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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic and environmental impacts of IUU fishing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_and_environmental_impacts_of_IUU_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_environmental_effects_of_IUU_fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_environmental_effects_of_IUU_fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The environmental effects of IUU fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_environmental_effects_of_IUU_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia-Pacific_Region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a 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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The economic effects of IUU fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_economic_effects_of_IUU_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_Pacific_Region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_Pacific_Region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Asia Pacific Region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_Pacific_Region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Certification_and_labeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Certification_and_labeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Certification and labeling</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Certification_and_labeling-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Certification and labeling subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Certification_and_labeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marine_Stewardship_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_Stewardship_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Marine Stewardship Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_Stewardship_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Responsible_Fishing_Scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responsible_Fishing_Scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Responsible Fishing Scheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responsible_Fishing_Scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flag_state_liability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag_state_liability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Flag state liability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag_state_liability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political processes</span> </div> </a> <button 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id="toc-Regional_Fisheries_Management_Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_Fisheries_Management_Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Regional Fisheries Management Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_Fisheries_Management_Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UN_high_seas_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UN_high_seas_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>UN high seas processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UN_high_seas_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Global goals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IUU_fishing_in_the_Mediterranean_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IUU_fishing_in_the_Mediterranean_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>IUU fishing in the Mediterranean Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IUU_fishing_in_the_Mediterranean_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fisheries_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisheries_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Fisheries crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fisheries_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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and unregulated fishing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%8C_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%BA_%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87%D8%8C_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85" title="صيد غير قانوني، غير مبلغ عنه، غير منظم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صيد غير قانوني، غير مبلغ عنه، غير منظم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegale_Fischerei" title="Illegale Fischerei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Illegale Fischerei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAche_ill%C3%A9gale,_non_d%C3%A9clar%C3%A9e_et_non_r%C3%A9glement%C3%A9e" title="Pêche illégale, non déclarée et non réglementée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pêche illégale, non déclarée et non réglementée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EB%B2%95_%EB%B9%84%EB%B3%B4%EA%B3%A0_%EB%B9%84%EA%B7%9C%EC%A0%9C_%EC%96%B4%EC%97%85" title="불법 비보고 비규제 어업 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="불법 비보고 비규제 어업" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penangkapan_ikan_ilegal" title="Penangkapan ikan ilegal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penangkapan ikan ilegal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uburobyi_butemewe,_budatangazwa_kandi_butemewe" title="Uburobyi butemewe, budatangazwa kandi butemewe – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Uburobyi butemewe, budatangazwa kandi butemewe" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegale_visserij" title="Illegale visserij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Illegale visserij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%9D-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="ННН-промысел – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ННН-промысел" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkimi_i_paligjsh%C3%ABm" title="Peshkimi i paligjshëm – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Peshkimi i paligjshëm" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%9D-%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="ННН-рибальство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ННН-рибальство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khai_th%C3%A1c_h%E1%BA%A3i_s%E1%BA%A3n_b%E1%BA%A5t_h%E1%BB%A3p_ph%C3%A1p,_kh%C3%B4ng_khai_b%C3%A1o_v%C3%A0_kh%C3%B4ng_theo_quy_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Khai thác hải sản bất hợp pháp, không khai báo và không theo quy định – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khai thác hải sản bất hợp pháp, không khai báo và không theo quy định" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUU" title="IUU – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="IUU" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q675637#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Illegal%2C+unreported+and+unregulated+fishing%22">"Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Illegal%2C+unreported+and+unregulated+fishing%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Illegal%2C+unreported+and+unregulated+fishing%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Illegal%2C+unreported+and+unregulated+fishing%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Illegal%2C+unreported+and+unregulated+fishing%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Illegal%2C+unreported+and+unregulated+fishing%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_2_Common_Types_of_Illegal,_Unreported,_and_Unregulated_Fishing_(51749817524).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Figure_2_Common_Types_of_Illegal%2C_Unreported%2C_and_Unregulated_Fishing_%2851749817524%29.jpg/440px-Figure_2_Common_Types_of_Illegal%2C_Unreported%2C_and_Unregulated_Fishing_%2851749817524%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Figure_2_Common_Types_of_Illegal%2C_Unreported%2C_and_Unregulated_Fishing_%2851749817524%29.jpg/660px-Figure_2_Common_Types_of_Illegal%2C_Unreported%2C_and_Unregulated_Fishing_%2851749817524%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Figure_2_Common_Types_of_Illegal%2C_Unreported%2C_and_Unregulated_Fishing_%2851749817524%29.jpg/880px-Figure_2_Common_Types_of_Illegal%2C_Unreported%2C_and_Unregulated_Fishing_%2851749817524%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption>Types of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jamaican_Coast_Guard_patrol_vessels_built_to_a_Damen_Stan_design_-a.jpg/300px-Jamaican_Coast_Guard_patrol_vessels_built_to_a_Damen_Stan_design_-a.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jamaican_Coast_Guard_patrol_vessels_built_to_a_Damen_Stan_design_-a.jpg/450px-Jamaican_Coast_Guard_patrol_vessels_built_to_a_Damen_Stan_design_-a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jamaican_Coast_Guard_patrol_vessels_built_to_a_Damen_Stan_design_-a.jpg/600px-Jamaican_Coast_Guard_patrol_vessels_built_to_a_Damen_Stan_design_-a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Patrol vessels like this Jamaican Coast Guard vessel are used for fisheries' protection.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trawler_Arosa_Quinze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Trawler_Arosa_Quinze.jpg/300px-Trawler_Arosa_Quinze.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Trawler_Arosa_Quinze.jpg/450px-Trawler_Arosa_Quinze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Trawler_Arosa_Quinze.jpg/600px-Trawler_Arosa_Quinze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="1132" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Trawler arrested by the Norwegian Coast Guard for illegal fishing</div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</b> (<b>IUU</b>) is an issue around the world. <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Fishing industry</a> observers believe IUU occurs in most <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a>, and accounts for up to 30% of total catches in some important fisheries.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Illegal fishing</b> takes place when vessels or harvesters operate in violation of the laws of a <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a>. This can apply to fisheries that are under the jurisdiction of a coastal state or to <a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">high seas</a> fisheries regulated by regional fisheries management organisations (RFMO). According to the UN <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO), Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, illegal fishing has caused losses estimated at US$23 billion per year. </p><p><b>Unreported fishing</b> is fishing that has been unreported or misreported to the relevant national authority or RFMO, in contravention of applicable laws and regulations. </p><p><b>Unregulated fishing</b> generally refers to fishing by vessels without nationality, vessels flying the flag of a country not party to the RFMO governing that fishing area or species on the high seas, or harvesting in unregulated areas. </p><p>The drivers behind illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing are similar to those behind many other types of international <a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">environmental crime</a>: pirate fishers have a strong economic incentive – many species of fish, particularly those that have been <a href="/wiki/Over-exploited" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-exploited">over-exploited</a> and are thus in short supply, are of high financial value. </p><p>Such IUU activity may then show a high chance of success – i.e. a high <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_return" title="Rate of return">rate of return</a> – from the failure of governments to regulate adequately (e.g. inadequate coverage of international agreements), or to enforce national or international laws (e.g. because of lack of capacity, or poor levels of governance). A particular driver behind IUU fishing is the failure of a number of flag states to exercise effective regulation over ships on their registers – which in turn creates an incentive for ships to register under these <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_convenience" title="Flag of convenience">flags of convenience</a>. </p><p>The Chinese commercial fishing fleet is responsible for more IUU fishing than that of any other nation.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_and_environmental_impacts_of_IUU_fishing">Economic and environmental impacts of IUU fishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Economic and environmental impacts of IUU fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing poses a global challenge and has significant economic and environmental repercussions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impact of IUU fishing includes economic losses, job losses, <a href="/wiki/Scarcity" title="Scarcity">scarcity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_distortion" title="Market distortion">price distortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food insecurity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unfair_competition" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfair competition">unfair competition</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with the depletion of fish populations and damages to the marine habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most affected areas by this phenomenon are Africa, Asia, and Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_environmental_effects_of_IUU_fishing">The environmental effects of IUU fishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The environmental effects of IUU fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The environmental effects of IUU fishing include <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>, and damages to the marine flora and ecosystem, and are generally caused by <a href="/wiki/Unsustainable_fishing_methods" title="Unsustainable fishing methods">illegal fishing methods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">bycatch</a>. </p><p>Illegal fishing methods usually damage the seabed and the marine flora: fishing gears, chemicals, and explosions, can affect organisms’ growth<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cause <a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">sediment transport</a>, which blocks or reduces light, endangering the growth and settlement of oysters and scallop.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fishing gears and fishing methods in prohibited areas often damage the habitat, leading to environmental damage and fish detriment.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include the use of <a href="/wiki/Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">bottom trawling</a>, which destroys sponges that take decades to regrow, and the use of fishing gears like <a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">beach seines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blast_fishing" title="Blast fishing">dynamite fishing</a>, which highly damage the reef ecosystems and can kill up to 80% of the coral reef in the target areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The impact on fish stock is an effect of overfishing and <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overharvesting</a>, which can damage the ecosystem biodiversity and can create an imbalance in the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>, thus affecting predators, <a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">forage</a> species, and marine mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the catch of high market valued species, such as tuna and sharks, contribute to the depletion of fish stocks, causing both environmental effects, and <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food scarcity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bycatch further exacerbates fish depletion and ecosystem damage, because the catch is often left in the ocean, contributing to ocean pollution, harming marine life, and impacting the honest fishermen’ economy, who cannot sell that fish if they catch it.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">Eastern Africa</a>, the coasts in Tanzania suffer the use of trawlers from foreign vessels, which impact the ecosystem, fish and crustaceans, upon which artisanal fishers rely: this can create food scarcity, and possible job losses for the local fishermen. Moreover, the coasts are subjected to bycatch of turtles and dolphins.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The problem of IUU fishing in <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> sometimes derives from artisanal fishermen themselves, who fish during closed seasons in protected areas, and buy illegal catch from other vessels, to process it and sold it in exchange for shrimps, which are overfished.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country also suffers the use of dynamite fishing, which destroys coral reefs, sea-grass beds, mangroves, and salt marshes, thus compromising the habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a><b>,</b> the overexploitation of some kinds of fish has led to a disproportionate increase in their forage, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchin</a>, which feeds on the reef, thus reducing the coral cover dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cargados_Carajos_Shoals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargados Carajos Shoals">Cargados Carajos Shoals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>) The main island, Mauritius, is situated 800 km east of Madagascar, has a land area of 2040 km2 and an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 2.3 million square kilometres which is impossible to patrol and control, given its resources. This leads to massive Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing by foreign fishing fleets including the Taiwanese fleet<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has the biggest fleet based in Port Louis and is documented as flouting the law,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including human rights, worldwide multiple times<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on record.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mauritian fishing cooperatives also allegedly engage in Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and are sometimes apprehended but their movements are impossible to track.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia-Pacific_Region">Asia-Pacific Region</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Asia-Pacific Region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overfishing and bycatching in the <a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> region are destroying coral reefs and are depleting endangering the species by non-respecting the safe biological quota for fish replenishment.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Destructive_fishing_practices" title="Destructive fishing practices">destructive fishing practices</a> in the region involve the use of <a href="/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning" title="Cyanide poisoning">cyanide</a> to poison reef fish: as a consequence, 56% of coral reefs in Southeast Asia are at risk, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Paracel_Islands" title="Paracel Islands">Paracel Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Chinese Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dynamite fishing has destroyed 50% of the coral reef in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, endangering the food security of the population who relies on fish as primary food and income.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oceania">Oceania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, IUU fishing is affecting biodiversity, and is leading to a decrease of legal fish traps in favor of the illegal ones.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illegal fishing is endangering the species of <a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">sea cucumber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a>, leading to fish depletion, and damages to the ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bycatch and illegal fishing are the main causes of turtle decrease in stock.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most endangered species by IUU fishing are scale fish, rock lobster, sharks and billfish.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bycatch in New Zealand has endangered the survival of the Maui dolphins.,<sup id="cite_ref-:13_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and dynamite fishing in the continent is killing corals that takes centuries to rebuild.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overall, bycatching in the European regions is threatening the extinction of many species, such as sharks, rays, and tuna.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IUU fishing in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> has significant environmental effects:<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, many species, such as shrimps and octopus are highly declining in their stock due to IUU catches, which also puts biodiversity at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bycatch is extremely frequent, endangering species like dogfish and dolphins, while trawling is damaging seagrass beds and endangering endemic species like sponges, white sharks, and stingrays.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those activities not only are compromising the species, but are also undermining the fisheries in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>America</b> </p><p>The main environmental effects in America involve the depletion of <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">fish stock</a>, the extermination of fish populations and the devastation of local ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, shark finning has led to the decline in size of shark catch, and overfishing and IUU fishing is leading to a depletion of the resources; in <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, bycatch is endangering turtles’ survival;<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">harvesting seaweed</a> is destroying the marine ecosystem, and in <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, the use of <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a> as a fishing method is reducing fishing species, destroying the food chain and damaging the habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IUU in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> is leading to a decrease in lobster stocks, decreasing the fish population, and thus endangering the marine food chain, causing food insecurity for the population in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illegal fishing during <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">spawning season</a> is destroying the fishing reproduction and restoration in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In California, bycatch is endangering many species of <a href="/wiki/Vaquita" title="Vaquita">vaquita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_economic_effects_of_IUU_fishing">The economic effects of IUU fishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The economic effects of IUU fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The economic effects of IUU fishing affect both the parties directly involved, such as the employment sector, the storing and transport sector and the stores, and indirect parties, such as the population and the government.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IUU fishing makes the global economy lose between $10 billion and $23 billion annually, and is valued up to $23.5 billion, placing it among the most profitable natural resource crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some studies, annual global losses due to IUU fishing account between $25 and $50 billion, tax revenues losses for countries are up to $4 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major economic impacts of IUU fishing are unfair competition, job losses, declining revenues for legal fishers, <a href="/wiki/Tax_revenue" title="Tax revenue">tax revenue</a> losses for governments, poverty and <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food insecurity</a> for artisanal fishers and fishing communities, <a href="/wiki/Market_distortion" title="Market distortion">price distortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a> of fish stock.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Unfair_competition" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfair competition">Unfair competition</a> and subsequent job losses happen when legal and illegal catches are both sold on the same markets: the abundance of illegal catches drives the prices down, forcing legitimate and honest fishermen to sell the product at a lower price and bear the <a href="/wiki/Operating_cost" title="Operating cost">operating costs</a> for conservation and management measures, ultimately endangering their profits and generally leading to <a href="/wiki/Deficit_spending" title="Deficit spending">economic deficit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, because illegal fish in the market often lacks <a href="/wiki/Quality_control" title="Quality control">quality controls</a>, this latter can compromise the overall brand perception, and thus impact honest sellers by devaluating the product.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illegal fishing activities within the <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zones (EEZs)</a> of <a href="/wiki/Coastal_state" title="Coastal state">coastal states</a> by unauthorized vessels can lead to serious economic losses for both the affected coastal State and its industries, and local fishermen lose potential opportunity of catching and selling the fish in the market.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another economic impact concerns the loss of <a href="/wiki/Government_revenue" title="Government revenue">government revenue</a> from <a href="/wiki/Fishing_license" title="Fishing license">license fees</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">sales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">export taxes</a>: IUU vessels evade these fees and taxes, sometimes by transporting fish through various countries to avoid taxation, or by transferring catches to other vessels while on the high sea, thus reducing export earnings for the government, and resulting in losses for the transport industries as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Food insecurity is another effect of IUU fishing. Illegal fishing undermines the economy and human security of coastal communities, impacting the <a href="/wiki/Stock_assessment" title="Stock assessment">stock assessment</a> by distorting the record of catches in that area, thus leading to wrong calculus on the fish exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By un-reporting, IUU fishing often makes the countries set higher <a href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">catching levels</a> than the one necessary to guarantee the replenishment of fish population, which leads to <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food scarcity</a> and dangers for the survival of the species.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As fish stock diminishes, fishermen struggle to meet the needs of their families and their community, resulting in economic losses and food insecurity for the coastal population, which relies on it as a primary source of protein.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, countries are compelled to import fish for domestic consumption, resulting in additional economic losses.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The impacts of IUU are interconnected: as stocks decrease, the value of catch rises, thereby increasing the likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>, and illegal fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa_2">Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> the value of IUU fishing for <a href="/wiki/Tonnage" title="Tonnage">tonnages</a> are 20 times the legal catch, and for the lobster resource, IUU fishing accounts for 25% of the total.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">Eastern Africa</a>, unsustainable fishing causes loss of income and a decrease in fish stocks; in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, in 2001 $20 million was lost due to IUU fishing, and in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> the IUU catches removed more than $450 million in fish value to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western region</a>, IUU fish loss per boat per year is estimated to be up to $3 million, and in <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, the country lost 2% of its GDP in 2012. IUU fishing in the region results in price distortion and unfair competition.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> has a loss estimated between $30 million to $800 million from illegal fisheries.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illegal fishing in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central African</a> region is creating high risk to food security, and in <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> is having severe economic impacts on the <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia_Pacific_Region">Asia Pacific Region</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Asia Pacific Region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, the value of IUU fishing in the <a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asian Pacific</a> Economies was between $3102 million and $7312 million.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illegal fishing impacts many economies in the region, and the degradation of marine environment by illegal fishing affects ecotourism and contributes to loss of employment and nutrition for the populations relying on fish as primary source of protein.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IUU fishing in the Asia-Pacific usually leads to <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Document_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Document fraud">document fraud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Sri_Lanka#Poaching_by_Indian_fishmen" title="Exclusive economic zone of Sri Lanka">Illegal fishing by Indian fishermen in Sri Lankan waters</a> in large numbers have led to several confutations including several deaths reported among Indian fishermen and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Navy" title="Sri Lanka Navy">Sri Lanka Navy</a> that regularly intercept Indian fishing boats under the <i>"Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act No 2 of 1996"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oceania_2">Oceania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many Oceanian countries, fish highly contributes to GDP, and impacts the livelihood of domestic populations: <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> highly suffer from economic consequences of IUU fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illegal fishing presents a serious challenge to Oceanians countries, because it creates a high fish <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">stock depletion</a>, and endangers marine environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, IUU fishing is making the government spend a fortune to address the threat, thus highly impacting public spending:<sup id="cite_ref-:13_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the country has been investing millions of dollars towards the fight against IUU fishing, which endangers the economies of the regions with limited financial capabilities, who must contribute to the <a href="/wiki/Government_spending" title="Government spending">public spending</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="America">America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IUU fishing led to $2.3 billion losses in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, together with $600 million income losses and $500 million tax revenue losses.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IUU in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> impacts the local fish stock, and has caused $284 million losses in the past twenty years.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Fishing_quota" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing quota">fishing quota</a> to guarantee the replenishment of the species has been endangering the local fisheries, and the overexploitation has created food insecurity for domestic consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Argentina, IUU fishing has led to unfair competition among legal fisheries, who cannot compete with the foreign fleets that don't pay taxes or licenses.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, IUU fishing and its environmental damages to the coral reefs has endangered the tourism in those places, who cannot attract people anymore because the marine environment is damaged by illegal fishing practices; moreover, IUU fishing in Ecuador is now leading to food insecurity in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe_2">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, 50% of tuna and swordfish catch come from IUU fishing, while in the North Sea 50% of cod and 60% of all catch comes from IUU fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, 40% of cod comes from illegal fishing, and in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian coast</a> 40% of tuna, leading to an overexploitation of the resources and loss of catch for the local and legal fisheries.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, countries lost up to €10 billion from IUU fishing, €8 billion for stock value, and more than 27 000 people lost their jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Certification_and_labeling">Certification and labeling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Certification and labeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mandatory <a href="/wiki/Product_certification" title="Product certification">product certification</a> and catch documentation are increasingly part of fishery monitoring and enforcement, and to exclude IUU products from consumer markets. Certification is also used for timber and for diamonds, which have analogous enforcement problems. Labels can reward harvesters and supply chains which honor regulations. Labeling may also provide accountability for <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive management</a> planning, as well-managed fisheries may provide higher quality products and more stable economics for producers.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of certification or catch document schemes is encouraged in the <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Plan_of_Action_on_IUU_Fishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Plan of Action on IUU Fishing (page does not exist)">International Plan of Action on IUU Fishing</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/RFMOs" class="mw-redirect" title="RFMOs">RFMOs</a> include them, including <a href="/wiki/CCAMLR" class="mw-redirect" title="CCAMLR">CCAMLR</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catch_Documentation_Scheme_for_Toothfish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catch Documentation Scheme for Toothfish (page does not exist)">Catch Documentation Scheme for Toothfish</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CCSBT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCSBT (page does not exist)">CCSBT</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Information_Scheme_for_Southern_Bluefin_Tuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade Information Scheme for Southern Bluefin Tuna (page does not exist)">Trade Information Scheme for Southern Bluefin Tuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/ICCAT" class="mw-redirect" title="ICCAT">ICCAT</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bluefin_Tuna_Statistical_Document_Programme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bluefin Tuna Statistical Document Programme (page does not exist)">Bluefin Tuna Statistical Document Programme</a>. Similar systems are applied at a national level, including the USA's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Certification_of_Origin_of_Tuna_and_Tuna_Tracking_and_Verification_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Certification of Origin of Tuna and Tuna Tracking and Verification Systems (page does not exist)">Certification of Origin of Tuna and Tuna Tracking and Verification Systems</a>, Japan's reporting requirements (including area of capture) for all imports or transportation of tunas into Japan by boat, and the EU's labelling of all fish products (including area of capture). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_Stewardship_Council">Marine Stewardship Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Marine Stewardship Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Marine_Stewardship_Council" title="Marine Stewardship Council">Marine Stewardship Council</a> (MSC) is an international <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">non-profit organization</a> that runs a certification and ecolabelling program for traceable, sustainable seafood. </p><p>To achieve certification as sustainable a fishery must meet a standard based on three principles: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osprey_crew_with_MSC_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Osprey_crew_with_MSC_logo.jpg/238px-Osprey_crew_with_MSC_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Osprey_crew_with_MSC_logo.jpg/357px-Osprey_crew_with_MSC_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Osprey_crew_with_MSC_logo.jpg/476px-Osprey_crew_with_MSC_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3581" data-file-height="2387" /></a><figcaption>Osprey Crew posing with Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) logo in front of recently caught fish</figcaption></figure> <ol><li>ensuring healthy <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">fish stocks</a></li> <li>minimal impact on the marine ecosystem</li> <li>effective management (which includes ensuring the fishery operates within national and international laws).</li></ol> <p>Fisheries that meet the MSC standard for a <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">sustainable fishery</a> can use the blue MSC ecolabel on their <a href="/wiki/Seafood_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood products">seafood products</a>. </p><p>The second element of the program is a certification for seafood traceability. This is called MSC Chain of Custody. From the fishery, every company in the <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a> that handles the certified fish is checked to ensure the MSC label is only applied to fish products that come from a certified fishery. This requires effective record-keeping and storage procedures. This traceability element of the program helps to keep illegally fished seafood out of the supply chain by linking seafood sold in shops and restaurants to a certified sustainable fishery. </p><p>The MSC eco-label enables consumers to identify sustainable seafood when shopping or dining out. As of June 2014, there are over 14,000 MSC-labelled seafood products sold in over 90 countries around the world. The MSC website lists outlets selling MSC-certified seafood.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (May 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The six MSC-certified <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_toothfish" title="Patagonian toothfish">Patagonian toothfish</a> and Antarctic toothfish fisheries (which are the South Georgia, Ross Sea, Heard Island, Macquarie Island, Kerguelen Islands and Falkland Islands fisheries) provide an example of how good <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">fisheries management</a> can reverse the trend of illegal fishing. These fisheries took, among others, the following steps to exclude illegal vessels from their waters: </p> <ul><li>strict vessel licensing systems are rigorously enforced,</li> <li>each vessel must have at least 1 CCAMLR approved Government observer on board its vessel to verify catch data,</li> <li>each vessel must have port-to-port monitoring of its movements via two tamper-proof Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) units on board,</li> <li>all toothfish product that is transported must be accompanied by a CCAMLR Dissostichus Catch Document (DCD), with details of where and when that fish was caught<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (May 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Responsible_Fishing_Scheme">Responsible Fishing Scheme</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Responsible Fishing Scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Responsible Fishing Scheme is the only global standard that audits compliance on board fishing vessels, including ethical and welfare criteria. First launched in 2006 by Seafish to help fishing vessels demonstrate their commitment to a responsibly sourced catch, in January 2016 a revised scheme was launched to include the health and safety and welfare of crew on board. The new scheme has been re-developed in accordance with the requirements of internationally recognised standard ISO17065. Initially focused on vessels supplying the UK market, the scheme will be rolled out internationally over the next two years.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (May 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Seafish is the UK's authority on seafood. It was founded in 1981 by an Act of Parliament and aims to support all sectors of the seafood industry for a sustainable, profitable and socially responsible future. It is the only pan-industry body offering services to all parts of the industry, from the start of the supply chain at catching and aquaculture; through processing, importers, exporters and distributors of seafood right through to restaurants and retailers. Seafish is funded by a levy on the first sale of seafood landed in the UK. Its services are intended to support and improve the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a>, efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the industry, as well as promoting responsibly-sourced seafood.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enforcement">Enforcement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proposed_modification_to_the_Damen_Stan_patrol_vessel_for_the_USCG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Proposed_modification_to_the_Damen_Stan_patrol_vessel_for_the_USCG.jpg/220px-Proposed_modification_to_the_Damen_Stan_patrol_vessel_for_the_USCG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Proposed_modification_to_the_Damen_Stan_patrol_vessel_for_the_USCG.jpg/330px-Proposed_modification_to_the_Damen_Stan_patrol_vessel_for_the_USCG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Proposed_modification_to_the_Damen_Stan_patrol_vessel_for_the_USCG.jpg/440px-Proposed_modification_to_the_Damen_Stan_patrol_vessel_for_the_USCG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption>Design for an environmental protection patrol vessel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapal_IUU_yang_ditenggelamkan_secara_paksa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kapal_IUU_yang_ditenggelamkan_secara_paksa.jpg/220px-Kapal_IUU_yang_ditenggelamkan_secara_paksa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kapal_IUU_yang_ditenggelamkan_secara_paksa.jpg/330px-Kapal_IUU_yang_ditenggelamkan_secara_paksa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kapal_IUU_yang_ditenggelamkan_secara_paksa.jpg/440px-Kapal_IUU_yang_ditenggelamkan_secara_paksa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>Illegal fishing ship in Indonesia forcibly sunk.</figcaption></figure> <p>Illegal and unreported fishing (two of the three components of IUU fishing) essentially arise from a failure to adequately enforce existing national and <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international laws</a>. There are, however, many factors underlying enforcement failure, including, notably, poor levels of national governance. </p><p>There are obvious problems with enforcing fisheries regulations on the <a href="/wiki/High_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="High sea">high seas</a>, including locating and apprehending the pirate ships, but solutions are available, chiefly through improved monitoring and surveillance systems. </p><p>Many fishermen are getting away with IUU ocean fishing due to the difficulty of monitoring every single fishing boat.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This will begin to change with new technology that is able to watch and follow each boat from space consistently. This will be done through radio beacons, which all boats in the ocean are required to have. By implementing this new monitoring system, it will be impossible for fishermen to get away with IUU fishing in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marine_Stewardship_Council" title="Marine Stewardship Council">MSC</a> systems are similarly of value within <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zones</a>, including, for example, offshore patrols and licensing schemes. </p><p>The aggressive efforts of the Indonesian government to curtail illegal fishing has "reduced total fishing effort by at least 25%, ... [potentially] generate a 14% increase in catch and a 12% increase in profit."<sup id="cite_ref-susipudjiastuti_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-susipudjiastuti-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the authors concluded that "many nations can recover their fisheries while avoiding these short-term costs by sharply addressing illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing."<sup id="cite_ref-susipudjiastuti_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-susipudjiastuti-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2022, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a> issued sanctions on Pingtan Marine Enterprise and related individuals over human rights abuses tied to China-based illegal fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flag_state_liability">Flag state liability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Flag state liability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a>, states bear responsibility for the vessels (including <a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">fishing vessels</a>) that fly their flag. While it is uncontroversial that individuals engaged in IUU fishing may be subject to legal sanctions, the extent to which flag states may be held liable under international law for the IUU fishing activities of their vessels is less clearly defined. </p><p>In March 2013 the issue of <a href="/wiki/Flag_state" title="Flag state">flag state</a> liability for IUU fishing was brought before the <a href="/wiki/International_Tribunal_for_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea">International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea</a> in a request for an advisory opinion submitted by the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC) of West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SRFC asked the Tribunal to advise on the following four questions: </p> <ol><li>What are the obligations of the flag State in cases where illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing activities are conducted within the Exclusive Economic Zone of third party States?</li> <li>To what extent shall the flag State be held liable for IUU fishing activities conducted by vessels sailing under its flag?</li> <li>Where a fishing license is issued to a vessel within the framework of an international agreement with the flag State or with an international agency, shall the State or international agency be held liable for the violation of the fisheries legislation of the coastal State by the vessel in question?</li> <li>What are the rights and obligations of the coastal State in ensuring the sustainable management of shared stocks and stocks of common interest, especially the small pelagic species and tuna?</li></ol> <p>In its submissions to the Tribunal, the SRFC emphasized the severity of the IUU fishing problem in West Africa and the need for a clear regime of flag state responsibilities with respect to vessels engaged in this trade.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SRFC argued that its member states had been unable to mount successful prosecutions against IUU fishers following boardings due to a lack of support and cooperation from flag states. </p><p>A number of states and international organizations also made submissions<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adopting a range positions with respect to the four questions above. It was held by some states that the Tribunal lacked the advisory jurisdiction to respond to these questions. Both the government of Spain, a major contributor to the problem of IUU fishing, as well as the United Kingdom adopted such a view. A number of other states took the position that flag state responsibility for IUU fishing should take the form of a general responsibility to perform due diligence with respect to vessels and their activities, rather than an obligation to assist in prosecutions or another more substantive requirement. </p><p>In its Advisory Opinion<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> issued on 2 April 2015, the Tribunal adopted the "due diligence" approach. The Tribunal found that flag states are under only a general obligation to take the necessary measures to ensure that their nationals and vessels flying their flag are not engaged in IUU fishing activities. This obligation may be satisfied by adhering to generally accepted international norms of fishing vessel regulation and complying with international treaties that indicate best practices. At the same time, the Tribunal found that in coastal waters the coastal state bears primary responsibility for preventing IUU fishing and not the flag state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_processes">Political processes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Political processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EU_action_plan">EU action plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: EU action plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> helped draw up FAO's international plan of action to prevent, deter and eliminate IUU fishing, endorsed by the FAO Council in June 2001. The EU then developed its own plan to implement the commitments agreed at international level, and the European Commission's action plan for the eradication of IUU fishing was published in May 2002. It is intended to be implemented at four levels: </p><p>At the EU level, more responsibility will be requested with regard to member state nationals acting under a <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_convenience" title="Flag of convenience">flag of convenience</a>. Moreover, market measures concerning fisheries products caught in violation of the international agreements will be adopted. In addition, information actions addressed to the fishing industry, consumers, and the public will be launched to raise their awareness. </p><p>In the framework of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations, control and inspection plans would be adopted as well as specific conservation and management measures. In addition IUU vessels would be identified and monitored and their catches would be quantified. </p><p>At the international level, concepts like genuine link would be defined, and a number of rights and obligations of the port state would be established. Moreover, the exchange of information on IUU activities and the international co-operation would be strengthened. </p><p>In partnership with developing countries, the necessary means would be provided to enable them to effectively control fishing activities undertaken in waters under their jurisdiction. </p><p>European Commission sanctions against states operating open ship registries and flags of convenience for illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing have been effective in pressuring states to reform or limit their open ship registries to fishing vessels, or at least in severely curtailing registrations under that jurisdiction. These sanctions generally limit or ban access to the <a href="/wiki/European_Common_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Common Market">European Common Market</a> for fisheries products produced by vessels of a certain state.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Seas_Task_Force">High Seas Task Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: High Seas Task Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/WCPA_High_Seas_Task_Force" title="WCPA High Seas Task Force">High Seas Task Force</a> comprises a group of fisheries ministers and international NGOs working together to develop an action plan designed to combat IUU fishing on the high seas. </p><p>Launched in 2003, the Task Force includes fisheries ministers from Australia, Canada, Chile, Namibia, New Zealand and the UK, together with the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth Institute">Earth Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a>-World Conservation Union, <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a> International and the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Stewardship_Council" title="Marine Stewardship Council">Marine Stewardship Council</a>. </p><p>The goal of the Task Force is to set priorities among a series of practical proposals for confronting the challenge of IUU fishing on the high seas. A series of expert panels have been convened to identify the legal, economic, scientific and enforcement factors that permit IUU activity to thrive, and then determine key points of leverage that can brought to bear at national, regional, and global levels to minimise the incentives to carry out IUU fishing on the high seas. The completed action plan,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published on 3 March 2006, will be placed by ministerial members of the Task Force directly in the hands of other ministers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_Fisheries_Management_Organizations">Regional Fisheries Management Organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Regional Fisheries Management Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RFMO_Example.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/RFMO_Example.jpg/220px-RFMO_Example.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/RFMO_Example.jpg/330px-RFMO_Example.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/RFMO_Example.jpg/440px-RFMO_Example.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Trained Indonesian Observers check a vessel to meet obligations from Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMO's)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Regional_Fisheries_Management_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Fisheries Management Organisation">Regional Fisheries Management Organisations</a> (RFMOs) are affiliations of nations that co-ordinate efforts to manage fisheries in a particular region.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RFMOs may focus on certain species of fish (e.g. the Commission for the Conservation of <a href="/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">Southern bluefin tuna</a>) or have a wider remit related to living marine resources in general within a region (e.g. the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (<a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Conservation_of_Antarctic_Marine_Living_Resources" title="Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources">CCAMLR</a>)). This wide diversity of mandates and areas of application, and also effective implementation of regulations, opens up opportunities for IUU vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UN_high_seas_processes">UN high seas processes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: UN high seas processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The present system of high seas governance has evolved over a period of several hundred years, the result being a <a href="/wiki/Patchwork_quilt" title="Patchwork quilt">patchwork quilt</a> of measures in the form of binding and non-binding instruments with different geographical and legal reaches and different levels of participation. </p><p>Most legal instruments build on the foundation established by the UN <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Convention on the Law of the Sea</a>, which was agreed in 1982 and entered into force in 1992. </p><p>The UN Fish Stocks Agreement, which entered into force in 2001, sets out principles for the conservation and management of fish stocks and establishes that such management must be based on the precautionary approach and the best available scientific information. The Agreement provides a framework for cooperation on conservation and management, but since only about a third of the parties to the Law of the Sea Convention have ratified it, its impact is inevitably limited. </p><p>The UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) carries out much of the technical work on international fisheries management, and provides a forum for the negotiation of agreements and codes of conduct. In 1995 the FAO agreed its <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Conduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of Conduct">Code of Conduct</a> for Responsible Fisheries to promote long-term <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">sustainable management</a>. </p><p>In 2001, the FAO adopted the International Plan of Action (IPOA) on IUU Fishing. The aim of this voluntary instrument is to prevent, deter and eliminate IUU fishing by providing all states with comprehensive, effective and transparent measures by which to act, including through appropriate regional fisheries management organisations established in accordance with international law. </p><p>The FAO Compliance Agreement, which entered into force in 2003, is designed to close a major loophole in international fisheries management, that of the circumvention of fisheries regulations by ‘re-flagging‘ vessels under the flags of states that are unable or unwilling to enforce such measures. </p><p>In 2009, the FAO brokered the <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Port_State_Measures_to_Prevent,_Deter_and_Eliminate_Illegal,_Unreported_and_Unregulated_Fishing" title="Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing">Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing</a>, which entered into force in 2016. The agreement closes ports to vessels suspected of illegal fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-MercoPress_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MercoPress-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty requires that fishing vessels request permission to dock and inform the port of the details of its fishing operations. Permission to dock can be denied if unregulated fishing was occurring. The measure is intended to block illegally caught fish from entering the marketplace. Other measures in the treaty include inspections of equipment, paperwork, catches, and ship's records. Though the treaty does not compel countries to apply these measures to ships under their own flags, they may choose to do so under the agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-MercoPress_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MercoPress-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commitments made by the FAO have seen an increase in international participation in anti IUU fishing practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UN Committee On Fisheries produced a report concerning the status of anti IUU fishing strategies implemented by UN member states during the 34th COFI conference.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additions to the COFI plan include the creation of a Global Record of Fishing beginning in 2017. COFI recommends that each vessel's Unique Vessel Identifier (UVI) number be uploaded to the registry.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the various member states, the COFI report recognizes that the utilization of the record is not yet prevalent in Asia, while European, North American, and Latin American nations have added the most vessels to the record.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further recommendations by COFI mandate that the FAO continue to provide support to fisheries pursuing subsidies from the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee also called for the establishment of on transshipment, targeted to combat the practice of transferring illegal catch between vessels, making it more difficult to track illegal fishing operations.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> COFI developed a series of Voluntary Guidelines for Catch Documentation Schemes (VGCDS) in 2017 in order to prevent the sale of products suspected of being attained through IUU fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> COFI has facilitated two international workshops to assist in the implementation of these guidelines. Annexes 1-3 of the report detail the recommendations that each member state has taken to measure international progress.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_47-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 34th UN Committee on Fisheries (COFI) report on Illegal, unreported and unregistered fishing concluded that further study must be conducted on the impact of IUU fishing. The report recommended the creation of a series of volumes including previous estimates of IUU impact and a set of <a href="/wiki/Best_practice" title="Best practice">best practices</a> for fielding further study.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_goals">Global goals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Global goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_14" title="Sustainable Development Goal 14">Sustainable Development Goal 14</a> has a target to reduce illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing as follows: "By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics."<sup id="cite_ref-:17_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This target has one indicator: Indicator 14.4.1 is "the proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This indicator aims to measure the proportion of global fish stocks which are "overexploited", "fully exploited" and "not fully exploited". A report at the <a href="/wiki/High-level_Political_Forum_on_Sustainable_Development" title="High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development">High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development</a> in 2021 stated that: "<a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fisheries</a> accounted for approximately 0.1 per cent of global GDP in 2017".<sup id="cite_ref-:14_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IUU_fishing_in_the_Mediterranean_Sea">IUU fishing in the Mediterranean Sea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: IUU fishing in the Mediterranean Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> is a semi-enclosed sea with a coastline long 46000 kilometres <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in this basin many different countries meet. As an important strategic socio-economic hub, it is also one of the busiest seas and thus, illegal fishing activities tend to take a back seat.<sup id="cite_ref-vv_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vv-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IUU fishing (illegal, unreported, unregulated) is a complex threat that causes environmental and economic damage and therefore requires an effort by all states in the region to combat this exploitation. Indeed, these criminal activities endanger the Mediterranean's biodiversity, home to between 4% and 18% of all known marine species.<sup id="cite_ref-Öztürk_2015_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Öztürk_2015-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/responsible-fishing/resources/detail/en/c/1316854/">FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries</a> the IUU fishing in the Mediterranean is a worrying problem.<sup id="cite_ref-timesofmalta.com_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofmalta.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To raise awareness of the seriousness of the issue, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/gfcm/en/">General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean</a> (GFCM) proposed June 5 as the international day in the fight against IUU fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GFCM of the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> (Food and Agriculture Organization) has a position of prominence in dealing with IUU fishing in the Mediterranean Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The activities linked to IUU threaten management of fish stocks, impoverishes those fishermen who work following the law and harms the maintenance of marine resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Farthing_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farthing-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The global scale of the problem is exacerbated in the Mediterranean region, where three quarters of fish stocks are exploited,<sup id="cite_ref-Farthing_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farthing-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that 75% of fish stocks are overfished.<sup id="cite_ref-unite_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unite-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many living species are damaged by IUU fishing in the Mediterranean. According to data collected in Italy, Morocco and Turkey among the most heavily damaged species are albacore, red mullet, sea bream, little tunny, sparid fish, shrimps, octopus, swordfish, mullet.<sup id="cite_ref-Öztürk_2015_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Öztürk_2015-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2020 the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a> revealed that the illegal fishing of several species of sharks and rays in the Mediterranean has put their survival in serious danger.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The citizen scientist initiative <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mecoproject.org/">MECO (Mediterranean Elasmobranch Citizen Observations</a>) project used social media to share photos taken in 11 Mediterranean countries of illegal fishing activities such as illegal landings of giant devil rays in Spain and the sale of mako and white sharks in Italy and France.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim of the MECO project is to use social media to develop the knowledge regarding the elasmobranch species (of which sharks and rays are part) and thus determine appropriate protection strategies<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The GFCM evaluated that the situation could be recovered after the elimination of IUU activities, even though a complete solution to the problem seems difficult. The GFCM aims to develop an international surveillance system involving the collaboration of actors in the Mediterranean to guarantee adherence to fisheries rules.<sup id="cite_ref-unite_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unite-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the measures taken under the GFCM are frequent inspections carried out by the European Fisheries Control Agency (EFCA) with the support of Algeria, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Libya and Tunisia.<sup id="cite_ref-unite_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unite-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already in 2004 the GFCM worked together with the FAO in a first workshop concerning the issue of IUU fishing in the Mediterranean, proposing a clarification of positive and negative vessels as a first step in the fight against criminals.<sup id="cite_ref-Öztürk_2015_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Öztürk_2015-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the efforts of the GFCM and the FAO still remains a general lack of political will in addressing the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-timesofmalta.com_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofmalta.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisheries management in the Mediterranean has harmonization problems in a heterogeneous political framework. Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Malta, Italy, Slovenia, and Spain are EU member states and must adapt to European policies. Since 2010 the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> has imposed to its members to import in the markets only from legal sources. Other Mediterranean countries follow their own regulations. All of them remain under the authority of the GFCM, as the organization that can address IUU fishing in the Mediterranean as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-Öztürk_2015_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Öztürk_2015-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006 the EU established a ban on <a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">trawling</a> under the European Regulation on Mediterranean fishing in those <a href="/wiki/Natura_2000" title="Natura 2000">Natura 2000</a> areas dedicated to the protection of habitats threatened by bottom fishing, such as seagrass beds and coralligenous habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However still today the sites are not fully protected, and the ban is not properly implemented in the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since January 2010 came into force the EU Regulation to prevent and deter IUU fishing, followed by the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Common Fisheries Policy</a> for a sustainable fishing and aquaculture,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these measures have failed in their purpose, allowing illegal activities to continue. According to the Head of Ocean Policy at WWF European Policy Office, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foodmatterslive.com/person/dr-antonia-leroy/">Antonia Leroy</a>, the misapplication of European policies leads to tragic consequences for the entire ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thanks to the online platform <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalfishingwatch.org/">Global Fishing Watch</a> and its analysis of vessels’ activities, the international advocacy organization <a href="/wiki/Oceana_(non-profit_group)" title="Oceana (non-profit group)">Oceana</a> was able to locate illegal bottom trawlers in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/gfcm/data/maps/fras/fr/#:~:text=A%20fisheries%20restricted%20area%20(FRA,habitats%20and%20deep%2Dsea%20ecosystems.">Fisheries Restricted Areas (FRAs)</a> accepted by all Mediterranean countries for the protection of specific marine species.<sup id="cite_ref-vv_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vv-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the criminal actions took place in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Sicily" title="Strait of Sicily">Sicily Channel</a> where all activities in the seabed are forbidden to not endanger the <a href="/wiki/Hake" title="Hake">hake</a> population, already heavily overfished.<sup id="cite_ref-vv_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vv-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oceana reported to the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> that many Italian trawlers did not comply with the obligations reserved to the protected areas, totalling 13000 hours of illicit activities.<sup id="cite_ref-vv_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vv-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oceana identified Italy as the biggest offender, turning a blind eye to IUU fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The latest mechanism in the struggle against illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing activities dates to September 2023. It is an e-learning platform called <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.efca.europa.eu/en/content/project-e-fishmed">e-FishMed</a> and its objective is to effectively train personnel for fisheries control in the Mediterranean and East Atlantic areas, through e-learning material, video tutorials, manuals and national and regional legislative systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This project is funded by the European Union and supported by the EFCA. It represents an attempt to harmonize the control of fishing activities among Mediterranean countries, thus fostering greater collaboration for a sustainable Blue Economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fisheries_crime">Fisheries crime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Fisheries crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_crime" title="Fisheries crime">Fisheries crime</a> is a concept related to Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU) but includes all criminal activity that is common along the entire value chain of the fishing sector.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept has been adopted in several international organizations, most importantly the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of the concept argue for increased international cooperation and the application of criminal justice sanction towards fisheries crime to face the problems that the transnational nature and the increased involvement of organized crime groups in the fishing industry cause.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common crimes along the fishing value chain include <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>, tax crime, <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a>, labour crime, and <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a> of drugs weapons and other cargo such as fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>IUU as a transnational organized crime</b> </p><p>The above named fisheries crimes are also defined as <a href="/wiki/Transnational_organized_crime" title="Transnational organized crime">transnational organized crimes</a> (TOC) which are prosecuted more vigorously, and harsher penalties are imposed for violations. Generally, IUU is deeply connected to other forms of TOCs such as human and drug trafficking, corruption and document fraud, to name a few.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapsos_255–273_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapsos_255–273-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, it is not treated the same as these other TOCs. Human trafficking and firearms trafficking for example have special provisions given by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Transnational_Organized_Crime" title="United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime">United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNCTOC)</a> but the same does not exist for IUU due to the lack of definition as a transnational organized crime.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapsos_255–273_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapsos_255–273-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study revealed a close connection between IUU and fisheries crime, emphasizing the need for law enforcement to treat IUU as seriously as other transnational organized crimes in order to effectively address the issue globally and bring about meaningful change.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapsos_255–273_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapsos_255–273-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This connection was also pointed out by the UN General Assembly in 2008 that urged all members to take the close ties between IUU and other criminal activities serious and to deepen the knowledge in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, it is important to note that IUU is executed by a wide range of people involved.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to organized criminal groups, there are also legally operating fishermen who went corrupt for the profits since IUU makes legal and sustainable fishing less beneficial.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tackling IUU violations more harshly will thus also reduce other TOCs since it also acts as a root cause for many of these.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, in comparison to other organized crimes, IUU presents unique challenges as it frequently intersects with legal fishing activities, making it more difficult to distinguish between legitimate and illicit practices than in cases such as drug or human trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Human trafficking</b> </p><p>Human trafficking within the IUU fishing sector is emerging as an increasingly serious issue. It involves the use of force, coercion or misinformation in the recruitment of persons, with the aim of labour exploitation in relation to illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing operations. This often involves the exploitation of vulnerable individuals including migrant workers and those living in poverty due to their lack of legal protections and vulnerability to exploitative labour practice as a result of economic hardships and a lack of identity documents.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forced labour in relation to IUU fishing has significant physical and psychological consequences. Exposure to physical violence, threats of violence as well as lack of adequate living conditions and food and water are among some of the frequent human rights abuses that occur on these vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The illicit nature of these activities mean there is a lack of clear information on the numbers of human trafficking incidents on board IUU vessels, making it difficult to understand the true extent of the issue. </p><p>It is significantly more difficult and costly to police illegal actives at sea than on land and with the added complication of territorial disagreements between countries at sea, it can be easy for IUU vessels to evade law enforcement, making the issue one that is difficult to tackle. Fishing in the high seas further aids vessels in going under the radar due to the remote environment and lack of centralised enforcement authority. The high seas are also more challenging to regulate and monitor than EEZs, making it much easier for human trafficking vessels to operate.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flags of convenience can further aid human trafficking on board IUU vessels. While not illegal itself, flying another nation's flag can help ships avoid accountability for illegal activities and human rights abuses and evade local labour and human rights laws.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Population increase and food insecurity, particularly in developing countries, has overseen an increased demand for fish, which has increased competition in the fishing industry and led to an increase in illegal fishing as a means to maximise profits.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This increased demand has led to a surge in fishing in the high seas, where there are more fish to meed these demands than in coastal waters and exclusive economic zones.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human trafficking on board IUU vessels is linked with economic underdevelopment and political instability. In the Gulf of Guinea there was a surge in trafficking and smuggling prompted by a decline in economic activity and a succession of intrastate conflicts. These factors can lead to increased poverty and unemployment which can push vulnerable people towards exploitative work. Intrastate conflict often leads to a breakdown in the rule of law and creates an environment where traffickers can thrive. A significant portion of human trafficking in the Gulf of Guinea is enabled by the corruption of high-ranking officials, including but not limited to, diplomats and politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors can explain why countries with developing economies often have higher rates of human trafficking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of fishing">Environmental effects of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargados_Carajos_Shoals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargados Carajos Shoals">Cargados Carajos Shoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">Game law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_warden" class="mw-redirect" title="Game warden">Game warden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Regan" title="Geoff Regan">Geoff Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_fishing_in_Africa" title="Illegal fishing in Africa">Illegal fishing in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_Unreported_and_Unregulated_Fishing_in_the_Arctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing in the Arctic">IUU fishing in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_China#Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Fishing industry in China">IUU fishing in the Chinese fishing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">List of environmental issues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Outlaw_Ocean" title="The Outlaw Ocean">The Outlaw Ocean</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific-class_patrol_boat" title="Pacific-class patrol boat">Pacific-class patrol boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_Choices_Alliance" title="Seafood Choices Alliance">Seafood Choices Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessel_monitoring_system" title="Vessel monitoring system">Vessel monitoring system</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Wildlife Fund. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/marine/problems/problems_fishing/illegal_fishing/index.cfm">Fishing problems: Illegal fishing</a>" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411060604/http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/marine/problems/problems_fishing/illegal_fishing/index.cfm">Archived</a> 2008-04-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:72_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2024/04/11/chinas-fishing-fleet-is-causing-havoc-off-africas-coasts">"China's fishing fleet is causing havoc off Africa's coasts"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 11 April 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240412181920/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2024/04/11/chinas-fishing-fleet-is-causing-havoc-off-africas-coasts">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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L.; Côté, Isabelle M.; Rogers, Alex D.; Roberts, Callum; Sala, Enric; Pauly, Daniel (2015-02-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5389130">"Winners and losers in a world where the high seas is closed to fishing"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 8481. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...5E8481S">2015NatSR...5E8481S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep08481">10.1038/srep08481</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5389130">5389130</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25674681">25674681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Winners+and+losers+in+a+world+where+the+high+seas+is+closed+to+fishing&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8481&rft.date=2015-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5389130%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatSR...5E8481S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25674681&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep08481&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Sumaila&rft.aufirst=U.+Rashid&rft.au=Lam%2C+Vicky+W.+Y.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Dana+D.&rft.au=Teh%2C+Louise&rft.au=Watson%2C+Reg+A.&rft.au=Zeller%2C+Dirk&rft.au=Cheung%2C+William+W.+L.&rft.au=C%C3%B4t%C3%A9%2C+Isabelle+M.&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Alex+D.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Callum&rft.au=Sala%2C+Enric&rft.au=Pauly%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5389130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal%2C+unreported+and+unregulated+fishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDechery,_C._and_Ralston,_L.2015" class="citation web cs1">Dechery, C. and Ralston, L. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/401851468184741492/pdf/98903-WP-AFR-P148420-Box-393185B-PUBLIC-Trafficking-FINAL.pdf">"Fragility, Conflict, and Violence Group World Bank"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fragility%2C+Conflict%2C+and+Violence+Group+World+Bank&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Dechery%2C+C.+and+Ralston%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments1.worldbank.org%2Fcurated%2Fen%2F401851468184741492%2Fpdf%2F98903-WP-AFR-P148420-Box-393185B-PUBLIC-Trafficking-FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal%2C+unreported+and+unregulated+fishing" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Illegal%2C+unreported+and+unregulated+fishing">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Illegal%2C+unreported+and+unregulated+fishing&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722073148/http://www.seafish.org/upload/file/about_us/SeafishGuidetoIUU_200908.pdf">The Seafish Guide to Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</a> <i>Seafish Industry Authority</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/iuu-fishing/en/">Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/3/Y3554E/y3554e01.htm">Stopping Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing</a></li> <li>Morgan, Gary; Staples, Derek and Funge-Smith, Simon (2007) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/3/ah997e/ah997e00.htm">Fishing capacity management and illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in Asia</a></i> <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> RAP Publication. 2007/17. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-005669-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-005669-2">978-92-5-005669-2</a></li> <li>Swan, Judith (2004) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/3/y5361e/y5361e00.htm">International action and responses by regional fishery bodies or arrangements to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing.</a></i> <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> Fisheries Circular 996. ISSN 0429-9329</li> <li>Agnew DJ, Pearce J, Pramod G, Peatman T, Watson R, Beddington JR and Pitcher TJ (2009) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0004570">Estimating the Worldwide Extent of Illegal Fishing</a>." <i>PLoS ONE</i> 4(2): e4570. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0004570">10.1371/journal.pone.0004570</a>.</li> <li>Sumaila, U.R, Alder, J., and Keith, H. (2006). Global scope and economics of illegal fishing. Marine Policy, 30(6), 696–703.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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effort">Catch per unit effort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otolith_microchemical_analysis" title="Otolith microchemical analysis">Otolith microchemical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_acoustics" title="Fisheries acoustics">Fisheries acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_tag" title="Acoustic tag">Acoustic tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coded_wire_tag" title="Coded wire tag">Coded wire tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_satellite_archival_tag" title="Pop-up satellite archival tag">Pop-up satellite archival tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EcoSCOPE" title="EcoSCOPE">EcoSCOPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_class_structure" title="Age class structure">Age class structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_cascade" title="Trophic cascade">Trophic cascades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrographic_containment" title="Hydrographic containment">Hydrographic containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match/mismatch" title="Match/mismatch">Match/mismatch hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Climate change and fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioeconomics_(fisheries)" title="Bioeconomics (fisheries)">Bioeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EconMult" title="EconMult">EconMult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopath" title="Ecopath">Ecopath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fisheries_databases" title="Category:Fisheries databases">Fisheries databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fisheries_and_aquaculture_research_institutes" title="Category:Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes">Institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science#Notable_contributors" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries scientists</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/140px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/210px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/280px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild<br />fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fisheries" title="Ocean fisheries">Ocean fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity of fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_life_history" title="Eel life history">Eel fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp#Kelp_in_history_and_culture" title="Kelp">Kelp fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Eel ladder">Eel ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">Fish ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_screen" title="Fish screen">Fish screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">Sardine run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal blooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">Fish kill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fisheries_law,_management,_sustainability_and_conservation26" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">sustainability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">conservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Fish_Stocks_Agreement" title="United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement">United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_Convention" title="Fisheries Convention">Fisheries Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Act" title="Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act">Magnuson–Stevens Act</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/140px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/210px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/280px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1106" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_monitoring_control_and_surveillance" title="Fisheries monitoring control and surveillance">Monitoring control and surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessel_monitoring_system" title="Vessel monitoring system">Vessel monitoring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery_Resources_Monitoring_System" title="Fishery Resources Monitoring System">Fishery Resources Monitoring System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_reporting" title="Catch reporting">Catch reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_observer" title="Fisheries observer">Fisheries observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_share" title="Catch share">Catch share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">Individual fishing quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_landing_size" title="Minimum landing size">Minimum landing size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_fishing" title="Pulse fishing">Pulse fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slot_limit" title="Slot limit">Slot limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">EU Common Fisheries Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Fishery_MLS" title="European Fishery MLS">EU MLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Fisheries_Control_Agency" title="European Fisheries Control Agency">European Fisheries Control Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_fishery_body" title="Regional fishery body">Regional fishery body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_fishery_management_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional fishery management organisation">Regional fishery management organisation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Sustainability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustainable_yield" title="Maximum sustainable yield">Maximum sustainable yield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">List of commercially important fish species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood" title="Sustainable seafood">Sustainable seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">Environmental impact of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">Fishing down the food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_fishing_practices" title="Destructive fishing practices">Destructive fishing practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Marine_Animal_Populations" title="Future of Marine Animal Populations">Future of Marine Animal Populations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunken_Billions" title="The Sunken Billions">The Sunken Billions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_the_Line_(book)" title="The End of the Line (book)">The End of the Line</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">Bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discards" title="Discards">Discards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incidental_catch" title="Incidental catch">Incidental catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetacean_bycatch" title="Cetacean bycatch">Cetacean bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_excluder_device" title="Turtle excluder device">Turtle excluder device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp-Turtle_Case" title="Shrimp-Turtle Case"><i>Shrimp-Turtle</i> case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reserve" title="Marine reserve">Marine reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_conservation" title="Salmon conservation">Salmon conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_nurse_shark_conservation" title="Grey nurse shark conservation">Grey nurse shark conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_sanctuary" title="Shark sanctuary">Shark sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Environmental_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Environmental Agency">European Environmental Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FishAct" title="FishAct">FishAct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Stewardship_Council" title="Marine Stewardship Council">Marine Stewardship Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_Stewardship_Council" title="Aquaculture Stewardship Council">Aquaculture Stewardship Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_of_the_Sea" title="Friend of the Sea">Friend of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaChoice" title="SeaChoice">SeaChoice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_Watch" title="Seafood Watch">Seafood Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Conservancy" title="Ocean Conservancy">Ocean Conservancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Outcomes" title="Ocean Outcomes">Ocean Outcomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceana_(non-profit_group)" title="Oceana (non-profit group)">Oceana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_Seas_Foundation" title="Save Our Seas Foundation">Save Our Seas Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Around_Us_(organization)" title="Sea Around Us (organization)">Sea Around Us</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldFish" title="WorldFish">WorldFish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defying_Ocean%27s_End" title="Defying Ocean's End">Defying Ocean's End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROFISH" title="PROFISH">PROFISH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Seafood_Sustainability_Foundation" title="International Seafood Sustainability Foundation">International Seafood Sustainability Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CalCOFI" title="CalCOFI">CalCOFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_slaughter" title="Fish slaughter">Fish slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_culling" title="Shark culling">Shark culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">Threatened sharks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_rays" title="List of threatened rays">Threatened rays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fishing" title="Outline of fishing">Outline of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_fishing_articles" title="Index of fishing articles">Index of fishing articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_fishery_terms" title="Glossary of fishery terms">Glossary of fishery terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fisheries_and_fishing_topic_areas542" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Template:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Template talk:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fisheries_and_fishing_topic_areas542" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> topic areas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity of fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">Individual fishing quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/140px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/210px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/280px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1172" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">Artisanal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">Fisherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">History of fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="List of harvested aquatic animals by weight">List of harvested aquatic animals by weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_by_country" title="Fishing industry by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_marketing" title="Fish marketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_market" title="Fish market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_products" title="Fish products">Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angling" title="Angling">Angling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_fishing" title="Big-game fishing">Big-game fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_release" title="Catch and release">Catch and release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_tournament" title="Fishing tournament">Fishing tournaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_techniques" title="Fishing techniques">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_fishing_practices" title="Destructive fishing practices">Destructive fishing practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_trap" title="Fish trap">Fish trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishfinder" title="Fishfinder">Fishfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">Fishing net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_seafood_by_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathering seafood by hand">Gathering seafood by hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handline_fishing" title="Handline fishing">Handline fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">Trolling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_tackle" title="Fishing tackle">Tackle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial flies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bite_indicator" title="Bite indicator">Bite indicators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hook" title="Fish hook">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_line" title="Fishing line">Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_lure" title="Fishing lure">Lures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_rod" title="Fishing rod">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_sinker" title="Fishing sinker">Sinker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">Fish ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_bank_(topography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean bank (topography)">Fishing banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_village" title="Fishing village">Fishing villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_crime" title="Fisheries crime">Crime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea_Anti-Poaching_Operations" title="Bering Sea Anti-Poaching Operations">Bering Sea Anti-Poaching Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_poaching" title="Coral poaching">Coral poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_eel_poaching_and_smuggling" title="Freshwater eel poaching and smuggling">Freshwater eel poaching and smuggling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing_in_the_Arctic" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_fishery_terms" title="Glossary of fishery terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_fishing_articles" title="Index of fishing articles">Index</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fishing" title="Outline of fishing">Outline</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fishing" title="Category:Fishing">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fishing_industry_topics23" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups" title="Template:Navbox with collapsible groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups" title="Template talk:Navbox with collapsible groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with collapsible groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fishing_industry_topics23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Fishing industry topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Wild_fisheries23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Fishing industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">Artisanal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">Bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declawing_of_crabs" title="Declawing of crabs">Declawing of crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_slaughter" title="Fish slaughter">Fish slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="List of harvested aquatic animals by weight">List of harvested aquatic animals by weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_trawling" title="Pair trawling">Pair trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwater_trawling" title="Midwater trawling">Midwater trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">Bottom trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">Seining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillnetting" title="Gillnetting">Gillnetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">Longlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">Trolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_dredge" title="Fishing dredge">Dredging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_trap" title="Fish trap">Fish trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puretic_power_block" title="Puretic power block">Power block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RV_Celtic_Explorer,_Galway_Bay,_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/140px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/210px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/280px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1023" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Bank" title="Agulhas Bank">Agulhas Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing by country">Fishing by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_fishing_in_Africa" title="Illegal fishing in Africa">Illegal fishing in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fisheries" title="Ocean fisheries">Ocean fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_the_North_Sea" title="Fishing in the North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aquaculture_and_farmed_fisheries23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">farmed fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture engineering">Aquaculture engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_Aquaculture_Practices_(BAP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP)">Best practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_alloys_in_aquaculture" title="Copper alloys in aquaculture">Copper alloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_and_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy and aquaculture">Geothermal energy and aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_saline_aquaculture" title="Inland saline aquaculture">Inland saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_multi-trophic_aquaculture" title="Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture">Integrated multi-trophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariculture" title="Mariculture">Mariculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobials_in_aquaculture" title="Antimicrobials in aquaculture">Antimicrobials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_aquaculture" title="Offshore aquaculture">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_aquaculture" title="Organic aquaculture">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceway_(aquaculture)" title="Raceway (aquaculture)">Raceway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recirculating_aquaculture_system" title="Recirculating aquaculture system">Recirculating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broodstock" title="Broodstock">Broodstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_cobia" title="Aquaculture of cobia">Cobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fish_feed" title="Commercial fish feed">Fish feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hatchery" title="Fish hatchery">Fish hatchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stocking" title="Fish stocking">Fish stocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_bed" title="Spawning bed">Spawning bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailwater" title="Tailwater">Tailwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fish_Hatchery_System" title="National Fish Hatchery System">US hatcheries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">Algaculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_giant_kelp" title="Aquaculture of giant kelp">Giant kelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_microalgae_in_hatcheries" title="Culture of microalgae in hatcheries">Microalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microalgal_bacterial_flocs" title="Microalgal bacterial flocs">Microalgal bacterial flocs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobioreactor" title="Photobioreactor">Photobioreactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceway_pond" title="Raceway pond">Raceway pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Other species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_brine_shrimp" title="Aquaculture of brine shrimp">Brine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral aquaculture">Coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck_aquaculture" title="Geoduck aquaculture">Geoduck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirudiculture" title="Hirudiculture">Hirudiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Marine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_aquaculture" title="Octopus aquaculture">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_sea_cucumbers" title="Aquaculture of sea cucumbers">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_sponge_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea sponge aquaculture">Sea sponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_farming" title="Turtle farming">Turtles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Australia" title="Aquaculture in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Canada" title="Aquaculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Chile" title="Aquaculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Aquaculture in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Fiji" title="Aquaculture in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Indonesia" title="Aquaculture in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Kiribati" title="Aquaculture in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Madagascar" title="Aquaculture in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Aquaculture in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Nauru" title="Aquaculture in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Aquaculture in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Palau" title="Aquaculture in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Aquaculture in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Aquaculture in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Samoa" title="Aquaculture in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_South_Africa" title="Aquaculture in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_South_Korea" title="Aquaculture in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Timor-Leste" title="Aquaculture in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Tonga" title="Aquaculture in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Tuvalu" title="Aquaculture in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aquaculture in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Alaska" title="Aquaculture in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaiian_aquaculture" title="Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Maine" title="Aquaculture in Maine">Maine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Vanuatu" title="Aquaculture in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Seafood_processing_and_marketing23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Seafood processing and marketing</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Fish processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_factory" title="Fish factory">Fish factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_ship" title="Factory ship">Factory ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_preservation" title="Fish preservation">Fish preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurry_ice" title="Slurry ice">Slurry ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">Dried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filleted_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Filleted fish">Filleted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbing" title="Gibbing">Gibbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">Salmon cannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_fish" title="Salted fish">Salted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">Smoked fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipper" title="Kipper">Kippers</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/140px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/210px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/280px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">Fish as food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_products" title="Fish products">Fish products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_emulsion" title="Fish emulsion">Fish emulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_meal" title="Fish meal">Fish meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hydrolysate" title="Fish hydrolysate">Fish hydrolysate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_protein_powder" title="Fish protein powder">Fish protein powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">Fish sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravlax" title="Gravlax">Gravlax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1karl" title="Hákarl">Hákarl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lox" title="Lox">Lox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">Lutefisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakfisk" title="Rakfisk">Rakfisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottarga" title="Bottarga">Bottarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoran" title="Eoran">Eoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_caviar" title="Red caviar">Red caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock_roe" title="Pollock roe">Pollock roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobiko" title="Tobiko">Tobiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasumi" title="Karasumi">Karasumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">Shrimp paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">Surimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surstr%C3%B6mming" title="Surströmming">Surströmming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood marketing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_marketing" title="Fish marketing">Fish marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_fish_trade" title="Live fish trade">Live fish trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_marketing" title="Shrimp marketing">Shrimp marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasse-mar%C3%A9e" title="Chasse-marée">Chasse-marée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishmonger" title="Fishmonger">Fishmonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishwife" title="Fishwife">Fishwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Fishmongers" title="Worshipful Company of Fishmongers">Worshipful Company of Fishmongers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fish_market" title="Fish market">Fish markets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billingsgate_Fish_Market" title="Billingsgate Fish Market">Billingsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busan_Cooperative_Fish_Market" title="Busan Cooperative Fish Market">Busan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Market" title="English Market">English (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Fish_Market" title="Fulton Fish Market">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garak_Market" title="Garak Market">Garak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Fish_Auction" title="Honolulu Fish Auction">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanan_Seafood_Wholesale_Market" title="Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market">Huanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagiroad_Dry_Fish_Market" title="Jagiroad Dry Fish Market">Jagiroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagalchi_Market" title="Jagalchi Market">Jagalchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Nueva_Viga_Market" title="La Nueva Viga Market">La Nueva Viga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Avenue_Fish_Market" title="Maine Avenue Fish Market">Maine Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muara_Angke" title="Muara Angke">Muara Angke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott_fish_market" title="Nouakchott fish market">Nouakchott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noryangjin_Fisheries_Wholesale_Market" title="Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market">Noryangjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oluwo_fish_market" title="Oluwo fish market">Oluwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasil_Fish_Market" title="Pasil Fish Market">Pasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhead_Fish_Market" title="Peterhead Fish Market">Peterhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_Place_Fish_Market" title="Pike Place Fish Market">Pike Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Fish_Market" title="Sydney Fish Market">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scania_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Scania Market">Scania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Fish_Market" title="Taipei Fish Market">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyosu_Market" title="Toyosu Market">Toyosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukiji_fish_market" title="Tsukiji fish market">Tsukiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulsan_Wholesale_Agricultural_and_Fish_Market" title="Ulsan Wholesale Agricultural and Fish Market">Ulsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfront_Market" title="Waterfront Market">Waterfront (Dubai)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Angling_topics36" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Angling_topics" title="Template:Angling topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Angling_topics" title="Template talk:Angling topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Angling_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Angling topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Angling_topics36" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Angling topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General36" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Angling85" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;"><a href="/wiki/Angling" title="Angling">Angling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_boat_fishing" title="Recreational boat fishing">Boat fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_fishing" title="Big-game fishing">Big-game fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flats_fishing" title="Flats fishing">Flats fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flosser" title="Flosser">Flosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_tube" title="Float tube">Float tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">Trolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casting_(fishing)" title="Casting (fishing)">Casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_fishing" title="Surf fishing">Surf fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_fishing" title="Rock fishing">Rock fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_fishing" title="Bank fishing">Bank fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_ski_fishing" title="Jet ski fishing">Jet ski fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayak_fishing" title="Kayak fishing">Kayak fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centerpin_fishing" title="Centerpin fishing">Centerpin fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_fishing" title="Coarse fishing">Coarse fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_fishing" title="Bottom fishing">Bottom fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fishing" title="Urban fishing">Urban fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_tackle" title="Fishing tackle">Tackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_techniques" title="Fishing techniques">Techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land-based_game_fishing" title="Land-based game fishing">Land-based game fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_fishing" title="Ice fishing">Ice fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_fishing" title="Indoor fishing">Indoor fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snagging" title="Snagging">Snagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_fishing" title="Spin fishing">Spin fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skishing" title="Skishing">Skishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailrace_fishing" title="Tailrace fishing">Tailrace fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkara_fishing" title="Tenkara fishing">Tenkara fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deepsea.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Deepsea.JPG/140px-Deepsea.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Deepsea.JPG/210px-Deepsea.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Deepsea.JPG/280px-Deepsea.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;">Fish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_fishing" title="Bass fishing">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bait_fish" title="Bait fish">Bait fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp_fishing" title="Carp fishing">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_fish" title="Game fish">Game fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahi-mahi_fishing" title="Mahi-mahi fishing">Mahi-mahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin_fishing" title="Marlin fishing">Marlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panfish" title="Panfish">Panfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porgy_fishing" title="Porgy fishing">Porgie (bream)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_fish" title="Rough fish">Rough fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad_fishing" title="Shad fishing">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smelt-whiting_fishing" title="Smelt-whiting fishing">Smelt whiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_bass_fishing" title="Striped bass fishing">Striped bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walleye_fishing" title="Walleye fishing">Walleye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;">Regulation and sustainability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_license" title="Fishing license">Fishing license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag_limits" title="Bag limits">Bag limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_release" title="Catch and release">Catch and release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_officer" title="Conservation officer">Conservation officer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_landing_size" title="Minimum landing size">Minimum landing size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_and_release" title="Tag and release">Tag and release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;">Catch records</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angling_records_of_Europe" title="Angling records of Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angling_records_in_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Angling records in the UK">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wisconsin_fishing_records" title="List of Wisconsin fishing records">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Virginia_State_Fishing_Records" title="List of West Virginia State Fishing Records">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_Anglers_Sportsman_Society" title="Bass Anglers Sportsman Society">Bass Anglers Sportsman Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_la_P%C3%AAche_Sportive" title="Confédération Internationale de la Pêche Sportive">Confédération Internationale de la Pêche Sportive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Game_Fish_Association" title="International Game Fish Association">International Game Fish Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Bass_Club" title="Nippon Bass Club">Nippon Bass Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Angling_Society" title="Prince Albert Angling Society">Prince Albert Angling Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_Fishing_Association" title="Sport Fishing Association">Sport Fishing Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Angler%27s_Mail" title="Angler's Mail">Angler's Mail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angling_Times" title="Angling Times">Angling Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Field_%26_Stream" title="Field & Stream">Field & Stream</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Sporting_Journal" title="Gray's Sporting Journal">Gray's Sporting Journal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms_of_angling_authors" title="List of pseudonyms of angling authors">List of pseudonyms of angling authors</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marlin_(magazine)" title="Marlin (magazine)">Marlin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_Life" title="Outdoor Life">Outdoor Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rod_and_Line" title="Rod and Line">Rod and Line</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Black_Bass" title="Book of the Black Bass">Book of the Black Bass</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salt_Water_Sportsman" title="Salt Water Sportsman">Salt Water Sportsman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sports_Afield" title="Sports Afield">Sports Afield</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secrets_of_Angling" title="The Secrets of Angling">The Secrets of Angling</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikejime" title="Ikejime">Ikejime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest_(tool)" title="Priest (tool)">Priest (tool)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_tournament" title="Fishing tournament">Tournaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_television_series" title="Fishing television series">Television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fishing_Network" title="World Fishing Network">World Fishing Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fly_fishing36" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;"><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing_tackle" title="Fly fishing tackle">Fly fishing tackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_fly_rod" title="Bamboo fly rod">Bamboo fly rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_rod_building" title="Fly rod building">Fly rod building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_casting" title="Fly casting">Fly casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_Casting_Analyzer" title="Fly Casting Analyzer">Fly Casting Analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furled_leader" title="Furled leader">Furled leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spey_casting" title="Spey casting">Spey casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reach_cast" title="Reach cast">Reach cast</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flyfishing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flyfishing.jpg/140px-Flyfishing.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flyfishing.jpg/210px-Flyfishing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flyfishing.jpg/280px-Flyfishing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial flies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Fly lure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_tying" title="Fly tying">Fly tying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_(dry_fly)" title="Adams (dry fly)">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_(wet_fly)" title="Alexandra (wet fly)">Alexandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clouser_Deep_Minnow" title="Clouser Deep Minnow">Clouser Deep Minnow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Charlie" title="Crazy Charlie">Crazy Charlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cul_de_canard" title="Cul de canard">Cul De Canard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave%27s_Hopper" title="Dave's Hopper">Dave's Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diawl_bach" title="Diawl bach">Diawl bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_sucking_leech" title="Egg sucking leech">Egg sucking leech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk_Hair_Caddis" title="Elk Hair Caddis">Elk Hair Caddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flesh_fly_(fly_fishing)" title="Flesh fly (fly fishing)">Flesh Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Ghost_Streamer" title="Grey Ghost Streamer">Grey Ghost Streamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare%27s_Ear" title="Hare's Ear">Hare's Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klinkhammer" title="Klinkhammer">Klinkhammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefty%27s_Deceiver" title="Lefty's Deceiver">Lefty's Deceiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muddler_Minnow" title="Muddler Minnow">Muddler Minnow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parks%27_Salmonfly" title="Parks' Salmonfly">Parks' Salmonfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partridge_and_Orange" title="Partridge and Orange">Partridge and Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheasant_Tail_Nymph" title="Pheasant Tail Nymph">Pheasant Tail Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tag_(artificial_fly)" title="Red Tag (artificial fly)">Red Tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Coachman" title="Royal Coachman">Royal Coachman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Wulff" title="Royal Wulff">Royal Wulff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakasa_Kebari" title="Sakasa Kebari">Sakasa Kebari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolling_tandem_streamer_fly" title="Trolling tandem streamer fly">Trolling tandem streamer fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_fly" title="Tube fly">Tube fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolly_Worm_(imitation)" title="Woolly Worm (imitation)">Woolly Worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolly_Bugger" title="Woolly Bugger">Woolly Bugger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Fly_Fishing" title="American Museum of Fly Fishing">American Museum of Fly Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catskill_Fly_Fishing_Center_and_Museum" title="Catskill Fly Fishing Center and Museum">Catskill Fly Fishing Center and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_Fishers_International" title="Fly Fishers International">Fly Fishers International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout_Unlimited" title="Trout Unlimited">Trout Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscatorial_Society" title="Piscatorial Society">Piscatorial Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_fly_fishing" title="Bibliography of fly fishing">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blacker%27s_Art_of_Fly_Making" title="Blacker's Art of Fly Making">Blacker's Art of Fly Making</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Book_on_Angling" title="A Book on Angling">A Book on Angling</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Concise_Treatise_on_the_Art_of_Angling" title="A Concise Treatise on the Art of Angling">A Concise Treatise on the Art of Angling</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dry-Fly_Fishing_in_Theory_and_Practice" title="Dry-Fly Fishing in Theory and Practice">Dry-Fly Fishing in Theory and Practice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Favorite_Flies_and_Their_Histories" title="Favorite Flies and Their Histories">Favorite Flies and Their Histories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Floating_Flies_and_How_to_Dress_Them" title="Floating Flies and How to Dress Them">Floating Flies and How to Dress Them</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fly-fisher%27s_Entomology" title="The Fly-fisher's Entomology">The Fly-fisher's Entomology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fly_Fishing_(Grey_book)" title="Fly Fishing (Grey book)">Fly Fishing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Fly_Fishing_for_Trout" title="A History of Fly Fishing for Trout">A History of Fly Fishing for Trout</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minor_Tactics_of_the_Chalk_Stream" title="Minor Tactics of the Chalk Stream">Minor Tactics of the Chalk Stream</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Angler%27s_Book" title="The American Angler's Book">The American Angler's Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Salmon_Fly" title="The Salmon Fly">The Salmon Fly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_of_a_Trout_with_the_Fly" title="The Way of a Trout with the Fly">The Way of a Trout with the Fly</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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