalline diamond is in the form of micro/nanoscale wires or needles (~100–300 nanometers in diameter, micrometers long), they can be elastically stretched by as much as 9–10 percent tensile strain without failure,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> with a maximum local tensile stress of about 89–98 GPa,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> very close to the theoretical limit for this material.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical_conductivity">Electrical conductivity</h3></div> Other specialized applications also exist or are being developed, including use as <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a>: some <a href="/wiki/Blue_diamond" title="Blue diamond">blue diamonds</a> are natural semiconductors, in contrast to most diamonds, which are excellent <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">electrical insulators</a>. The conductivity and blue color originate from boron impurity. Boron substitutes for carbon atoms in the diamond lattice, donating a hole into the <a href="/wiki/Valence_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Valence band">valence band</a>.<a href="#cite_note-boron-41">[41]</a> Substantial conductivity is commonly observed in nominally <a href="/wiki/Doping_(semiconductor)" title="Doping (semiconductor)">undoped</a> diamond grown by <a href="/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition_of_diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical vapor deposition of diamond">chemical vapor deposition</a>. This conductivity is associated with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>-related species adsorbed at the surface, and it can be removed by <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">annealing</a> or other surface treatments.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Thin needles of diamond can be made to vary their electronic <a href="/wiki/Band_gap" title="Band gap">band gap</a> from the normal 5.6 eV to near zero by selective mechanical deformation.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> High-purity diamond wafers 5 cm in diameter exhibit perfect resistance in one direction and perfect conductance in the other, creating the possibility of using them for quantum data storage. The material contains only 3 parts per million of nitrogen. The diamond was grown on a stepped substrate, which eliminated cracking.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_property">Surface property</h3></div> Diamonds are naturally <a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">lipophilic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobe" title="Hydrophobe">hydrophobic</a>, which means the diamonds' surface cannot be wet by water, but can be easily wet and stuck by oil. This property can be utilized to extract diamonds using oil when making synthetic diamonds. However, when diamond surfaces are chemically modified with certain ions, they are expected to become so <a href="/wiki/Hydrophile" title="Hydrophile">hydrophilic</a> that they can stabilize multiple layers of <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">water ice</a> at <a href="/wiki/Human_body_temperature" title="Human body temperature">human body temperature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The surface of diamonds is partially oxidized. The oxidized surface can be reduced by heat treatment under hydrogen flow. That is to say, this heat treatment partially removes oxygen-containing functional groups. But diamonds (sp3C) are unstable against high temperature (above about 400 °C (752 °F)) under atmospheric pressure. The structure gradually changes into sp2C above this temperature. Thus, diamonds should be reduced below this temperature.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_stability">Chemical stability</h3></div> At room temperature, diamonds do not react with any chemical reagents including strong acids and bases. In an atmosphere of pure oxygen, diamond has an <a href="/wiki/Ignition_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignition point">ignition point</a> that ranges from 690 °C (1,274 °F) to 840 °C (1,540 °F); smaller crystals tend to burn more easily. It increases in temperature from red to white heat and burns with a pale blue flame, and continues to burn after the source of heat is removed. By contrast, in air the combustion will cease as soon as the heat is removed because the oxygen is diluted with nitrogen. A clear, flawless, transparent diamond is completely converted to carbon dioxide; any impurities will be left as ash.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Heat generated from cutting a diamond will not ignite the diamond,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and neither will a cigarette lighter,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> but house fires and blow torches are hot enough. Jewelers must be careful when molding the metal in a diamond ring.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Diamond powder of an appropriate grain size (around 50 microns) burns with a shower of sparks after ignition from a flame. Consequently, <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnic_composition" title="Pyrotechnic composition">pyrotechnic compositions</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_diamond" title="Synthetic diamond">synthetic diamond</a> powder can be prepared. The resulting sparks are of the usual red-orange color, comparable to charcoal, but show a very linear trajectory which is explained by their high density.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Diamond also reacts with fluorine gas above about 700 °C (1,292 °F). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color">Color</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diamond_color" title="Diamond color">Diamond color</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Natural_History_Gold_Colored_Diamonds.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A museum display of jewelry items. Three brooches each consist of a large brown central gem surrounded by many clear small stones. A necklace has a large brown gem at its bottom and its string is all covered with small clear gems. A cluster-shaped decoration contains many brown gems." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_Gold_Colored_Diamonds.JPG/300px-National_Museum_of_Natural_History_Gold_Colored_Diamonds.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_Gold_Colored_Diamonds.JPG/450px-National_Museum_of_Natural_History_Gold_Colored_Diamonds.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_Gold_Colored_Diamonds.JPG/600px-National_Museum_of_Natural_History_Gold_Colored_Diamonds.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption>Brown diamonds at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hope_Diamond_-_SIA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of a diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_Hope_Diamond_-_SIA.jpg/300px-The_Hope_Diamond_-_SIA.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_Hope_Diamond_-_SIA.jpg/450px-The_Hope_Diamond_-_SIA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/The_Hope_Diamond_-_SIA.jpg/600px-The_Hope_Diamond_-_SIA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2367" data-file-height="2193" /></a><figcaption>The most famous colored diamond, the <a href="/wiki/Hope_Diamond" title="Hope Diamond">Hope Diamond</a></figcaption></figure> Diamond has a wide <a href="/wiki/Band_gap" title="Band gap">band gap</a> of 5.5 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">eV</a> corresponding to the deep <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> wavelength of 225 nanometers. This means that pure diamond should transmit visible light and appear as a clear colorless crystal. Colors in diamond originate from lattice defects and impurities. The diamond crystal lattice is exceptionally strong, and only atoms of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> can be introduced into diamond during the growth at significant concentrations (up to atomic percents). Transition metals <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, which are commonly used for growth of synthetic diamond by high-pressure high-temperature techniques, have been detected in diamond as individual atoms; the maximum concentration is 0.01% for nickel<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and even less for cobalt. Virtually any element can be introduced to diamond by ion implantation.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Nitrogen is by far the most common impurity found in gem diamonds and is responsible for the yellow and brown color in diamonds. Boron is responsible for the blue color.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Color in diamond has two additional sources: irradiation (usually by alpha particles), that causes the color in green diamonds, and <a href="/wiki/Plastic_deformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic deformation">plastic deformation</a> of the diamond crystal lattice. Plastic deformation is the cause of color in some brown<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> and perhaps pink and red diamonds.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In order of increasing rarity, yellow diamond is followed by brown, colorless, then by blue, green, black, pink, orange, purple, and red.<a href="#cite_note-harlow-34">[34]</a> "Black", or <a href="/wiki/Carbonado" title="Carbonado">carbonado</a>, diamonds are not truly black, but rather contain numerous dark inclusions that give the gems their dark appearance. Colored diamonds contain impurities or structural defects that cause the coloration, while pure or nearly pure diamonds are transparent and colorless. Most diamond impurities replace a carbon atom in the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_lattice" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal lattice">crystal lattice</a>, known as a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_flaw" title="Carbon flaw">carbon flaw</a>. The most common impurity, nitrogen, causes a slight to intense yellow coloration depending upon the type and concentration of nitrogen present.<a href="#cite_note-harlow-34">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gemological_Institute_of_America" title="Gemological Institute of America">Gemological Institute of America</a> (GIA) classifies low saturation yellow and brown diamonds as diamonds in the normal color range, and applies a grading scale from "D" (colorless) to "Z" (light yellow). Yellow diamonds of high color saturation or a different color, such as pink or blue, are called fancy colored diamonds and fall under a different grading scale.<a href="#cite_note-harlow-34">[34]</a> In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Wittelsbach_Diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Wittelsbach Diamond">Wittelsbach Diamond</a>, a 35.56-carat (7.112 g) <a href="/wiki/Blue_diamond" title="Blue diamond">blue diamond</a> once belonging to the King of Spain, fetched over US$24 million at a Christie's auction.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In May 2009, a 7.03-carat (1.406 g) <a href="/wiki/Blue_diamond" title="Blue diamond">blue diamond</a> fetched the highest price per carat ever paid for a diamond when it was sold at auction for 10.5 million Swiss francs (6.97 million euros, or US$9.5 million at the time).<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> That record was, however, beaten the same year: a 5-carat (1.0 g) vivid pink diamond was sold for US$10.8 million in Hong Kong on December 1, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clarity">Clarity</h3></div> Clarity is one of the 4C's (color, clarity, cut and carat weight) that helps in identifying the quality of diamonds. The <a href="/wiki/Gemological_Institute_of_America" title="Gemological Institute of America">Gemological Institute of America</a> (GIA) developed 11 clarity scales to decide the quality of a diamond for its sale value. The GIA clarity scale spans from Flawless (FL) to included (I) having internally flawless (IF), very, very slightly included (VVS), very slightly included (VS) and slightly included (SI) in between. Impurities in natural diamonds are due to the presence of natural minerals and oxides. The clarity scale grades the diamond based on the color, size, location of impurity and quantity of clarity visible under 10x magnification.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Inclusions in diamond can be extracted by optical methods. The process is to take pre-enhancement images, identifying the inclusion removal part and finally removing the diamond facets and noises.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rough_diamonds_-_necklace_in_UV_and_normal_light_B_-_composite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rough_diamonds_-_necklace_in_UV_and_normal_light_B_-_composite.jpg/220px-Rough_diamonds_-_necklace_in_UV_and_normal_light_B_-_composite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rough_diamonds_-_necklace_in_UV_and_normal_light_B_-_composite.jpg/330px-Rough_diamonds_-_necklace_in_UV_and_normal_light_B_-_composite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rough_diamonds_-_necklace_in_UV_and_normal_light_B_-_composite.jpg/440px-Rough_diamonds_-_necklace_in_UV_and_normal_light_B_-_composite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4609" data-file-height="4977" /></a><figcaption>Necklace of rough light brown diamonds under <a href="/wiki/Blacklight" title="Blacklight">UV light</a> (top) and normal light (bottom)</figcaption></figure> Between 25% and 35% of natural diamonds exhibit some degree of fluorescence when examined under invisible long-wave ultraviolet light or higher energy radiation sources such as X-rays and lasers.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Incandescent lighting will not cause a diamond to fluoresce. Diamonds can fluoresce in a variety of colors including blue (most common), orange, yellow, white, green and very rarely red and purple. Although the causes are not well understood, variations in the atomic structure, such as the number of nitrogen atoms present are thought to contribute to the phenomenon. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_conductivity">Thermal conductivity</h3></div> Diamonds can be identified by their high thermal conductivity (900–2320 W·m−1·K−1).<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Their high <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> is also indicative, but other materials have similar refractivity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2></div> Diamonds are extremely rare, with concentrations of at most parts per billion in source rock.<a href="#cite_note-Cartigny-20">[20]</a> Before the 20th century, most diamonds were found in <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_deposit" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial deposit">alluvial deposits</a>. Loose diamonds are also found along existing and ancient <a href="/wiki/Shore" class="mw-redirect" title="Shore">shorelines</a>, where they tend to accumulate because of their size and density.<a href="#cite_note-AMNH-65">[65]</a>: 149  Rarely, they have been found in <a href="/wiki/Glacial_till" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial till">glacial till</a> (notably in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>), but these deposits are not of commercial quality.<a href="#cite_note-AMNH-65">[65]</a>: 19  These types of deposit were derived from localized igneous <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_rock" title="Intrusive rock">intrusions</a> through <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">transport</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a> or <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shirey2013-66">[66]</a> Most diamonds come from the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">Earth's mantle</a>, and most of this section discusses those diamonds. However, there are other sources. Some blocks of the crust, or <a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">terranes</a>, have been buried deep enough as the crust thickened so they experienced <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-pressure_metamorphism" title="Ultra-high-pressure metamorphism">ultra-high-pressure metamorphism</a>. These have evenly distributed microdiamonds that show no sign of transport by magma. In addition, when meteorites strike the ground, the shock wave can produce high enough temperatures and pressures for microdiamonds and <a href="/wiki/Detonation_nanodiamond" title="Detonation nanodiamond">nanodiamonds</a> to form.<a href="#cite_note-Shirey2013-66">[66]</a> Impact-type microdiamonds can be used as an indicator of ancient impact craters.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Popigai_impact_structure" title="Popigai impact structure">Popigai impact structure</a> in Russia may have the world's largest diamond deposit, estimated at trillions of carats, and formed by an asteroid impact.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> A common misconception is that diamonds form from highly compressed <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>. Coal is formed from buried prehistoric plants, and most diamonds that have been dated are far older than the first <a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">land plants</a>. It is possible that diamonds can form from coal in <a href="/wiki/Subduction_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduction zone">subduction zones</a>, but diamonds formed in this way are rare, and the carbon source is more likely <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> rocks and organic carbon in sediments, rather than coal.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_distribution">Surface distribution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_geologic_provinces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/World_geologic_provinces.jpg/220px-World_geologic_provinces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/World_geologic_provinces.jpg/330px-World_geologic_provinces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/World_geologic_provinces.jpg/440px-World_geologic_provinces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geologic_province" title="Geologic province">Geologic provinces</a> of the world. The pink and orange areas are <a href="/wiki/Shield_(geology)" title="Shield (geology)">shields</a> and <a href="/wiki/Platform_(geology)" title="Platform (geology)">platforms</a>, which together constitute cratons.</figcaption></figure> Diamonds are far from evenly distributed over the Earth. A rule of thumb known as Clifford's rule states that they are almost always found in <a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">kimberlites</a> on the oldest part of <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">cratons</a>, the stable cores of continents with typical ages of 2.5 billion years or more.<a href="#cite_note-Shirey2013-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>: 314  However, there are exceptions. The <a href="/wiki/Argyle_diamond_mine" title="Argyle diamond mine">Argyle diamond mine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the largest producer of diamonds by weight in the world, is located in a mobile belt, also known as an <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogenic belt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> a weaker zone surrounding the central craton that has undergone compressional tectonics. Instead of <a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">kimberlite</a>, the host rock is <a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">lamproite</a>. Lamproites with diamonds that are not economically viable are also found in the United States, India, and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Shirey2013-66">[66]</a> In addition, diamonds in the <a href="/wiki/Algoman_orogeny" title="Algoman orogeny">Wawa belt</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Superior_Craton" title="Superior Craton">Superior province</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and microdiamonds in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Japan_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Japan arc">island arc of Japan</a> are found in a type of rock called <a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">lamprophyre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shirey2013-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlites</a> can be found in narrow (1 to 4 meters) dikes and sills, and in pipes with diameters that range from about 75 m to 1.5 km. Fresh rock is dark bluish green to greenish gray, but after exposure rapidly turns brown and crumbles.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> It is hybrid rock with a chaotic mixture of small minerals and rock fragments (<a href="/wiki/Clastic_rock" title="Clastic rock">clasts</a>) up to the size of watermelons. They are a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Xenocryst" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenocryst">xenocrysts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xenolith" title="Xenolith">xenoliths</a> (minerals and rocks carried up from the lower crust and mantle), pieces of surface rock, altered minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_subgroup" title="Serpentine subgroup">serpentine</a>, and new minerals that crystallized during the eruption. The texture varies with depth. The composition forms a continuum with <a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">carbonatites</a>, but the latter have too much oxygen for carbon to exist in a pure form. Instead, it is locked up in the mineral <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> 3).<a href="#cite_note-Shirey2013-66">[66]</a> All three of the diamond-bearing rocks (kimberlite, lamproite and lamprophyre) lack certain minerals (<a href="/wiki/Melilite" title="Melilite">melilite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalsilite" title="Kalsilite">kalsilite</a>) that are incompatible with diamond formation. In <a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">kimberlite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a> is large and conspicuous, while lamproite has Ti-<a href="/wiki/Phlogopite" title="Phlogopite">phlogopite</a> and lamprophyre has <a href="/wiki/Biotite" title="Biotite">biotite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">amphibole</a>. They are all derived from magma types that erupt rapidly from small amounts of melt, are rich in <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">magnesium oxide</a>, and are less <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidizing</a> than more common mantle melts such as <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>. These characteristics allow the melts to carry diamonds to the surface before they dissolve.<a href="#cite_note-Shirey2013-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploration">Exploration</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diavik_Mine.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Diavik_Mine.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Diavik_Mine.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Diavik_Mine.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Diavik_Mine.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Diavik_Mine.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Diavik_Mine.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="1243" /></a><figcaption>Diavik Mine, on an island in Lac de Gras in northern Canada</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a> pipes can be difficult to find. They weather quickly (within a few years after exposure) and tend to have lower topographic relief than surrounding rock. If they are visible in outcrops, the diamonds are never visible because they are so rare. In any case, kimberlites are often covered with vegetation, sediments, soils, or lakes. In modern searches, <a href="/wiki/Geophysical_survey" title="Geophysical survey">geophysical methods</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Aeromagnetic_survey" title="Aeromagnetic survey">aeromagnetic surveys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_tomography" title="Electrical resistivity tomography">electrical resistivity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gravimetry" title="Gravimetry">gravimetry</a>, help identify promising regions to explore. This is aided by isotopic dating and modeling of the geological history. Then surveyors must go to the area and collect samples, looking for kimberlite fragments or indicator minerals. The latter have compositions that reflect the conditions where diamonds form, such as extreme melt depletion or high pressures in <a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">eclogites</a>. However, indicator minerals can be misleading; a better approach is <a href="/wiki/Geothermobarometry" title="Geothermobarometry">geothermobarometry</a>, where the compositions of minerals are analyzed as if they were in equilibrium with mantle minerals.<a href="#cite_note-Shirey2013-66">[66]</a> Finding kimberlites requires persistence, and only a small fraction contain diamonds that are commercially viable. The only major discoveries since about 1980 have been in Canada. Since existing mines have lifetimes of as little as 25 years, there could be a shortage of new diamonds in the future.<a href="#cite_note-Shirey2013-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ages">Ages</h3></div> Diamonds are dated by analyzing inclusions using the decay of radioactive isotopes. Depending on the elemental abundances, one can look at the decay of <a href="/wiki/Rubidium%E2%80%93strontium_dating" title="Rubidium–strontium dating">rubidium to strontium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93neodymium_dating" title="Samarium–neodymium dating">samarium to neodymium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Uranium–lead dating">uranium to lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argon%E2%80%93argon_dating" title="Argon–argon dating">argon-40 to argon-39</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rhenium%E2%80%93osmium_dating" title="Rhenium–osmium dating">rhenium to osmium</a>. Those found in kimberlites have ages ranging from 1 to 3.5 billion years, and there can be multiple ages in the same kimberlite, indicating multiple episodes of diamond formation. The kimberlites themselves are much younger. Most of them have ages between tens of millions and 300 million years old, although there are some older exceptions (Argyle, <a href="/wiki/Premier_Mine" title="Premier Mine">Premier</a> and Wawa). Thus, the kimberlites formed independently of the diamonds and served only to transport them to the surface.<a href="#cite_note-Cartigny-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shirey2013-66">[66]</a> Kimberlites are also much younger than the cratons they have erupted through. The reason for the lack of older kimberlites is unknown, but it suggests there was some change in mantle chemistry or tectonics. No kimberlite has erupted in human history.<a href="#cite_note-Shirey2013-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_in_mantle">Origin in mantle</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eclogite,_d%C3%A9tail_de_la_roche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Eclogite%2C_d%C3%A9tail_de_la_roche.jpg/220px-Eclogite%2C_d%C3%A9tail_de_la_roche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Eclogite%2C_d%C3%A9tail_de_la_roche.jpg/330px-Eclogite%2C_d%C3%A9tail_de_la_roche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Eclogite%2C_d%C3%A9tail_de_la_roche.jpg/440px-Eclogite%2C_d%C3%A9tail_de_la_roche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a> with centimeter-size <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a> crystals</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garnet_inclusion_in_diamond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Garnet_inclusion_in_diamond.jpg/220px-Garnet_inclusion_in_diamond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Garnet_inclusion_in_diamond.jpg/330px-Garnet_inclusion_in_diamond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Garnet_inclusion_in_diamond.jpg/440px-Garnet_inclusion_in_diamond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Red garnet inclusion in a diamond<a href="#cite_note-DCOdecadal-74">[74]</a></figcaption></figure> Most gem-quality diamonds come from depths of 150–250 km in the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>. Such depths occur below cratons in mantle keels, the thickest part of the lithosphere. These regions have high enough pressure and temperature to allow diamonds to form and they are not convecting, so diamonds can be stored for billions of years until a kimberlite eruption samples them.<a href="#cite_note-Shirey2013-66">[66]</a> Host rocks in a mantle keel include <a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">harzburgite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">lherzolite</a>, two type of <a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">peridotite</a>. The most dominant rock type in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_mantle_(Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper mantle (Earth)">upper mantle</a>, peridotite is an <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rock</a> consisting mostly of the minerals <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a>; it is low in <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silica</a> and high in <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>. However, diamonds in peridotite rarely survive the trip to the surface.<a href="#cite_note-Shirey2013-66">[66]</a> Another common source that does keep diamonds intact is <a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">eclogite</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic">metamorphic</a> rock that typically forms from <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> as an oceanic plate plunges into the mantle at a <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cartigny-20">[20]</a> A smaller fraction of diamonds (about 150 have been studied) come from depths of 330–660 km, a region that includes the <a href="/wiki/Transition_zone_(Earth)" title="Transition zone (Earth)">transition zone</a>. They formed in eclogite but are distinguished from diamonds of shallower origin by inclusions of <a href="/wiki/Majorite" title="Majorite">majorite</a> (a form of <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a> with excess silicon). A similar proportion of diamonds comes from the lower mantle at depths between 660 and 800 km.<a href="#cite_note-Cartigny-20">[20]</a> Diamond is thermodynamically stable at high pressures and temperatures, with the phase transition from <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> occurring at greater temperatures as the pressure increases. Thus, underneath continents it becomes stable at temperatures of 950 degrees Celsius and pressures of 4.5 gigapascals, corresponding to depths of 150 kilometers or greater. In subduction zones, which are colder, it becomes stable at temperatures of 800 °C and pressures of 3.5 gigapascals. At depths greater than 240 km, iron–nickel metal phases are present and carbon is likely to be either dissolved in them or in the form of <a href="/wiki/Carbide" title="Carbide">carbides</a>. Thus, the deeper origin of some diamonds may reflect unusual growth environments.<a href="#cite_note-Cartigny-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shirey2013-66">[66]</a> In 2018 the first known natural samples of a phase of ice called <a href="/wiki/Ice_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice VII">Ice VII</a> were found as inclusions in diamond samples. The inclusions formed at depths between 400 and 800 km, straddling the upper and lower mantle, and provide evidence for water-rich fluid at these depths.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perkins-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_sources">Carbon sources</h3></div> The mantle has roughly one billion <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">gigatonnes</a> of carbon (for comparison, the atmosphere-ocean system has about 44,000 gigatonnes).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Carbon has two <a href="/wiki/Stable_nuclide" title="Stable nuclide">stable isotopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon-12" title="Carbon-12">12C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13">13C</a>, in a ratio of approximately 99:1 by mass.<a href="#cite_note-Shirey2013-66">[66]</a> This ratio has a wide range in meteorites, which implies that it also varied a lot in the early Earth. It can also be altered by surface processes like <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. The fraction is generally compared to a standard sample using a ratio <a href="/wiki/Isotopic_signature#Carbon_isotopes" title="Isotopic signature">δ13C</a> expressed in parts per thousand. Common rocks from the mantle such as basalts, carbonatites, and kimberlites have ratios between −8 and −2. On the surface, organic sediments have an average of −25 while carbonates have an average of 0.<a href="#cite_note-Cartigny-20">[20]</a> Populations of diamonds from different sources have distributions of δ13C that vary markedly. Peridotitic diamonds are mostly within the typical mantle range; eclogitic diamonds have values from −40 to +3, although the peak of the distribution is in the mantle range. This variability implies that they are not formed from carbon that is primordial (having resided in the mantle since the Earth formed). Instead, they are the result of tectonic processes, although (given the ages of diamonds) not necessarily the same tectonic processes that act in the present.<a href="#cite_note-Shirey2013-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_and_growth">Formation and growth</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond_age_zones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Diamond_age_zones.jpg/220px-Diamond_age_zones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Diamond_age_zones.jpg/330px-Diamond_age_zones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Diamond_age_zones.jpg/440px-Diamond_age_zones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Age zones in a diamond<a href="#cite_note-DCOdecadal-74">[74]</a></figcaption></figure> Diamonds in the mantle form through a <a href="/wiki/Metasomatism" title="Metasomatism">metasomatic</a> process where a C–O–H–N–S fluid or melt dissolves minerals in a rock and replaces them with new minerals. (The vague term C–O–H–N–S is commonly used because the exact composition is not known.) Diamonds form from this fluid either by reduction of oxidized carbon (e.g., CO2 or CO3) or oxidation of a reduced phase such as <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cartigny-20">[20]</a> Using probes such as polarized light, <a href="/wiki/Photoluminescence" title="Photoluminescence">photoluminescence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cathodoluminescence" title="Cathodoluminescence">cathodoluminescence</a>, a series of growth zones can be identified in diamonds. The characteristic pattern in diamonds from the lithosphere involves a nearly concentric series of zones with very thin oscillations in luminescence and alternating episodes where the carbon is resorbed by the fluid and then grown again. Diamonds from below the lithosphere have a more irregular, almost polycrystalline texture, reflecting the higher temperatures and pressures as well as the transport of the diamonds by convection.<a href="#cite_note-Shirey2013-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport_to_the_surface">Transport to the surface</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VolcanicPipe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/VolcanicPipe.jpg/260px-VolcanicPipe.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/VolcanicPipe.jpg/390px-VolcanicPipe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/VolcanicPipe.jpg/520px-VolcanicPipe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a volcanic pipe</figcaption></figure> Geological evidence supports a model in which kimberlite magma rises at 4–20 meters per second, creating an upward path by <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a> of the rock. As the pressure decreases, a vapor phase <a href="/wiki/Exsolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Exsolution">exsolves</a> from the magma, and this helps to keep the magma fluid. At the surface, the initial eruption explodes out through fissures at high speeds (over 200 m/s (450 mph)). Then, at lower pressures, the rock is eroded, forming a pipe and producing fragmented rock (<a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccia</a>). As the eruption wanes, there is <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock" title="Pyroclastic rock">pyroclastic</a> phase and then metamorphism and hydration produces <a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">serpentinites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shirey2013-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double_diamonds">Double diamonds</h3></div> In rare cases, diamonds have been found that contain a cavity within which is a second diamond. The first double diamond, the <a href="/wiki/Matryoshka_(diamond)" title="Matryoshka (diamond)">Matryoshka</a>, was found by <a href="/wiki/Alrosa" title="Alrosa">Alrosa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Yakutia</a>, Russia, in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Another one was found in the <a href="/wiki/Ellendale_Diamond_Field" title="Ellendale Diamond Field">Ellendale Diamond Field</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_space">In space</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_diamonds" title="Extraterrestrial diamonds">Extraterrestrial diamonds</a></div> Although diamonds on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> are rare, they are very common in space. In <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>, about three percent of the carbon is in the form of <a href="/wiki/Nanodiamond" title="Nanodiamond">nanodiamonds</a>, having diameters of a few nanometers. Sufficiently small diamonds can form in the cold of space because their lower <a href="/wiki/Surface_energy" title="Surface energy">surface energy</a> makes them more stable than graphite. The isotopic signatures of some nanodiamonds indicate they were formed outside the Solar System in stars.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> High pressure experiments predict that large quantities of diamonds condense from <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> into a "diamond rain" on the ice giant planets <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Some extrasolar planets may be almost entirely composed of diamond.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Diamonds may exist in carbon-rich stars, particularly <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarfs</a>. One theory for the origin of <a href="/wiki/Carbonado" title="Carbonado">carbonado</a>, the toughest form of diamond, is that it originated in a white dwarf or <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Diamonds formed in stars may have been the first minerals.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry">Industry</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diamonds_as_an_investment" title="Diamonds as an investment">Diamonds as an investment</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_diamond_production" title="List of countries by diamond production">List of countries by diamond production</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clean_Diamond_Trade_Act" title="Clean Diamond Trade Act">Clean Diamond Trade Act</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A clear faceted gem supported in four clamps attached to a wedding ring" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Diamond.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>A round <a href="/wiki/Brilliant_(diamond_cut)" title="Brilliant (diamond cut)">brilliant cut</a> diamond set in a ring</figcaption></figure> The most familiar uses of diamonds today are as gemstones used for <a href="/wiki/Adornment" title="Adornment">adornment</a>, and as industrial abrasives for cutting hard materials. The markets for gem-grade and industrial-grade diamonds value diamonds differently. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gem-grade_diamonds">Gem-grade diamonds</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diamond_(gemstone)" title="Diamond (gemstone)">Diamond (gemstone)</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">dispersion</a> of white light into <a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">spectral colors</a> is the primary gemological characteristic of gem diamonds. In the 20th century, experts in gemology developed methods of grading diamonds and other gemstones based on the characteristics most important to their value as a gem. Four characteristics, known informally as the four Cs, are now commonly used as the basic descriptors of diamonds: these are its mass in <a href="/wiki/Carat_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carat (unit)">carats</a> (a carat being equal to 0.2 grams), <a href="/wiki/Diamond_cut" title="Diamond cut">cut</a> (quality of the cut is graded according to <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio" title="Aspect ratio">proportions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polishing" title="Polishing">polish</a>), <a href="/wiki/Diamond_color" title="Diamond color">color</a> (how close to white or colorless; for fancy diamonds how intense is its hue), and <a href="/wiki/Diamond_clarity" title="Diamond clarity">clarity</a> (how free is it from <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(mineral)" title="Inclusion (mineral)">inclusions</a>). A large, flawless diamond is known as a <a href="/wiki/Paragon_(diamond)" title="Paragon (diamond)">paragon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> A large trade in gem-grade diamonds exists. Although most gem-grade diamonds are sold newly polished, there is a well-established market for resale of polished diamonds (e.g. pawnbroking, auctions, second-hand jewelry stores, diamantaires, bourses, etc.). One hallmark of the trade in gem-quality diamonds is its remarkable concentration: wholesale trade and diamond cutting is limited to just a few locations; in 2003, 92% of the world's diamonds were cut and polished in <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Other important centers of diamond cutting and trading are the <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_diamond_district" title="Antwerp diamond district">Antwerp diamond district</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/International_Gemological_Institute" title="International Gemological Institute">International Gemological Institute</a> is based, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond District">Diamond District</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Exchange_District" title="Diamond Exchange District">Diamond Exchange District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>. One contributory factor is the geological nature of diamond deposits: several large primary kimberlite-pipe mines each account for significant portions of market share (such as the <a href="/wiki/Jwaneng_diamond_mine" title="Jwaneng diamond mine">Jwaneng mine</a> in Botswana, which is a single large-pit mine that can produce between 12,500,000 and 15,000,000 carats (2,500 and 3,000 kg) of diamonds per year<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>). Secondary alluvial diamond deposits, on the other hand, tend to be fragmented amongst many different operators because they can be dispersed over many hundreds of square kilometers (e.g., alluvial deposits in Brazil).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The production and distribution of diamonds is largely consolidated in the hands of a few key players, and concentrated in traditional diamond trading centers, the most important being Antwerp, where 80% of all <a href="/wiki/Rough_diamond" title="Rough diamond">rough diamonds</a>, 50% of all cut diamonds and more than 50% of all rough, cut and industrial diamonds combined are handled.<a href="#cite_note-India-91">[91]</a> This makes Antwerp a de facto "world diamond capital".<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The city of Antwerp also hosts the <a href="/wiki/Antwerpsche_Diamantkring" title="Antwerpsche Diamantkring">Antwerpsche Diamantkring</a>, created in 1929 to become the first and biggest diamond bourse dedicated to rough diamonds.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Another important diamond center is New York City, where almost 80% of the world's diamonds are sold, including auction sales.<a href="#cite_note-India-91">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a> company, as the world's largest diamond mining company, holds a dominant position in the industry, and has done so since soon after its founding in 1888 by the British businessman <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>. De Beers is currently the world's largest operator of diamond production facilities (mines) and <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution (business)">distribution channels</a> for gem-quality diamonds. The Diamond Trading Company (DTC) is a subsidiary of De Beers and markets rough diamonds from De Beers-operated mines. De Beers and its subsidiaries own mines that produce some 40% of annual world diamond production. For most of the 20th century over 80% of the world's rough diamonds passed through De Beers,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> but by 2001–2009 the figure had decreased to around 45%,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> and by 2013 the company's market share had further decreased to around 38% in value terms and even less by volume.<a href="#cite_note-idexonline-96">[96]</a> De Beers sold off the vast majority of its diamond stockpile in the late 1990s – early 2000s<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and the remainder largely represents working stock (diamonds that are being sorted before sale).<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> This was well documented in the press<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> but remains little known to the general public. As a part of reducing its influence, De Beers withdrew from purchasing diamonds on the open market in 1999 and ceased, at the end of 2008, purchasing Russian diamonds mined by the largest Russian diamond company <a href="/wiki/Alrosa" title="Alrosa">Alrosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> As of January 2011, De Beers states that it only sells diamonds from the following four countries: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Alrosa had to suspend their sales in October 2008 due to the <a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">global energy crisis</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] but the company reported that it had resumed selling rough diamonds on the open market by October 2009.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Apart from Alrosa, other important diamond mining companies include <a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a>, which is the world's largest mining company;<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a>, the owner of the <a href="/wiki/Argyle_diamond_mine" title="Argyle diamond mine">Argyle</a> (100%), <a href="/wiki/Diavik_Diamond_Mine" title="Diavik Diamond Mine">Diavik</a> (60%), and <a href="/wiki/Murowa_diamond_mine" title="Murowa diamond mine">Murowa</a> (78%) diamond mines;<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petra_Diamonds" title="Petra Diamonds">Petra Diamonds</a>, the owner of several major diamond mines in Africa. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond_Polisher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Diamond_Polisher.jpg/220px-Diamond_Polisher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Diamond_Polisher.jpg/330px-Diamond_Polisher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Diamond_Polisher.jpg/440px-Diamond_Polisher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1395" /></a><figcaption>Diamond polisher in Amsterdam</figcaption></figure> Further down the supply chain, members of The <a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Diamond_Bourses" title="World Federation of Diamond Bourses">World Federation of Diamond Bourses</a> (WFDB) act as a medium for wholesale diamond exchange, trading both polished and rough diamonds. The WFDB consists of independent diamond bourses in major cutting centers such as Tel Aviv, Antwerp, Johannesburg and other cities across the US, Europe and Asia.<a href="#cite_note-harlow-34">[34]</a> In 2000, the WFDB and The International Diamond Manufacturers Association established the <a href="/wiki/World_Diamond_Council" title="World Diamond Council">World Diamond Council</a> to prevent the trading of diamonds used to fund war and inhumane acts. WFDB's additional activities include sponsoring the <a href="/wiki/World_Diamond_Congress" title="World Diamond Congress">World Diamond Congress</a> every two years, as well as the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/International_Diamond_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="International Diamond Council">International Diamond Council</a> (IDC) to oversee diamond grading.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Once purchased by Sightholders (which is a trademark term referring to the companies that have a three-year supply contract with DTC), diamonds are cut and polished in preparation for sale as gemstones ('industrial' stones are regarded as a by-product of the gemstone market; they are used for abrasives).<a href="#cite_note-polish-106">[106]</a> The cutting and polishing of rough diamonds is a specialized skill that is concentrated in a limited number of locations worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-polish-106">[106]</a> Traditional diamond cutting centers are Antwerp, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Johannesburg, New York City, and Tel Aviv. Recently, diamond cutting centers have been established in China, India, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, Namibia and Botswana.<a href="#cite_note-polish-106">[106]</a> Cutting centers with lower cost of labor, notably Surat in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat, India</a>, handle a larger number of smaller carat diamonds, while smaller quantities of larger or more valuable diamonds are more likely to be handled in Europe or North America. The recent expansion of this industry in India, employing low cost labor, has allowed smaller diamonds to be prepared as gems in greater quantities than was previously economically feasible.<a href="#cite_note-India-91">[91]</a> Diamonds prepared as gemstones are sold on diamond exchanges called <a href="/wiki/Exchange_(organized_market)" title="Exchange (organized market)">bourses</a>. There are 28 registered diamond bourses in the world.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Bourses are the final tightly controlled step in the diamond supply chain; wholesalers and even retailers are able to buy relatively small lots of diamonds at the bourses, after which they are prepared for final sale to the consumer. Diamonds can be sold already set in jewelry, or sold unset ("loose"). According to the Rio Tinto, in 2002 the diamonds produced and released to the market were valued at US$9 billion as rough diamonds, US$14 billion after being cut and polished, US$28 billion in wholesale diamond jewelry, and US$57 billion in retail sales.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cutting">Cutting</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Diamond_cutting" title="Diamond cutting">Diamond cutting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diamond_cut" title="Diamond cut">Diamond cut</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Daria-e_Noor_(Sea_of_Light)_Diamond_from_the_collection_of_the_national_jewels_of_Iran_at_Central_Bank_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large rectangular pink multifaceted gemstone, set in a decorative surround. The decoration includes a row of small clear faceted gemstones around the main gem's perimeter, and clusters of gems forming a crest on one side. The crest comprises a three-pointed crown faced by two unidentifiable animals." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/The_Daria-e_Noor_%28Sea_of_Light%29_Diamond_from_the_collection_of_the_national_jewels_of_Iran_at_Central_Bank_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran.jpg/220px-The_Daria-e_Noor_%28Sea_of_Light%29_Diamond_from_the_collection_of_the_national_jewels_of_Iran_at_Central_Bank_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/The_Daria-e_Noor_%28Sea_of_Light%29_Diamond_from_the_collection_of_the_national_jewels_of_Iran_at_Central_Bank_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran.jpg/330px-The_Daria-e_Noor_%28Sea_of_Light%29_Diamond_from_the_collection_of_the_national_jewels_of_Iran_at_Central_Bank_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/The_Daria-e_Noor_%28Sea_of_Light%29_Diamond_from_the_collection_of_the_national_jewels_of_Iran_at_Central_Bank_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran.jpg/440px-The_Daria-e_Noor_%28Sea_of_Light%29_Diamond_from_the_collection_of_the_national_jewels_of_Iran_at_Central_Bank_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Daria-i-Noor" title="Daria-i-Noor">Daria-i-Noor</a> Diamond—an example of unusual diamond cut and jewelry arrangement.</figcaption></figure> Mined rough diamonds are converted into gems through a multi-step process called "cutting". Diamonds are extremely hard, but also brittle and can be split up by a single blow. Therefore, diamond cutting is traditionally considered as a delicate procedure requiring skills, scientific knowledge, tools and experience. Its final goal is to produce a faceted jewel where the specific angles between the facets would optimize the diamond luster, that is dispersion of white light, whereas the number and area of facets would determine the weight of the final product. The weight reduction upon cutting is significant and can be of the order of 50%.<a href="#cite_note-x50-109">[109]</a> Several possible shapes are considered, but the final decision is often determined not only by scientific, but also practical considerations. For example, the diamond might be intended for display or for wear, in a ring or a necklace, singled or surrounded by other gems of certain color and shape.<a href="#cite_note-antique-110">[110]</a> Some of them may be considered as classical, such as <a href="/wiki/Diamond_cut" title="Diamond cut">round</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pear_Cut_Diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Pear Cut Diamond">pear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marquise_Cut_Diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquise Cut Diamond">marquise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oval_Cut_Diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Oval Cut Diamond">oval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hearts_and_arrows" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearts and arrows">hearts and arrows</a> diamonds, etc. Some of them are special, produced by certain companies, for example, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_Cut_Diamond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenix Cut Diamond (page does not exist)">Phoenix</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cushion_Cut_Diamond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cushion Cut Diamond (page does not exist)">Cushion</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sole_Mio_Cut_Diamond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sole Mio Cut Diamond (page does not exist)">Sole Mio</a> diamonds, etc.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The most time-consuming part of the cutting is the preliminary analysis of the rough stone. It needs to address a large number of issues, bears much responsibility, and therefore can last years in case of unique diamonds. The following issues are considered: <ul><li>The hardness of diamond and its ability to cleave strongly depend on the crystal orientation. Therefore, the crystallographic structure of the diamond to be cut is analyzed using <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a> to choose the optimal cutting directions.</li> <li>Most diamonds contain visible non-diamond inclusions and crystal flaws. The cutter has to decide which flaws are to be removed by the cutting and which could be kept.</li> <li>Splitting a diamond with a hammer is difficult, a well-calculated, angled blow can cut the diamond, piece-by-piece, but it can also ruin the diamond itself. Alternatively, it can be cut with a <a href="/wiki/Diamond_saw" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond saw">diamond saw</a>, which is a more reliable method.<a href="#cite_note-antique-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li></ul> After initial cutting, the diamond is shaped in numerous stages of polishing. Unlike cutting, which is a responsible but quick operation, polishing removes material by gradual erosion and is extremely time-consuming. The associated technique is well developed; it is considered as a routine and can be performed by technicians.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> After polishing, the diamond is reexamined for possible flaws, either remaining or induced by the process. Those flaws are concealed through various <a href="/wiki/Diamond_enhancement" title="Diamond enhancement">diamond enhancement</a> techniques, such as repolishing, crack filling, or clever arrangement of the stone in the jewelry. Remaining non-diamond inclusions are removed through laser drilling and filling of the voids produced.<a href="#cite_note-read-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marketing">Marketing</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond_Balance_Scale_0.01_-_25_Carats_Jewelers_Measuring_Tool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Diamond_Balance_Scale_0.01_-_25_Carats_Jewelers_Measuring_Tool.jpg/220px-Diamond_Balance_Scale_0.01_-_25_Carats_Jewelers_Measuring_Tool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Diamond_Balance_Scale_0.01_-_25_Carats_Jewelers_Measuring_Tool.jpg/330px-Diamond_Balance_Scale_0.01_-_25_Carats_Jewelers_Measuring_Tool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Diamond_Balance_Scale_0.01_-_25_Carats_Jewelers_Measuring_Tool.jpg/440px-Diamond_Balance_Scale_0.01_-_25_Carats_Jewelers_Measuring_Tool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Diamond balance scale 0.01–25 carat jeweler's measuring tool</figcaption></figure> Marketing has significantly affected the image of diamond as a valuable commodity. <a href="/wiki/N._W._Ayer_%26_Son" title="N. W. Ayer & Son">N. W. Ayer & Son</a>, the advertising firm retained by <a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a> in the mid-20th century, succeeded in reviving the American diamond market and the firm created new markets in countries where no diamond tradition had existed before. N. W. Ayer's marketing included <a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">product placement</a>, advertising focused on the diamond product itself rather than the De Beers brand, and associations with celebrities and royalty. Without advertising the De Beers brand, De Beers was advertising its competitors' diamond products as well,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> but this was not a concern as De Beers dominated the diamond market throughout the 20th century. De Beers' market share dipped temporarily to second place in the global market below Alrosa in the aftermath of the global economic crisis of 2008, down to less than 29% in terms of carats mined, rather than sold.<a href="#cite_note-jckonline.com-115">[115]</a> The campaign lasted for decades but was effectively discontinued by early 2011. De Beers still advertises diamonds, but the advertising now mostly promotes its own brands, or licensed product lines, rather than completely "generic" diamond products.<a href="#cite_note-jckonline.com-115">[115]</a> The campaign was perhaps best captured by the slogan "<a href="/wiki/A_diamond_is_forever" class="mw-redirect" title="A diamond is forever">a diamond is forever</a>".<a href="#cite_note-sell-116">[116]</a> This slogan is now being used by De Beers Diamond Jewelers,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> a jewelry firm which is a 50/50% joint venture between the De Beers mining company and <a href="/wiki/LVMH" title="LVMH">LVMH</a>, the luxury goods conglomerate. Brown-colored diamonds constituted a significant part of the diamond production, and were predominantly used for industrial purposes. They were seen as worthless for jewelry (not even being assessed on the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_color" title="Diamond color">diamond color</a> scale). After the development of Argyle diamond mine in Australia in 1986, and marketing, brown diamonds have become acceptable gems.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The change was mostly due to the numbers: the Argyle mine, with its 35,000,000 carats (7,000 kg) of diamonds per year, makes about one-third of global production of natural diamonds;<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> 80% of Argyle diamonds are brown.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial-grade_diamonds">Industrial-grade diamonds</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dia_scalpel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diamond scalpel consisting of a yellow diamond blade attached to a pen-shaped holder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dia_scalpel.jpg/220px-Dia_scalpel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dia_scalpel.jpg/330px-Dia_scalpel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Dia_scalpel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Scalpel" title="Scalpel">scalpel</a> with synthetic diamond blade</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond_blade_very_macro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A polished metal blade embedded with small diamonds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Diamond_blade_very_macro.jpg/220px-Diamond_blade_very_macro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Diamond_blade_very_macro.jpg/330px-Diamond_blade_very_macro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Diamond_blade_very_macro.jpg/440px-Diamond_blade_very_macro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2022" data-file-height="1973" /></a><figcaption>Close-up photograph of an <a href="/wiki/Angle_grinder" title="Angle grinder">angle grinder</a> blade with tiny diamonds shown embedded in the metal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond_Knife_Blade_Edge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Diamond_Knife_Blade_Edge.jpg/220px-Diamond_Knife_Blade_Edge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Diamond_Knife_Blade_Edge.jpg/330px-Diamond_Knife_Blade_Edge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Diamond_Knife_Blade_Edge.jpg/440px-Diamond_Knife_Blade_Edge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A diamond knife blade used for cutting ultrathin sections (typically 70 to 350 nm) for transmission <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopy">electron microscopy</a></figcaption></figure> Industrial diamonds are valued mostly for their hardness and thermal conductivity, making many of the gemological characteristics of diamonds, such as the <a href="/wiki/4_Cs" class="mw-redirect" title="4 Cs">4 Cs</a>, irrelevant for most applications. Eighty percent of mined diamonds (equal to about 135,000,000 carats (27,000 kg) annually) are unsuitable for use as gemstones and are used industrially.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In addition to mined diamonds, synthetic diamonds found industrial applications almost immediately after their invention in the 1950s; in 2014, 4,500,000,000 carats (900,000 kg) of synthetic diamonds were produced, 90% of which were produced in China. Approximately 90% of diamond <a href="/wiki/Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)" title="Grinding (abrasive cutting)">grinding grit</a> is currently of synthetic origin.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-123">[123]</a> The boundary between gem-quality diamonds and industrial diamonds is poorly defined and partly depends on market conditions (for example, if demand for polished diamonds is high, some lower-grade stones will be polished into low-quality or small gemstones rather than being sold for industrial use). Within the category of industrial diamonds, there is a sub-category comprising the lowest-quality, mostly opaque stones, which are known as <a href="/wiki/Bort" title="Bort">bort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spear-124">[124]</a> Industrial use of diamonds has historically been associated with their hardness, which makes diamond the ideal material for cutting and grinding tools. As the hardest known naturally occurring material, diamond can be used to polish, cut, or wear away any material, including other diamonds. Common industrial applications of this property include diamond-tipped <a href="/wiki/Drill_bit" title="Drill bit">drill bits</a> and saws, and the use of diamond powder as an <a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">abrasive</a>. Less expensive industrial-grade diamonds (bort) with more flaws and poorer color than gems, are used for such purposes.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Diamond is not suitable for machining <a href="/wiki/Ferrous" title="Ferrous">ferrous</a> <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> at high speeds, as carbon is soluble in iron at the high temperatures created by high-speed machining, leading to greatly increased wear on diamond tools compared to alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Specialized applications include use in laboratories as containment for <a href="/wiki/Pressure_experiment" title="Pressure experiment">high-pressure experiments</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Diamond_anvil_cell" title="Diamond anvil cell">diamond anvil cell</a>), high-performance <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearings</a>, and limited use in specialized <a href="/wiki/Window" title="Window">windows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spear-124">[124]</a> With the continuing advances being made in the production of synthetic diamonds, future applications are becoming feasible. The high <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a> of diamond makes it suitable as a <a href="/wiki/Heat_sink" title="Heat sink">heat sink</a> for integrated circuits in <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_diamond_mines" title="List of diamond mines">List of diamond mines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exploration_diamond_drilling" title="Exploration diamond drilling">Exploration diamond drilling</a></div> Approximately 130,000,000 carats (26,000 kg) of diamonds are mined annually, with a total value of nearly US$9 billion, and about 100,000 kg (220,000 lb) are synthesized annually.<a href="#cite_note-yarnell-128">[128]</a> Roughly 49% of diamonds originate from <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>, although significant sources of the mineral have been discovered in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-123">[123]</a> They are mined from kimberlite and lamproite volcanic pipes, which can bring diamond crystals, originating from deep within the Earth where high pressures and temperatures enable them to form, to the surface. The mining and distribution of natural diamonds are subjects of frequent controversy such as concerns over the sale of <a href="/wiki/Blood_diamond" title="Blood diamond">blood diamonds</a> or conflict diamonds by African <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> groups.<a href="#cite_note-conflict-129">[129]</a> The diamond supply chain is controlled by a limited number of powerful businesses, and is also highly concentrated in a small number of locations around the world. Only a very small fraction of the diamond ore consists of actual diamonds. The ore is crushed, during which care is required not to destroy larger diamonds, and then sorted by density. Today, diamonds are located in the diamond-rich density fraction with the help of <a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a>, after which the final sorting steps are done by hand. Before the use of <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> became commonplace,<a href="#cite_note-x50-109">[109]</a> the separation was done with grease belts; diamonds have a stronger tendency to stick to grease than the other minerals in the ore.<a href="#cite_note-harlow-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Udachnaya_pipe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Udachnaya_pipe.JPG/220px-Udachnaya_pipe.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Udachnaya_pipe.JPG/330px-Udachnaya_pipe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Udachnaya_pipe.JPG/440px-Udachnaya_pipe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>'s Udachnaya diamond mine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A clear octahedral stone protrudes from a black rock" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Diamond_4.jpg/220px-Diamond_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Diamond_4.jpg/330px-Diamond_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Diamond_4.jpg/440px-Diamond_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The slightly misshapen octahedral shape of this rough diamond crystal in matrix is typical of the mineral. Its lustrous faces also indicate that this crystal is from a primary deposit</figcaption></figure> Historically, diamonds were found only in <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_deposit" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial deposit">alluvial deposits</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guntur_district" title="Guntur district">Guntur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna_district" title="Krishna district">Krishna district</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna River</a> delta in <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">Southern India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> India led the world in diamond production from the time of their discovery in approximately the 9th century BC<a href="#cite_note-hershey-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> to the mid-18th century AD, but the commercial potential of these sources had been exhausted by the late 18th century and at that time India was eclipsed by Brazil where the first non-Indian diamonds were found in 1725.<a href="#cite_note-hershey-131">[131]</a> Currently, one of the most prominent Indian mines is located at <a href="/wiki/Panna_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Panna District">Panna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Diamond extraction from primary deposits (kimberlites and lamproites) started in the 1870s after the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond Fields">Diamond Fields</a> in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Production has increased over time and now an accumulated total of 4,500,000,000 carats (900,000 kg) have been mined since that date.<a href="#cite_note-giasummer2007-135">[135]</a> Twenty percent of that amount has been mined in the last five years, and during the last 10 years, nine new mines have started production; four more are waiting to be opened soon. Most of these mines are located in Canada, Zimbabwe, Angola, and one in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-giasummer2007-135">[135]</a> In the U.S., diamonds have been found in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, Wyoming, and <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DGemGLorenz-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Montana-137">[137]</a> In 2004, the discovery of a microscopic diamond in the U.S. led to the January 2008 bulk-sampling of <a href="/wiki/Kimberlite_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberlite pipe">kimberlite pipes</a> in a remote part of Montana. The <a href="/wiki/Crater_of_Diamonds_State_Park" title="Crater of Diamonds State Park">Crater of Diamonds State Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> is open to the public, and is the only mine in the world where members of the public can dig for diamonds.<a href="#cite_note-Montana-137">[137]</a> Today, most commercially viable diamond deposits are in Russia (mostly in <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha Republic</a>, for example <a href="/wiki/Mir_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Mine">Mir pipe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Udachnaya_pipe" title="Udachnaya pipe">Udachnaya pipe</a>), <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, Australia (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Australia" title="Northern Australia">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In 2005, Russia produced almost one-fifth of the global diamond output, according to the <a href="/wiki/British_Geological_Survey" title="British Geological Survey">British Geological Survey</a>. Australia boasts the richest diamantiferous pipe, with production from the Argyle diamond mine reaching peak levels of 42 metric tons per year in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-DGemGLorenz-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> There are also commercial deposits being actively mined in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> of Canada and Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-123">[123]</a> Diamond prospectors continue to search the globe for diamond-bearing kimberlite and lamproite pipes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_issues">Political issues</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberley Process">Kimberley Process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_diamond" title="Blood diamond">Blood diamond</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_the_diamond_industry" title="Child labour in the diamond industry">Child labour in the diamond industry</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Development_Cooperation_Handbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Development Cooperation Handbook">Development Cooperation Handbook</a> has a page on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Development_Cooperation_Handbook/Stories/Unsustainable_Growth" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Development Cooperation Handbook/Stories/Unsustainable Growth">Unsustainable Growth</a></div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Unsustainable_Growth.webm/220px--Unsustainable_Growth.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="285" data-mwtitle="Unsustainable_Growth.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Unsustainable_Growth.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Unsustainable_Growth.webm/Unsustainable_Growth.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="298" data-height="168" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Unsustainable_Growth.webm/Unsustainable_Growth.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="298" data-height="168" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Unsustainable_Growth.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="298" data-height="168" /></video><figcaption>Unsustainable diamond mining in Sierra Leone. Documentary as part of the Vrinda Project for Wikibooks</figcaption></figure> In some of the more politically unstable central African and west African countries, revolutionary groups have taken control of <a href="/wiki/List_of_diamond_mines" title="List of diamond mines">diamond mines</a>, using proceeds from diamond sales to finance their operations. Diamonds sold through this process are known as conflict diamonds or blood diamonds.<a href="#cite_note-conflict-129">[129]</a> In response to public concerns that their diamond purchases were contributing to war and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights abuses">human rights abuses</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">central</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">western</a> Africa, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the diamond industry and diamond-trading nations introduced the <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberley Process">Kimberley Process</a> in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-kimb-140">[140]</a> The Kimberley Process aims to ensure that conflict diamonds do not become intermixed with the diamonds not controlled by such rebel groups. This is done by requiring diamond-producing countries to provide proof that the money they make from selling the diamonds is not used to fund criminal or revolutionary activities. Although the Kimberley Process has been moderately successful in limiting the number of conflict diamonds entering the market, some still find their way in. According to the International Diamond Manufacturers Association, conflict diamonds constitute 2–3% of all diamonds traded.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Two major flaws still hinder the effectiveness of the Kimberley Process: (1) the relative ease of smuggling diamonds across African borders, and (2) the violent nature of diamond mining in nations that are not in a technical state of war and whose diamonds are therefore considered "clean".<a href="#cite_note-kimb-140">[140]</a> The Canadian Government has set up a body known as the Canadian Diamond Code of Conduct<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> to help authenticate Canadian diamonds. This is a stringent tracking system of diamonds and helps protect the "conflict free" label of Canadian diamonds.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Mineral resource exploitation in general causes irreversible environmental damage, which must be weighed against the socio-economic benefits to a country.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthetics,_simulants,_and_enhancements">Synthetics, simulants, and enhancements</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthetics">Synthetics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_diamond" title="Synthetic diamond">Synthetic diamond</a></div> Synthetic diamonds are diamonds manufactured in a laboratory, as opposed to diamonds mined from the Earth. The gemological and industrial uses of diamond have created a large demand for rough stones. This demand has been satisfied in large part by synthetic diamonds, which have been manufactured by various processes for more than half a century. However, in recent years it has become possible to produce gem-quality synthetic diamonds of significant size.<a href="#cite_note-AMNH-65">[65]</a> It is possible to make colorless synthetic gemstones that, on a molecular level, are identical to natural stones and so visually similar that only a gemologist with special equipment can tell the difference.<a href="#cite_note-bain-145">[145]</a> The majority of commercially available synthetic diamonds are yellow and are produced by so-called high-pressure high-temperature (<a href="/wiki/HPHT" class="mw-redirect" title="HPHT">HPHT</a>) processes.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The yellow color is caused by <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> impurities. Other colors may also be reproduced such as blue, green or pink, which are a result of the addition of <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> or from <a href="/wiki/Irradiation" title="Irradiation">irradiation</a> after synthesis.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Another popular method of growing synthetic diamond is <a href="/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition" title="Chemical vapor deposition">chemical vapor deposition</a> (CVD). The growth occurs under low pressure (below atmospheric pressure). It involves feeding a mixture of gases (typically 1 to 99 <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>) into a chamber and splitting them into chemically active <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">radicals</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> ignited by <a href="/wiki/Microwaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwaves">microwaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_filament" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot filament">hot filament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">arc discharge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welding_torch" class="mw-redirect" title="Welding torch">welding torch</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> This method is mostly used for coatings, but can also produce single crystals several millimeters in size (see picture).<a href="#cite_note-yarnell-128">[128]</a> As of 2010, nearly all 5,000 million carats (1,000 tonnes) of synthetic diamonds produced per year are for industrial use. Around 50% of the 133 million carats of natural diamonds mined per year end up in industrial use.<a href="#cite_note-bain-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Mining companies' expenses average 40 to 60 US dollars per carat for natural colorless diamonds, while synthetic manufacturers' expenses average $2,500 per carat for synthetic, gem-quality colorless diamonds.<a href="#cite_note-bain-145">[145]</a>: 79  However, a purchaser is more likely to encounter a synthetic when looking for a fancy-colored diamond because only 0.01% of natural diamonds are fancy-colored, while most synthetic diamonds are colored in some way.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HPHTdiamonds2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Synthetic diamonds of various colors grown by the high-pressure high-temperature technique"><img alt="Six crystals of cubo-octahedral shapes, each about 2 millimeters in diameter. Two are pale blue, one is pale yellow, one is green-blue, one is dark blue and one green-yellow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HPHTdiamonds2.JPG/200px-HPHTdiamonds2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HPHTdiamonds2.JPG/300px-HPHTdiamonds2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HPHTdiamonds2.JPG/400px-HPHTdiamonds2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="292" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Synthetic diamonds of various colors grown by the high-pressure high-temperature technique</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_synthetic_diamond.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colorless gem cut from diamond grown by chemical vapor deposition"><img alt="A round, clear gemstone with many facets, the main face being hexagonal, surrounded by many smaller facets." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Apollo_synthetic_diamond.jpg/200px-Apollo_synthetic_diamond.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Apollo_synthetic_diamond.jpg/300px-Apollo_synthetic_diamond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Apollo_synthetic_diamond.jpg/400px-Apollo_synthetic_diamond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="923" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colorless gem cut from diamond grown by chemical vapor deposition</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simulants">Simulants</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diamond_simulant" title="Diamond simulant">Diamond simulant</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moissanite_ring.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A round sparkling, clear gemstone with many facets." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Moissanite_ring.JPG/220px-Moissanite_ring.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Moissanite_ring.JPG/330px-Moissanite_ring.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Moissanite_ring.JPG/440px-Moissanite_ring.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1031" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Gem-cut synthetic silicon carbide set in a ring</figcaption></figure> A diamond simulant is a non-diamond material that is used to simulate the appearance of a diamond, and may be referred to as diamante. <a href="/wiki/Cubic_zirconia" title="Cubic zirconia">Cubic zirconia</a> is the most common. The gemstone <a href="/wiki/Moissanite" title="Moissanite">moissanite</a> (silicon carbide) can be treated as a diamond simulant, though more costly to produce than cubic zirconia. Both are produced synthetically.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enhancements">Enhancements</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diamond_enhancement" title="Diamond enhancement">Diamond enhancement</a></div> Diamond enhancements are specific treatments performed on natural or synthetic diamonds (usually those already cut and polished into a gem), which are designed to better the gemological characteristics of the stone in one or more ways. These include laser drilling to remove inclusions, application of sealants to fill cracks, treatments to improve a white diamond's color grade, and treatments to give fancy color to a white diamond.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Coatings are increasingly used to give a diamond simulant such as cubic zirconia a more "diamond-like" appearance. One such substance is <a href="/wiki/Diamond-like_carbon" title="Diamond-like carbon">diamond-like carbon</a>—an amorphous carbonaceous material that has some physical properties similar to those of the diamond. Advertising suggests that such a coating would transfer some of these diamond-like properties to the coated stone, hence enhancing the diamond simulant. Techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman spectroscopy</a> should easily identify such a treatment.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification">Identification</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond_(side_view).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Diamond_%28side_view%29.png/220px-Diamond_%28side_view%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Diamond_%28side_view%29.png/330px-Diamond_%28side_view%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Diamond_%28side_view%29.png/440px-Diamond_%28side_view%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cathodoluminescence" title="Cathodoluminescence">Cathodoluminescence</a> image of a diamond, taken in a <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a></figcaption></figure> Early diamond identification tests included a scratch test relying on the superior hardness of diamond. This test is destructive, as a diamond can scratch another diamond, and is rarely used nowadays. Instead, diamond identification relies on its superior thermal conductivity. Electronic thermal probes are widely used in the gemological centers to separate diamonds from their imitations. These probes consist of a pair of battery-powered <a href="/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">thermistors</a> mounted in a fine copper tip. One thermistor functions as a heating device while the other measures the temperature of the copper tip: if the stone being tested is a diamond, it will conduct the tip's thermal energy rapidly enough to produce a measurable temperature drop. This test takes about two to three seconds.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Whereas the thermal probe can separate diamonds from most of their simulants, distinguishing between various types of diamond, for example synthetic or natural, irradiated or non-irradiated, etc., requires more advanced, optical techniques. Those techniques are also used for some diamonds simulants, such as silicon carbide, which pass the thermal conductivity test. Optical techniques can distinguish between natural diamonds and synthetic diamonds. They can also identify the vast majority of treated natural diamonds.<a href="#cite_note-raman-155">[155]</a> "Perfect" crystals (at the atomic lattice level) have never been found, so both natural and synthetic diamonds always possess characteristic imperfections, arising from the circumstances of their crystal growth, that allow them to be distinguished from each other.<a href="#cite_note-spot-156">[156]</a> Laboratories use techniques such as spectroscopy, microscopy, and luminescence under shortwave ultraviolet light to determine a diamond's origin.<a href="#cite_note-raman-155">[155]</a> They also use specially made instruments to aid them in the identification process. Two screening instruments are the DiamondSure and the DiamondView, both produced by the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Trading_Company" title="Diamond Trading Company">DTC</a> and marketed by the GIA.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Several methods for identifying synthetic diamonds can be performed, depending on the method of production and the color of the diamond. CVD diamonds can usually be identified by an orange fluorescence. D–J colored diamonds can be screened through the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Gemmological_Institute" title="Swiss Gemmological Institute">Swiss Gemmological Institute</a>'s<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Diamond Spotter. Stones in the D–Z color range can be examined through the DiamondSure UV/visible spectrometer, a tool developed by De Beers.<a href="#cite_note-spot-156">[156]</a> Similarly, natural diamonds usually have minor imperfections and flaws, such as inclusions of foreign material, that are not seen in synthetic diamonds. Screening devices based on diamond type detection can be used to make a distinction between diamonds that are certainly natural and diamonds that are potentially synthetic. Those potentially synthetic diamonds require more investigation in a specialized lab. Examples of commercial screening devices are D-Screen (WTOCD / HRD Antwerp), Alpha Diamond Analyzer (Bruker / HRD Antwerp), and D-Secure (DRC Techno). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology,_earliest_use_and_composition_discovery">Etymology, earliest use and composition discovery</h2></div> The name diamond is derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: ἀδάμας (adámas), 'proper, unalterable, unbreakable, untamed', from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80-" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ἀ-">ἀ-</a> (a-), 'not' + <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: δαμάω (damáō), 'to overpower, tame'.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Diamonds are thought to have been first recognized and mined in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, where significant <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_deposit" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial deposit">alluvial deposits</a> of the stone could be found many centuries ago along the rivers <a href="/wiki/Penner_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Penner River">Penner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari</a>. Diamonds have been known in India for at least 3,000 years but most likely 6,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-hershey-131">[131]</a> Diamonds have been treasured as gemstones since their use as <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">religious icons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdoms_of_Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdoms of Ancient India">ancient India</a>. Their usage in engraving tools also dates to early <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-ancient_China-161">[161]</a> The popularity of diamonds has risen since the 19th century because of increased supply, improved cutting and polishing techniques, growth in the world economy, and innovative and successful advertising campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-sell-116">[116]</a> In 1772, the French scientist <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> used a lens to concentrate the rays of the sun on a diamond in an atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, and showed that the only product of the combustion was <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, proving that diamond is composed of carbon.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Later, in 1797, the English chemist <a href="/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">Smithson Tennant</a> repeated and expanded that experiment.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> By demonstrating that burning diamond and graphite releases the same amount of gas, he established the chemical equivalence of these substances.<a href="#cite_note-hazen-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/23px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/34px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/46px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="3552" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Minerals" title="Portal:Minerals">Minerals portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_carbon_cycle" title="Deep carbon cycle">Deep carbon cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamondoid" title="Diamondoid">Diamondoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diamonds" title="List of diamonds">List of diamonds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_rough_diamonds" title="List of largest rough diamonds">List of largest rough diamonds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minerals" title="List of minerals">List of minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhard_material" title="Superhard material">Superhard material</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWarr2021" class="citation journal cs1">Warr LN (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W">2021MinM...85..291W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">10.1180/mgm.2021.43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-461X">0026-461X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616">235729616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mineralogical+Magazine&rft.atitle=IMA%E2%80%93CNMNC+approved+mineral+symbols&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291-320&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235729616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-461X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021MinM...85..291W&rft.aulast=Warr&rft.aufirst=LN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1180%252Fmgm.2021.43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mindat-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mindat_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mindat_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mindat.org/min-1282.html">"Diamond"</a>. 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Retrieved September 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Business+of+Diamonds%2C+From+Mining+to+Retail&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2012-08-27&rft.aulast=Pisani&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2012%2F08%2F27%2Fthe-billion-dollar-business-of-diamonds-from-mining-to-retail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKogel2006" class="citation book cs1">Kogel JE (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zNicdkuulE4C&pg=PA428">Industrial Minerals & Rocks</a>. SME. pp. 426–430. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87335-233-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87335-233-8"><bdi>978-0-87335-233-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109173917/https://books.google.com/books?id=zNicdkuulE4C&pg=PA428#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2023. 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Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft. 56 (1–2): 53–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gemmologie%3A+Zeitschrift+der+Deutschen+Gemmologischen+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=Observations+on+new+coated+gemstones&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=53-56&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Shigley&rft.aufirst=JE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4488821">US 4488821</a>, Wenckus JF, "Method and means of rapidly distinguishing a simulated diamond from natural diamond", published December 18, 1984, assigned to Ceres Electronics Corporation<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=4488821&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Method+and+means+of+rapidly+distinguishing+a+simulated+diamond+from+natural+diamond&rft.inventor=Wenckus+JF&rft.assignee=Ceres+Electronics+Corporation&rft.appldate=November 24, 1982&rft.pubdate=December 18, 1984&rft.prioritydate=1981-03-03"> ; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4488821">U.S. patent 4,488,821</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-raman-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-raman_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raman_155-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsChalmers2005" class="citation book cs1">Edwards HG, Chalmers GM (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W2cSkEsWbSkC&pg=PA387">Raman spectroscopy in archaeology and art history</a>. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 387–394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-522-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-522-8"><bdi>978-0-85404-522-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109174417/https://books.google.com/books?id=W2cSkEsWbSkC&pg=PA387#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2023. 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SSEF Swiss Gemmological Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dkamhi.com/ssef%20type%20IIa.htm">the original</a> on June 27, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SSEF+diamond+spotter+and+SSEF+illuminator&rft.pub=SSEF+Swiss+Gemmological+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdkamhi.com%2Fssef%2520type%2520IIa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott" class="citation web cs1">Liddell HG, Scott R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%231145">"Adamas"</a>. 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Retrieved February 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.atitle=Adamas&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=HG&rft.au=Scott%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253D%25231145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (2004). Natural History: A Selection. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044413-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044413-1"><bdi>978-0-14-044413-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+History%3A+A+Selection&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044413-1&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ancient_China-161"><a href="#cite_ref-ancient_China_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4555235.stm">"Chinese made first use of diamond"</a>. BBC News. May 17, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070320064349/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4555235.stm">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2007. Retrieved March 21, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Chinese+made+first+use+of+diamond&rft.date=2005-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F4555235.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavoisier2007" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lavoisier A (October 15, 2007) [1772 (part 2)], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35711/f739.image">"Premier mémoire sur la destruction du diamant par le feu"</a> [First memoir on the destruction of diamond by fire], Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences, avec les Mémoires de Mathématique & de Physique, tirés des registres de cette Académie [History of the Royal Academy of Sciences, with the Memoirs of Mathematics & Physics, drawn from the records of this academy]] (in French), Gallica: Académie des sciences, pp. 564–591, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1967-4783">1967-4783</a>, ark:/12148/bpt6k35711, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220509130518/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35711/f739.image">archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2022, retrieved July 1, 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoire+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+royale+des+sciences%2C+avec+les+M%C3%A9moires+de+Math%C3%A9matique+%26+de+Physique%2C+tir%C3%A9s+des+registres+de+cette+Acad%C3%A9mie&rft.atitle=Premier+m%C3%A9moire+sur+la+destruction+du+diamant+par+le+feu&rft.pages=564-591&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft.issn=1967-4783&rft.aulast=Lavoisier&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k35711%2Ff739.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavoisier2007" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lavoisier A (October 15, 2007) [1772 (part 2)], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35711/f766.image">"Second mémoire sur la destruction du diamant par le feu"</a> [Second memoir on the destruction of diamond by fire], Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences, avec les Mémoires de Mathématique & de Physique, tirés des registres de cette Académie (in French), Gallica: Académie des sciences, pp. 591–616, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1967-4783">1967-4783</a>, ark:/12148/bpt6k35711, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710231047/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35711/f766.image">archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2022, retrieved July 1, 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoire+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+royale+des+sciences%2C+avec+les+M%C3%A9moires+de+Math%C3%A9matique+%26+de+Physique%2C+tir%C3%A9s+des+registres+de+cette+Acad%C3%A9mie&rft.atitle=Second+m%C3%A9moire+sur+la+destruction+du+diamant+par+le+feu&rft.pages=591-616&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft.issn=1967-4783&rft.aulast=Lavoisier&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k35711%2Ff766.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithson1797" class="citation journal cs1">Smithson T (1797) [December 15, 1797]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vlBFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA123">"On the nature of the diamond"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 87: 123–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1797.0005">10.1098/rstl.1797.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186213726">186213726</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219072828/https://books.google.com/books?id=vlBFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA123">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved July 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+the+nature+of+the+diamond&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=123-127&rft.date=1797&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1797.0005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186213726%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smithson&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvlBFAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEven-Zohar2007" class="citation book cs1">Even-Zohar C (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mine2mistress.com/">From Mine to Mistress: Corporate Strategies and Government Policies in the International Diamond Industry</a> (2nd ed.). Mining Journal Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200310081831/http://www.mine2mistress.com/">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Mine+to+Mistress%3A+Corporate+Strategies+and+Government+Policies+in+the+International+Diamond+Industry&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Mining+Journal+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Even-Zohar&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mine2mistress.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1994" class="citation book cs1">Davies G (1994). Properties and growth of diamond. INSPEC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-875-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-875-8"><bdi>978-0-85296-875-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Properties+and+growth+of+diamond&rft.pub=INSPEC&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-85296-875-8&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donoghue2006" class="citation book cs1">O'Donoghue M (2006). Gems. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5856-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5856-0"><bdi>978-0-7506-5856-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gems&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-5856-0&rft.aulast=O%27Donoghue&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'DonoghueJoyner2003" class="citation book cs1">O'Donoghue M, Joyner L (2003). Identification of gemstones. Great Britain: Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5512-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5512-5"><bdi>978-0-7506-5512-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identification+of+gemstones&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-5512-5&rft.aulast=O%27Donoghue&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Joyner%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldmanRobins1991" class="citation book cs1">Feldman A, Robins LH (1991). Applications of Diamond Films and Related Materials. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-48329124-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-48329124-6"><bdi>978-1-48329124-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applications+of+Diamond+Films+and+Related+Materials&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-48329124-6&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Robins%2C+LH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField1979" class="citation book cs1">Field JE (1979). The Properties of Diamond. London: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-255350-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-255350-9"><bdi>978-0-12-255350-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Properties+of+Diamond&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-12-255350-9&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=JE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField1992" class="citation book cs1">Field JE (1992). The Properties of Natural and Synthetic Diamond. London: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-255352-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-255352-3"><bdi>978-0-12-255352-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Properties+of+Natural+and+Synthetic+Diamond&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-12-255352-3&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=JE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHershey1940" class="citation book cs1">Hershey W (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/hershey-diamond-chapters/page_001">The Book of Diamonds</a>. Hearthside Press New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-7715-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-7715-4"><bdi>978-1-4179-7715-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140820053011/http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/hershey-diamond-chapters/page_001">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Diamonds&rft.pub=Hearthside+Press+New+York&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=978-1-4179-7715-4&rft.aulast=Hershey&rft.aufirst=W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farlang.com%2Fdiamonds%2Fhershey-diamond-chapters%2Fpage_001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoizumiNebelNesladek2008" class="citation book cs1">Koizumi S, Nebel CE, Nesladek M (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pRFUZdHb688C">Physics and Applications of CVD Diamond</a>. Wiley VCH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-40801-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-40801-6"><bdi>978-3-527-40801-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109174432/https://books.google.com/books?id=pRFUZdHb688C">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+and+Applications+of+CVD+Diamond&rft.pub=Wiley+VCH&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-527-40801-6&rft.aulast=Koizumi&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Nebel%2C+CE&rft.au=Nesladek%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpRFUZdHb688C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanKani1995" class="citation book cs1">Pan LS, Kani DR (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtfFEoXkU8wC&pg=PP1">Diamond: Electronic Properties and Applications</a>. Kluwer Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-9524-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-9524-9"><bdi>978-0-7923-9524-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diamond%3A+Electronic+Properties+and+Applications&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-9524-9&rft.aulast=Pan&rft.aufirst=LS&rft.au=Kani%2C+DR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZtfFEoXkU8wC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagel-Theisen2001" class="citation book cs1">Pagel-Theisen V (2001). Diamond Grading ABC: the Manual. Antwerp: Rubin & Son. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9800434-6-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9800434-6-5"><bdi>978-3-9800434-6-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diamond+Grading+ABC%3A+the+Manual&rft.place=Antwerp&rft.pub=Rubin+%26+Son&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-9800434-6-5&rft.aulast=Pagel-Theisen&rft.aufirst=V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadovicWalkerThrower1965" class="citation book cs1">Radovic RL, Walker RM, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Thrower" title="Peter Thrower">Thrower PA</a> (1965). Chemistry and physics of carbon: a series of advances. 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Spon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312204834/http://www.folds.net/diamond/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diamond+Design%3A+A+Study+of+the+Reflection+and+Refraction+of+Light+in+a+Diamond&rft.place=London&rft.pub=E.+%26+F.N.+Spon&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Tolkowsky&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folds.net%2Fdiamond%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWise2016" class="citation book cs1">Wise RW (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://secretsofthegemtrade.com/">Secrets of the Gem Trade: The Connoisseur's Guide to Precious Gemstones</a> (Second ed.). Brunswick House Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9728223-2-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9728223-2-9"><bdi>978-0-9728223-2-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819182845/http://secretsofthegemtrade.com/">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved May 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+the+Gem+Trade%3A+The+Connoisseur%27s+Guide+to+Precious+Gemstones&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Brunswick+House+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-9728223-2-9&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=RW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsecretsofthegemtrade.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaitsev2001" class="citation book cs1">Zaitsev AM (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=msU4jkdCEhIC&pg=PP1">Optical Properties of Diamond: A Data Handbook</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-66582-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-66582-3"><bdi>978-3-540-66582-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109174953/https://books.google.com/books?id=msU4jkdCEhIC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Optical+Properties+of+Diamond%3A+A+Data+Handbook&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-540-66582-3&rft.aulast=Zaitsev&rft.aufirst=AM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmsU4jkdCEhIC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1982" class="citation magazine cs1">Epstein EJ (February 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060315041428/https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/198202/diamond">"Have You Ever Tried to Sell a Diamond?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic (magazine)">The Atlantic Monthly</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/198202/diamond">the original</a> on March 15, 2006. Retrieved January 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=Have+You+Ever+Tried+to+Sell+a+Diamond%3F&rft.date=1982-02&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=EJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fdoc%2F198202%2Fdiamond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyson2000" class="citation web cs1">Tyson P (November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/diamond/sky.html">"Diamonds in the Sky"</a>. The Diamond Deception. <a href="/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_program)" title="Nova (American TV program)">Nova</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. Retrieved January 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nova&rft.atitle=Diamonds+in+the+Sky&rft.date=2000-11&rft.aulast=Tyson&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fdiamond%2Fsky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Diamond at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diamond" class="extiw" title="wikt:diamond">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Diamond" class="extiw" title="c:Diamond">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Diamond" class="extiw" title="q:Diamond">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/Diamond/index.html">Properties of diamond: Ioffe database</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908111042/https://www.gia.edu/doc/A-Contribution-to-Understanding-the-Effect-of-Blue-Fluorescence-on-the-Appearance-of-Diamonds">""A Contribution to the Understanding of Blue Fluorescence on the Appearance of Diamonds""</a>. Gemological Institute of America (GIA). 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gia.edu/doc/A-Contribution-to-Understanding-the-Effect-of-Blue-Fluorescence-on-the-Appearance-of-Diamonds">the original</a> on September 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gemological+Institute+of+America+%28GIA%29&rft.atitle=%22A+Contribution+to+the+Understanding+of+Blue+Fluorescence+on+the+Appearance+of+Diamonds%22&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gia.edu%2Fdoc%2FA-Contribution-to-Understanding-the-Effect-of-Blue-Fluorescence-on-the-Appearance-of-Diamonds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiamond" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Template:Allotropes of carbon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Template talk:Allotropes of carbon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Allotropes of carbon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Allotropes_of_carbon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Allotropes of carbon">Allotropes of carbon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">sp3 <a href="/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation" title="Orbital hybridisation">forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diamond (cubic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonsdaleite" title="Lonsdaleite">Lonsdaleite (hexagonal diamond)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">sp2 forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">Graphite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">Fullerenes</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">C60 (buckminsterfullerene)</a>, <a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C70</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fullerene_whiskers" title="Fullerene whiskers">Fullerene whiskers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">Nanotubes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanobud" title="Carbon nanobud">Nanobuds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanoscrolls" title="Carbon nanoscrolls">Nanoscrolls</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassy_carbon" title="Glassy carbon">Glassy carbon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">sp forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_acetylenic_carbon" title="Linear acetylenic carbon">Linear acetylenic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclo(6)carbon" title="Cyclo(6)carbon">C 6 (cyclo[6]carbon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclo(18)carbon" title="Cyclo(18)carbon">C 18 (cyclo[18]carbon)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">mixed sp3/sp2 forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorphous_carbon" title="Amorphous carbon">Amorphous carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanofoam" title="Carbon nanofoam">Carbon nanofoam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbide-derived_carbon" title="Carbide-derived carbon">Carbide-derived carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-carbon">Q-carbon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_carbon" title="Atomic carbon">C 1 (atomic carbon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">C 2 (diatomic carbon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">C 3 (tricarbon)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">hypothetical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropatriene" title="Cyclopropatriene">C 3 (cyclopropatriene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prismane_C8" class="mw-redirect" title="Prismane C8">C 6 (prismane C8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoite" title="Chaoite">Chaoite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haeckelites" title="Haeckelites">Haeckelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon#Other_possible_forms" title="Allotropes of carbon">Cubic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon#Other_possible_forms" title="Allotropes of carbon">Metallic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penta-graphene" title="Penta-graphene">Penta-graphene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">Activated carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_black" title="Carbon black">Carbon black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggregated_diamond_nanorod" title="Aggregated diamond nanorod">Aggregated diamond nanorod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewellery" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewellery" title="Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewellery" title="Template talk:Jewellery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewellery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jewellery_types" title="List of jewellery types">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">Anklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_clip" title="Hair clip">Barrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_chain" title="Belly chain">Belly chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">Genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">Neck ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentium_sterling_silver" title="Argentium sterling silver">Argentium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver (alpacca)</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">Kyanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">Bezoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite (vulcanite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair jewellery">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toadstone" title="Toadstone">Toadstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_jewelry" title="Art jewelry">Art jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">Carat</a> (mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness#Carat" title="Fineness">Carat</a> (purity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_(jewelcrafting)" title="Finding (jewelcrafting)">Finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">Fineness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">Body piercing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art" title="Wearable art">Wearable art</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gemstones" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gemstones" title="Template:Gemstones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gemstones" title="Template talk:Gemstones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gemstones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gemstones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gemstones" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">Gemstones</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Gemmological classifications by E. Ya. Kievlenko (1980), updated</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> stones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_gem" title="Cardinal gem">1st order</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire#Blue_sapphire" title="Sapphire">Blue Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl#Alexandrite" title="Chrysoberyl">Alexandrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl#Natural_pearls" title="Pearl">Natural marine pearls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd order</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire#Pink_sapphires" title="Sapphire">Pink sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demantoid" title="Demantoid">Demantoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsavorite" title="Tsavorite">Tsavorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal#Precious_opal" title="Opal">Precious Black Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd order</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire#Sapphires_of_other_colors" title="Sapphire">Yellow, Green, Violet Sapphires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_(gem)" title="Aquamarine (gem)">Aquamarine</a></li> <li>Orange <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">topaz</a> (Imperial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbaite" title="Elbaite">Elbaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal#Other_varieties_of_opal" title="Opal">Precious White and Fire Opal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th order</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a> – Verdelite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indicolite" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicolite">Indicolite</a>, polychromous</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> – <a href="/wiki/Heliodor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliodor">Heliodor</a>, pink, yellow-green</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a> yellow, blue, pink</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnets</a> – <a href="/wiki/Spessartine" title="Spessartine">Spessartine</a> (malaya), <a href="/wiki/Rhodolite" title="Rhodolite">Rhodolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almandine" title="Almandine">Almandine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrope" title="Pyrope">Pyrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrine_quartz" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrine quartz">Citrine</a></li> <li>Blue <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewelry-Industrial stones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st order</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazurite" title="Lazurite">Lazurite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeite" title="Jadeite">Jadeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrite" title="Nephrite">Nephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltic_amber" title="Baltic amber">Baltic amber</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoprase" title="Chrysoprase">Chrysoprase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charoite" title="Charoite">Charoite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd order</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodonite" title="Rhodonite">Rhodonite</a></li> <li>Colorless, <a href="/wiki/Quartz#Smoky_quartz" title="Quartz">smoky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quartz#Rose_quartz" title="Quartz">pink</a> <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">Hematite</a></li> <li>Common <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a></li> <li>Opaque iridescent <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial stones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_texture" title="Graphic texture">Graphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrified_wood" title="Petrified wood">Petrified wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacholong" title="Cacholong">Cacholong</a> (Porouse <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a>)</li> <li>Marble <a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listwanite" title="Listwanite">Listwanite</a> (green mica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(lignite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet (lignite)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenite_(mineral)" title="Selenite (mineral)">Selenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a> <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verd_antique" title="Verd antique">Ophicalcite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">Calcite</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagodite" title="Pagodite">Pagodite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyrophyllite" title="Pyrophyllite">Pyrophyllite</a>/<a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talc</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_gemstones" title="List of individual gemstones">List of individual gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diamonds" title="List of diamonds">List of diamonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emeralds_by_size" title="List of emeralds by size">List of emeralds by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sapphires_by_size" title="List of sapphires by size">List of sapphires by size</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_gemstones_by_species" title="List of gemstones by species">List of gemstones by species</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/23px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/34px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/46px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="3552" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Minerals" title="Portal:Minerals">Minerals portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mohs" title="Template:Mohs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Mohs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Mohs (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mohs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mohs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale of mineral hardness</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talc</a></li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">Gypsum</a></li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">Calcite</a></li> <li>4 <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li>5 <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">Apatite</a></li> <li>6 <a href="/wiki/Orthoclase" title="Orthoclase">Orthoclase</a></li> <li>7 <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a></li> <li>8 <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li>9 <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">Corundum</a></li> <li>10 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diamond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4012069-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85037566">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12161401j">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12161401j">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561237">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph136887&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553034805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10647959">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=43816">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diamond&oldid=1256672221">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diamond&oldid=1256672221</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Diamond" title="Category:Diamond">Diamond</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abrasives" title="Category:Abrasives">Abrasives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crystals" title="Category:Crystals">Crystals</a></li><li><a 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