CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Biodiversity loss - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3519c480-3ab3-48f0-8002-6bb2c051d6da","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Biodiversity_loss","wgTitle":"Biodiversity loss","wgCurRevisionId":1251007218,"wgRevisionId":1251007218,"wgArticleId":52968860,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: postscript","Webarchive template wayback links","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2021","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from August 2021","Articles with excerpts","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2021","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Biodiversity","Biogeography","Environmental issues","Extinction","Food security"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Biodiversity_loss","wgRelevantArticleId":52968860,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q18466271", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Summary_of_major_environmental-change_categories_expressed_as_a_percentage_change_%28red%29_relative_to_baseline_-_fcosc-01-615419-g001.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="991"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Summary_of_major_environmental-change_categories_expressed_as_a_percentage_change_%28red%29_relative_to_baseline_-_fcosc-01-615419-g001.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="661"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Summary_of_major_environmental-change_categories_expressed_as_a_percentage_change_%28red%29_relative_to_baseline_-_fcosc-01-615419-g001.jpg/640px-Summary_of_major_environmental-change_categories_expressed_as_a_percentage_change_%28red%29_relative_to_baseline_-_fcosc-01-615419-g001.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="529"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Biodiversity loss - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_loss"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_loss"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Biodiversity_loss rootpage-Biodiversity_loss skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Biodiversity+loss" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Biodiversity+loss" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Biodiversity+loss" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Biodiversity+loss" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Global_estimates_across_all_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_estimates_across_all_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Global estimates across all species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_estimates_across_all_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_to_quantify_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_to_quantify_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Methods to quantify loss </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods_to_quantify_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observations_by_type_of_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observations_by_type_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Observations by type of life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observations_by_type_of_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Observations by type of life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Observations_by_type_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wildlife_in_general" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife_in_general"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Wildlife in general </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife_in_general-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrestrial_invertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrestrial_invertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Terrestrial invertebrates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrestrial_invertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Insects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earthworms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earthworms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Earthworms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earthworms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amphibians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphibians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Amphibians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphibians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wild_mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wild_mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Wild mammals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wild_mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Birds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Plants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Trees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flowering_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flowering_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.2 Flowering plants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flowering_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freshwater_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freshwater_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Freshwater species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freshwater_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Marine species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Causes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Causes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habitat_destruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_destruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Habitat destruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat_destruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_growth_and_habitat_fragmentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_growth_and_habitat_fragmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Urban growth and habitat fragmentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_growth_and_habitat_fragmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_use_intensification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_use_intensification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Land use intensification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_use_intensification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrient_pollution_and_other_forms_of_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrient_pollution_and_other_forms_of_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Nutrient pollution and other forms of pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrient_pollution_and_other_forms_of_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Air pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noise_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noise_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Noise pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noise_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution_from_fossil_fuel_extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution_from_fossil_fuel_extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Pollution from fossil fuel extraction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution_from_fossil_fuel_extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overexploitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overexploitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Overexploitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overexploitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overfishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overfishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Overfishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overfishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_overpopulation_and_overconsumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_overpopulation_and_overconsumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Human overpopulation and overconsumption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_overpopulation_and_overconsumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasive_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasive_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Invasive species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasive_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extinction_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extinction_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.1 Extinction risks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extinction_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Impacts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impacts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_ecosystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_ecosystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 On ecosystems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_ecosystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_food_and_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_food_and_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 On food and agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_food_and_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_health_and_medicines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_health_and_medicines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 On health and medicines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_health_and_medicines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_solutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_solutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Proposed solutions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposed_solutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Proposed solutions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Proposed_solutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convention_on_Biological_Diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Convention on Biological Diversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_international_and_national_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_international_and_national_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Other international and national action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_international_and_national_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Biodiversity loss</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" > 28 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="فقدان التنوع البيولوجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فقدان التنوع البيولوجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biom%C3%BCxt%C9%99lifliyin_azalmas%C4%B1" title="Biomüxtəlifliyin azalması – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Biomüxtəlifliyin azalması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkapara_kan_byodibersidad" title="Pagkapara kan byodibersidad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagkapara kan byodibersidad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8rdua_de_biodiversitat" title="Pèrdua de biodiversitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pèrdua de biodiversitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ztr%C3%A1ta_biodiverzity" title="Ztráta biodiverzity – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ztráta biodiverzity" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colli_bioamrywiaeth" title="Colli bioamrywiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Colli bioamrywiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Biodiversity loss" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlust_von_Biodiversit%C3%A4t" title="Verlust von Biodiversität – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verlust von Biodiversität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CF%8E%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Απώλεια της βιοποικιλότητας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απώλεια της βιοποικιλότητας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rdida_de_biodiversidad" title="Pérdida de biodiversidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pérdida de biodiversidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodibertsitate_galera" title="Biodibertsitate galera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biodibertsitate galera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="از دست دادن تنوع زیستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="از دست دادن تنوع زیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perte_de_la_biodiversit%C3%A9" title="Perte de la biodiversité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Perte de la biodiversité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caillteanas_bith%C3%A9ags%C3%BAlachta" title="Caillteanas bithéagsúlachta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caillteanas bithéagsúlachta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%EB%8B%A4%EC%96%91%EC%84%B1_%EA%B0%90%EC%86%8C" title="생물다양성 감소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생물다양성 감소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilangnya_keanekaragaman_hayati" title="Hilangnya keanekaragaman hayati – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hilangnya keanekaragaman hayati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutakaza_urusobe_rw%27ibinyabuzima" title="Gutakaza urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Gutakaza urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="ജൈവവൈവിധ്യ ഹാനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൈവവൈവിധ്യ ഹാനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehilangan_biokepelbagaian" title="Kehilangan biokepelbagaian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kehilangan biokepelbagaian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%9C-%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%84" title="ꯍꯤꯡꯂꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ-ꯃꯈꯥ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯃꯥꯡꯊꯔꯛꯄ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯤꯡꯂꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ-ꯃꯈꯥ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯃꯥꯡꯊꯔꯛꯄ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Биологийн төрөл зүйлийн алдагдал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Биологийн төрөл зүйлийн алдагдал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A7%98%E6%80%A7%E3%81%AE%E5%96%AA%E5%A4%B1" title="生物多様性の喪失 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生物多様性の喪失" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="د ژوند تنوع له لاسه ورکونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ژوند تنوع له لاسه ورکونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decl%C3%ADnio_contempor%C3%A2neo_da_biodiversidade_mundial" title="Declínio contemporâneo da biodiversidade mundial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Declínio contemporâneo da biodiversidade mundial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luontokato" title="Luontokato – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luontokato" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Втрата біорізноманіття – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Втрата біорізноманіття" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%91a_d%E1%BA%A1ng_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Mất đa dạng sinh học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mất đa dạng sinh học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B7%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%A7%E5%A4%B1" title="生物多样性丧失 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生物多样性丧失" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18466271#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Biodiversity_loss" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Biodiversity_loss" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Biodiversity_loss" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&oldid=1251007218" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Biodiversity_loss&id=1251007218&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBiodiversity_loss">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBiodiversity_loss">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Biodiversity_loss&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18466271" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinction of species or loss of species in a given habitat</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the current and recent reduction in biological diversity caused by human activities. For biodiversity loss in geologic timeframes, see <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">extinction event</a>. For extinction or decrease of animals from ecological communities, see <a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">defaunation</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Summary_of_major_environmental-change_categories_expressed_as_a_percentage_change_(red)_relative_to_baseline_-_fcosc-01-615419-g001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Summary_of_major_environmental-change_categories_expressed_as_a_percentage_change_%28red%29_relative_to_baseline_-_fcosc-01-615419-g001.jpg/220px-Summary_of_major_environmental-change_categories_expressed_as_a_percentage_change_%28red%29_relative_to_baseline_-_fcosc-01-615419-g001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Summary_of_major_environmental-change_categories_expressed_as_a_percentage_change_%28red%29_relative_to_baseline_-_fcosc-01-615419-g001.jpg/330px-Summary_of_major_environmental-change_categories_expressed_as_a_percentage_change_%28red%29_relative_to_baseline_-_fcosc-01-615419-g001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Summary_of_major_environmental-change_categories_expressed_as_a_percentage_change_%28red%29_relative_to_baseline_-_fcosc-01-615419-g001.jpg/440px-Summary_of_major_environmental-change_categories_expressed_as_a_percentage_change_%28red%29_relative_to_baseline_-_fcosc-01-615419-g001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Summary of major environmental-change categories that cause biodiversity loss. The data is expressed as a percentage of human-driven change (in red) relative to baseline (blue), as of 2021. Red indicates the percentage of the category that is damaged, lost, or otherwise affected, whereas blue indicates the percentage that is intact, remaining, or otherwise unaffected.<a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw-2021-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> Biodiversity loss happens when plant or animal <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> disappear completely from Earth (<a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>) or when there is a decrease or disappearance of species in a specific area. Biodiversity loss means that there is a reduction in <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biological diversity</a> in a given area. The decrease can be temporary or permanent. It is temporary if the damage that led to the loss is reversible in time, for example through <a href="/wiki/Ecological_restoration" title="Ecological restoration">ecological restoration</a>. If this is not possible, then the decrease is permanent. The cause of most of the biodiversity loss is, generally speaking, human activities that push the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">planetary boundaries</a> too far.<a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw-2021-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> These activities include <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a><a href="#cite_note-CBD-2010-4">[4]</a> (for example <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> intensification (for example <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a> farming).<a href="#cite_note-Kehoe-2017-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allan-2015-6">[6]</a> Further problem areas are <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient pollution</a>), <a href="/wiki/Over-exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-exploitation">over-exploitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invasive_alien_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive alien species">invasive species</a><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-2016-7">[7]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CBD-2010-4">[4]</a> Many scientists, along with the <a href="/wiki/Global_Assessment_Report_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a>, say that the main reason for biodiversity loss is a <a href="/wiki/Human_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population growth">growing human population</a> because this leads to <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">human overpopulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">excessive consumption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stokstad-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pimm2014-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cafaro2022-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crist2017-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Others disagree, saying that loss of habitat is caused mainly by "the growth of commodities for export" and that population has very little to do with overall consumption. More important are wealth disparities between and within countries.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-2023-13">[13]</a> Climate change is another threat to <a href="/wiki/Global_biodiversity" title="Global biodiversity">global biodiversity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC-2005-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kannan2009-15">[15]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>—which are <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspots</a>—will be lost by the year 2100 if global warming continues at the current rate.<a href="#cite_note-wwf-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aldred-2014-17">[17]</a> Still, it is the general habitat destruction (often for expansion of agriculture), not climate change, that is currently the bigger driver of biodiversity loss.<a href="#cite_note-Ketcham-2022-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Caro-2022-19">[19]</a> Invasive species and other disturbances have become more common in forests in the last several decades. These tend to be directly or indirectly connected to climate change and can cause a deterioration of forest ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-Bank-2022-2-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Finch_2021-21">[21]</a> Groups that care about the environment have been working for many years to stop the decrease in biodiversity. Nowadays, many global policies include activities to stop biodiversity loss. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">UN Convention on Biological Diversity</a> aims to prevent biodiversity loss and to conserve <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilderness areas">wilderness areas</a>. However, a 2020 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> report found that most of these efforts had failed to meet their goals.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> For example, of the 20 biodiversity goals laid out by the <a href="/wiki/Aichi_Biodiversity_Targets" class="mw-redirect" title="Aichi Biodiversity Targets">Aichi Biodiversity Targets</a> in 2010, only six were "partially achieved" by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2020-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity-24">[24]</a> This ongoing global extinction is also called the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">holocene extinction</a> or sixth mass extinction. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_estimates_across_all_species">Global estimates across all species</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Global estimates across all species">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Global_biodiversity" title="Global biodiversity">Global biodiversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">Biodiversity hotspot</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IUCN_Kategorien_Rote_Liste.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/IUCN_Kategorien_Rote_Liste.svg/220px-IUCN_Kategorien_Rote_Liste.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/IUCN_Kategorien_Rote_Liste.svg/330px-IUCN_Kategorien_Rote_Liste.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/IUCN_Kategorien_Rote_Liste.svg/440px-IUCN_Kategorien_Rote_Liste.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">Red list</a> categories of the <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Extinction_Rebellion-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Extinction_Rebellion-2.jpg/220px-Extinction_Rebellion-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Extinction_Rebellion-2.jpg/330px-Extinction_Rebellion-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Extinction_Rebellion-2.jpg/440px-Extinction_Rebellion-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="3146" /></a><figcaption>Demonstrator against biodiversity loss, at <a href="/wiki/Extinction_Rebellion" title="Extinction Rebellion">Extinction Rebellion</a> (2018).</figcaption></figure>The current rate of <a href="/wiki/Global_biodiversity" title="Global biodiversity">global biodiversity</a> loss is estimated to be 100 to 1000 times higher than the (naturally occurring) <a href="/wiki/Background_extinction_rate" title="Background extinction rate">background extinction rate</a>, faster than at any other time in human history,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and is expected to grow in the upcoming years.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The fast-growing extinction trends of various animal groups like mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish have led scientists to declare a current biodiversity crisis in both land and ocean ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 2006, many more species were formally classified as <a href="/wiki/Rare_species" title="Rare species">rare</a> or <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a> or <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened</a>; moreover, scientists have estimated that millions more species are at risk that have not been formally recognized.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Deforestation also plays a large role in biodiversity loss. More than half of the worlds biodiversity is hosted in tropical rainforest.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Regions that are subjected to exponential loss of biodiversity are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspots</a>. Since 1988 the hotspots increased from 10 to 34. Of the total 34 hotspots currently present, 16 of them are in tropical regions (as of 2006).<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Researchers have noted in 2006 that only 2.3% of the world is covered with biodiversity loss hotspots, and even though only a small percentage of the world is covered in hotspots, it host a large fraction (50%) of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plant</a> species.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In 2021, about 28 percent of the 134,400 species assessed using the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> criteria are now listed as threatened with <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>—a total of 37,400 species compared to 16,119 threatened species in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-iucnredlist.org-36">[36]</a> A 2022 study that surveyed more than 3,000 experts found that "global biodiversity loss and its impacts may be greater than previously thought", and estimated that roughly 30% of species "have been globally threatened or driven extinct since the year 1500."<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Research published in 2023 found that, out of 70,000 species, about 48% are facing decreasing populations due to human activities, while only 3% are seeing an increase in populations.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_to_quantify_loss">Methods to quantify loss</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Methods to quantify loss">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Measurement_of_biodiversity" title="Measurement of biodiversity">Measurement of biodiversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpha_diversity" title="Alpha diversity">alpha diversity</a></div> Biologists define biodiversity as the "totality of <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a> of a region".<a href="#cite_note-Larsson2001-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davis-43">[43]</a> To measure biodiversity loss rates for a particular location, scientists record the <a href="/wiki/Species_richness" title="Species richness">species richness</a> and its variation <a href="/wiki/Time_series" title="Time series">over time</a> in that area. In <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abundance_(ecology)" title="Abundance (ecology)">local abundance</a> is the relative representation of a species in a particular <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Preston-1948-44">[44]</a> It is usually measured as the number of individuals found per <a href="/wiki/Sample_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample (statistics)">sample</a>. The ratio of abundance of one species to one or multiple other species living in an ecosystem is called <a href="/wiki/Relative_species_abundance" title="Relative species abundance">relative species abundance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Preston-1948-44">[44]</a> Both indicators are relevant for <a href="/wiki/Measurement_of_biodiversity" title="Measurement of biodiversity">computing biodiversity</a>. There are many different <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity index">biodiversity indexes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cardinale2012-45">[45]</a> These investigate different scales and time spans.<a href="#cite_note-tagliapietra-46">[46]</a> Biodiversity has various scales and subcategories (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_diversity" title="Phylogenetic diversity">phylogenetic diversity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Species_diversity" title="Species diversity">species diversity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_diversity" title="Nucleotide diversity">nucleotide diversity</a>).<a href="#cite_note-tagliapietra-46">[46]</a> The question of net loss in confined regions is often a matter of debate.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observations_by_type_of_life">Observations by type of life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Observations by type of life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife_in_general">Wildlife in general</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wildlife in general">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1970-_Decline_in_species_populations_-_Living_Planet_Index.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/1970-_Decline_in_species_populations_-_Living_Planet_Index.svg/220px-1970-_Decline_in_species_populations_-_Living_Planet_Index.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/1970-_Decline_in_species_populations_-_Living_Planet_Index.svg/330px-1970-_Decline_in_species_populations_-_Living_Planet_Index.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/1970-_Decline_in_species_populations_-_Living_Planet_Index.svg/440px-1970-_Decline_in_species_populations_-_Living_Planet_Index.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>The World Wildlife Fund's Living Planet Report 2022 found that wildlife populations declined by an average 69% since 1970.<a href="#cite_note-LivingPlanetIndex_2018-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-WEforum_20221017-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-LPI_by_Region_1970-50">[50]</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife#Loss_and_extinction" title="Wildlife">Wildlife § Loss and extinction</a></div> An October 2020 analysis by <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Re" title="Swiss Re">Swiss Re</a> found that one-fifth of all countries are at risk of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_collapse" title="Ecosystem collapse">ecosystem collapse</a> as the result of anthropogenic habitat destruction and increased <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> loss.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> If these losses are not reversed, a total ecosystem collapse could ensue.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In 2022, the World Wildlife Fund reported<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> an average population decline of 68% between 1970 and 2016 for 4,400 animal species worldwide, encompassing nearly 21,000 monitored populations.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrestrial_invertebrates">Terrestrial invertebrates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Terrestrial invertebrates">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insects">Insects</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Insects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insect_biodiversity" title="Insect biodiversity">Insect biodiversity</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decline_in_insect_populations&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Journal.pone.0185809.g004.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Journal.pone.0185809.g004.PNG/220px-Journal.pone.0185809.g004.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Journal.pone.0185809.g004.PNG/330px-Journal.pone.0185809.g004.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Journal.pone.0185809.g004.PNG/440px-Journal.pone.0185809.g004.PNG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3747" /></a><figcaption>An annual decline of 5.2% in flying insect <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> found in nature reserves in Germany – about 75% loss in 26 years<a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_Hallmann2017PLoS-55">[55]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insects</a> are the most numerous and widespread <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a> in the animal <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdom</a>, accounting for up to 90% of all animal species.<a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_number-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In the 2010s, reports emerged about the widespread <a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">decline in insect populations</a> across multiple insect <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">orders</a>. The reported severity shocked many observers, even though there had been earlier findings of <a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">pollinator decline</a>. There has also been anecdotal reports of greater insect abundance earlier in the 20th century. Many car drivers know this anecdotal evidence through the <a href="/wiki/Windscreen_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Windscreen phenomenon">windscreen phenomenon</a>, for example.<a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_Leather2017-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_SchwägerlYale2016-59">[59]</a> Causes for the decline in insect population are similar to those driving other biodiversity loss. They include <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Intensive_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive agriculture">intensive agriculture</a>, the use of <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a>), <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a>, and – to a lesser degree and only for some regions – the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_Sánchez-Bayo2019-60">[60]</a> An additional cause that may be specific to insects is <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a> (research in that area is ongoing).<a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_OwensLewis2018-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_:0-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_:1-63">[63]</a> Most commonly, the declines involve reductions in abundance, though in some cases entire species are going extinct. The declines are far from uniform. In some localities, there have been reports of increases in overall insect population, and some types of insects appear to be increasing in abundance across the world.<a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_Vogel2017-64">[64]</a> Not all insect orders are affected in the same way; most affected are <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterflies">butterflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragonflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragonflies">dragonflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damselflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Damselflies">damselflies</a>. Many of the remaining insect groups have received less research to date. Also, comparative figures from earlier decades are often not available.<a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_Vogel2017-64">[64]</a> In the few major global studies, estimates of the total number of insect species at risk of extinction range between 10% and 40%,<a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_IPBES-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_Sánchez-Bayo2019-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_vanKlink2020-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_Isbell2022-67">[67]</a> though all of these estimates have been fraught with controversy.<a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_Komonen2019-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_Thomas2019-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_Desquilbet2020-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_Jähnig2021-71">[71]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Earthworms">Earthworms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Earthworms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earthworm_on_plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="image of Earthworm on plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Earthworm_on_plant.jpg/220px-Earthworm_on_plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Earthworm_on_plant.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="183" /></a><figcaption>Earthworm on plant</figcaption></figure> Scientists have studied loss of <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a> from several long-term agronomic trials. They found that relative biomass losses of minus 50–100% (with a mean of minus 83 %) match or exceed those reported for other faunal groups.<a href="#cite_note-Blakemore-2018-72">[72]</a> Thus it is clear that earthworms are similarly depleted in the soils of fields used for intensive agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Blakemore-2018-72">[72]</a> Earthworms play an important role in ecosystem function,<a href="#cite_note-Blakemore-2018-72">[72]</a> helping with biological processing in soil, water, and even greenhouse gas balancing.<a href="#cite_note-Dewi-2015-73">[73]</a> There are five reasons for the decline of earthworm diversity: "(1) <a href="/wiki/Soil_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil degradation">soil degradation</a> and habitat loss, (2) climate change, (3) excessive nutrient and other forms of contamination load, (4) over-exploitation and unsustainable management of soil, and (5) invasive species".<a href="#cite_note-Dewi-2015-73">[73]</a>: 26  Factors like tillage practices and intensive land use decimate the soil and plant roots that earthworms use to create their biomass.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> This interferes with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycles</a>. Knowledge of earthworm species diversity is quite limited as not even 50% of them have been described.<a href="#cite_note-Dewi-2015-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a> methods could help prevent earthworm diversity decline, for example reduced tillage.<a href="#cite_note-Dewi-2015-73">[73]</a>: 32  The Secretariat of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> is trying to take action and promote the restoration and maintenance of the many diverse species of earthworms.<a href="#cite_note-Dewi-2015-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amphibians">Amphibians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Amphibians">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decline_in_amphibian_populations&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bufo_periglenes2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bufo_periglenes2.jpg/300px-Bufo_periglenes2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bufo_periglenes2.jpg/450px-Bufo_periglenes2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bufo_periglenes2.jpg/600px-Bufo_periglenes2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3576" data-file-height="2385" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Golden_toad" title="Golden toad">golden toad</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monteverde" title="Monteverde">Monteverde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, was among the first casualties of amphibian declines. Formerly abundant, it was last seen in 1989.</figcaption></figure> Since the 1980s, decreases in <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibian</a> populations, including population decline and localized <a href="/wiki/Mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass extinction">mass extinctions</a>, have been observed in locations all over the world. This type of biodiversity loss is known as one of the most critical threats to global <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. The possible causes include <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a> and modification, diseases, exploitation, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a> use, <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet-B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet-B">ultraviolet-B</a> radiation (UV-B). However, many of the causes of amphibian declines are still poorly understood, and the topic is currently a subject of ongoing research. Modeling results found that the current extinction rate of amphibians could be 211 times greater than the <a href="/wiki/Background_extinction_rate" title="Background extinction rate">background extinction rate</a>. This estimate even goes up to 25,000–45,000 times if endangered species are also included in the computation.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wild_mammals">Wild mammals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wild mammals">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations" title="Decline in wild mammal populations">Decline in wild mammal populations</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:green; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 389.47428549299px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:58.778525229247px 80.901699437495px 0 0; border-top-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a> of mammals on Earth as of 2018<a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Carrington2018-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Biomass2018-77">[77]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Livestock, mostly cattle and pigs (60%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Humans (36%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wild mammals</a> (4%)</div> </div> </div></div> The decline of wild <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> populations globally has been an occurrence spanning over the past 50,000 years, at the same time as the populations of humans and livestock have increased. Nowadays, the total biomass of wild mammals on land is believed to be seven times lower than its prehistoric values, while the biomass of marine mammals had declined fivefold. At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> of humans is "an <a href="/wiki/Order_of_magnitude" title="Order of magnitude">order of magnitude</a> higher than that of all wild mammals", and the biomass of livestock mammals like pigs and cattle is even larger than that. Even as wild mammals had declined, the growth in the numbers of humans and livestock had increased total mammal biomass fourfold. Only 4% of that increased number are wild mammals, while livestock and humans amount to 60% and 36%. Alongside the simultaneous halving of plant biomass, these striking declines are considered part of the prehistoric phase of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Biomass2018-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Carrington2018-76">[76]</a> Since the second half of the 20th century, a range of <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas">protected areas</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">wildlife conservation</a> efforts (such as the <a href="/wiki/Repopulation_of_wolves_in_Midwestern_United_States" title="Repopulation of wolves in Midwestern United States">Repopulation of wolves in Midwestern United States</a>) have been implemented. These have had some impact on preserving wild mammal numbers.<a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_IPBES-78">[78]</a> There is still some debate over the total extent of recent declines in wild mammals and other <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> species.<a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Lewis2020-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Leung2020-80">[80]</a> In any case, many species are now in a worse state than decades ago.<a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Ceballos-Ehrlich-2017-05-81">[81]</a> Hundreds of species are <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_IUCNDATA-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Ceballos2020-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> also has negative impacts on land mammal populations.<a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_IPBES-78">[78]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Birds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation#Threats_to_birds" title="Bird conservation">Bird conservation § Threats to birds</a></div> Some <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a>, likely play a role in reducing the populations of specific bird species.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> According to a study funded by <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a>, 51 bird species are critically endangered and eight could be classified as extinct or in danger of extinction. Nearly 30% of extinction is due to hunting and trapping for the exotic pet trade. <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a>, caused by unsustainable logging and agriculture, could be the next extinction driver, because birds lose their habitat and their food.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-de_Moraes-2020-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants">Plants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Plants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trees">Trees</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Trees">edit</a>]</div> While plants are essential for human survival, they have not received the same attention as the conservation of animals.<a href="#cite_note-Corlett-2016-87">[87]</a> It is estimated that a third of all land plant species are at risk of extinction and 94% have yet to be evaluated in terms of their conservation status.<a href="#cite_note-Corlett-2016-87">[87]</a> Plants existing at the lowest trophic level require increased conservation to reduce negative impacts at higher trophic levels.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In 2022, scientists warned that a third of tree species are threatened with extinction. This will significantly alter the world's ecosystems because their carbon, water and <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">nutrient cycles</a> will be affected.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rivers-2022-90">[90]</a> Forest areas are degraded due to common factors such as logging, fire, and firewood harvesting.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The GTA (global tree assessment) has determined that "17,510 (29.9%) tree species are considered threatened with extinction. In addition, there are 142 tree species recorded as Extinct or Extinct in the Wild."<a href="#cite_note-Rivers-2022-90">[90]</a> Possible solutions can be found in some <a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">silvicultural</a> methods of <a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">forest management</a> that promote tree biodiversity, such as selective logging, <a href="/wiki/Thinning" title="Thinning">thinning</a> or crop tree management, and <a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">clear cutting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">coppicing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Without solutions, <a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary forests</a> recovery in <a href="/wiki/Species_richness" title="Species richness">species richness</a> can take 50 years to recover the same amount as the primary forest, or 20 years to recover 80% of species richness.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flowering_plants">Flowering plants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Flowering plants">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant#Conservation" title="Flowering plant">Flowering plant § Conservation</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG/200px-Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG/300px-Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG/400px-Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viola_calcarata" title="Viola calcarata">Viola calcarata</a>, a species highly vulnerable to climate change.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> has driven a range of species extinct and <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">is threatening even more today</a>. Multiple organizations such as <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a> suggest that around 40% of plant species are threatened with extinction.<a href="#cite_note-Flowering_plant_Lughadha-2020-95">[95]</a> The majority are threatened by <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat loss</a>, but activities such as logging of wild timber trees and collection of medicinal plants, or the introduction of non-native <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, also play a role.<a href="#cite_note-Flowering_plant_BGCI-2023-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Relatively few plant diversity assessments currently consider <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Flowering_plant_Lughadha-2020-95">[95]</a> yet it is <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">starting to impact plants</a> as well. About 3% of flowering plants are very likely to be driven extinct within a century at 2 °C (3.6 °F) of global warming, and 10% at 3.2 °C (5.8 °F).<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In worst-case scenarios, half of all tree species may be driven extinct by climate change over that timeframe.<a href="#cite_note-Flowering_plant_Lughadha-2020-95">[95]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freshwater_species">Freshwater species</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Freshwater species">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem#Threats" title="Freshwater ecosystem">Freshwater ecosystem § Threats</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem" title="Freshwater ecosystem">Freshwater ecosystems</a> such as swamps, deltas, and rivers make up 1% of earth's surface. They are important because they are home to approximately one third of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> species.<a href="#cite_note-Tickner-2020-100">[100]</a> Freshwater species are beginning to decline at twice the rate of species that live on land or in the ocean. This rapid loss has already placed 27% of 29,500 species dependent on fresh water on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tickner-2020-100">[100]</a> Global populations of freshwater fish are collapsing due to <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>. Migratory fish populations have declined by 76% since 1970, and large "megafish" populations have fallen by 94% with 16 species declared extinct in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_species">Marine species</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Marine species">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Human impact on marine life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_life#Biodiversity_and_extinction_events" title="Marine life">Marine life § Biodiversity and extinction events</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">Marine biodiversity</a> encompasses any living organism that resides in the ocean or in <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sala-2006-102">[102]</a> By 2018, approximately 240,000 marine species had been documented.<a href="#cite_note-Luypaert-2020-103">[103]</a> But many marine species—estimates range between 178,000 and 10 million oceanic species—remain to be described.<a href="#cite_note-Sala-2006-102">[102]</a> It is therefore likely that a number of rare species (not seen for decades in the wild) have already disappeared or are on the brink of extinction, unnoticed.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Human activities have a strong and detrimental influence on marine biodiversity. The main drivers of marine species extinction are habitat loss, pollution, <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, and overexploitation.<a href="#cite_note-Worm-2006-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Greater pressure is placed on marine ecosystems near coastal areas because of the human settlements in those areas.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Overexploitation has resulted in the extinction of over 25 marine species. This includes <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sala-2006-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Examples of extinct marine species include <a href="/wiki/Steller%27s_sea_cow" title="Steller's sea cow">Steller's sea cow</a> (Hydrodamalis gigas) and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_monk_seal" title="Caribbean monk seal">Caribbean monk seal</a> (Monachus tropicalis). Not all extinctions are because of humans. For example, in the 1930s, the eelgrass limpet (<a href="/wiki/Lottia_alveus" title="Lottia alveus">Lottia alveus</a>) became extinct in the Atlantic once the <a href="/wiki/Zostera_marina" title="Zostera marina">Zostera marina</a> <a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">seagrass</a> population declined upon exposure to a disease.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The Lottia alveus were greatly impacted because the Zostera marina were their sole habitats.<a href="#cite_note-Sala-2006-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> The main causes of current biodiversity loss are: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">Habitat loss</a>, fragmentation and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat degradation">degradation</a>;<a href="#cite_note-CBD-2010-4">[4]</a> for example <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a> for commercial and agricultural uses (specifically <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a> farming)<a href="#cite_note-Kehoe-2017-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a> intensification (and ensuing <a href="/wiki/Land_loss" title="Land loss">land loss</a>/habitat loss); a significant factor in loss of ecological services due to direct effects as well as biodiversity loss<a href="#cite_note-Allan-2015-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a> and other forms of pollution (<a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-exploitation">Overexploitation</a> and unsustainable use (for example <a href="/wiki/Unsustainable_fishing_methods" title="Unsustainable fishing methods">unsustainable fishing methods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">overconsumption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">human overpopulation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_alien_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive alien species">Invasive species</a> that effectively <a href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">compete</a> for a niche, replacing <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous species">indigenous species</a><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-2016-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">extinction risk from climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">effects of climate change on plant biodiversity</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CBD-2010-4">[4]</a></li></ol> <a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a> describes an "Evil Quartet" of <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overhunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhunting">overkill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary extinction">secondary extinctions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MoultonSanderson1998-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_O._Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward O. Wilson">Edward O. Wilson</a> suggested the <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> HIPPO for the main causes of biodiversity loss: Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">human over-Population</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overharvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Overharvesting">Over-harvesting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chen20032-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat_destruction">Habitat destruction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Habitat destruction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg/220px-Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg/330px-Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg/440px-Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2755" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>Earth's 25 terrestrial hot spots of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. These regions contain a high number of plant and animal species and have been subjected to high levels of <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a> by human activity, leading to biodiversity loss.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugarcane_Deforestation,_Bolivia,_2016-06-15_by_Planet_Labs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sugarcane_Deforestation%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-06-15_by_Planet_Labs.jpg/220px-Sugarcane_Deforestation%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-06-15_by_Planet_Labs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sugarcane_Deforestation%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-06-15_by_Planet_Labs.jpg/330px-Sugarcane_Deforestation%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-06-15_by_Planet_Labs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sugarcane_Deforestation%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-06-15_by_Planet_Labs.jpg/440px-Sugarcane_Deforestation%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-06-15_by_Planet_Labs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5270" data-file-height="3953" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> and increased road-building in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> cause significant concern because of increased human encroachment upon wild areas, increased resource extraction and further threats to biodiversity.</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habitat_destruction&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a> (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) occurs when a natural <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> is no longer able to support its native species. The organisms once living there have either moved to elsewhere or are dead, leading to a decrease in biodiversity and <a href="/wiki/Abundance_(ecology)" title="Abundance (ecology)">species numbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Habitat_destruction_Calizza_Costantini_Careddu_Rossi_pp._5784–5796-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Habitat_destruction_SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-114">[114]</a> Habitat destruction is in fact the leading cause of biodiversity loss and species <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Habitat_destruction_Marvier-2004-115">[115]</a> Humans contribute to habitat destruction through the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">use of natural resources</a>, agriculture, industrial production and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>). Other activities include <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">trawling</a>. Environmental factors can contribute to habitat destruction more indirectly. Geological processes, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Habitat_destruction_SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, ecosystem <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_depletion" title="Nutrient depletion">nutrient depletion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a> are some examples. Loss of habitat can be preceded by an initial <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a>. Fragmentation and loss of habitat have become one of the most important topics of research in ecology as they are major threats to the survival of <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Habitat_destruction_WIEGAND_108–121-116">[116]</a></div></div>For example, habitat loss is one of the causes in the decline of insect populations (see <a href="#Insects">the section below on insects</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urban_growth_and_habitat_fragmentation">Urban growth and habitat fragmentation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Urban growth and habitat fragmentation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a></div> The direct effects of urban growth on habitat loss are well understood: building construction often results in habitat destruction and fragmentation.<a href="#cite_note-Haddad-2015-117">[117]</a> This leads to selection for species that are adapted to urban environments.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Small habitat patches cannot support the level of genetic or taxonomic diversity they formerly could while some more sensitive species may become locally extinct.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Species_abundance" class="mw-redirect" title="Species abundance">Species abundance</a> populations are reduced due to the reduced fragmented area of habitat. This causes an increase of species isolation and forces species toward edge habitats and to adapt to foraging elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-Haddad-2015-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a> development in <a href="/wiki/Key_Biodiversity_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Key Biodiversity Areas">Key Biodiversity Areas</a> (KBA) is a major driver of biodiversity loss, with infrastructure present in roughly 80% of KBAs.<a href="#cite_note-Simkins-2023-120">[120]</a> Infrastructure development leads to conversion and fragmentation of natural habitat, pollution and disturbance. There can also be direct harm to animals through collisions with vehicles and structures. This can have impacts beyond the infrastructure site.<a href="#cite_note-Simkins-2023-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_use_intensification">Land use intensification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Land use intensification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></div> Humans are changing the uses of land in various ways, and each can lead to habitat destruction and biodiversity loss. The 2019 <a href="/wiki/Global_Assessment_Report_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a> found that industrial agriculture is the primary driver of biodiversity collapse.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stokstad-8">[8]</a> The UN's Global Biodiversity Outlook 2014 estimated that 70% of the projected loss of terrestrial biodiversity is <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">caused by agriculture</a> use.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] According to a 2005 publication, "Cultivated systems [...] cover 24% of Earth's surface".<a href="#cite_note-Millennium_Ecosystem_Assessment-2005-122">[122]</a>: 51  The publication defined cultivated areas as "areas in which at least 30% of the landscape is in croplands, shifting cultivation, confined livestock production, or freshwater aquaculture in any particular year".<a href="#cite_note-Millennium_Ecosystem_Assessment-2005-122">[122]</a>: 51  More than 17,000 species are at risk of losing habitat by 2050 as agriculture continues to expand to meet future food needs (as of 2020).<a href="#cite_note-Dunne-2020-123">[123]</a> A global shift toward largely <a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">plant-based diets</a> would free up land to allow for the restoration of ecosystems and biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-Carrington-124">[124]</a> In the 2010s over 80% of all global farmland was used to rear animals.<a href="#cite_note-Carrington-124">[124]</a> As of 2022, 44% of Earth's land area required conservation attention, which may include declaring <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected areas</a> and following <a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">land-use policies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrient_pollution_and_other_forms_of_pollution">Nutrient pollution and other forms of pollution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Nutrient pollution and other forms of pollution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_pollution">Air pollution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Air pollution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_pollution3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/220px-Air_pollution3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/330px-Air_pollution3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/440px-Air_pollution3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Industrial processes contributing to air pollution through the emission of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrous oxide.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a> adversely affects biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere by the burning of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>, for example. Industrial and agricultural activity releases the pollutants <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sabljic-2009-127">[127]</a> Once sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are introduced into the atmosphere, they can react with cloud droplets (<a href="/wiki/Cloud_condensation_nuclei" title="Cloud condensation nuclei">cloud condensation nuclei</a>), raindrops, or snowflakes, forming <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>. With the interaction between water droplets and sulfuric and nitric acids, <a href="/wiki/Wet_deposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet deposition">wet deposition</a> occurs and creates <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Payne-2017-129">[129]</a> A 2009 review studied four air pollutants (sulfur, nitrogen, ozone, and mercury) and several types of ecosystems. <a href="#cite_note-Lovett-2009-130">[130]</a> Air pollution affects the functioning and biodiversity of terrestrial as well as aquatic ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-Lovett-2009-130">[130]</a> For example, "air pollution causes or contributes to acidification of lakes, <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> of estuaries and coastal waters, and mercury bioaccumulation in aquatic food webs".<a href="#cite_note-Lovett-2009-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noise_pollution">Noise pollution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Noise pollution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution#Impacts" title="Noise pollution">Noise pollution § Impacts</a></div> Noise generated by traffic, ships, vehicles, and aircraft can affect the survivability of wildlife species and can reach undisturbed habitats.<a href="#cite_note-Sordello-2019-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise pollution</a> is common in marine ecosystems, affecting at least 55 marine species.<a href="#cite_note-Weilgart-2008-132">[132]</a> One study found that as <a href="/wiki/Seismic_noise" title="Seismic noise">seismic noises</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">naval sonar</a> increases in marine ecosystems, <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetacean</a> diversity decreases (including whales and dolphins).<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Multiple studies have found that fewer fishes, such as <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockfish" title="Rockfish">rockfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>, sand seal, and <a href="/wiki/Blue_whiting" title="Blue whiting">blue whiting</a>, have been spotted in areas with seismic noises, with catch rates declining by 40–80%.<a href="#cite_note-Weilgart-2008-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Noise pollution has also altered avian communities and diversity. Noise can reduce reproductive success, minimize nesting areas, increase stress response, and reduce species abundance.<a href="#cite_note-Francis-2009-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weilgart-2008-132">[132]</a> Noise pollution can alter the distribution and abundance of prey species, which can then impact predator populations.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pollution_from_fossil_fuel_extraction">Pollution from fossil fuel extraction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Pollution from fossil fuel extraction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locations_and_proportions_of_oil_and_gas_fields_overlapping_IUCN_Protected_Areas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Locations_and_proportions_of_oil_and_gas_fields_overlapping_IUCN_Protected_Areas.png/350px-Locations_and_proportions_of_oil_and_gas_fields_overlapping_IUCN_Protected_Areas.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Locations_and_proportions_of_oil_and_gas_fields_overlapping_IUCN_Protected_Areas.png/525px-Locations_and_proportions_of_oil_and_gas_fields_overlapping_IUCN_Protected_Areas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Locations_and_proportions_of_oil_and_gas_fields_overlapping_IUCN_Protected_Areas.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Potential for biodiversity loss from future fossil fuel extraction: Proportions of oil and gas field area overlapping with <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">Protected Areas</a> (PAs) (gray polygons) of different IUCN Protected Area management categories by UN regions: North America (a), Europe (b), West Asia (c), LAC (d), Africa (e), and Asia Pacific (f). Absolute area of overlap across all IUCN management categories is shown above histograms. Location of fields overlapping with PAs are shown in (g). Shading is used so that points can be visualized even where their spatial locations coincide, so darker points indicate higher densities of fields overlapping PAs.<a href="#cite_note-Harfoot-2018-139">[139]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a> extraction and associated oil and gas pipelines have major impacts on the biodiversity of many <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a> due to land conversion, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat loss</a> and degradation, and pollution. An example is the Western <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-Butt-2013-140">[140]</a> Exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> there has had significant impacts on biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-Harfoot-2018-139">[139]</a> As of 2018, many of the <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected areas</a> with rich biodiversity were in areas containing unexploited <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuel reserves">fossil fuel reserves</a> worth between $3 and $15 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-Harfoot-2018-139">[139]</a> The protected areas may be under threat in future. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Overexploitation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></div> Continued <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a> can lead to the destruction of the resource, as it will be unable to replenish. The term applies to <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">water aquifers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">grazing pastures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Forests">forests</a>, wild <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal plant">medicinal plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">fish stocks</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overfishing">Overfishing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Overfishing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trawlers_overfishing_cod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Trawlers_overfishing_cod.jpg/220px-Trawlers_overfishing_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Trawlers_overfishing_cod.jpg/330px-Trawlers_overfishing_cod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Trawlers_overfishing_cod.jpg/440px-Trawlers_overfishing_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>Mass fishing of <a href="/wiki/Pacific_jack_mackerel" title="Pacific jack mackerel">Pacific jack mackerel</a> (with possible bycatch) with a Chilean <a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">purse seiner</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surexploitation_morue_surp%C3%AAcheEn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Surexploitation_morue_surp%C3%AAcheEn.jpg/220px-Surexploitation_morue_surp%C3%AAcheEn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Surexploitation_morue_surp%C3%AAcheEn.jpg/330px-Surexploitation_morue_surp%C3%AAcheEn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Surexploitation_morue_surp%C3%AAcheEn.jpg/440px-Surexploitation_morue_surp%C3%AAcheEn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic cod</a> stocks were severely overexploited in the 1970s and 1980s, leading to their <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Atlantic_northwest_cod_fishery" title="Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery">abrupt collapse in 1992</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frank-141">[141]</a></figcaption></figure> A 2019 <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Science-Policy_Platform_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a> <a href="/wiki/Global_Assessment_Report_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">report</a> found that overfishing is the main driver of mass species extinction in oceans.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Overfishing has reduced fish and marine mammal <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> by 60% since the 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> It is currently pushing over one-third of <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a> toward extinction.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Many commercial fishes have been overharvested: a 2020 <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> report classified as overfished 34% of the fish stocks of the world's marine fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-FAO-2020-146">[146]</a> By 2020, global fish populations had declined 38% since 1970.<a href="#cite_note-Luypaert-2020-103">[103]</a> Many regulatory measures are available for controlling overfishing. These include <a href="/wiki/Fishing_quota" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing quota">fishing quotas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bag_limits" title="Bag limits">bag limits</a>, licensing, <a href="/wiki/Closed_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed season">closed seasons</a>, size limits, and the creation of <a href="/wiki/Marine_reserve" title="Marine reserve">marine reserves</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine protected areas">marine protected areas</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Human_overpopulation_and_overconsumption">Human overpopulation and overconsumption</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Human overpopulation and overconsumption">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png/330px-Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png/495px-Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png/660px-Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png 2x" data-file-width="2615" data-file-height="1924" /></a><figcaption>The changing distribution of the world's land mammals in tonnes of carbon. The <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> of wild land mammals has declined by 85% since the emergence of humans.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> </figcaption></figure> The world's population numbered nearly 7.6 billion as of mid-2017 and is forecast to peak toward the end of the 21st century at 10–12 billion people.<a href="#cite_note-UNDESA-148">[148]</a> Scholars have argued that population size and growth, along with <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">overconsumption</a>, are significant factors in biodiversity loss and soil degradation.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weston-2021-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw-2021-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crist2017-11">[11]</a> Review articles, including the 2019 <a href="/wiki/IPBES" class="mw-redirect" title="IPBES">IPBES</a> <a href="/wiki/Global_Assessment_Report_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">report</a>, have also noted that <a href="/wiki/Human_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population growth">human population growth</a> and overconsumption are significant drivers of species decline.<a href="#cite_note-Stokstad-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pimm2014-9">[9]</a> A 2022 study warned that conservation efforts will continue to fail if the primary drivers of biodiversity loss continue to be ignored, including population size and growth.<a href="#cite_note-Cafaro2022-10">[10]</a> Other scientists have criticized the assertion that population growth is a key driver for biodiversity loss.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-2023-13">[13]</a> They argue that the main driver is the loss of habitat, caused by "the growth of commodities for export, particularly soybean and oil-palm, primarily for livestock feed or <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a> consumption in higher income economies."<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-2023-13">[13]</a> Because of the wealth disparities between countries, there is a negative correlation between a country's total population and its per capita footprint. On the other hand, the correlation between a country's GDP and its footprint is strong.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-2023-13">[13]</a> The study argues that population as a metric is unhelpful and counterproductive for tackling environmental challenges.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-2023-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasive_species">Invasive species</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Invasive species">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></div> The term invasive is poorly defined and often very subjective.<a href="#cite_note-neutral-151">[151]</a> The European Union defines <a href="/wiki/Invasive_alien_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive alien species">invasive alien species</a> as those outside their natural distribution area that threaten <a href="/wiki/Biological_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological diversity">biological diversity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Biotic invasion is considered one of the five top drivers of global biodiversity loss and is increasing because of tourism and <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> This may be particularly true in poorly regulated <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> systems, though <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballast_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballast water">ballast water</a> rules have improved the situation.<a href="#cite_note-Millennium_Ecosystem_Assessment-2005-122">[122]</a> Invasive species may drive local native species to extinction via <a href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">competitive</a> exclusion, <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niche</a> displacement, or <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridisation</a> with related native species. Therefore, alien invasions may result in extensive changes in the structure, composition and global distribution of the biota at sites of introduction. This leads to the homogenisation of the world's fauna and flora and biodiversity loss.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-Odendaal_2008-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Climate change">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Song_2021_rate_relationship.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Song_2021_rate_relationship.png/220px-Song_2021_rate_relationship.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Song_2021_rate_relationship.png/330px-Song_2021_rate_relationship.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Song_2021_rate_relationship.png/440px-Song_2021_rate_relationship.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>The relationship between the magnitude of <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">climate variability and change</a> (including both large increases and decreases in global temperature) and the extinction rate, over the past 450 million years.<a href="#cite_note-Song2021-158">[158]</a> This graph does not include the recent human made <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.</figcaption></figure> Climate change is another threat to <a href="/wiki/Global_biodiversity" title="Global biodiversity">global biodiversity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC-2005-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kannan2009-15">[15]</a> But habitat destruction, e.g., for the expansion of agriculture, is currently a more significant driver of biodiversity loss.<a href="#cite_note-Ketcham-2022-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Caro-2022-19">[19]</a> A 2021 collaborative report by scientists from the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Science-Policy_Platform_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">IPBES</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">IPCC</a> found that biodiversity loss and climate change must be addressed simultaneously, as they are inextricably linked and have similar effects on human well-being.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Frans_Timmermans" title="Frans Timmermans">Frans Timmermans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice-President of the European Commission</a>, said that people are less aware of the threat of biodiversity loss than they are of the threat of climate change.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The interaction between <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">climate change and invasive species</a> is complex and not easy to assess. Climate change is likely to favour some invasive species and harm others,<a href="#cite_note-Dukes-1999-161">[161]</a> but few authors have identified specific consequences of climate change for invasive species.<a href="#cite_note-Hellmann_2008-162">[162]</a> Invasive species and other disturbances have become more common in <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a> in the last several decades. These tend to be directly or indirectly connected to climate change and have negative consequences for forest ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-Bank-2022-2-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Finch_2021-21">[21]</a> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction#Climate_change" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction § Climate change</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habitat_destruction&action=edit#Climate_change">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:NSIDC_arctic_sea_ice_extent_since_1979.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NSIDC_arctic_sea_ice_extent_since_1979.svg/242px-NSIDC_arctic_sea_ice_extent_since_1979.svg.png" decoding="async" width="242" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NSIDC_arctic_sea_ice_extent_since_1979.svg/363px-NSIDC_arctic_sea_ice_extent_since_1979.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NSIDC_arctic_sea_ice_extent_since_1979.svg/484px-NSIDC_arctic_sea_ice_extent_since_1979.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="576" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Decline in arctic sea ice extent (area) from 1979 to 2022</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Plot_arctic_sea_ice_volume.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Plot_arctic_sea_ice_volume.svg/242px-Plot_arctic_sea_ice_volume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="242" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Plot_arctic_sea_ice_volume.svg/363px-Plot_arctic_sea_ice_volume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Plot_arctic_sea_ice_volume.svg/484px-Plot_arctic_sea_ice_volume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="576" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Decline in arctic sea ice volume from 1979 to 2022</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> contributes to destruction of some habitats, endangering various species. For example: <ul><li>Climate change causes <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rising sea levels</a> which will threaten natural habitats and species globally.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></li> <li>Melting <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> destroys habitat for some species.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a>: 2321  For example, the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">decline of sea ice in the Arctic</a> has been accelerating during the early twenty‐first century, with a decline rate of 4.7% per decade (it has declined over 50% since the first satellite records).<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Habitat_destruction_:22-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Habitat_destruction_:32-168">[168]</a> One well known example of a species affected is the <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bear</a>, whose habitat in the Arctic is threatened.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a> can also be affected when it grows on the underside of sea ice.<a href="#cite_note-Habitat_destruction_Riebesell-170">[170]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Warm-water coral reefs</a> are very sensitive to global warming and ocean acidification. Coral reefs provide a <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> for thousands of species. They provide <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Coastal_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal protection">coastal protection</a> and food. But 70–90% of today's warm-water coral reefs will disappear even if warming is kept to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Habitat_destruction_:2-171">[171]</a>: 179  For example, Caribbean <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> – which are <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspots</a> – will be lost within the century if global warming continues at the current rate.<a href="#cite_note-Habitat_destruction_:6-172">[172]</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extinction_risks">Extinction risks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Extinction risks">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extinction_risk_from_climate_change&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strona_2022_ssps_connectance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Strona_2022_ssps_connectance.jpg/220px-Strona_2022_ssps_connectance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Strona_2022_ssps_connectance.jpg/330px-Strona_2022_ssps_connectance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Strona_2022_ssps_connectance.jpg/440px-Strona_2022_ssps_connectance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1765" /></a><figcaption>The impact of three different <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">climate change scenarios</a> on local <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and risk of extinction of vertebrate species<a href="#cite_note-Extinction_risk_from_climate_change_Strona2022-173">[173]</a></figcaption></figure> There are several plausible pathways that could lead to an increased <a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">extinction risk from climate change</a>. Every <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> has evolved to exist within a certain <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niche</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Extinction_risk_from_climate_change_Pocheville2015-174">[174]</a> But <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> leads to changes of temperature and average weather patterns.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> These changes can push climatic conditions outside of the species' niche, and ultimately render it extinct.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Normally, species faced with changing conditions can either adapt in place through <a href="/wiki/Microevolution" title="Microevolution">microevolution</a> or move to another habitat with suitable conditions. However, the speed of recent climate change is very fast. Due to this rapid change, for example <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ectotherm_cold-blooded_animals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ectotherm cold-blooded animals (page does not exist)">Ectotherm cold-blooded animals</a> (a category which includes <a href="/wiki/Amphibians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibians">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> and all <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>) may struggle to find a suitable habitat within 50 km of their current location at the end of this century (for a <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">mid-range scenario</a> of future global warming).<a href="#cite_note-Extinction_risk_from_climate_change_Buckley2012-178">[178]</a> Climate change also increases both the frequency and intensity of <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme weather event">extreme weather events</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Extinction_risk_from_climate_change_IPCC6AR_ExtremeEvents-179">[179]</a> which can directly wipe out regional populations of species.<a href="#cite_note-Extinction_risk_from_climate_change_Maxwell2018-180">[180]</a> Those species occupying <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low-lying_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-lying island">low-lying island</a> habitats can also become extinct by <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>. This has already happened with <a href="/wiki/Bramble_Cay_melomys" title="Bramble Cay melomys">Bramble Cay melomys</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Extinction_risk_from_climate_change_:0-181">[181]</a> Finally, climate change has been linked with the increased prevalence and global spread of certain diseases affecting wildlife. This includes <a href="/wiki/Batrachochytrium_dendrobatidis" title="Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis">Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a> that is one of the main drivers of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">decline in amphibian populations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts">Impacts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Impacts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_ecosystems">On ecosystems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: On ecosystems">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ecological_effects_of_biodiversity" title="Ecological effects of biodiversity">Ecological effects of biodiversity</a></div> Biodiversity loss has bad effects on the functioning of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. This in turn affects humans,<a href="#cite_note-cardinale2012-45">[45]</a> because affected ecosystems can no longer provide the same quality of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">ecosystem services</a>, such as crop <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a>, cleaning air and water, <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decomposing</a> waste, and providing <a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">forest products</a> as well as areas for <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Millennium_Ecosystem_Assessment-2005-122">[122]</a> Two key statements of a 2012 comprehensive review of the previous 20 years of research include:<a href="#cite_note-cardinale2012-45">[45]</a> <ul><li>"There is now unequivocal evidence that biodiversity loss reduces the efficiency by which ecological communities capture biologically essential resources, produce biomass, decompose and recycle biologically essential nutrients"; and </li> <li>"Impacts of diversity loss on ecological processes might be sufficiently large to rival the impacts of many other global drivers of environmental change"</li></ul> Permanent <a href="/wiki/Global_biodiversity" title="Global biodiversity">global</a> <a href="/wiki/Species_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Species loss">species loss</a> (<a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>) is a more dramatic phenomenon than regional changes in <a href="/wiki/Species_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Species composition">species composition</a>. But even minor changes from a healthy stable state can have a dramatic influence on the <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food web</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>, because reductions in one species can adversely affect the entire chain (<a href="/wiki/Coextinction" title="Coextinction">coextinction</a>). This can lead to an overall reduction in biodiversity, unless <a href="/wiki/Alternative_stable_state" title="Alternative stable state">alternative stable states</a> of the ecosystem are possible.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> For example, a study on <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> used manipulated grassland plant diversity and found that ecosystems with higher biodiversity show more resistance of their productivity to climate extremes.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_food_and_agriculture">On food and agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: On food and agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_state_and_trends_figures_for_key_elements_of_biodiversity_important_to_food_and_agriculture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Global_state_and_trends_figures_for_key_elements_of_biodiversity_important_to_food_and_agriculture.svg/336px-Global_state_and_trends_figures_for_key_elements_of_biodiversity_important_to_food_and_agriculture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="336" height="427" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Global_state_and_trends_figures_for_key_elements_of_biodiversity_important_to_food_and_agriculture.svg/505px-Global_state_and_trends_figures_for_key_elements_of_biodiversity_important_to_food_and_agriculture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Global_state_and_trends_figures_for_key_elements_of_biodiversity_important_to_food_and_agriculture.svg/673px-Global_state_and_trends_figures_for_key_elements_of_biodiversity_important_to_food_and_agriculture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>An infographic describing the relationship between biodiversity and food.</figcaption></figure> In 2019, the UN's <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO) produced its first report on The State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture. It warned that "Many key components of biodiversity for food and agriculture at genetic, species and ecosystem levels are in decline."<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The report also said, "Many of the drivers that have negative impacts on BFA (biodiversity for food and agriculture), including overexploitation, overharvesting, pollution, overuse of external inputs, and changes in land and water management, are at least partially caused by inappropriate agricultural practices"<a href="#cite_note-FAO-2019-187">[187]</a>: 6  and "transition to intensive production of a reduced number of species, breeds and varieties, remain major drivers of loss of BFA and ecosystem services."<a href="#cite_note-FAO-2019-187">[187]</a>: 6  To reduce biodiversity loss related to agricultural practices, FAO encourages the use of "biodiversity-friendly management practices in crop and livestock production, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture".<a href="#cite_note-FAO-2019-187">[187]</a>: 13  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_health_and_medicines">On health and medicines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: On health and medicines">edit</a>]</div> The WHO has analyzed how biodiversity and human health are connected: "Biodiversity and human health, and the respective policies and activities, are interlinked in various ways. First, biodiversity gives rise to health benefits. For example, the variety of species and genotypes provide nutrients and medicines."<a href="#cite_note-WHO-2015-188">[188]</a> The ongoing drivers and effects of biodiversity loss has the potential to lead to future <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">zoonotic disease</a> outbreaks like the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Medicinal and <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic plants">aromatic plants</a> are widely used in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a> as well as in cosmetic and food industries.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-2015-188">[188]</a>: 12  The WHO estimated in 2015 that about "60,000 species are used for their medicinal, nutritional and aromatic properties".<a href="#cite_note-WHO-2015-188">[188]</a>: 12  There is a global trade in plants for medicinal purposes.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-2015-188">[188]</a>: 12  Biodiversity contributes to the development of <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">pharmaceuticals</a>. A significant proportion of <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medicines</a> are derived from <a href="/wiki/Natural_product" title="Natural product">natural products</a>, either directly or indirectly. Many of these natural products come from marine ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> However, unregulated and inappropriate over-harvesting (<a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">bioprospecting</a>) could potentially lead to overexploitation, ecosystem degradation and loss of biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-Dhillion-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Users and traders harvest plants for traditional medicine either by planting them or by collecting them in the wild. In both cases, sustainable medicinal resource management is important.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-2015-188">[188]</a>: 13  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_solutions">Proposed solutions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Proposed solutions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">Wildlife conservation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_List_Index,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Red_List_Index%2C_OWID.svg/220px-Red_List_Index%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Red_List_Index%2C_OWID.svg/330px-Red_List_Index%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Red_List_Index%2C_OWID.svg/440px-Red_List_Index%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_List_Index" title="Red List Index">Red List Index</a> (2019): The Red List Index (RLI) defines the conservation status of major species groups, and measures trends in the proportion of species expected to remain extant in the near future without additional conservation action. An RLI value of 1.0 equates to all species being categorised as 'Least Concern', and hence that none are expected to go extinct in the near future. A value of 0 indicates that all species have gone extinct.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></figcaption></figure> Scientists are investigating what can be done to address biodiversity loss and climate change together. For both of these crises, there is a need to "conserve enough nature and in the right places".<a href="#cite_note-Dinerstein-2020-194">[194]</a> A 2020 study found that "beyond the 15% land area currently protected, 35% of land area is needed to conserve additional sites of particular importance for biodiversity and stabilize the climate."<a href="#cite_note-Dinerstein-2020-194">[194]</a> Additional measures for protecting biodiversity, beyond just environmental protection, are important. Such measures include addressing drivers of <a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">land use change</a>, increasing efficiency in agriculture, and reducing the need for <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">animal agriculture</a>. The latter could be achieved by increasing the shares of <a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">plant-based diets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convention_on_Biological_Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Convention on Biological Diversity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2022_United_Nations_Biodiversity_Conference" title="2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference">2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference</a></div> Many governments have conserved portions of their territories under the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> (CBD), a multilateral treaty signed in 1992–3. The 20 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity#Strategic_Plan_for_Biodiversity_2011-2020" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Aichi Biodiversity Targets</a> are part of the CBD's Strategic Plan 2011–2020 and were published in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-aichitargets-197">[197]</a> Aichi Target Number 11 aimed to protect 17% of terrestrial and inland water areas and 10% of coastal and marine areas by 2020 .<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Of the 20 biodiversity goals laid out by the Aichi Biodiversity Targets in 2010, only six were partially achieved by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2020-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity-24">[24]</a> The 2020 CBD report highlighted that if the status quo does not change, biodiversity will continue to decline due to "currently unsustainable patterns of production and consumption, population growth and technological developments".<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> The report also singled out Australia, Brazil, Cameroon and the <a href="/wiki/Galapagos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagos Islands">Galapagos Islands</a> (Ecuador) for having had one of its animals lost to extinction in the previous ten years.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Following this, the leaders of 64 nations and the European Union pledged to halt <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> and restore the natural world. The pledge was not signed by leaders from some of the world's biggest polluters, namely China, India, Russia, Brazil and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Some experts contend that the United States' refusal to ratify the Convention on Biological Diversity is harming global efforts to halt the extinction crisis.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Scientists say that even if the targets for 2020 had been met, no substantial reduction of extinction rates would likely have resulted.<a href="#cite_note-Weston-2021-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw-2021-1">[1]</a> Others have raised concerns that the Convention on Biological Diversity does not go far enough, and argue the goal should be zero extinctions by 2050, along with cutting the impact of unsustainable food production on nature by half. That the targets are not <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">legally binding</a> has also been subject to criticism.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> In December 2022, every country except the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> signed onto the <a href="/wiki/Kunming-Montreal_Global_Biodiversity_Framework" title="Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework">Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2022_United_Nations_Biodiversity_Conference" title="2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference">2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference</a>. This framework calls for protecting 30% of land and oceans by 2030 (<a href="/wiki/30_by_30" title="30 by 30">30 by 30</a>). It also has 22 other targets intended to reduce biodiversity loss. At the time of signing the agreement, only 17% of land territory and 10% of ocean territory were protected. The agreement includes protecting the rights of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a> and changing the current subsidy policy to one better for biodiversity protection, but it takes a step backward in protecting species from extinction in comparison to the Aichi Targets.<a href="#cite_note-Paddison-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Critics said the agreement does not go far enough to protect biodiversity, and that the process was rushed.<a href="#cite_note-Paddison-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_international_and_national_action">Other international and national action</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Other international and national action">edit</a>]</div> In 2019 the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Science-Policy_Platform_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a> (IPBES) published the <a href="/wiki/Global_Assessment_Report_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a>. This report said that up to a million plant and animal species are facing extinction because of human activity.<a href="#cite_note-Stokstad-8">[8]</a> The IPBES is an international organization that has a similar role to the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC),<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> except that it focuses on biodiversity and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">ecosystem services</a>, not climate change. The United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_15" title="Sustainable Development Goal 15">Sustainable Development Goal 15</a> (SDG 15), "Life on Land", includes biodiversity targets. Its fifth target is: "Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened species</a>."<a href="#cite_note-United_Nations-2017-209">[209]</a> This target has one indicator: the <a href="/wiki/Red_List_Index" title="Red List Index">Red List Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Our_World_in_Data-210">[210]</a> Nearly three-quarters of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> species, two thirds of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> and more than half of <a href="/wiki/Hard_Corals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard Corals">hard corals</a> have been recorded at <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>, even though they cover less than 1% of the planet. Countries with World Heritage Sites can include them in their national biodiversity strategies and action plans.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_offsetting" title="Biodiversity offsetting">Biodiversity offsetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_extinction" title="Ecological extinction">Ecological extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Effects of climate change on biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_reintroduction" title="Species reintroduction">Species reintroduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_planetary_crisis" title="Triple planetary crisis">Triple planetary crisis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bradshaw-2021-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradshaw-2021_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradshaw-2021_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradshaw-2021_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradshaw-2021_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBradshawEhrlichBeattieCeballos2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bradshaw CJ, Ehrlich PR, Beattie A, Ceballos G, Crist E, Diamond J, et al. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcosc.2020.615419">"Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future"</a>. Frontiers in Conservation Science. 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcosc.2020.615419">10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Conservation+Science&rft.atitle=Underestimating+the+Challenges+of+Avoiding+a+Ghastly+Future&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffcosc.2020.615419&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Corey+J.+A.&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Beattie%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Ceballos%2C+Gerardo&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Diamond%2C+Joan&rft.au=Dirzo%2C+Rodolfo&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Anne+H.&rft.au=Harte%2C+John&rft.au=Harte%2C+Mary+Ellen&rft.au=Pyke%2C+Graham&rft.au=Raven%2C+Peter+H.&rft.au=Ripple%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Saltr%C3%A9%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rik&rft.au=Turnbull%2C+Christine&rft.au=Wackernagel%2C+Mathis&rft.au=Blumstein%2C+Daniel+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffcosc.2020.615419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRippleWolfNewsomeGaletti2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Ripple" title="William J. Ripple">Ripple WJ</a>, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, et al. (November 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix125">"World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BioScience" title="BioScience">BioScience</a>. 67 (12): 1026–1028. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix125">10.1093/biosci/bix125</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F71342">11336/71342</a>. <q>Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=World+Scientists%27+Warning+to+Humanity%3A+A+Second+Notice&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1026-1028&rft.date=2017-11-13&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F71342&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix125&rft.aulast=Ripple&rft.aufirst=WJ&rft.au=Wolf%2C+C&rft.au=Newsome%2C+TM&rft.au=Galetti%2C+M&rft.au=Alamgir%2C+M&rft.au=Crist%2C+E&rft.au=Mahmoud%2C+MI&rft.au=Laurance%2C+WF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbiosci%252Fbix125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowieBouchetFontaine2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cowie RH, Bouchet P, Fontaine B (April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9786292">"The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation?"</a>. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 97 (2): 640–663. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbrv.12816">10.1111/brv.12816</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9786292">9786292</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35014169">35014169</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245889833">245889833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Sixth+Mass+Extinction%3A+fact%2C+fiction+or+speculation%3F&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=640-663&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9786292%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245889833%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35014169&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbrv.12816&rft.aulast=Cowie&rft.aufirst=RH&rft.au=Bouchet%2C+P&rft.au=Fontaine%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9786292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBD-2010-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBD-2010_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBD-2010_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBD-2010_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBD-2010_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbd.int/gbo3/">"Global Biodiversity Outlook 3"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a>. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519223227/https://www.cbd.int/gbo3/">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Biodiversity+Outlook+3&rft.pub=Convention+on+Biological+Diversity&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbd.int%2Fgbo3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kehoe-2017-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kehoe-2017_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kehoe-2017_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKehoeRomero-MuñozPolainaEstes2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kehoe L, Romero-Muñoz A, Polaina E, Estes L, Kreft H, Kuemmerle T (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0234-3">"Biodiversity at risk under future cropland expansion and intensification"</a>. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (8): 1129–1135. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatEE...1.1129K">2017NatEE...1.1129K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-017-0234-3">10.1038/s41559-017-0234-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-334X">2397-334X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046577">29046577</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3642597">3642597</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220423232132/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0234-3">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Biodiversity+at+risk+under+future+cropland+expansion+and+intensification&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1129-1135&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3642597%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatEE...1.1129K&rft.issn=2397-334X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-017-0234-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29046577&rft.aulast=Kehoe&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Romero-Mu%C3%B1oz%2C+A&rft.au=Polaina%2C+E&rft.au=Estes%2C+L&rft.au=Kreft%2C+H&rft.au=Kuemmerle%2C+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41559-017-0234-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allan-2015-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allan-2015_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allan-2015_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllanManningAltBinkenstein2015" class="citation journal cs1">Allan E, Manning P, Alt F, Binkenstein J, Blaser S, Blüthgen N, et al. (August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744976">"Land use intensification alters ecosystem multifunctionality via loss of biodiversity and changes to functional composition"</a>. Ecology Letters. 18 (8): 834–843. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EcolL..18..834A">2015EcolL..18..834A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fele.12469">10.1111/ele.12469</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744976">4744976</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26096863">26096863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology+Letters&rft.atitle=Land+use+intensification+alters+ecosystem+multifunctionality+via+loss+of+biodiversity+and+changes+to+functional+composition&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=834-843&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4744976%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26096863&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fele.12469&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015EcolL..18..834A&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Manning%2C+P&rft.au=Alt%2C+F&rft.au=Binkenstein%2C+J&rft.au=Blaser%2C+S&rft.au=Bl%C3%BCthgen%2C+N&rft.au=B%C3%B6hm%2C+S&rft.au=Grassein%2C+F&rft.au=H%C3%B6lzel%2C+N&rft.au=Klaus%2C+VH&rft.au=Kleinebecker%2C+T&rft.au=Morris%2C+EK&rft.au=Oelmann%2C+Y&rft.au=Prati%2C+D&rft.au=Renner%2C+SC&rft.au=Rillig%2C+MC&rft.au=Schaefer%2C+M&rft.au=Schloter%2C+M&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+B&rft.au=Sch%C3%B6ning%2C+I&rft.au=Schrumpf%2C+M&rft.au=Solly%2C+E&rft.au=Sorkau%2C+E&rft.au=Steckel%2C+J&rft.au=Steffen-Dewenter%2C+I&rft.au=Stempfhuber%2C+B&rft.au=Tschapka%2C+M&rft.au=Weiner%2C+CN&rft.au=Weisser%2C+WW&rft.au=Werner%2C+M&rft.au=Westphal%2C+C&rft.au=Wilcke%2C+W&rft.au=Fischer%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4744976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walsh-2016-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh-2016_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh-2016_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalshCarpenterVander_Zanden2016" class="citation journal cs1">Walsh JR, Carpenter SR, Vander Zanden MJ (April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4839401">"Invasive species triggers a massive loss of ecosystem services through a trophic cascade"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (15): 4081–5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PNAS..113.4081W">2016PNAS..113.4081W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1600366113">10.1073/pnas.1600366113</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4839401">4839401</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27001838">27001838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Invasive+species+triggers+a+massive+loss+of+ecosystem+services+through+a+trophic+cascade&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=4081-5&rft.date=2016-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4839401%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27001838&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1600366113&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PNAS..113.4081W&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=JR&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+SR&rft.au=Vander+Zanden%2C+MJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4839401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stokstad-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stokstad_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stokstad_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stokstad_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stokstad_8-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokstad2019" class="citation journal cs1">Stokstad E (May 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aax9287">"Landmark analysis documents the alarming global decline of nature"</a>. Science. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aax9287">10.1126/science.aax9287</a>. <q>For the first time at a global scale, the report has ranked the causes of damage. Topping the list, changes in land use—principally agriculture—that have destroyed habitat. Second, hunting and other kinds of exploitation. These are followed by climate change, pollution, and invasive species, which are being spread by trade and other activities. Climate change will likely overtake the other threats in the next decades, the authors note. Driving these threats are the growing human population, which has doubled since 1970 to 7.6 billion, and consumption. (Per capita of use of materials is up 15% over the past 5 decades.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Landmark+analysis+documents+the+alarming+global+decline+of+nature&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aax9287&rft.aulast=Stokstad&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aax9287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pimm2014-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pimm2014_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pimm2014_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimmJenkinsAbellBrooks2014" class="citation journal cs1">Pimm SL, Jenkins CN, Abell R, Brooks TM, Gittleman JL, Joppa LN, et al. (May 2014). "The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection". Science. 344 (6187): 1246752. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1246752">10.1126/science.1246752</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24876501">24876501</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206552746">206552746</a>. <q>The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+biodiversity+of+species+and+their+rates+of+extinction%2C+distribution%2C+and+protection&rft.volume=344&rft.issue=6187&rft.pages=1246752&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206552746%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24876501&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1246752&rft.aulast=Pimm&rft.aufirst=SL&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+CN&rft.au=Abell%2C+R&rft.au=Brooks%2C+TM&rft.au=Gittleman%2C+JL&rft.au=Joppa%2C+LN&rft.au=Raven%2C+PH&rft.au=Roberts%2C+CM&rft.au=Sexton%2C+JO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cafaro2022-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cafaro2022_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cafaro2022_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCafaroHanssonGötmark2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cafaro P, Hansson P, Götmark F (August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sustainable.soltechdesigns.com/Overpopulation-and-biodiversty-loss(2022).pdf">"Overpopulation is a major cause of biodiversity loss and smaller human populations are necessary to preserve what is left"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Biological_Conservation_(journal)" title="Biological Conservation (journal)">Biological Conservation</a>. 272. 109646. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022BCons.27209646C">2022BCons.27209646C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2022.109646">10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109646</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3207">0006-3207</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250185617">250185617</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208055537/https://www.sustainable.soltechdesigns.com/Overpopulation-and-biodiversty-loss(2022).pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2022. <q>Conservation biologists standardly list five main direct drivers of biodiversity loss: habitat loss, overexploitation of species, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. The Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services found that in recent decades habitat loss was the leading cause of terrestrial biodiversity loss, while overexploitation (overfishing) was the most important cause of marine losses (IPBES, 2019). All five direct drivers are important, on land and at sea, and all are made worse by larger and denser human populations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.atitle=Overpopulation+is+a+major+cause+of+biodiversity+loss+and+smaller+human+populations+are+necessary+to+preserve+what+is+left&rft.volume=272&rft.pages=109646&rft.date=2022-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2022.109646&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250185617%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0006-3207&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022BCons.27209646C&rft.aulast=Cafaro&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Hansson%2C+Pernilla&rft.au=G%C3%B6tmark%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sustainable.soltechdesigns.com%2FOverpopulation-and-biodiversty-loss%282022%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crist2017-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crist2017_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crist2017_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCristMoraEngelman2017" class="citation journal cs1">Crist E, Mora C, Engelman R (April 21, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316286860">"The interaction of human population, food production, and biodiversity protection"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 356 (6335): 260–264. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Sci...356..260C">2017Sci...356..260C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aal2011">10.1126/science.aal2011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28428391">28428391</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12770178">12770178</a>. Retrieved January 2, 2023. <q>Research suggests that the scale of human population and the current pace of its growth contribute substantially to the loss of biological diversity. Although technological change and unequal consumption inextricably mingle with demographic impacts on the environment, the needs of all human beings—especially for food—imply that projected population growth will undermine protection of the natural world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+interaction+of+human+population%2C+food+production%2C+and+biodiversity+protection&rft.volume=356&rft.issue=6335&rft.pages=260-264&rft.date=2017-04-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aal2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12770178%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28428391&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Sci...356..260C&rft.aulast=Crist&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rft.au=Mora%2C+Camilo&rft.au=Engelman%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F316286860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeballosEhrlich2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10523489">"Mutilation of the tree of life via mass extinction of animal genera"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a>. 120 (39): e2306987120. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PNAS..12006987C">2023PNAS..12006987C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2306987120">10.1073/pnas.2306987120</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10523489">10523489</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37722053">37722053</a>. <q>Current generic extinction rates will likely greatly accelerate in the next few decades due to drivers accompanying the growth and consumption of the human enterprise such as habitat destruction, illegal trade, and climate disruption.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Mutilation+of+the+tree+of+life+via+mass+extinction+of+animal+genera&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=e2306987120&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10523489%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37722053&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2306987120&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023PNAS..12006987C&rft.aulast=Ceballos&rft.aufirst=Gerardo&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10523489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes-2023-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes-2023_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes-2023_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes-2023_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes-2023_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes-2023_13-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesTougeronMartinMenga2023" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes AC, Tougeron K, Martin DA, Menga F, Rosado BH, Villasante S, et al. (January 1, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2022.109841">"Smaller human populations are neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for biodiversity conservation"</a>. Biological Conservation. 277: 109841. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023BCons.27709841H">2023BCons.27709841H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2022.109841">10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109841</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3207">0006-3207</a>. <q>Through examining the drivers of biodiversity loss in highly biodiverse countries, we show that it is not population driving the loss of habitats, but rather the growth of commodities for export, particularly soybean and oil-palm, primarily for livestock feed or biofuel consumption in higher income economies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.atitle=Smaller+human+populations+are+neither+a+necessary+nor+sufficient+condition+for+biodiversity+conservation&rft.volume=277&rft.pages=109841&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft.issn=0006-3207&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2022.109841&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023BCons.27709841H&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Alice+C.&rft.au=Tougeron%2C+K%C3%A9vin&rft.au=Martin%2C+Dominic+A.&rft.au=Menga%2C+Filippo&rft.au=Rosado%2C+Bruno+H.+P.&rft.au=Villasante%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Madgulkar%2C+Shweta&rft.au=Gon%C3%A7alves%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Geneletti%2C+Davide&rft.au=Diele-Viegas%2C+Luisa+Maria&rft.au=Berger%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Colla%2C+Sheila+R.&rft.au=de+Andrade+Kamimura%2C+Vitor&rft.au=Caggiano%2C+Holly&rft.au=Melo%2C+Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.biocon.2022.109841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPCC-2005-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IPCC-2005_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPCC-2005_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205010427/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/technical-papers/climate-changes-biodiversity-en.pdf">"Climate change and biodiversity"</a> (PDF). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/technical-papers/climate-changes-biodiversity-en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 5, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+change+and+biodiversity&rft.pub=Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Fpdf%2Ftechnical-papers%2Fclimate-changes-biodiversity-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kannan2009-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kannan2009_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kannan2009_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKannanJames2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kannan R, James DA (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415065220/http://www.tropecol.com/pdf/open/PDF_50_1/05Kannan.pdf">"Effects of climate change on global biodiversity: a review of key literature"</a> (PDF). Tropical Ecology. 50 (1): 31–39. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tropecol.com/pdf/open/PDF_50_1/05Kannan.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 15, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tropical+Ecology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+climate+change+on+global+biodiversity%3A+a+review+of+key+literature&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-39&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Kannan&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=James%2C+D.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tropecol.com%2Fpdf%2Fopen%2FPDF_50_1%2F05Kannan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wwf-16"><a href="#cite_ref-wwf_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/coraltriangle/problems/climatechangecoraltriangle/">"Climate change, reefs and the Coral Triangle"</a>. wwf.panda.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180502200544/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/coraltriangle/problems/climatechangecoraltriangle/">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wwf.panda.org&rft.atitle=Climate+change%2C+reefs+and+the+Coral+Triangle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwf.panda.org%2Fwhat_we_do%2Fwhere_we_work%2Fcoraltriangle%2Fproblems%2Fclimatechangecoraltriangle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aldred-2014-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Aldred-2014_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldred2014" class="citation news cs1">Aldred J (July 2, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/02/caribbean-coral-reef-lost-fishing-pollution-report">"Caribbean coral reefs 'will be lost within 20 years' without protection"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020130421/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/02/caribbean-coral-reef-lost-fishing-pollution-report">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Caribbean+coral+reefs+%27will+be+lost+within+20+years%27+without+protection&rft.date=2014-07-02&rft.aulast=Aldred&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2014%2Fjul%2F02%2Fcaribbean-coral-reef-lost-fishing-pollution-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ketcham-2022-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ketcham-2022_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ketcham-2022_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKetcham2022" class="citation news cs1">Ketcham C (December 3, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2022/12/03/climate-biodiversity-green-energy/">"Addressing Climate Change Will Not "Save the Planet""</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240218153423/https://theintercept.com/2022/12/03/climate-biodiversity-green-energy/">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2024. Retrieved December 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Intercept&rft.atitle=Addressing+Climate+Change+Will+Not+%22Save+the+Planet%22&rft.date=2022-12-03&rft.aulast=Ketcham&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheintercept.com%2F2022%2F12%2F03%2Fclimate-biodiversity-green-energy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caro-2022-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caro-2022_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caro-2022_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaroRowe2022" class="citation journal cs1">Caro T, Rowe Z (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fconl.12868">"An inconvenient misconception: Climate change is not the principal driver of biodiversity loss"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conservation_Letters" title="Conservation Letters">Conservation Letters</a>. 15 (3): e12868. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ConL...15E2868C">2022ConL...15E2868C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fconl.12868">10.1111/conl.12868</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246172852">246172852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Letters&rft.atitle=An+inconvenient+misconception%3A+Climate+change+is+not+the+principal+driver+of+biodiversity+loss&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e12868&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246172852%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fconl.12868&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ConL...15E2868C&rft.aulast=Caro&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Rowe%2C+Zeke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fconl.12868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bank-2022-2-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bank-2022-2_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bank-2022-2_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank2022" class="citation book cs1">Bank EI (December 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20220173-forests-at-the-heart-of-sustainable-development">Forests at the heart of sustainable development: Investing in forests to meet biodiversity and climate goals</a>. European Investment Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5403-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5403-4"><bdi>978-92-861-5403-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321101636/https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20220173-forests-at-the-heart-of-sustainable-development">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forests+at+the+heart+of+sustainable+development%3A+Investing+in+forests+to+meet+biodiversity+and+climate+goals&rft.pub=European+Investment+Bank&rft.date=2022-12-08&rft.isbn=978-92-861-5403-4&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F20220173-forests-at-the-heart-of-sustainable-development&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finch_2021-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finch_2021_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finch_2021_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinchButlerRunyonFettig2021" class="citation book cs1">Finch DM, Butler JL, Runyon JB, Fettig CJ, Kilkenny FF, Jose S, et al. (2021). "Effects of Climate Change on Invasive Species". In Poland TM, Patel-Weynand T, Finch DM, Miniat CF (eds.). Invasive Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States: A Comprehensive Science Synthesis for the United States Forest Sector. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 57–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-45367-1_4">10.1007/978-3-030-45367-1_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-45367-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-45367-1"><bdi>978-3-030-45367-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234260720">234260720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Climate+Change+on+Invasive+Species&rft.btitle=Invasive+Species+in+Forests+and+Rangelands+of+the+United+States%3A+A+Comprehensive+Science+Synthesis+for+the+United+States+Forest+Sector&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=57-83&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234260720%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-45367-1_4&rft.isbn=978-3-030-45367-1&rft.aulast=Finch&rft.aufirst=Deborah+M.&rft.au=Butler%2C+Jack+L.&rft.au=Runyon%2C+Justin+B.&rft.au=Fettig%2C+Christopher+J.&rft.au=Kilkenny%2C+Francis+F.&rft.au=Jose%2C+Shibu&rft.au=Frankel%2C+Susan+J.&rft.au=Cushman%2C+Samuel+A.&rft.au=Cobb%2C+Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Environment_Programme2021" class="citation book cs1">United Nations Environment Programme (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature">Making Peace with Nature: A scientific blueprint to tackle the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies</a>. Nairobi: United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323211102/https://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2021. Retrieved March 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Peace+with+Nature%3A+A+scientific+blueprint+to+tackle+the+climate%2C+biodiversity+and+pollution+emergencies&rft.place=Nairobi&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2021&rft.au=United+Nations+Environment+Programme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Fresources%2Fmaking-peace-nature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen-2020-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen-2020_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen-2020_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2020" class="citation news cs1">Cohen L (September 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/more-than-150-countries-made-a-plan-to-save-the-worlds-species-and-ecosystems-a-decade-ago-a-new-report-says-they-mostly-failed/">"More than 150 countries made a plan to preserve biodiversity a decade ago. A new report says they mostly failed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220515192230/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/more-than-150-countries-made-a-plan-to-save-the-worlds-species-and-ecosystems-a-decade-ago-a-new-report-says-they-mostly-failed/">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved September 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=More+than+150+countries+made+a+plan+to+preserve+biodiversity+a+decade+ago.+A+new+report+says+they+mostly+failed.&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fmore-than-150-countries-made-a-plan-to-save-the-worlds-species-and-ecosystems-a-decade-ago-a-new-report-says-they-mostly-failed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbd.int/gbo5">"Global Biodiversity Outlook 5"</a>. Convention on Biological Diversity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006094347/https://www.cbd.int/gbo5">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Convention+on+Biological+Diversity&rft.atitle=Global+Biodiversity+Outlook+5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbd.int%2Fgbo5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2021" class="citation news cs1">Carrington D (February 2, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/02/economics-of-biodiversity-review-what-are-the-recommendations">"Economics of biodiversity review: what are the recommendations?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524182314/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/02/economics-of-biodiversity-review-what-are-the-recommendations">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Economics+of+biodiversity+review%3A+what+are+the+recommendations%3F&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F02%2Feconomics-of-biodiversity-review-what-are-the-recommendations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Partha_Dasgupta" title="Partha Dasgupta">Dasgupta P</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/957629/Dasgupta_Review_-_Headline_Messages.pdf">"The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review Headline Messages"</a> (PDF). UK government. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520070152/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/957629/Dasgupta_Review_-_Headline_Messages.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2021. <q>Biodiversity is declining faster than at any time in human history. Current extinction rates, for example, are around 100 to 1,000 times higher than the baseline rate, and they are increasing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Biodiversity%3A+The+Dasgupta+Review+Headline+Messages&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=UK+government&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F957629%2FDasgupta_Review_-_Headline_Messages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeballosEhrlichBarnoskyGarcía2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Barnosky AD, García A, Pringle RM, Palmer TM (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4640606">"Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction"</a>. Science Advances. 1 (5): e1400253. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SciA....1E0253C">2015SciA....1E0253C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1400253">10.1126/sciadv.1400253</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4640606">4640606</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26601195">26601195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Accelerated+modern+human-induced+species+losses%3A+Entering+the+sixth+mass+extinction&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e1400253&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4640606%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26601195&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.1400253&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015SciA....1E0253C&rft.aulast=Ceballos&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+PR&rft.au=Barnosky%2C+AD&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa%2C+A&rft.au=Pringle%2C+RM&rft.au=Palmer%2C+TM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4640606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_VosJoppaGittlemanStephens2015" class="citation journal cs1">De Vos JM, Joppa LN, Gittleman JL, Stephens PR, Pimm SL (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/98443/1/Conservation_Biology_2014_early-view.pdf">"Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction"</a> (PDF). Conservation Biology. 29 (2): 452–62. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ConBi..29..452D">2015ConBi..29..452D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcobi.12380">10.1111/cobi.12380</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25159086">25159086</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19121609">19121609</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181104111411/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/98443/1/Conservation_Biology_2014_early-view.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved December 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&rft.atitle=Estimating+the+normal+background+rate+of+species+extinction&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=452-62&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fcobi.12380&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19121609%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25159086&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ConBi..29..452D&rft.aulast=De+Vos&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Joppa%2C+LN&rft.au=Gittleman%2C+JL&rft.au=Stephens%2C+PR&rft.au=Pimm%2C+SL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F98443%2F1%2FConservation_Biology_2014_early-view.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeballosEhrlichRaven2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Raven PH (June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7306750">"Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (24): 13596–13602. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PNAS..11713596C">2020PNAS..11713596C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1922686117">10.1073/pnas.1922686117</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7306750">7306750</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32482862">32482862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Vertebrates+on+the+brink+as+indicators+of+biological+annihilation+and+the+sixth+mass+extinction&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=13596-13602&rft.date=2020-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7306750%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32482862&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1922686117&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PNAS..11713596C&rft.aulast=Ceballos&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+PR&rft.au=Raven%2C+PH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7306750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndermannFaurbyTurveyAntonelli2020" class="citation journal cs1">Andermann T, Faurby S, Turvey ST, Antonelli A, Silvestro D (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7473673">"The past and future human impact on mammalian diversity"</a>. Science Advances. 6 (36): eabb2313. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020SciA....6.2313A">2020SciA....6.2313A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abb2313">10.1126/sciadv.abb2313</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7473673">7473673</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32917612">32917612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=The+past+and+future+human+impact+on+mammalian+diversity&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=eabb2313&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7473673%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32917612&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abb2313&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020SciA....6.2313A&rft.aulast=Andermann&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Faurby%2C+S&rft.au=Turvey%2C+ST&rft.au=Antonelli%2C+A&rft.au=Silvestro%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7473673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> CIESM 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271767063_Marine_Extinctions_Patterns_and_Processes_-_Executive_Summary">Marine extinctions - patterns and processes</a>. CIESM Workshop Monograph n° 45 [F. Briand ed.], 188 p., CIESM Publisher, Monaco. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardinaleDuffyGonzalezHooper2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cardinale BJ, Duffy JE, Gonzalez A, Hooper DU, Perrings C, Venail P, et al. (June 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11148">"Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity"</a>. Nature. 486 (7401): 59–67. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.486...59C">2012Natur.486...59C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature11148">10.1038/nature11148</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22678280">22678280</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4333166">4333166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Biodiversity+loss+and+its+impact+on+humanity&rft.volume=486&rft.issue=7401&rft.pages=59-67&rft.date=2012-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4333166%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Natur.486...59C&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature11148&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22678280&rft.aulast=Cardinale&rft.aufirst=Bradley+J.&rft.au=Duffy%2C+J.+Emmett&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Hooper%2C+David+U.&rft.au=Perrings%2C+Charles&rft.au=Venail%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Narwani%2C+Anita&rft.au=Mace%2C+Georgina+M.&rft.au=Tilman%2C+David&rft.au=Wardle%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Kinzig%2C+Ann+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1038%2Fnature11148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiam2017" class="citation journal cs1">Giam X (June 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5468656">"Global biodiversity loss from tropical deforestation"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (23): 5775–5777. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PNAS..114.5775G">2017PNAS..114.5775G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1706264114">10.1073/pnas.1706264114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5468656">5468656</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28550105">28550105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Global+biodiversity+loss+from+tropical+deforestation&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=5775-5777&rft.date=2017-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5468656%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PNAS..114.5775G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28550105&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1706264114&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Giam&rft.aufirst=Xingli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5468656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJhaBawa2006" class="citation journal cs1">Jha S, Bawa KS (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00398.x">"Population Growth, Human Development, and Deforestation in Biodiversity Hotspots"</a>. Conservation Biology. 20 (3): 906–912. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ConBi..20..906J">2006ConBi..20..906J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2006.00398.x">10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00398.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0888-8892">0888-8892</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16909582">16909582</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122172953/https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00398.x">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&rft.atitle=Population+Growth%2C+Human+Development%2C+and+Deforestation+in+Biodiversity+Hotspots&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=906-912&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2006.00398.x&rft.issn=0888-8892&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16909582&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006ConBi..20..906J&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Bawa%2C+K.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2006.00398.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJhaBawa2006" class="citation journal cs1">Jha S, Bawa KS (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00398.x">"Population Growth, Human Development, and Deforestation in Biodiversity Hotspots"</a>. Conservation Biology. 20 (3): 906–912. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ConBi..20..906J">2006ConBi..20..906J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2006.00398.x">10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00398.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0888-8892">0888-8892</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16909582">16909582</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122172953/https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00398.x">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&rft.atitle=Population+Growth%2C+Human+Development%2C+and+Deforestation+in+Biodiversity+Hotspots&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=906-912&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2006.00398.x&rft.issn=0888-8892&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16909582&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006ConBi..20..906J&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Bawa%2C+K.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2006.00398.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iucnredlist.org-36"><a href="#cite_ref-iucnredlist.org_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/en">"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"</a>. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200304172225/https://www.iucnredlist.org/en">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=The+IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelillo2022" class="citation news cs1">Melillo G (July 19, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/changing-america/sustainability/environment/3565945-threat-of-global-extinction-may-be-greater-than-previously-thought-study-finds/">"Threat of global extinction may be greater than previously thought, study finds"</a>. The Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719180734/https://thehill.com/changing-america/sustainability/environment/3565945-threat-of-global-extinction-may-be-greater-than-previously-thought-study-finds/">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Threat+of+global+extinction+may+be+greater+than+previously+thought%2C+study+finds&rft.date=2022-07-19&rft.aulast=Melillo&rft.aufirst=Gianna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fchanging-america%2Fsustainability%2Fenvironment%2F3565945-threat-of-global-extinction-may-be-greater-than-previously-thought-study-finds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsbellBalvanera2022" class="citation journal cs1">Isbell F, Balvanera P (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Ffee.2536">"Expert perspectives on global biodiversity loss and its drivers and impacts on people"</a>. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 21 (2): 94–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Ffee.2536">10.1002/fee.2536</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F101242">10852/101242</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250659953">250659953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Ecology+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=Expert+perspectives+on+global+biodiversity+loss+and+its+drivers+and+impacts+on+people&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=94-103&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F101242&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250659953%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Ffee.2536&rft.aulast=Isbell&rft.aufirst=Forest&rft.au=Balvanera%2C+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Ffee.2536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-65681648">"Biodiversity: Almost half of animals in decline, research shows"</a>. BBC. May 23, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230717222234/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-65681648">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Biodiversity%3A+Almost+half+of+animals+in+decline%2C+research+shows&rft.date=2023-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-65681648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnGrattarolaPincheira-Donoso2023" class="citation journal cs1">Finn C, Grattarola F, Pincheira-Donoso D (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbrv.12974">"More losers than winners: investigating Anthropocene defaunation through the diversity of population trends"</a>. Biological Reviews. 98 (5): 1732–1748. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbrv.12974">10.1111/brv.12974</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37189305">37189305</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258717720">258717720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews&rft.atitle=More+losers+than+winners%3A+investigating+Anthropocene+defaunation+through+the+diversity+of+population+trends&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1732-1748&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258717720%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37189305&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbrv.12974&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Grattarola%2C+Florencia&rft.au=Pincheira-Donoso%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fbrv.12974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaddison2023" class="citation news cs1">Paddison L (May 22, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/22/world/wildlife-crisis-biodiversity-scn-climate-intl/index.html">"Global loss of wildlife is 'significantly more alarming' than previously thought, according to a new study"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230525012839/https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/22/world/wildlife-crisis-biodiversity-scn-climate-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Global+loss+of+wildlife+is+%27significantly+more+alarming%27+than+previously+thought%2C+according+to+a+new+study&rft.date=2023-05-22&rft.aulast=Paddison&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2023%2F05%2F22%2Fworld%2Fwildlife-crisis-biodiversity-scn-climate-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larsson2001-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Larsson2001_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTor-Björn_Larsson2001" class="citation book cs1">Tor-Björn Larsson (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zeTU8QauENcC&pg=PA178">Biodiversity evaluation tools for European forests</a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-16-16434-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-16-16434-6"><bdi>978-87-16-16434-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+evaluation+tools+for+European+forests&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-87-16-16434-6&rft.au=Tor-Bj%C3%B6rn+Larsson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzeTU8QauENcC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Davis_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis" class="citation book cs1">Davis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n0FvYeoHtAIC&pg=PA40">Intro To Env Engg (Sie), 4E</a>. McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt Ltd. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-067117-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-067117-1"><bdi>978-0-07-067117-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intro+To+Env+Engg+%28Sie%29%2C+4E&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education+%28India%29+Pvt+Ltd&rft.isbn=978-0-07-067117-1&rft.au=Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn0FvYeoHtAIC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Preston-1948-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Preston-1948_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preston-1948_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1948" class="citation journal cs1">Preston F (July 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141222030534/http://www.bgu.ac.il/desert_agriculture/Vegecology/Papers/Preston48.pdf">"The Commonness, and Rarity, of Species"</a> (PDF). Ecology. 29 (3): 254–283. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948Ecol...29..254P">1948Ecol...29..254P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1930989">10.2307/1930989</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1930989">1930989</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgu.ac.il/desert_agriculture/Vegecology/Papers/Preston48.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 22, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2019 – via Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology&rft.atitle=The+Commonness%2C+and+Rarity%2C+of+Species&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=254-283&rft.date=1948-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1930989%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1930989&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1948Ecol...29..254P&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=F.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgu.ac.il%2Fdesert_agriculture%2FVegecology%2FPapers%2FPreston48.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cardinale2012-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cardinale2012_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cardinale2012_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cardinale2012_45-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardinaleDuffyGonzalezHooper2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cardinale BJ, Duffy JE, Gonzalez A, Hooper DU, Perrings C, Venail P, et al. (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/10240/7/wardle_d_etal_130415.pdf">"Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity"</a> (PDF). Nature. 486 (7401): 59–67. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.486...59C">2012Natur.486...59C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature11148">10.1038/nature11148</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22678280">22678280</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4333166">4333166</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921233215/http://pub.epsilon.slu.se/10240/7/wardle_d_etal_130415.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Biodiversity+loss+and+its+impact+on+humanity&rft.volume=486&rft.issue=7401&rft.pages=59-67&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature11148&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4333166%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22678280&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Natur.486...59C&rft.aulast=Cardinale&rft.aufirst=BJ&rft.au=Duffy%2C+JE&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+A&rft.au=Hooper%2C+DU&rft.au=Perrings%2C+C&rft.au=Venail%2C+P&rft.au=Narwani%2C+A&rft.au=Mace%2C+GM&rft.au=Tilman%2C+D&rft.au=Wardle%2C+DA&rft.au=Kinzig%2C+AP&rft.au=Daily%2C+GC&rft.au=Loreau%2C+M&rft.au=Grace%2C+JB&rft.au=Larigauderie%2C+A&rft.au=Srivastava%2C+DS&rft.au=Naeem%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpub.epsilon.slu.se%2F10240%2F7%2Fwardle_d_etal_130415.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tagliapietra-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tagliapietra_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tagliapietra_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagliapietraSigovini2010" class="citation book cs1">Tagliapietra D, Sigovini M (2010). "Biological diversity and habitat diversity: a matter of Science and perception". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202123357/http://www.unige.ch/sciences/near/pdf/Tagliapietra%20and%20Sigovini%202010.pdf">Terre et Environnement</a> (PDF). Vol. 88. Institut Forel, Département de Minéraologie, Département de Géologie et Paléontologie, Section Sciences de la Terre, Université de Genève. pp. 147–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-940153-87-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-940153-87-9"><bdi>978-2-940153-87-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unige.ch/sciences/near/pdf/Tagliapietra%20and%20Sigovini%202010.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biological+diversity+and+habitat+diversity%3A+a+matter+of+Science+and+perception&rft.btitle=Terre+et+Environnement&rft.pages=147-155&rft.pub=Institut+Forel%2C+D%C3%A9partement+de+Min%C3%A9raologie%2C+D%C3%A9partement+de+G%C3%A9ologie+et+Pal%C3%A9ontologie%2C+Section+Sciences+de+la+Terre%2C+Universit%C3%A9+de+Gen%C3%A8ve&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-940153-87-9&rft.aulast=Tagliapietra&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Sigovini%2C+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unige.ch%2Fsciences%2Fnear%2Fpdf%2FTagliapietra%2520and%2520Sigovini%25202010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalezCardinaleAllingtonByrnes2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gonzalez A, Cardinale BJ, Allington GR, Byrnes J, Arthur Endsley K, Brown DG, et al. (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F15-1759.1">"Estimating local biodiversity change: a critique of papers claiming no net loss of local diversity"</a>. Ecology. 97 (8): 1949–1960. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Ecol...97.1949G">2016Ecol...97.1949G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F15-1759.1">10.1890/15-1759.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F133578">2027.42/133578</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27859190">27859190</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5920426">5920426</a>. <q>two recent data meta-analyses have found that species richness is decreasing in some locations and is increasing in others. When these trends are combined, these papers argued there has been no net change in species richness, and suggested this pattern is globally representative of biodiversity change at local scales</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology&rft.atitle=Estimating+local+biodiversity+change%3A+a+critique+of+papers+claiming+no+net+loss+of+local+diversity&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1949-1960&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F133578&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5920426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Ecol...97.1949G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27859190&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F15-1759.1&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Cardinale%2C+BJ&rft.au=Allington%2C+GR&rft.au=Byrnes%2C+J&rft.au=Arthur+Endsley%2C+K&rft.au=Brown%2C+DG&rft.au=Hooper%2C+DU&rft.au=Isbell%2C+F&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+MI&rft.au=Loreau%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1890%252F15-1759.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LivingPlanetIndex_2018-48"><a href="#cite_ref-LivingPlanetIndex_2018_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-living-planet-index">"Living Planet Index, World"</a>. Our World in Data. October 13, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231008181057/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-living-planet-index">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2023. <q>Data source: World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Zoological Society of London</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Living+Planet+Index%2C+World&rft.pub=Our+World+in+Data&rft.date=2022-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fglobal-living-planet-index&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WEforum_20221017-49"><a href="#cite_ref-WEforum_20221017_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiting2022" class="citation web cs1">Whiting K (October 17, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/10/nature-loss-biodiversity-wwf/">"6 charts that show the state of biodiversity and nature loss – and how we can go 'nature positive'"</a>. World Economic Forum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925025824/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/10/nature-loss-biodiversity-wwf/">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=6+charts+that+show+the+state+of+biodiversity+and+nature+loss+%E2%80%93+and+how+we+can+go+%27nature+positive%27&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum&rft.date=2022-10-17&rft.aulast=Whiting&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2022%2F10%2Fnature-loss-biodiversity-wwf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LPI_by_Region_1970-50"><a href="#cite_ref-LPI_by_Region_1970_50-0">^</a> Regional data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/living-planet-index-region">"How does the Living Planet Index vary by region?"</a>. Our World in Data. October 13, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920042759/https://ourworldindata.org/living-planet-index-region">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2023. <q>Data source: Living Planet Report (2022). World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Zoological Society of London. -</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+does+the+Living+Planet+Index+vary+by+region%3F&rft.pub=Our+World+in+Data&rft.date=2022-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fliving-planet-index-region&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2020" class="citation news cs1">Carrington D (October 12, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/12/fifth-of-nations-at-risk-of-ecosystem-collapse-analysis-finds">"Fifth of countries at risk of ecosystem collapse, analysis finds"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512155833/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/12/fifth-of-nations-at-risk-of-ecosystem-collapse-analysis-finds">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved October 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Fifth+of+countries+at+risk+of+ecosystem+collapse%2C+analysis+finds&rft.date=2020-10-12&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2020%2Foct%2F12%2Ffifth-of-nations-at-risk-of-ecosystem-collapse-analysis-finds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2023" class="citation news cs1">Carrington D (February 24, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/feb/24/ecosystem-collapse-wildlife-losses-permian-triassic-mass-extinction-study">"Ecosystem collapse 'inevitable' unless wildlife losses reversed"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225022431/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/feb/24/ecosystem-collapse-wildlife-losses-permian-triassic-mass-extinction-study">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2023. <q>The researchers concluded: 'A biodiversity crash may be the harbinger of a more devastating ecosystem collapse.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ecosystem+collapse+%27inevitable%27+unless+wildlife+losses+reversed&rft.date=2023-02-24&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2023%2Ffeb%2F24%2Fecosystem-collapse-wildlife-losses-permian-triassic-mass-extinction-study&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livingplanet.panda.org/en-US/">"The 2022 Living Planet Report"</a>. livingplanet.panda.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324021103/https://livingplanet.panda.org/en-US/">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livingplanet.panda.org&rft.atitle=The+2022+Living+Planet+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivingplanet.panda.org%2Fen-US%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2020" class="citation web cs1">Lewis S (September 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/endangered-species-animal-population-decline-world-wildlife-fund-new-report/">"Animal populations worldwide have declined nearly 70% in just 50 years, new report says"</a>. CBS News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404055037/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/endangered-species-animal-population-decline-world-wildlife-fund-new-report/">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Animal+populations+worldwide+have+declined+nearly+70%25+in+just+50+years%2C+new+report+says&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fendangered-species-animal-population-decline-world-wildlife-fund-new-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_Hallmann2017PLoS-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_insect_populations_Hallmann2017PLoS_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallmannSorgJongejansSiepel2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hallmann CA, Sorg M, Jongejans E, Siepel H, Hofland N, Schwan H, et al. (October 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5646769">"More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLoS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLoS ONE">PLoS ONE</a>. 12 (10): e0185809. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1285809H">2017PLoSO..1285809H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0185809">10.1371/journal.pone.0185809</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5646769">5646769</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29045418">29045418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&rft.atitle=More+than+75+percent+decline+over+27+years+in+total+flying+insect+biomass+in+protected+areas&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e0185809&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5646769%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29045418&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0185809&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PLoSO..1285809H&rft.aulast=Hallmann&rft.aufirst=Caspar+A.&rft.au=Sorg%2C+Martin&rft.au=Jongejans%2C+Eelke&rft.au=Siepel%2C+Henk&rft.au=Hofland%2C+Nick&rft.au=Schwan%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Stenmans%2C+Werner&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Sumser%2C+Hubert&rft.au=H%C3%B6rren%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Goulson%2C+Dave&rft.au=de+Kroon%2C+Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5646769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_number-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_insect_populations_number_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErwin,_Terry_L.1997" class="citation book cs1">Erwin, Terry L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entomology.si.edu/StaffPages/Erwin/T's%20updated%20pub%20PDFs%2010Jan2014/121_1995_Biodiversity-at-its-utmost.pdf">Biodiversity at its utmost: Tropical Forest Beetles</a> (PDF). pp. 27–40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109151957/https://entomology.si.edu/staffpages/Erwin/T's%20updated%20pub%20PDFs%2010Jan2014/121_1995_Biodiversity-at-its-utmost.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 9, 2018. Retrieved December 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+at+its+utmost%3A+Tropical+Forest+Beetles&rft.pages=27-40&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Erwin%2C+Terry+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentomology.si.edu%2FStaffPages%2FErwin%2FT%27s%2520updated%2520pub%2520PDFs%252010Jan2014%2F121_1995_Biodiversity-at-its-utmost.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> In: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReaka-Kudla,_M.L.Wilson,_D._E.Wilson,_E._O.1997" class="citation book cs1">Reaka-Kudla, M.L., Wilson, D. E., Wilson, E. O., eds. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biodiversityiiun00reak">Biodiversity II</a>. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780309052276" title="Special:BookSources/9780309052276"><bdi>9780309052276</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+II&rft.pub=Joseph+Henry+Press%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780309052276&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiodiversityiiun00reak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErwin1982" class="citation journal cs1">Erwin TL (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4383/Classic_papers_in_Foundations.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Tropical forests: their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropod species"</a> (PDF). The Coleopterists Bulletin. 36: 74–75. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923014947/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4383/Classic_papers_in_Foundations.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Coleopterists+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Tropical+forests%3A+their+richness+in+Coleoptera+and+other+arthropod+species&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=74-75&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Erwin&rft.aufirst=Terry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.si.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10088%2F4383%2FClassic_papers_in_Foundations.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_Leather2017-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_insect_populations_Leather2017_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeather2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Leather" title="Simon Leather">Leather S</a> (December 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hau.collections.crest.ac.uk/17242/1/Simon%20Leather%20Ecological%20Armageddon%20upload.pdf">"'Ecological Armageddon' – more evidence for the drastic decline in insect numbers"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Applied_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of Applied Biology">Annals of Applied Biology</a>. 172: 1–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Faab.12410">10.1111/aab.12410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Applied+Biology&rft.atitle=%27Ecological+Armageddon%27+%E2%80%93+more+evidence+for+the+drastic+decline+in+insect+numbers&rft.volume=172&rft.pages=1-3&rft.date=2017-12-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Faab.12410&rft.aulast=Leather&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhau.collections.crest.ac.uk%2F17242%2F1%2FSimon%2520Leather%2520Ecological%2520Armageddon%2520upload.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_SchwägerlYale2016-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_insect_populations_SchwägerlYale2016_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwägerl,_Christian2016" class="citation web cs1">Schwägerl, Christian (July 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e360.yale.edu/features/insect_numbers_declining_why_it_matters">"What's Causing the Sharp Decline in Insects, and Why It Matters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Forestry_%26_Environmental_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies">Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+Causing+the+Sharp+Decline+in+Insects%2C+and+Why+It+Matters&rft.pub=Yale+School+of+Forestry+%26+Environmental+Studies&rft.date=2016-07-07&rft.au=Schw%C3%A4gerl%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe360.yale.edu%2Ffeatures%2Finsect_numbers_declining_why_it_matters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_Sánchez-Bayo2019-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_insect_populations_Sánchez-Bayo2019_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_insect_populations_Sánchez-Bayo2019_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez-BayoWyckhuys2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_S%C3%A1nchez-Bayo" title="Francisco Sánchez-Bayo">Sánchez-Bayo F</a>, Wyckhuys KA (January 31, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2019.01.020">"Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers"</a>. Biological Conservation. 232: 8–27. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019BCons.232....8S">2019BCons.232....8S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2019.01.020">10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.atitle=Worldwide+decline+of+the+entomofauna%3A+A+review+of+its+drivers&rft.volume=232&rft.pages=8-27&rft.date=2019-01-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2019.01.020&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019BCons.232....8S&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez-Bayo&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft.au=Wyckhuys%2C+Kris+A.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.biocon.2019.01.020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_OwensLewis2018-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_insect_populations_OwensLewis2018_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwensLewis2018" class="citation journal cs1">Owens AC, Lewis SM (November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6262936">"The impact of artificial light at night on nocturnal insects: A review and synthesis"</a>. Ecology and Evolution. 8 (22): 11337–11358. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EcoEv...811337O">2018EcoEv...811337O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fece3.4557">10.1002/ece3.4557</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6262936">6262936</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30519447">30519447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+artificial+light+at+night+on+nocturnal+insects%3A+A+review+and+synthesis&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=11337-11358&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6262936%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30519447&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fece3.4557&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018EcoEv...811337O&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Avalon+C.+S.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Sara+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6262936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_:0-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_insect_populations_:0_62-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/22/light-pollution-insect-apocalypse">Light pollution is key 'bringer of insect apocalypse'</a> The Guardian, 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_:1-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_insect_populations_:1_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyesEvansFoxParsons2021" class="citation journal cs1">Boyes DH, Evans DM, Fox R, Parsons MS, Pocock MJ (August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8386932">"Street lighting has detrimental impacts on local insect populations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_Advances" title="Science Advances">Science Advances</a>. 7 (35). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021SciA....7.8322B">2021SciA....7.8322B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abi8322">10.1126/sciadv.abi8322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8386932">8386932</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34433571">34433571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Street+lighting+has+detrimental+impacts+on+local+insect+populations&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=35&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8386932%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34433571&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abi8322&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021SciA....7.8322B&rft.aulast=Boyes&rft.aufirst=Douglas+H.&rft.au=Evans%2C+Darren+M.&rft.au=Fox%2C+Richard&rft.au=Parsons%2C+Mark+S.&rft.au=Pocock%2C+Michael+J.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8386932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_Vogel2017-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_insect_populations_Vogel2017_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_insect_populations_Vogel2017_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel2017" class="citation journal cs1">Vogel G (May 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/where-have-all-insects-gone">"Where have all the insects gone?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aal1160">10.1126/science.aal1160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Where+have+all+the+insects+gone%3F&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aal1160&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Gretchen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fwhere-have-all-insects-gone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_IPBES-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_insect_populations_IPBES_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDíazSetteleBrondízio2019" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sandra_D%C3%ADaz_(ecologist)" title="Sandra Díaz (ecologist)">Díaz S</a>, Settele J, Brondízio E (May 6, 2019). da Cunha MC, <a href="/wiki/Georgina_Mace" title="Georgina Mace">Mace G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_A._Mooney" title="Harold A. Mooney">Mooney H</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipbes.net/sites/default/files/downloads/spm_unedited_advance_for_posting_htn.pdf">Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Science-Policy_Platform_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Summary+for+policymakers+of+the+global+assessment+report+on+biodiversity+and+ecosystem+services+of+the+Intergovernmental+Science-Policy+Platform+on+Biodiversity+and+Ecosystem+Services&rft.pub=Intergovernmental+Science-Policy+Platform+on+Biodiversity+and+Ecosystem+Services&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft.aulast=D%C3%ADaz&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=Settele%2C+Josef&rft.au=Brond%C3%ADzio%2C+Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipbes.net%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdownloads%2Fspm_unedited_advance_for_posting_htn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_vanKlink2020-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_insect_populations_vanKlink2020_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Klink2020" class="citation journal cs1">van Klink R (April 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aax9931">"Meta-analysis reveals declines in terrestrial but increases in freshwater insect abundances"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 368 (6489): 417–420. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Sci...368..417V">2020Sci...368..417V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aax9931">10.1126/science.aax9931</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32327596">32327596</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216106896">216106896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Meta-analysis+reveals+declines+in+terrestrial+but+increases+in+freshwater+insect+abundances&rft.volume=368&rft.issue=6489&rft.pages=417-420&rft.date=2020-04-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aax9931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216106896%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32327596&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Sci...368..417V&rft.aulast=van+Klink&rft.aufirst=Roel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aax9931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_Isbell2022-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_insect_populations_Isbell2022_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsbellBalvaneraMoriHe2022" class="citation journal cs1">Isbell F, Balvanera P, Mori AS, He JS, Bullock JM, Regmi GR, et al. (July 18, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fee.2536">"Expert perspectives on global biodiversity loss and its drivers and impacts on people"</a>. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 21 (2): 94–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Ffee.2536">10.1002/fee.2536</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F101242">10852/101242</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250659953">250659953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Ecology+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=Expert+perspectives+on+global+biodiversity+loss+and+its+drivers+and+impacts+on+people&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=94-103&rft.date=2022-07-18&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F101242&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250659953%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Ffee.2536&rft.aulast=Isbell&rft.aufirst=Forest&rft.au=Balvanera%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Mori%2C+Akira+S&rft.au=He%2C+Jin-Sheng&rft.au=Bullock%2C+James+M&rft.au=Regmi%2C+Ganga+Ram&rft.au=Seabloom%2C+Eric+W&rft.au=Ferrier%2C+Simon&rft.au=Sala%2C+Osvaldo+E&rft.au=Guerrero-Ram%C3%ADrez%2C+Nathaly+R&rft.au=Tavella%2C+Julia&rft.au=Larkin%2C+Daniel+J&rft.au=Schmid%2C+Bernhard&rft.au=Outhwaite%2C+Charlotte+L&rft.au=Pramual%2C+Pairot&rft.au=Borer%2C+Elizabeth+T&rft.au=Loreau%2C+Michel&rft.au=Crossby+Omotoriogun%2C+Taiwo&rft.au=Obura%2C+David+O&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Maggie&rft.au=Portales-Reyes%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Kirkman%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Vergara%2C+Pablo+M&rft.au=Clark%2C+Adam+Thomas&rft.au=Komatsu%2C+Kimberly+J&rft.au=Petchey%2C+Owen+L&rft.au=Weiskopf%2C+Sarah+R&rft.au=Williams%2C+Laura+J&rft.au=Collins%2C+Scott+L&rft.au=Eisenhauer%2C+Nico&rft.au=Trisos%2C+Christopher+H&rft.au=Renard%2C+Delphine&rft.au=Wright%2C+Alexandra+J&rft.au=Tripathi%2C+Poonam&rft.au=Cowles%2C+Jane&rft.au=Byrnes%2C+Jarrett+EK&rft.au=Reich%2C+Peter+B&rft.au=Purvis%2C+Andy&rft.au=Sharip%2C+Zati&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Connor%2C+Mary+I&rft.au=Kazanski%2C+Clare+E&rft.au=Haddad%2C+Nick+M&rft.au=Soto%2C+Eulogio+H&rft.au=Dee%2C+Laura+E&rft.au=D%C3%ADaz%2C+Sandra&rft.au=Zirbel%2C+Chad+R&rft.au=Avolio%2C+Meghan+L&rft.au=Wang%2C+Shaopeng&rft.au=Ma%2C+Zhiyuan&rft.au=Liang%2C+Jingjing+Liang&rft.au=Farah%2C+Hanan+C&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Justin+Andrew&rft.au=Miller%2C+Brian+W&rft.au=Hautier%2C+Yann&rft.au=Smith%2C+Melinda+D&rft.au=Knops%2C+Johannes+MH&rft.au=Myers%2C+Bonnie+JE&rft.au=Harm%C3%A1%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1%2C+Zuzana+V&rft.au=Cort%C3%A9s%2C+Jorge&rft.au=Harfoot%2C+Michael+BJ&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Newbold%2C+Tim&rft.au=Oehri%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=Maz%C3%B3n%2C+Marina&rft.au=Dobbs%2C+Cynnamon&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Meredith+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Ffee.2536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_Komonen2019-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_insect_populations_Komonen2019_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomonenHalmeKotiaho2019" class="citation journal cs1">Komonen A, Halme P, Kotiaho JS (March 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3897%2Frethinkingecology.4.34440">"Alarmist by bad design: Strongly popularized unsubstantiated claims undermine credibility of conservation science"</a>. Rethinking Ecology. 4: 17–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3897%2Frethinkingecology.4.34440">10.3897/rethinkingecology.4.34440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rethinking+Ecology&rft.atitle=Alarmist+by+bad+design%3A+Strongly+popularized+unsubstantiated+claims+undermine+credibility+of+conservation+science&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=17-19&rft.date=2019-03-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3897%2Frethinkingecology.4.34440&rft.aulast=Komonen&rft.aufirst=Atte&rft.au=Halme%2C+Panu&rft.au=Kotiaho%2C+Janne+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3897%252Frethinkingecology.4.34440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_Thomas2019-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_insect_populations_Thomas2019_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasJonesHartley2019" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas CD, Jones TH, Hartley SE (March 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgcb.14608">"'Insectageddon': A call for more robust data and rigorous analyses"</a>. Invited letter to the editor. Global Change Biology. 25 (6): 1891–1892. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019GCBio..25.1891T">2019GCBio..25.1891T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgcb.14608">10.1111/gcb.14608</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30821400">30821400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology&rft.atitle=%27Insectageddon%27%3A+A+call+for+more+robust+data+and+rigorous+analyses&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1891-1892&rft.date=2019-03-18&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30821400&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fgcb.14608&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019GCBio..25.1891T&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Chris+D.&rft.au=Jones%2C+T.+Hefin&rft.au=Hartley%2C+Sue+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fgcb.14608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_Desquilbet2020-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_insect_populations_Desquilbet2020_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesquilbetGaumeGrippaCéréghino2020" class="citation journal cs1">Desquilbet M, Gaume L, Grippa M, Céréghino R, Humbert JF, Bonmatin JM, et al. (December 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abd8947">"Comment on 'Meta-analysis reveals declines in terrestrial but increases in freshwater insect abundances'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 370 (6523): eabd8947. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abd8947">10.1126/science.abd8947</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33335036">33335036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Comment+on+%27Meta-analysis+reveals+declines+in+terrestrial+but+increases+in+freshwater+insect+abundances%27&rft.volume=370&rft.issue=6523&rft.pages=eabd8947&rft.date=2020-12-18&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33335036&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abd8947&rft.aulast=Desquilbet&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft.au=Gaume%2C+Laurence&rft.au=Grippa%2C+Manuela&rft.au=C%C3%A9r%C3%A9ghino%2C+R%C3%A9gis&rft.au=Humbert%2C+Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Bonmatin%2C+Jean-Marc&rft.au=Cornillon%2C+Pierre-Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Maes%2C+Dirk&rft.au=Dyck%2C+Hans+Van&rft.au=Goulson%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.abd8947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_insect_populations_Jähnig2021-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_insect_populations_Jähnig2021_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJähniget.2021" class="citation journal cs1">Jähnig SC, et a (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwat2.1506">"Revisiting global trends in freshwater insect biodiversity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Interdisciplinary_Reviews:_Water" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water">Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water</a>. 8 (2). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021WIRWa...8E1506J">2021WIRWa...8E1506J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwat2.1506">10.1002/wat2.1506</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F275614">1885/275614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiley+Interdisciplinary+Reviews%3A+Water&rft.atitle=Revisiting+global+trends+in+freshwater+insect+biodiversity&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F275614&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwat2.1506&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021WIRWa...8E1506J&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4hnig&rft.aufirst=Sonja+C.&rft.au=et.%2C+al.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fwat2.1506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blakemore-2018-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blakemore-2018_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blakemore-2018_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blakemore-2018_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakemore2018" class="citation journal cs1">Blakemore RJ (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsoilsystems2020033">"Critical Decline of Earthworms from Organic Origins under Intensive, Humic SOM-Depleting Agriculture"</a>. Soil Systems. 2 (2): 33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsoilsystems2020033">10.3390/soilsystems2020033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Systems&rft.atitle=Critical+Decline+of+Earthworms+from+Organic+Origins+under+Intensive%2C+Humic+SOM-Depleting+Agriculture&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsoilsystems2020033&rft.aulast=Blakemore&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsoilsystems2020033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a> Text was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dewi-2015-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dewi-2015_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dewi-2015_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dewi-2015_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dewi-2015_73-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dewi-2015_73-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewiSenge2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dewi WS, Senge M (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ras/3/0/3_25/_article">"Earthworm diversity and ecosystem services under threat"</a>. Reviews in Agricultural Science. 3: 25–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7831%2Fras.3.0_25">10.7831/ras.3.0_25</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240202121848/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ras/3/0/3_25/_pdf/-char/en">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2024 – via J-STAGE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Agricultural+Science&rft.atitle=Earthworm+diversity+and+ecosystem+services+under+threat.&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=25-35&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7831%2Fras.3.0_25&rft.aulast=Dewi&rft.aufirst=WS&rft.au=Senge%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fras%2F3%2F0%2F3_25%2F_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrionesSchmidt2017" class="citation journal cs1">Briones MJ, Schmidt O (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28464547/">"Conventional tillage decreases the abundance and biomass of earthworms and alters their community structure in a global meta-analysis"</a>. Global Change Biology. 23 (10): 4396–4419. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GCBio..23.4396B">2017GCBio..23.4396B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgcb.13744">10.1111/gcb.13744</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2486">1365-2486</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28464547">28464547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology&rft.atitle=Conventional+tillage+decreases+the+abundance+and+biomass+of+earthworms+and+alters+their+community+structure+in+a+global+meta-analysis&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=4396-4419&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fgcb.13744&rft.issn=1365-2486&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28464547&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017GCBio..23.4396B&rft.aulast=Briones&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Jes%C3%BAs+I.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Olaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F28464547%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCallum2007" class="citation journal cs1">McCallum ML (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217133741/https://www.herpconbio.org/~herpconb/McCallum/amphibian%20extinctions.pdf">"Amphibian Decline or Extinction? Current Declines Dwarf Background Extinction Rate"</a> (PDF). Journal of Herpetology. 41 (3): 483–491. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1670%2F0022-1511%282007%2941%5B483%3AADOECD%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[483:ADOECD]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30162903">30162903</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.herpconbio.org/~herpconb/McCallum/amphibian%20extinctions.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Herpetology&rft.atitle=Amphibian+Decline+or+Extinction%3F+Current+Declines+Dwarf+Background+Extinction+Rate&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=483-491&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1670%2F0022-1511%282007%2941%5B483%3AADOECD%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30162903%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McCallum&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.herpconbio.org%2F~herpconb%2FMcCallum%2Famphibian%2520extinctions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Carrington2018-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Carrington2018_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Carrington2018_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2018" class="citation news cs1">Carrington D (May 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/21/human-race-just-001-of-all-life-but-has-destroyed-over-80-of-wild-mammals-study">"Humans just 0.01% of all life but have destroyed 83% of wild mammals – study"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved May 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Humans+just+0.01%25+of+all+life+but+have+destroyed+83%25+of+wild+mammals+%E2%80%93+study&rft.date=2018-05-21&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2018%2Fmay%2F21%2Fhuman-race-just-001-of-all-life-but-has-destroyed-over-80-of-wild-mammals-study&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Biomass2018-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Biomass2018_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Biomass2018_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-OnPhillipsMilo2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bar-On YM, Phillips R, Milo R (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6016768">"The biomass distribution on Earth"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (25): 6506–6511. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115.6506B">2018PNAS..115.6506B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1711842115">10.1073/pnas.1711842115</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6016768">6016768</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29784790">29784790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+biomass+distribution+on+Earth&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=6506-6511&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6016768%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29784790&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1711842115&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PNAS..115.6506B&rft.aulast=Bar-On&rft.aufirst=Yinon+M.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Rob&rft.au=Milo%2C+Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6016768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_IPBES-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_IPBES_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_IPBES_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipbes.net/media-release-nature%e2%80%99s-dangerous-decline-%e2%80%98unprecedented%e2%80%99-species-extinction-rates-%e2%80%98accelerating%e2%80%99">"Media Release: Nature's Dangerous Decline 'Unprecedented'; Species Extinction Rates 'Accelerating'"</a>. IPBES. May 5, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IPBES&rft.atitle=Media+Release%3A+Nature%27s+Dangerous+Decline+%27Unprecedented%27%3B+Species+Extinction+Rates+%27Accelerating%27&rft.date=2019-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipbes.net%2Fmedia-release-nature%25e2%2580%2599s-dangerous-decline-%25e2%2580%2598unprecedented%25e2%2580%2599-species-extinction-rates-%25e2%2580%2598accelerating%25e2%2580%2599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Lewis2020-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Lewis2020_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2020" class="citation news cs1">Lewis S (September 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biodiversity-endangered-species-animal-population-decline-world-wildlife-fund-report-2020-09-09/">"Animal populations worldwide have declined by almost 70% in just 50 years, new report says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. Retrieved October 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Animal+populations+worldwide+have+declined+by+almost+70%25+in+just+50+years%2C+new+report+says&rft.date=2020-09-09&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbiodiversity-endangered-species-animal-population-decline-world-wildlife-fund-report-2020-09-09%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Leung2020-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Leung2020_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeungHargreavesGreenbergMcGill2020" class="citation journal cs1">Leung B, Hargreaves AL, Greenberg DA, McGill B, Dornelas M, Freeman R (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10116420/3/Freeman_Leung_et_al_Vertebrate_Declines_final3e.pdf">"Clustered versus catastrophic global vertebrate declines"</a> (PDF). Nature. 588 (7837): 267–271. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.588..267L">2020Natur.588..267L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2920-6">10.1038/s41586-020-2920-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F23213">10023/23213</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33208939">33208939</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227065128">227065128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Clustered+versus+catastrophic+global+vertebrate+declines&rft.volume=588&rft.issue=7837&rft.pages=267-271&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F23213&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A227065128%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Natur.588..267L&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2920-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33208939&rft.aulast=Leung&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Hargreaves%2C+Anna+L.&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+Dan+A.&rft.au=McGill%2C+Brian&rft.au=Dornelas%2C+Maria&rft.au=Freeman%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F10116420%2F3%2FFreeman_Leung_et_al_Vertebrate_Declines_final3e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Ceballos-Ehrlich-2017-05-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Ceballos-Ehrlich-2017-05_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeballosEhrlichDirzo2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Dirzo R (May 23, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544311">"Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">PNAS</a>. 114 (30): E6089–E6096. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PNAS..114E6089C">2017PNAS..114E6089C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1704949114">10.1073/pnas.1704949114</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544311">5544311</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28696295">28696295</a>. <q>Much less frequently mentioned are, however, the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction, namely, human overpopulation and continued population growth, and overconsumption, especially by the rich. These drivers, all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet, are themselves increasing rapidly</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Biological+annihilation+via+the+ongoing+sixth+mass+extinction+signaled+by+vertebrate+population+losses+and+declines&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=E6089-E6096&rft.date=2017-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5544311%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28696295&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1704949114&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PNAS..114E6089C&rft.aulast=Ceballos&rft.aufirst=Gerardo&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Dirzo%2C+Rodolfo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5544311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_IUCNDATA-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_IUCNDATA_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">"IUCN Red List version 2022.2"</a>. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Retrieved June 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=IUCN+Red+List+version+2022.2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Ceballos2020-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Decline_in_wild_mammal_populations_Ceballos2020_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeballosEhrlichRaven2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Raven PH (June 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7306750">"Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a>. 117 (24): 13596–13602. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PNAS..11713596C">2020PNAS..11713596C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1922686117">10.1073/pnas.1922686117</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7306750">7306750</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32482862">32482862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Vertebrates+on+the+brink+as+indicators+of+biological+annihilation+and+the+sixth+mass+extinction&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=13596-13602&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7306750%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32482862&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1922686117&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PNAS..11713596C&rft.aulast=Ceballos&rft.aufirst=Gerardo&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Raven%2C+Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7306750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennisi2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Pennisi" title="Elizabeth Pennisi">Pennisi E</a> (September 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/common-pesticide-makes-migrating-birds-anorexic">"Common pesticide makes migrating birds anorexic"</a>. Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220411044129/https://www.science.org/content/article/common-pesticide-makes-migrating-birds-anorexic">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Common+pesticide+makes+migrating+birds+anorexic&rft.date=2019-09-12&rft.aulast=Pennisi&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fcommon-pesticide-makes-migrating-birds-anorexic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905225909/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2018/09/news-macaw-extinct-bird-species-deforestation/">"These 8 Bird Species Have Disappeared This Decade"</a>. Environment. September 5, 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2018/09/news-macaw-extinct-bird-species-deforestation/">the original</a> on September 5, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Environment&rft.atitle=These+8+Bird+Species+Have+Disappeared+This+Decade&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fenvironment%2F2018%2F09%2Fnews-macaw-extinct-bird-species-deforestation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Moraes-2020-86"><a href="#cite_ref-de_Moraes-2020_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_MoraesSantosGonçalvesde_Oliveira2020" class="citation journal cs1">de Moraes KF, Santos MP, Gonçalves GS, de Oliveira GL, Gomes LB, Lima MG (July 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7367466">"Climate change and bird extinctions in the Amazon"</a>. PLOS ONE. 15 (7): e0236103. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PLoSO..1536103D">2020PLoSO..1536103D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0236103">10.1371/journal.pone.0236103</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7367466">7367466</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32678834">32678834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Climate+change+and+bird+extinctions+in+the+Amazon&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e0236103&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7367466%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32678834&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0236103&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PLoSO..1536103D&rft.aulast=de+Moraes&rft.aufirst=KF&rft.au=Santos%2C+MP&rft.au=Gon%C3%A7alves%2C+GS&rft.au=de+Oliveira%2C+GL&rft.au=Gomes%2C+LB&rft.au=Lima%2C+MG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7367466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corlett-2016-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Corlett-2016_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corlett-2016_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorlett2016" class="citation journal cs1">Corlett RT (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6112092">"Plant diversity in a changing world: Status, trends, and conservation needs"</a>. Plant Diversity. 38 (1): 10–16. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PlDiv..38...10C">2016PlDiv..38...10C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pld.2016.01.001">10.1016/j.pld.2016.01.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6112092">6112092</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30159445">30159445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Diversity&rft.atitle=Plant+diversity+in+a+changing+world%3A+Status%2C+trends%2C+and+conservation+needs&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-16&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6112092%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30159445&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pld.2016.01.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PlDiv..38...10C&rft.aulast=Corlett&rft.aufirst=RT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6112092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraussBommarcoGuardiolaHeikkinen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Krauss J, Bommarco R, Guardiola M, Heikkinen RK, Helm A, Kuussaari M, et al. (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2871172">"Habitat fragmentation causes immediate and time-delayed biodiversity loss at different trophic levels"</a>. Ecology Letters. 13 (5): 597–605. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EcolL..13..597K">2010EcolL..13..597K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1461-0248.2010.01457.x">10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01457.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2871172">2871172</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20337698">20337698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology+Letters&rft.atitle=Habitat+fragmentation+causes+immediate+and+time-delayed+biodiversity+loss+at+different+trophic+levels&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=597-605&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2871172%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20337698&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1461-0248.2010.01457.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010EcolL..13..597K&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Bommarco%2C+R&rft.au=Guardiola%2C+M&rft.au=Heikkinen%2C+RK&rft.au=Helm%2C+A&rft.au=Kuussaari%2C+M&rft.au=Lindborg%2C+R&rft.au=Ockinger%2C+E&rft.au=P%C3%A4rtel%2C+M&rft.au=Pino%2C+J&rft.au=P%C3%B6yry%2C+J&rft.au=Raatikainen%2C+KM&rft.au=Sang%2C+A&rft.au=Stefanescu%2C+C&rft.au=Teder%2C+T&rft.au=Zobel%2C+M&rft.au=Steffan-Dewenter%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2871172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/sep/02/tree-extinctions-species-wildlife-ecosystems-scientists-aoe">"Prevent tree extinctions or face global ecological catastrophe, scientists warn"</a>. The Guardian. September 2, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221108223449/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/sep/02/tree-extinctions-species-wildlife-ecosystems-scientists-aoe">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2022. Retrieved September 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Prevent+tree+extinctions+or+face+global+ecological+catastrophe%2C+scientists+warn&rft.date=2022-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2022%2Fsep%2F02%2Ftree-extinctions-species-wildlife-ecosystems-scientists-aoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rivers-2022-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rivers-2022_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rivers-2022_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiversNewtonOldfieldGlobal_Tree_Assessment_Contributors2022" class="citation journal cs1">Rivers M, Newton AC, Oldfield S, Global Tree Assessment Contributors (August 31, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fppp3.10314">"Scientists' warning to humanity on tree extinctions"</a>. Plants, People, Planet. 5 (4): 466–482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fppp3.10314">10.1002/ppp3.10314</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2572-2611">2572-2611</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251991010">251991010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plants%2C+People%2C+Planet&rft.atitle=Scientists%27+warning+to+humanity+on+tree+extinctions&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=466-482&rft.date=2022-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251991010%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2572-2611&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fppp3.10314&rft.aulast=Rivers&rft.aufirst=Malin&rft.au=Newton%2C+Adrian+C.&rft.au=Oldfield%2C+Sara&rft.au=Global+Tree+Assessment+Contributors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fppp3.10314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorlett2016" class="citation journal cs1">Corlett RT (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6112092">"Plant diversity in a changing world: Status, trends, and conservation needs"</a>. Plant Diversity. 38 (1): 10–16. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PlDiv..38...10C">2016PlDiv..38...10C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pld.2016.01.001">10.1016/j.pld.2016.01.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6112092">6112092</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30159445">30159445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Diversity&rft.atitle=Plant+diversity+in+a+changing+world%3A+Status%2C+trends%2C+and+conservation+needs&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-16&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6112092%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30159445&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pld.2016.01.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PlDiv..38...10C&rft.aulast=Corlett&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6112092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatteriniMederskiJaegerVenanzi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Latterini F, Mederski P, Jaeger D, Venanzi R, Tavankar F, Picchio R (February 28, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rdcu.be/da0n9">"The Influence of Various Silvicultural Treatments and Forest Operations on Tree Species Biodiversity"</a>. Current Forestry Reports. 9 (1): 59–71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023CForR...9...59L">2023CForR...9...59L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40725-023-00179-0">10.1007/s40725-023-00179-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257320452">257320452</a>. Retrieved April 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Forestry+Reports&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+Various+Silvicultural+Treatments+and+Forest+Operations+on+Tree+Species+Biodiversity&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-71&rft.date=2023-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257320452%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40725-023-00179-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023CForR...9...59L&rft.aulast=Latterini&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Mederski%2C+Piotr&rft.au=Jaeger%2C+Dirk&rft.au=Venanzi%2C+Rachele&rft.au=Tavankar%2C+Farzam&rft.au=Picchio%2C+Rodolfo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frdcu.be%2Fda0n9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozendaalBongersAideAlvarez-Dávila2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rozendaal DM, Bongers F, Aide TM, Alvarez-Dávila E, Ascarrunz N, Balvanera P, et al. (March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6402850">"Biodiversity recovery of Neotropical secondary forests"</a>. Science Advances. 5 (3): eaau3114. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019SciA....5.3114R">2019SciA....5.3114R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aau3114">10.1126/sciadv.aau3114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6402850">6402850</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30854424">30854424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Biodiversity+recovery+of+Neotropical+secondary+forests&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=eaau3114&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6402850%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019SciA....5.3114R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30854424&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aau3114&rft.issn=2375-2548&rft.aulast=Rozendaal&rft.aufirst=Dana%C3%AB+M.+A.&rft.au=Bongers%2C+Frans&rft.au=Aide%2C+T.+Mitchell&rft.au=Alvarez-D%C3%A1vila%2C+Esteban&rft.au=Ascarrunz%2C+Nataly&rft.au=Balvanera%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Becknell%2C+Justin+M.&rft.au=Bentos%2C+Tony+V.&rft.au=Brancalion%2C+Pedro+H.+S.&rft.au=Cabral%2C+George+A.+L.&rft.au=Calvo-Rodriguez%2C+Sofia&rft.au=Chave%2C+Jerome&rft.au=C%C3%A9sar%2C+Ricardo+G.&rft.au=Chazdon%2C+Robin+L.&rft.au=Condit%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6402850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlockMaechlerLevineAlexander2022" class="citation journal cs1">Block S, Maechler MJ, Levine JI, Alexander JM, Pellissier L, Levine JM (August 26, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9804264">"Ecological lags govern the pace and outcome of plant community responses to 21st-century climate change"</a>. Ecology Letters. 25 (10): 2156–2166. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EcolL..25.2156B">2022EcolL..25.2156B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fele.14087">10.1111/ele.14087</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9804264">9804264</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36028464">36028464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology+Letters&rft.atitle=Ecological+lags+govern+the+pace+and+outcome+of+plant+community+responses+to+21st-century+climate+change&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2156-2166&rft.date=2022-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9804264%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36028464&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fele.14087&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022EcolL..25.2156B&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Sebasti%C3%A1n&rft.au=Maechler%2C+Marc-Jacques&rft.au=Levine%2C+Jacob+I.&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Jake+M.&rft.au=Pellissier%2C+Lo%C3%AFc&rft.au=Levine%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9804264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flowering_plant_Lughadha-2020-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flowering_plant_Lughadha-2020_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flowering_plant_Lughadha-2020_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flowering_plant_Lughadha-2020_95-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLughadhaBachmanLeãoForest2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lughadha EN, Bachman SP, Leão TC, Forest F, Halley JM, Moat J, et al. (September 29, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fppp3.10146">"Extinction risk and threats to plants and fungi"</a>. Plants People Planet. 2 (5): 389–408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fppp3.10146">10.1002/ppp3.10146</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10316%2F101227">10316/101227</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225274409">225274409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plants+People+Planet&rft.atitle=Extinction+risk+and+threats+to+plants+and+fungi&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=389-408&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10316%2F101227&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225274409%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fppp3.10146&rft.aulast=Lughadha&rft.aufirst=Eimear+Nic&rft.au=Bachman%2C+Steven+P.&rft.au=Le%C3%A3o%2C+Tarciso+C.+C.&rft.au=Forest%2C+F%C3%A9lix&rft.au=Halley%2C+John+M.&rft.au=Moat%2C+Justin&rft.au=Acedo%2C+Carmen&rft.au=Bacon%2C+Karen+L.&rft.au=Brewer%2C+Ryan+F.+A.&rft.au=G%C3%A2tebl%C3%A9%2C+Gildas&rft.au=Gon%C3%A7alves%2C+Susana+C.&rft.au=Govaerts%2C+Rafa%C3%ABl&rft.au=Hollingsworth%2C+Peter+M.&rft.au=Krisai-Greilhuber%2C+Irmgard&rft.au=de+Lirio%2C+Elton+J.&rft.au=Moore%2C+Paloma+G.+P.&rft.au=Negr%C3%A3o%2C+Raquel&rft.au=Onana%2C+Jean+Michel&rft.au=Rajaovelona%2C+Landy+R.&rft.au=Razanajatovo%2C+Henintsoa&rft.au=Reich%2C+Peter+B.&rft.au=Richards%2C+Sophie+L.&rft.au=Rivers%2C+Malin+C.&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Amanda&rft.au=Iganci%2C+Jo%C3%A3o&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Gwilym+P.&rft.au=Smidt%2C+Eric+C.&rft.au=Antonelli%2C+Alexandre&rft.au=Mueller%2C+Gregory+M.&rft.au=Walker%2C+Barnaby+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fppp3.10146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flowering_plant_BGCI-2023-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Flowering_plant_BGCI-2023_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgci.org/about/botanic-gardens-and-plant-conservation/">"Botanic Gardens and Plant Conservation"</a>. Botanic Gardens Conservation International. Retrieved July 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Botanic+Gardens+Conservation+International&rft.atitle=Botanic+Gardens+and+Plant+Conservation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgci.org%2Fabout%2Fbotanic-gardens-and-plant-conservation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiens2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wiens JJ (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.2001104">"Climate-Related Local Extinctions Are Already Widespread among Plant and Animal Species"</a>. PLOS Biology. 14 (12): e2001104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.2001104">10.1371/journal.pbio.2001104</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10150%2F622757">10150/622757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=Climate-Related+Local+Extinctions+Are+Already+Widespread+among+Plant+and+Animal+Species&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e2001104&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10150%2F622757&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.2001104&rft.aulast=Wiens&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1371%252Fjournal.pbio.2001104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShivanna2019" class="citation book cs1">Shivanna KR (2019). "The 'Sixth Mass Extinction Crisis' and Its Impact on Flowering Plants". Biodiversity and Chemotaxonomy. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity. Vol. 24. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 15–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-30746-2_2">10.1007/978-3-030-30746-2_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-30745-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-30745-5"><bdi>978-3-030-30745-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%27Sixth+Mass+Extinction+Crisis%27+and+Its+Impact+on+Flowering+Plants&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+and+Chemotaxonomy&rft.place=Cham&rft.series=Sustainable+Development+and+Biodiversity&rft.pages=15-42&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-30746-2_2&rft.isbn=978-3-030-30745-5&rft.aulast=Shivanna&rft.aufirst=K.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Parmesan, C., M.D. Morecroft, Y. Trisurat et al. (2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter02.pdf">Chapter 2: Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/">Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability</a>. Cambridge University Press. 2023. pp. 197–378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009325844.004">10.1017/9781009325844.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4"><bdi>978-1-009-32584-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Terrestrial+and+Freshwater+Ecosystems+and+Their+Services&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2022+%E2%80%93+Impacts%2C+Adaptation+and+Vulnerability&rft.pages=197-378&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009325844.004&rft.isbn=978-1-009-32584-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tickner-2020-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tickner-2020_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tickner-2020_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTicknerOppermanAbellAcreman2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tickner D, Opperman JJ, Abell R, Acreman M, Arthington AH, Bunn SE, et al. (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7138689">"Bending the Curve of Global Freshwater Biodiversity Loss: An Emergency Recovery Plan"</a>. BioScience. 70 (4): 330–342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbiaa002">10.1093/biosci/biaa002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7138689">7138689</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32284631">32284631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=Bending+the+Curve+of+Global+Freshwater+Biodiversity+Loss%3A+An+Emergency+Recovery+Plan&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=330-342&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7138689%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32284631&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbiaa002&rft.aulast=Tickner&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Opperman%2C+JJ&rft.au=Abell%2C+R&rft.au=Acreman%2C+M&rft.au=Arthington%2C+AH&rft.au=Bunn%2C+SE&rft.au=Cooke%2C+SJ&rft.au=Dalton%2C+J&rft.au=Darwall%2C+W&rft.au=Edwards%2C+G&rft.au=Harrison%2C+I&rft.au=Hughes%2C+K&rft.au=Jones%2C+T&rft.au=Lecl%C3%A8re%2C+D&rft.au=Lynch%2C+AJ&rft.au=Leonard%2C+P&rft.au=McClain%2C+ME&rft.au=Muruven%2C+D&rft.au=Olden%2C+JD&rft.au=Ormerod%2C+SJ&rft.au=Robinson%2C+J&rft.au=Tharme%2C+RE&rft.au=Thieme%2C+M&rft.au=Tockner%2C+K&rft.au=Wright%2C+M&rft.au=Young%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7138689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2021" class="citation news cs1">Harvey F (February 23, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/23/global-freshwater-fish-populations-at-risk-of-extinction-study-finds">"Global freshwater fish populations at risk of extinction, study finds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220515192231/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/23/global-freshwater-fish-populations-at-risk-of-extinction-study-finds">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved February 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Global+freshwater+fish+populations+at+risk+of+extinction%2C+study+finds&rft.date=2021-02-23&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F23%2Fglobal-freshwater-fish-populations-at-risk-of-extinction-study-finds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sala-2006-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sala-2006_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sala-2006_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sala-2006_102-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sala-2006_102-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalaKnowlton2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sala E, Knowlton N (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.energy.31.020105.100235">"Global Marine Biodiversity Trends"</a>. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 31 (1): 93–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.energy.31.020105.100235">10.1146/annurev.energy.31.020105.100235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Environment+and+Resources&rft.atitle=Global+Marine+Biodiversity+Trends&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-122&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.energy.31.020105.100235&rft.aulast=Sala&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Knowlton%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev.energy.31.020105.100235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luypaert-2020-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luypaert-2020_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luypaert-2020_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuypaertHaganMcCarthyPoti2020" class="citation book cs1">Luypaert T, Hagan JG, McCarthy ML, Poti M (2020). "Status of Marine Biodiversity in the Anthropocene". In Jungblut S, Liebich V, Bode-Dalby M (eds.). YOUMARES 9 – The Oceans: Our Research, Our Future: Proceedings of the 2018 conference for YOUng MArine RESearcher in Oldenburg, Germany. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 57–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-20389-4_4">10.1007/978-3-030-20389-4_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-20389-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-20389-4"><bdi>978-3-030-20389-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210304421">210304421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Status+of+Marine+Biodiversity+in+the+Anthropocene&rft.btitle=YOUMARES+9+%E2%80%93+The+Oceans%3A+Our+Research%2C+Our+Future%3A+Proceedings+of+the+2018+conference+for+YOUng+MArine+RESearcher+in+Oldenburg%2C+Germany&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=57-82&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210304421%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-20389-4_4&rft.isbn=978-3-030-20389-4&rft.aulast=Luypaert&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Hagan%2C+JG&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+ML&rft.au=Poti%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriand2012" class="citation news cs1">Briand F (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233408388">"Species Missing in Action – Rare or Already Extinct?"</a>. National Geographic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Species+Missing+in+Action+%E2%80%93+Rare+or+Already+Extinct%3F&rft.date=2012-10&rft.aulast=Briand&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F233408388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Worm-2006-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Worm-2006_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormBarbierBeaumontDuffy2006" class="citation journal cs1">Worm B, Barbier EB, Beaumont N, Duffy JE, Folke C, Halpern BS, et al. (November 2006). "Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services". Science. 314 (5800): 787–90. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...314..787W">2006Sci...314..787W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1132294">10.1126/science.1132294</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20031683">20031683</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17082450">17082450</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37235806">37235806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Impacts+of+biodiversity+loss+on+ocean+ecosystem+services&rft.volume=314&rft.issue=5800&rft.pages=787-90&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37235806%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...314..787W&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17082450&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1132294&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20031683%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Worm&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Barbier%2C+EB&rft.au=Beaumont%2C+N&rft.au=Duffy%2C+JE&rft.au=Folke%2C+C&rft.au=Halpern%2C+BS&rft.au=Jackson%2C+JB&rft.au=Lotze%2C+HK&rft.au=Micheli%2C+F&rft.au=Palumbi%2C+SR&rft.au=Sala%2C+E&rft.au=Selkoe%2C+KA&rft.au=Stachowicz%2C+JJ&rft.au=Watson%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamfeldtLefcheckByrnesCardinale2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gamfeldt L, Lefcheck JS, Byrnes JE, Cardinale BJ, Duffy JE, Griffin JN (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/849">"Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: what's known and what's next?"</a>. Oikos. 124 (3): 252–265. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Oikos.124..252G">2015Oikos.124..252G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Foik.01549">10.1111/oik.01549</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614053025/https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/849/">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oikos&rft.atitle=Marine+biodiversity+and+ecosystem+functioning%3A+what%27s+known+and+what%27s+next%3F&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=252-265&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Foik.01549&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Oikos.124..252G&rft.aulast=Gamfeldt&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Lefcheck%2C+JS&rft.au=Byrnes%2C+JE&rft.au=Cardinale%2C+BJ&rft.au=Duffy%2C+JE&rft.au=Griffin%2C+JN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.wm.edu%2Fvimsarticles%2F849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalpernFrazierPotapenkoCasey2015" class="citation journal cs1">Halpern BS, Frazier M, Potapenko J, Casey KS, Koenig K, Longo C, et al. (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4510691">"Spatial and temporal changes in cumulative human impacts on the world's ocean"</a>. Nature Communications. 6 (1): 7615. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6.7615H">2015NatCo...6.7615H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms8615">10.1038/ncomms8615</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4510691">4510691</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26172980">26172980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Spatial+and+temporal+changes+in+cumulative+human+impacts+on+the+world%27s+ocean&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7615&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4510691%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26172980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms8615&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatCo...6.7615H&rft.aulast=Halpern&rft.aufirst=BS&rft.au=Frazier%2C+M&rft.au=Potapenko%2C+J&rft.au=Casey%2C+KS&rft.au=Koenig%2C+K&rft.au=Longo%2C+C&rft.au=Lowndes%2C+JS&rft.au=Rockwood%2C+RC&rft.au=Selig%2C+ER&rft.au=Selkoe%2C+KA&rft.au=Walbridge%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4510691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgianHameedMorganAmon2022" class="citation journal cs1">Georgian S, Hameed S, Morgan L, Amon DJ, Sumaila UR, Johns D, et al. (2022). "Scientists' warning of an imperiled ocean". <a href="/wiki/Biological_Conservation_(journal)" title="Biological Conservation (journal)">Biological Conservation</a>. 272: 109595. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022BCons.27209595G">2022BCons.27209595G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2022.109595">10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109595</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249142365">249142365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.atitle=Scientists%27+warning+of+an+imperiled+ocean&rft.volume=272&rft.pages=109595&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249142365%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2022.109595&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022BCons.27209595G&rft.aulast=Georgian&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Hameed%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Lance&rft.au=Amon%2C+Diva+J.&rft.au=Sumaila%2C+U.+Rashid&rft.au=Johns%2C+David&rft.au=Ripple%2C+William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarltonVermeijLindbergCarlton1991" class="citation journal cs1">Carlton JT, Vermeij GJ, Lindberg DR, Carlton DA, Dubley EC (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/1542430">"The First Historical Extinction of a Marine Invertebrate in an Ocean Basin: The Demise of the Eelgrass Limpet Lottia alveus"</a>. The Biological Bulletin. 180 (1): 72–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1542430">10.2307/1542430</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3185">0006-3185</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1542430">1542430</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29303643">29303643</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323214932/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/1542430">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+First+Historical+Extinction+of+a+Marine+Invertebrate+in+an+Ocean+Basin%3A+The+Demise+of+the+Eelgrass+Limpet+Lottia+alveus&rft.volume=180&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=72-80&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29303643&rft.issn=0006-3185&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1542430%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1542430&rft.aulast=Carlton&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rft.au=Vermeij%2C+G.+J.&rft.au=Lindberg%2C+D.+R.&rft.au=Carlton%2C+D.+A.&rft.au=Dubley%2C+E.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.2307%2F1542430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoultonSanderson1998-110"><a href="#cite_ref-MoultonSanderson1998_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoultonSanderson1998" class="citation book cs1">Moulton MP, Sanderson J (September 1, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=or6sngEACAAJ">Wildlife Issues in a Changing World</a>. CRC-Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56670-351-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56670-351-2"><bdi>978-1-56670-351-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wildlife+Issues+in+a+Changing+World&rft.pub=CRC-Press&rft.date=1998-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1-56670-351-2&rft.aulast=Moulton&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft.au=Sanderson%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dor6sngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chen20032-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Chen20032_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2003" class="citation book cs1">Chen J (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8vCkSM1auwIC&pg=PA197">"Across the Apocalypse on Horseback: Imperfect Legal Responses to Biodiversity Loss"</a>. The Jurisdynamics of Environmental Protection: Change and the Pragmatic Voice in Environmental Law. Environmental Law Institute. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58576-071-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58576-071-8"><bdi>978-1-58576-071-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Across+the+Apocalypse+on+Horseback%3A+Imperfect+Legal+Responses+to+Biodiversity+Loss&rft.btitle=The+Jurisdynamics+of+Environmental+Protection%3A+Change+and+the+Pragmatic+Voice+in+Environmental+Law&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Environmental+Law+Institute&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58576-071-8&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8vCkSM1auwIC%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1rzqxEVsMO8C">"Hippo dilemma"</a>. Windows on the Wild. New Africa Books. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86928-380-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86928-380-3"><bdi>978-1-86928-380-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hippo+dilemma&rft.btitle=Windows+on+the+Wild&rft.pub=New+Africa+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-86928-380-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1rzqxEVsMO8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habitat_destruction_Calizza_Costantini_Careddu_Rossi_pp._5784–5796-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Habitat_destruction_Calizza_Costantini_Careddu_Rossi_pp._5784–5796_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalizzaCostantiniCaredduRossi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Calizza E, Costantini ML, Careddu G, Rossi L (June 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5552933">"Effect of habitat degradation on competition, carrying capacity, and species assemblage stability"</a>. Ecology and Evolution. 7 (15). Wiley: 5784–5796. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EcoEv...7.5784C">2017EcoEv...7.5784C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fece3.2977">10.1002/ece3.2977</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-7758">2045-7758</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5552933">5552933</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28811883">28811883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Effect+of+habitat+degradation+on+competition%2C+carrying+capacity%2C+and+species+assemblage+stability&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=5784-5796&rft.date=2017-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5552933%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017EcoEv...7.5784C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28811883&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fece3.2977&rft.issn=2045-7758&rft.aulast=Calizza&rft.aufirst=Edoardo&rft.au=Costantini%2C+Maria+Letizia&rft.au=Careddu%2C+Giulio&rft.au=Rossi%2C+Loreto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5552933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habitat_destruction_SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Habitat_destruction_SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Habitat_destruction_SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahneyBentonFalcon-Lang2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sahney S, Benton MJ, Falcon-Lang HJ (December 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/12/1079">"Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica"</a> (PDF). Geology. 38 (12): 1079–1082. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Geo....38.1079S">2010Geo....38.1079S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG31182.1">10.1130/G31182.1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011144357/http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/12/1079">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2010 – via GeoScienceWorld.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Rainforest+collapse+triggered+Pennsylvanian+tetrapod+diversification+in+Euramerica&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1079-1082&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG31182.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Geo....38.1079S&rft.aulast=Sahney&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Benton%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Falcon-Lang%2C+Howard+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeology.geoscienceworld.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F38%2F12%2F1079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habitat_destruction_Marvier-2004-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Habitat_destruction_Marvier-2004_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarvierKareivaNeubert2004" class="citation journal cs1">Marvier M, Kareiva P, Neubert MG (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x">"Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation"</a>. Risk Analysis. 24 (4): 869–878. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004RiskA..24..869M">2004RiskA..24..869M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0272-4332.2004.00485.x">10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4332">0272-4332</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15357806">15357806</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44809930">44809930</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723082930/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Risk+Analysis&rft.atitle=Habitat+Destruction%2C+Fragmentation%2C+and+Disturbance+Promote+Invasion+by+Habitat+Generalists+in+a+Multispecies+Metapopulation&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=869-878&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44809930%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004RiskA..24..869M&rft.issn=0272-4332&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0272-4332.2004.00485.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15357806&rft.aulast=Marvier&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft.au=Kareiva%2C+Peter&rft.au=Neubert%2C+Michael+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.0272-4332.2004.00485.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habitat_destruction_WIEGAND_108–121-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Habitat_destruction_WIEGAND_108–121_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWIEGANDREVILLAMOLONEY2005" class="citation journal cs1">WIEGAND T, REVILLA E, MOLONEY KA (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x">"Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics"</a>. Conservation Biology. 19 (1): 108–121. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ConBi..19..108W">2005ConBi..19..108W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2005.00208.x">10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0888-8892">0888-8892</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33258495">33258495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Habitat+Loss+and+Fragmentation+on+Population+Dynamics&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=108-121&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2005.00208.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33258495%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0888-8892&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005ConBi..19..108W&rft.aulast=WIEGAND&rft.aufirst=THORSTEN&rft.au=REVILLA%2C+ELOY&rft.au=MOLONEY%2C+KIRK+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2005.00208.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haddad-2015-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haddad-2015_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haddad-2015_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddadBrudvigClobertDavies2015" class="citation journal cs1">Haddad NM, Brudvig LA, Clobert J, Davies KF, Gonzalez A, Holt RD, et al. (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4643828">"Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth's ecosystems"</a>. Science Advances. 1 (2): e1500052. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SciA....1E0052H">2015SciA....1E0052H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1500052">10.1126/sciadv.1500052</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4643828">4643828</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26601154">26601154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Habitat+fragmentation+and+its+lasting+impact+on+Earth%27s+ecosystems&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e1500052&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4643828%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26601154&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.1500052&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015SciA....1E0052H&rft.aulast=Haddad&rft.aufirst=NM&rft.au=Brudvig%2C+LA&rft.au=Clobert%2C+J&rft.au=Davies%2C+KF&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+A&rft.au=Holt%2C+RD&rft.au=Lovejoy%2C+TE&rft.au=Sexton%2C+JO&rft.au=Austin%2C+MP&rft.au=Collins%2C+CD&rft.au=Cook%2C+WM&rft.au=Damschen%2C+EI&rft.au=Ewers%2C+RM&rft.au=Foster%2C+BL&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+CN&rft.au=King%2C+AJ&rft.au=Laurance%2C+WF&rft.au=Levey%2C+DJ&rft.au=Margules%2C+CR&rft.au=Melbourne%2C+BA&rft.au=Nicholls%2C+AO&rft.au=Orrock%2C+JL&rft.au=Song%2C+DX&rft.au=Townshend%2C+JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4643828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtto2018" class="citation journal cs1">Otto SP (November 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6253383">"Adaptation, speciation and extinction in the Anthropocene"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 285 (1891): 20182047. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2018.2047">10.1098/rspb.2018.2047</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452">0962-8452</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6253383">6253383</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30429309">30429309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Adaptation%2C+speciation+and+extinction+in+the+Anthropocene&rft.volume=285&rft.issue=1891&rft.pages=20182047&rft.date=2018-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6253383%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8452&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30429309&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2018.2047&rft.aulast=Otto&rft.aufirst=Sarah+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6253383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomimatsuOhara2003" class="citation journal cs1">Tomimatsu H, Ohara M (2003). "Genetic diversity and local population structure of fragmented populations of Trillium camschatcense (Trilliaceae)". Biological Conservation. 109 (2): 249–258. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BCons.109..249T">2003BCons.109..249T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-3207%2802%2900153-2">10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00153-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.atitle=Genetic+diversity+and+local+population+structure+of+fragmented+populations+of+Trillium+camschatcense+%28Trilliaceae%29&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=249-258&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0006-3207%2802%2900153-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003BCons.109..249T&rft.aulast=Tomimatsu&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Ohara%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simkins-2023-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simkins-2023_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simkins-2023_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimkinsBeresford2023" class="citation journal cs1">Simkins AT, Beresford AE (March 23, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2023.109953">"A global assessment of the prevalence of current and potential future infrastructure in Key Biodiversity Areas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biological_Conservation_(journal)" title="Biological Conservation (journal)">Biological Conservation</a>. 281: 109953. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023BCons.28109953S">2023BCons.28109953S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2023.109953">10.1016/j.biocon.2023.109953</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257735200">257735200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.atitle=A+global+assessment+of+the+prevalence+of+current+and+potential+future+infrastructure+in+Key+Biodiversity+Areas&rft.volume=281&rft.pages=109953&rft.date=2023-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257735200%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2023.109953&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023BCons.28109953S&rft.aulast=Simkins&rft.aufirst=Ashley+T.&rft.au=Beresford%2C+Alison+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.biocon.2023.109953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a> Text was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Archived</a> October 16, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidal2019" class="citation news cs1">Vidal J (March 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/nature-destruction-climate-change-world-biodiversity_n_5c49e78ce4b06ba6d3bb2d44">"The Rapid Decline Of The Natural World Is A Crisis Even Bigger Than Climate Change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124023239/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/nature-destruction-climate-change-world-biodiversity_n_5c49e78ce4b06ba6d3bb2d44">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Rapid+Decline+Of+The+Natural+World+Is+A+Crisis+Even+Bigger+Than+Climate+Change&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft.aulast=Vidal&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fnature-destruction-climate-change-world-biodiversity_n_5c49e78ce4b06ba6d3bb2d44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millennium_Ecosystem_Assessment-2005-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Millennium_Ecosystem_Assessment-2005_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millennium_Ecosystem_Assessment-2005_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millennium_Ecosystem_Assessment-2005_122-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millennium_Ecosystem_Assessment-2005_122-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillennium_Ecosystem_Assessment2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Ecosystem_Assessment" title="Millennium Ecosystem Assessment">Millennium Ecosystem Assessment</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.354.aspx.pdf">"Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/World_Resources_Institute" title="World Resources Institute">World Resources Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014033601/http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.354.aspx.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ecosystems+and+Human+Well-being%3A+Biodiversity+Synthesis&rft.pub=World+Resources+Institute&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Millennium+Ecosystem+Assessment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.millenniumassessment.org%2Fdocuments%2Fdocument.354.aspx.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunne-2020-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Dunne-2020_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunne2020" class="citation news cs1">Dunne D (December 22, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/species-habitat-loss-agriculture-food-b1777097.html">"More than 17,000 species worldwide to lose part of habitat if agriculture continues to expand"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121052842/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/species-habitat-loss-agriculture-food-b1777097.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=More+than+17%2C000+species+worldwide+to+lose+part+of+habitat+if+agriculture+continues+to+expand&rft.date=2020-12-22&rft.aulast=Dunne&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fenvironment%2Fspecies-habitat-loss-agriculture-food-b1777097.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carrington-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carrington_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carrington_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2021" class="citation news cs1">Carrington D (February 3, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/03/plant-based-diets-crucial-to-saving-global-wildlife-says-report">"Plant-based diets crucial to saving global wildlife, says report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218134247/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/03/plant-based-diets-crucial-to-saving-global-wildlife-says-report">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Plant-based+diets+crucial+to+saving+global+wildlife%2C+says+report&rft.date=2021-02-03&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F03%2Fplant-based-diets-crucial-to-saving-global-wildlife-says-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllanPossinghamAtkinsonWaldron2022" class="citation journal cs1">Allan JR, Possingham HP, Atkinson SC, Waldron A, Di Marco M, Butchart SH, et al. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abl9127">"The minimum land area requiring conservation attention to safeguard biodiversity"</a>. Science. 376 (6597): 1094–1101. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Sci...376.1094A">2022Sci...376.1094A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abl9127">10.1126/science.abl9127</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11573%2F1640006">11573/1640006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35653463">35653463</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233423065">233423065</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115213416/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abl9127">Archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+minimum+land+area+requiring+conservation+attention+to+safeguard+biodiversity&rft.volume=376&rft.issue=6597&rft.pages=1094-1101&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11573%2F1640006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233423065%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Sci...376.1094A&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abl9127&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35653463&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft.au=Possingham%2C+Hugh+P.&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+Scott+C.&rft.au=Waldron%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Di+Marco%2C+Moreno&rft.au=Butchart%2C+Stuart+H.+M.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Vanessa+M.&rft.au=Kissling%2C+W.+Daniel&rft.au=Worsdell%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Sandbrook%2C+Chris&rft.au=Gibbon%2C+Gwili&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Kundan&rft.au=Mehta%2C+Piyush&rft.au=Maron%2C+Martine&rft.au=Williams%2C+Brooke+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abl9127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1992" class="citation book cs1">Barker JR (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/840285207">Air Pollution Effects on Biodiversity</a>. David T. Tingey. Boston, MA: Springer US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-3538-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-3538-6"><bdi>978-1-4615-3538-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/840285207">840285207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Pollution+Effects+on+Biodiversity&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Springer+US&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F840285207&rft.isbn=978-1-4615-3538-6&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Jerry+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F840285207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sabljic-2009-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Sabljic-2009_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabljic2009" class="citation book cs1">Sabljic A (2009). Environmental and Ecological Chemistry – Volume I. EOLSS Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84826-186-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84826-186-0"><bdi>978-1-84826-186-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+and+Ecological+Chemistry+%E2%80%93+Volume+I&rft.pub=EOLSS+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84826-186-0&rft.aulast=Sabljic&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghAgrawal2008" class="citation journal cs1">Singh A, Agrawal M (January 2008). "Acid rain and its ecological consequences". Journal of Environmental Biology. 29 (1): 15–24. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18831326">18831326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Biology&rft.atitle=Acid+rain+and+its+ecological+consequences&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-24&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18831326&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Agrawal%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne-2017-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Payne-2017_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayneDiseFieldDore2017" class="citation journal cs1">Payne RJ, Dise NB, Field CD, Dore AJ, Caporn SJ, Stevens CJ (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/619669/1/Payne%20et%20al.%20Nitrogen%20Pollution%20%281%29.pdf">"Nitrogen deposition and plant biodiversity: past, present, and future"</a> (PDF). Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 15 (8): 431–436. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017FrEE...15..431P">2017FrEE...15..431P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Ffee.1528">10.1002/fee.1528</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54972418">54972418</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121145750/https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/619669/1/Payne%20et%20al.%20Nitrogen%20Pollution%20(1).pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 21, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Ecology+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=Nitrogen+deposition+and+plant+biodiversity%3A+past%2C+present%2C+and+future&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=431-436&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54972418%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Ffee.1528&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017FrEE...15..431P&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft.au=Dise%2C+NB&rft.au=Field%2C+CD&rft.au=Dore%2C+AJ&rft.au=Caporn%2C+SJ&rft.au=Stevens%2C+CJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe-space.mmu.ac.uk%2F619669%2F1%2FPayne%2520et%2520al.%2520Nitrogen%2520Pollution%2520%25281%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lovett-2009-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lovett-2009_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovett-2009_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lovett-2009_130-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovettTearEversFindlay2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lovett GM, Tear TH, Evers DC, Findlay SE, Cosby BJ, Dunscomb JK, et al. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04153.x">"Effects of Air Pollution on Ecosystems and Biological Diversity in the Eastern United States"</a>. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1162 (1): 99–135. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009NYASA1162...99L">2009NYASA1162...99L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2009.04153.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04153.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0077-8923">0077-8923</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19432647">19432647</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9368346">9368346</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240206155218/https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04153.x">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2024. Retrieved February 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Air+Pollution+on+Ecosystems+and+Biological+Diversity+in+the+Eastern+United+States&rft.volume=1162&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99-135&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9368346%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009NYASA1162...99L&rft.issn=0077-8923&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2009.04153.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19432647&rft.aulast=Lovett&rft.aufirst=Gary+M.&rft.au=Tear%2C+Timothy+H.&rft.au=Evers%2C+David+C.&rft.au=Findlay%2C+Stuart+E.G.&rft.au=Cosby%2C+B.+Jack&rft.au=Dunscomb%2C+Judy+K.&rft.au=Driscoll%2C+Charles+T.&rft.au=Weathers%2C+Kathleen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2009.04153.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sordello-2019-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Sordello-2019_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSordelloDe_LachapelleLivoreilVanpeene2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sordello R, De Lachapelle FF, Livoreil B, Vanpeene S (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13750-019-0146-6">"Evidence of the environmental impact of noise pollution on biodiversity: a systematic map protocol"</a>. Environmental Evidence. 8 (1): 8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EnvEv...8....8S">2019EnvEv...8....8S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13750-019-0146-6">10.1186/s13750-019-0146-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Evidence&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+the+environmental+impact+of+noise+pollution+on+biodiversity%3A+a+systematic+map+protocol&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13750-019-0146-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019EnvEv...8....8S&rft.aulast=Sordello&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=De+Lachapelle%2C+FF&rft.au=Livoreil%2C+B&rft.au=Vanpeene%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1186%252Fs13750-019-0146-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weilgart-2008-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weilgart-2008_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weilgart-2008_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weilgart-2008_132-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeilgart2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Weilgart LS (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://awionline.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/Weilgart_Biodiversity_2008-1238105851-10133.pdf">The Impact of Ocean Noise Pollution on Marine Biodiversity</a> (PDF) (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.542.534">10.1.1.542.534</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13176067">13176067</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211101133214/https://awionline.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/Weilgart_Biodiversity_2008-1238105851-10133.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Impact+of+Ocean+Noise+Pollution+on+Marine+Biodiversity&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.542.534%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13176067%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Weilgart&rft.aufirst=LS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fawionline.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2Fdocuments%2FWeilgart_Biodiversity_2008-1238105851-10133.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernándezEdwardsRodríguezEspinosa_de_los_Monteros2005" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández A, Edwards JF, Rodríguez F, Espinosa de los Monteros A, Herráez P, Castro P, et al. (July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1354%2Fvp.42-4-446">"'Gas and fat embolic syndrome' involving a mass stranding of beaked whales (family Ziphiidae) exposed to anthropogenic sonar signals"</a>. Veterinary Pathology. 42 (4): 446–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1354%2Fvp.42-4-446">10.1354/vp.42-4-446</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16006604">16006604</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43571676">43571676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Pathology&rft.atitle=%27Gas+and+fat+embolic+syndrome%27+involving+a+mass+stranding+of+beaked+whales+%28family+Ziphiidae%29+exposed+to+anthropogenic+sonar+signals&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=446-57&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43571676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16006604&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1354%2Fvp.42-4-446&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Edwards%2C+JF&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+F&rft.au=Espinosa+de+los+Monteros%2C+A&rft.au=Herr%C3%A1ez%2C+P&rft.au=Castro%2C+P&rft.au=Jaber%2C+JR&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn%2C+V&rft.au=Arbelo%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1354%252Fvp.42-4-446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngåsLøkkeborgOnaSoldal2011" class="citation journal cs1">Engås A, Løkkeborg S, Ona E, Soldal AV (2011). "Effects of seismic shooting on local abundance and catch rates of cod ((Gadus morhua) and haddock )(Melanogrammus aeglefinus)". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 53 (10): 2238–2249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Ff96-177">10.1139/f96-177</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F108647">11250/108647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Fisheries+and+Aquatic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Effects+of+seismic+shooting+on+local+abundance+and+catch+rates+of+cod+%28%28Gadus+morhua%29+and+haddock+%29%28Melanogrammus+aeglefinus%29&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2238-2249&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F108647&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Ff96-177&rft.aulast=Eng%C3%A5s&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=L%C3%B8kkeborg%2C+S&rft.au=Ona%2C+E&rft.au=Soldal%2C+AV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkalskiPearsonMalme2011" class="citation journal cs1">Skalski JR, Pearson WH, Malme CI (2011). "Effects of Sounds from a Geophysical Survey Device on Catch-per-Unit-Effort in a Hook-and-Line Fishery for Rockfish (Sebastes spp.)". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 49 (7): 1357–1365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Ff92-151">10.1139/f92-151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Fisheries+and+Aquatic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Sounds+from+a+Geophysical+Survey+Device+on+Catch-per-Unit-Effort+in+a+Hook-and-Line+Fishery+for+Rockfish+%28Sebastes+spp.%29&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1357-1365&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Ff92-151&rft.aulast=Skalski&rft.aufirst=JR&rft.au=Pearson%2C+WH&rft.au=Malme%2C+CI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlotteHansenDalenOna2004" class="citation journal cs1">Slotte A, Hansen K, Dalen J, Ona E (2004). "Acoustic mapping of pelagic fish distribution and abundance in relation to a seismic shooting area off the Norwegian west coast". Fisheries Research. 67 (2): 143–150. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004FishR..67..143S">2004FishR..67..143S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fishres.2003.09.046">10.1016/j.fishres.2003.09.046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fisheries+Research&rft.atitle=Acoustic+mapping+of+pelagic+fish+distribution+and+abundance+in+relation+to+a+seismic+shooting+area+off+the+Norwegian+west+coast&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=143-150&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fishres.2003.09.046&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004FishR..67..143S&rft.aulast=Slotte&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Hansen%2C+K&rft.au=Dalen%2C+J&rft.au=Ona%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francis-2009-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Francis-2009_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancisOrtegaCruz2009" class="citation journal cs1">Francis CD, Ortega CP, Cruz A (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2009.06.052">"Noise pollution changes avian communities and species interactions"</a>. Current Biology. 19 (16): 1415–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009CBio...19.1415F">2009CBio...19.1415F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2009.06.052">10.1016/j.cub.2009.06.052</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19631542">19631542</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15985432">15985432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Noise+pollution+changes+avian+communities+and+species+interactions&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=1415-9&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2009.06.052&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15985432%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19631542&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009CBio...19.1415F&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=CD&rft.au=Ortega%2C+CP&rft.au=Cruz%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2009.06.052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarberCrooksFristrup2010" class="citation journal cs1">Barber JR, Crooks KR, Fristrup KM (March 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347(09)00261-4">"The costs of chronic noise exposure for terrestrial organisms"</a>. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 25 (3): 180–189. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010TEcoE..25..180B">2010TEcoE..25..180B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2009.08.002">10.1016/j.tree.2009.08.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-5347">0169-5347</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19762112">19762112</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012013959/http://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347(09)00261-4">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+costs+of+chronic+noise+exposure+for+terrestrial+organisms&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=180-189&rft.date=2010-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tree.2009.08.002&rft.issn=0169-5347&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19762112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010TEcoE..25..180B&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Jesse+R.&rft.au=Crooks%2C+Kevin+R.&rft.au=Fristrup%2C+Kurt+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Ftrends%2Fecology-evolution%2Fabstract%2FS0169-5347%2809%2900261-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harfoot-2018-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harfoot-2018_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harfoot-2018_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harfoot-2018_139-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarfootTittensorKnightArnell2018" class="citation journal cs1">Harfoot MB, Tittensor DP, Knight S, Arnell AP, Blyth S, Brooks S, et al. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fconl.12448">"Present and future biodiversity risks from fossil fuel exploitation"</a>. Conservation Letters. 11 (4): e12448. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ConL...11E2448H">2018ConL...11E2448H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fconl.12448">10.1111/conl.12448</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:74872049">74872049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Letters&rft.atitle=Present+and+future+biodiversity+risks+from+fossil+fuel+exploitation&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e12448&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A74872049%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fconl.12448&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018ConL...11E2448H&rft.aulast=Harfoot&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.+J.&rft.au=Tittensor%2C+Derek+P.&rft.au=Knight%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Arnell%2C+Andrew+P.&rft.au=Blyth%2C+Simon&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Sharon&rft.au=Butchart%2C+Stuart+H.+M.&rft.au=Hutton%2C+Jon&rft.au=Jones%2C+Matthew+I.&rft.au=Kapos%2C+Valerie&rft.au=Scharlemann%2C+J%D3%A7rn+P.W.&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fconl.12448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a> Text was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Archived</a> October 16, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butt-2013-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Butt-2013_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtBeyerBennettBiggs2013" class="citation journal cs1">Butt N, Beyer HL, Bennett JR, Biggs D, Maggini R, Mills M, et al. (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:314798/UQ314798_OA.pdf">"Conservation. Biodiversity risks from fossil fuel extraction"</a> (PDF). Science. 342 (6157): 425–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...342..425B">2013Sci...342..425B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1237261">10.1126/science.1237261</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42619941">42619941</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24159031">24159031</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206548697">206548697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Conservation.+Biodiversity+risks+from+fossil+fuel+extraction&rft.volume=342&rft.issue=6157&rft.pages=425-6&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206548697%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...342..425B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24159031&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1237261&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42619941%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Butt&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Beyer%2C+HL&rft.au=Bennett%2C+JR&rft.au=Biggs%2C+D&rft.au=Maggini%2C+R&rft.au=Mills%2C+M&rft.au=Renwick%2C+AR&rft.au=Seabrook%2C+LM&rft.au=Possingham%2C+HP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.uq.edu.au%2Fview%2FUQ%3A314798%2FUQ314798_OA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Frank_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankPetrieChoiLeggett2005" class="citation journal cs1">Frank KT, Petrie B, Choi JS, Leggett WC (2005). "Trophic Cascades in a Formerly Cod-Dominated Ecosystem". <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 308 (5728): 1621–1623. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...308.1621F">2005Sci...308.1621F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1113075">10.1126/science.1113075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15947186">15947186</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45088691">45088691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Trophic+Cascades+in+a+Formerly+Cod-Dominated+Ecosystem&rft.volume=308&rft.issue=5728&rft.pages=1621-1623&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1113075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45088691%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15947186&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...308.1621F&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+T.&rft.au=Petrie%2C+Brian&rft.au=Choi%2C+Jae+S.&rft.au=Leggett%2C+William+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacoureauRigbyKyneSherley2021" class="citation journal cs1">Pacoureau N, Rigby CL, Kyne PM, Sherley RB, Winker H, Carlson JK, et al. (January 2021). "Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays". Nature. 589 (7843): 567–571. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.589..567P">2021Natur.589..567P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-03173-9">10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F124531">10871/124531</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33505035">33505035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231723355">231723355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Half+a+century+of+global+decline+in+oceanic+sharks+and+rays&rft.volume=589&rft.issue=7843&rft.pages=567-571&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F124531&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231723355%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.589..567P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33505035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-03173-9&rft.aulast=Pacoureau&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Rigby%2C+CL&rft.au=Kyne%2C+PM&rft.au=Sherley%2C+RB&rft.au=Winker%2C+H&rft.au=Carlson%2C+JK&rft.au=Fordham%2C+SV&rft.au=Barreto%2C+R&rft.au=Fernando%2C+D&rft.au=Francis%2C+MP&rft.au=Jabado%2C+RW&rft.au=Herman%2C+KB&rft.au=Liu%2C+KM&rft.au=Marshall%2C+AD&rft.au=Pollom%2C+RA&rft.au=Romanov%2C+EV&rft.au=Simpfendorfer%2C+CA&rft.au=Yin%2C+JS&rft.au=Kindsvater%2C+HK&rft.au=Dulvy%2C+NK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorenstein2019" class="citation web cs1">Borenstein S (May 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/aaf1091c5aae40b0a110daaf04950672">"UN report: Humans accelerating extinction of other species"</a>. AP News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301192840/https://apnews.com/aaf1091c5aae40b0a110daaf04950672/">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=UN+report%3A+Humans+accelerating+extinction+of+other+species&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft.aulast=Borenstein&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Faaf1091c5aae40b0a110daaf04950672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattonHeneghanBar-OnGalbraith2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hatton IA, Heneghan RF, Bar-On YM, Galbraith ED (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8580314">"The global ocean size spectrum from bacteria to whales"</a>. Science Advances. 7 (46): eabh3732. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021SciA....7.3732H">2021SciA....7.3732H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abh3732">10.1126/sciadv.abh3732</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8580314">8580314</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34757796">34757796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=The+global+ocean+size+spectrum+from+bacteria+to+whales&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=eabh3732&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8580314%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34757796&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abh3732&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021SciA....7.3732H&rft.aulast=Hatton&rft.aufirst=IA&rft.au=Heneghan%2C+RF&rft.au=Bar-On%2C+YM&rft.au=Galbraith%2C+ED&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8580314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDulvyPacoureauRigbyPollom2021" class="citation journal cs1">Dulvy NK, Pacoureau N, Rigby CL, Pollom RA, Jabado RW, Ebert DA, et al. (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2021.08.062">"Overfishing drives over one-third of all sharks and rays toward a global extinction crisis"</a>. Current Biology. 31 (21): 4773–4787.e8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021CBio...31E4773D">2021CBio...31E4773D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2021.08.062">10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.062</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34492229">34492229</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237443284">237443284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Overfishing+drives+over+one-third+of+all+sharks+and+rays+toward+a+global+extinction+crisis&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=4773-4787.e8&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2021.08.062&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237443284%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34492229&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021CBio...31E4773D&rft.aulast=Dulvy&rft.aufirst=NK&rft.au=Pacoureau%2C+N&rft.au=Rigby%2C+CL&rft.au=Pollom%2C+RA&rft.au=Jabado%2C+RW&rft.au=Ebert%2C+DA&rft.au=Finucci%2C+B&rft.au=Pollock%2C+CM&rft.au=Cheok%2C+J&rft.au=Derrick%2C+DH&rft.au=Herman%2C+KB&rft.au=Sherman%2C+CS&rft.au=VanderWright%2C+WJ&rft.au=Lawson%2C+JM&rft.au=Walls%2C+RH&rft.au=Carlson%2C+JK&rft.au=Charvet%2C+P&rft.au=Bineesh%2C+KK&rft.au=Fernando%2C+D&rft.au=Ralph%2C+GM&rft.au=Matsushiba%2C+JH&rft.au=Hilton-Taylor%2C+C&rft.au=Fordham%2C+SV&rft.au=Simpfendorfer%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2021.08.062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO-2020-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FAO-2020_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9229en">The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020</a>. FAO. 2020. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fca9229en">10.4060/ca9229en</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10535%2F3776">10535/3776</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-132692-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-132692-3"><bdi>978-92-5-132692-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242949831">242949831</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211007122503/http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9229en">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+World+Fisheries+and+Aquaculture+2020&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10535%2F3776&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242949831%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fca9229en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-132692-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcard%2Fen%2Fc%2Fca9229en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Ritchie" title="Hannah Ritchie">Ritchie H</a> (April 20, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/wild-mammal-decline">"Wild mammals have declined by 85% since the rise of humans, but there is a possible future where they flourish"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Our_World_in_Data" title="Our World in Data">Our World in Data</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216013950/https://ourworldindata.org/wild-mammal-decline">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Wild+mammals+have+declined+by+85%25+since+the+rise+of+humans%2C+but+there+is+a+possible+future+where+they+flourish&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fwild-mammal-decline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNDESA-148"><a href="#cite_ref-UNDESA_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Graphs/Probabilistic/POP/TOT/900">"World Population Prospects 2022, Graphs / Profiles"</a>. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211083505/https://population.un.org/wpp/Graphs/Probabilistic/POP/TOT/900">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%2C+Graphs+%2F+Profiles&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FGraphs%2FProbabilistic%2FPOP%2FTOT%2F900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeballosEhrlichDirzo2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Dirzo R (May 23, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544311">"Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">PNAS</a>. 114 (30): E6089–E6096. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PNAS..114E6089C">2017PNAS..114E6089C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1704949114">10.1073/pnas.1704949114</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544311">5544311</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28696295">28696295</a>. <q>Much less frequently mentioned are, however, the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction, namely, human overpopulation and continued population growth, and overconsumption, especially by the rich. These drivers, all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet, are themselves increasing rapidly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Biological+annihilation+via+the+ongoing+sixth+mass+extinction+signaled+by+vertebrate+population+losses+and+declines&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=E6089-E6096&rft.date=2017-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5544311%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28696295&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1704949114&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PNAS..114E6089C&rft.aulast=Ceballos&rft.aufirst=Gerardo&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R&rft.au=Dirzo%2C+Rodolfo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5544311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weston-2021-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weston-2021_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weston-2021_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeston2021" class="citation news cs1">Weston P (January 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jan/13/top-scientists-warn-of-ghastly-future-of-mass-extinction-and-climate-disruption-aoe">"Top scientists warn of 'ghastly future of mass extinction' and climate disruption"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113050606/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jan/13/top-scientists-warn-of-ghastly-future-of-mass-extinction-and-climate-disruption-aoe">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Top+scientists+warn+of+%27ghastly+future+of+mass+extinction%27+and+climate+disruption&rft.date=2021-01-13&rft.aulast=Weston&rft.aufirst=Phoebe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Fjan%2F13%2Ftop-scientists-warn-of-ghastly-future-of-mass-extinction-and-climate-disruption-aoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-neutral-151"><a href="#cite_ref-neutral_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColauttiMacIsaac2004" class="citation journal cs1">Colautti RI, MacIsaac HJ (February 24, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1366-9516.2004.00061.x">"A neutral terminology to define 'invasive' species: Defining invasive species"</a>. Diversity and Distributions. 10 (2): 135–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1366-9516.2004.00061.x">10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00061.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18971654">18971654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diversity+and+Distributions&rft.atitle=A+neutral+terminology+to+define+%27invasive%27+species%3A+Defining+invasive+species&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135-141&rft.date=2004-02-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1366-9516.2004.00061.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18971654%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Colautti&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rft.au=MacIsaac%2C+Hugh+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1366-9516.2004.00061.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/docs/1_EN_resume_impact_assesment_part1_v3.pdf">"Communication From The Commission To The Council, The European Parliament, The European Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions Towards An EU Strategy On Invasive Species"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033628/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/docs/1_EN_resume_impact_assesment_part1_v3.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communication+From+The+Commission+To+The+Council%2C+The+European+Parliament%2C+The+European+Economic+And+Social+Committee+And+The+Committee+Of+The+Regions+Towards+An+EU+Strategy+On+Invasive+Species&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenvironment%2Fnature%2Finvasivealien%2Fdocs%2F1_EN_resume_impact_assesment_part1_v3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakicevicMladenovic2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lakicevic M, Mladenovic E (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2298%2FZMSPN1834019L">"Non-native and invasive tree species – their impact on biodiversity loss"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbornik_Matice_Srpske_Za_Prirodne_Nauke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zbornik Matice Srpske Za Prirodne Nauke (page does not exist)">Zbornik Matice Srpske Za Prirodne Nauke</a> (134): 19–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2298%2FZMSPN1834019L">10.2298/ZMSPN1834019L</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zbornik+Matice+Srpske+Za+Prirodne+Nauke&rft.atitle=Non-native+and+invasive+tree+species+%E2%80%93+their+impact+on+biodiversity+loss&rft.issue=134&rft.pages=19-26&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2298%2FZMSPN1834019L&rft.aulast=Lakicevic&rft.aufirst=Milena&rft.au=Mladenovic%2C+Emina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2298%252FZMSPN1834019L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Research_Council_(US)_Committee_on_the_Scientific_Basis_for_Predicting_the_Invasive_Potential_of_Nonindigenous_Plants_Plant_Pests_in_the_United_States2002" class="citation book cs1">National Research Council (US) Committee on the Scientific Basis for Predicting the Invasive Potential of Nonindigenous Plants Plant Pests in the United States (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/read/10259/chapter/1">Predicting Invasions of Nonindigenous Plants and Plant Pests</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F10259">10.17226/10259</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-08264-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-08264-8"><bdi>978-0-309-08264-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25032288">25032288</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117204337/https://www.nap.edu/read/10259/chapter/1">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2019. Retrieved November 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Predicting+Invasions+of+Nonindigenous+Plants+and+Plant+Pests&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25032288&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F10259&rft.isbn=978-0-309-08264-8&rft.au=National+Research+Council+%28US%29+Committee+on+the+Scientific+Basis+for+Predicting+the+Invasive+Potential+of+Nonindigenous+Plants+Plant+Pests+in+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fread%2F10259%2Fchapter%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisMaslin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis SL, Maslin MA (2015). "Defining the Anthropocene". <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 519 (7542): 171–180. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.519..171L">2015Natur.519..171L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14258">10.1038/nature14258</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25762280">25762280</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205242896">205242896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Defining+the+Anthropocene&rft.volume=519&rft.issue=7542&rft.pages=171-180&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14258&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205242896%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25762280&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.519..171L&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Simon+L.&rft.au=Maslin%2C+Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaiserOldenRecordLockwood2012" class="citation journal cs1">Baiser B, Olden JD, Record S, Lockwood JL, McKinney ML (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3497087">"Pattern and process of biotic homogenization in the New Pangaea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_B:_Biological_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</a>. 279 (1748): 4772–4777. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2012.1651">10.1098/rspb.2012.1651</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3497087">3497087</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23055062">23055062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Pattern+and+process+of+biotic+homogenization+in+the+New+Pangaea&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=1748&rft.pages=4772-4777&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3497087%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23055062&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2012.1651&rft.aulast=Baiser&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Olden%2C+Julian+D.&rft.au=Record%2C+Sydne&rft.au=Lockwood%2C+Julie+L.&rft.au=McKinney%2C+Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3497087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Odendaal_2008-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Odendaal_2008_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdendaalHauptGriffiths2008" class="citation journal cs1">Odendaal LJ, Haupt TM, Griffiths CL (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fkoedoe.v50i1.153">"The alien invasive land snail Theba pisana in the West Coast National Park: Is there cause for concern?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Koedoe" title="Koedoe">Koedoe</a>. 50 (1): 93–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fkoedoe.v50i1.153">10.4102/koedoe.v50i1.153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Koedoe&rft.atitle=The+alien+invasive+land+snail+Theba+pisana+in+the+West+Coast+National+Park%3A+Is+there+cause+for+concern%3F&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-98&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4102%2Fkoedoe.v50i1.153&rft.aulast=Odendaal&rft.aufirst=L.+J.&rft.au=Haupt%2C+T.+M.&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+C.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4102%252Fkoedoe.v50i1.153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Song2021-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Song2021_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSongKempTianChu2021" class="citation journal cs1">Song H, Kemp DB, Tian L, Chu D, Song H, Dai X (August 4, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8338942">"Thresholds of temperature change for mass extinctions"</a>. Nature Communications. 12 (1): 4694. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatCo..12.4694S">2021NatCo..12.4694S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-25019-2">10.1038/s41467-021-25019-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8338942">8338942</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34349121">34349121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Thresholds+of+temperature+change+for+mass+extinctions&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4694&rft.date=2021-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8338942%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34349121&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-021-25019-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatCo..12.4694S&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Haijun&rft.au=Kemp%2C+David+B.&rft.au=Tian%2C+Li&rft.au=Chu%2C+Daoliang&rft.au=Song%2C+Huyue&rft.au=Dai%2C+Xu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8338942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapoor2021" class="citation news cs1">Kapoor K (June 10, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/climate-change-biodiversity-loss-must-be-tackled-together-report-2021-06-10/">"Climate change and biodiversity loss must be tackled together – report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220515192230/https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/climate-change-biodiversity-loss-must-be-tackled-together-report-2021-06-10/">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Climate+change+and+biodiversity+loss+must+be+tackled+together+%E2%80%93+report&rft.date=2021-06-10&rft.aulast=Kapoor&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fenvironment%2Fclimate-change-biodiversity-loss-must-be-tackled-together-report-2021-06-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankinHarvey2022" class="citation news cs1">Rankin J, Harvey F (July 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/21/destruction-nature-as-threatening-climate-crisis-eu-deputy-warns-frans-timmerman">"Destruction of nature as threatening as climate crisis, EU deputy warns"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220802205257/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/21/destruction-nature-as-threatening-climate-crisis-eu-deputy-warns-frans-timmerman">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2022. Retrieved August 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Destruction+of+nature+as+threatening+as+climate+crisis%2C+EU+deputy+warns&rft.date=2022-07-21&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2022%2Fjul%2F21%2Fdestruction-nature-as-threatening-climate-crisis-eu-deputy-warns-frans-timmerman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dukes-1999-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Dukes-1999_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDukesMooney1999" class="citation journal cs1">Dukes JS, Mooney HA (April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0169-5347%2898%2901554-7">"Does global change increase the success of biological invaders?"</a>. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 14 (4): 135–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0169-5347%2898%2901554-7">10.1016/s0169-5347(98)01554-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10322518">10322518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Does+global+change+increase+the+success+of+biological+invaders%3F&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=135-139&rft.date=1999-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0169-5347%2898%2901554-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10322518&rft.aulast=Dukes&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=Mooney%2C+HA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fs0169-5347%252898%252901554-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hellmann_2008-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Hellmann_2008_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellmannByersBierwagenDukes2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hellmann JJ, Byers JE, Bierwagen BG, Dukes JS (June 2008). "Five potential consequences of climate change for invasive species". Conservation Biology. 22 (3): 534–543. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ConBi..22..534H">2008ConBi..22..534H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2008.00951.x">10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00951.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18577082">18577082</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16026020">16026020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&rft.atitle=Five+potential+consequences+of+climate+change+for+invasive+species&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=534-543&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2008.00951.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16026020%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18577082&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008ConBi..22..534H&rft.aulast=Hellmann&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft.au=Byers%2C+JE&rft.au=Bierwagen%2C+BG&rft.au=Dukes%2C+JS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerLittnanJohnston2006" class="citation journal cs1">Baker JD, Littnan CL, Johnston DW (May 24, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fesr002021">"Potential effects of sea level rise on the terrestrial habitats of endangered and endemic megafauna in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands"</a>. Endangered Species Research. 2: 21–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fesr002021">10.3354/esr002021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1863-5407">1863-5407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endangered+Species+Research&rft.atitle=Potential+effects+of+sea+level+rise+on+the+terrestrial+habitats+of+endangered+and+endemic+megafauna+in+the+Northwestern+Hawaiian+Islands&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=21-30&rft.date=2006-05-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fesr002021&rft.issn=1863-5407&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Jason+D.&rft.au=Littnan%2C+Charles+L.&rft.au=Johnston%2C+David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3354%252Fesr002021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraithJonesParkClough2002" class="citation journal cs1">Galbraith H, Jones R, Park R, Clough J, Herrod-Julius S, Harrington B, et al. (June 1, 2002). "Global Climate Change and Sea Level Rise: Potential Losses of Intertidal Habitat for Shorebirds". Waterbirds. 25 (2): 173–183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1675%2F1524-4695%282002%29025%5B0173%3AGCCASL%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0173:GCCASL]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1524-4695">1524-4695</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86365454">86365454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Waterbirds&rft.atitle=Global+Climate+Change+and+Sea+Level+Rise%3A+Potential+Losses+of+Intertidal+Habitat+for+Shorebirds&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-183&rft.date=2002-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86365454%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1524-4695&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1675%2F1524-4695%282002%29025%5B0173%3AGCCASL%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Jones%2C+R.&rft.au=Park%2C+R.&rft.au=Clough%2C+J.&rft.au=Herrod-Julius%2C+S.&rft.au=Harrington%2C+B.&rft.au=Page%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Constable, A.J., S. Harper, J. Dawson, K. Holsman, T. Mustonen, D. Piepenburg, and B. Rost, 2022: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_CCP6.pdf">Cross-Chapter Paper 6: Polar Regions</a>. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2319–2368, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009325844.023">10.1017/9781009325844.023</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuangDongBaileyHolland2019" class="citation journal cs1">Huang Y, Dong X, Bailey DA, <a href="/wiki/Marika_Holland" title="Marika Holland">Holland MM</a>, Xi B, DuVivier AK, et al. (June 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019gl082791">"Thicker Clouds and Accelerated Arctic Sea Ice Decline: The Atmosphere-Sea Ice Interactions in Spring"</a>. Geophysical Research Letters. 46 (12): 6980–6989. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019GeoRL..46.6980H">2019GeoRL..46.6980H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019gl082791">10.1029/2019gl082791</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10150%2F634665">10150/634665</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-8276">0094-8276</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189968828">189968828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Thicker+Clouds+and+Accelerated+Arctic+Sea+Ice+Decline%3A+The+Atmosphere-Sea+Ice+Interactions+in+Spring&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=6980-6989&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10150%2F634665&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189968828%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019GeoRL..46.6980H&rft.issn=0094-8276&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2019gl082791&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Yiyi&rft.au=Dong%2C+Xiquan&rft.au=Bailey%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Holland%2C+Marika+M.&rft.au=Xi%2C+Baike&rft.au=DuVivier%2C+Alice+K.&rft.au=Kay%2C+Jennifer+E.&rft.au=Landrum%2C+Laura+L.&rft.au=Deng%2C+Yi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2019gl082791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habitat_destruction_:22-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Habitat_destruction_:22_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenftlebenLauerKarpechko2020" class="citation journal cs1">Senftleben D, Lauer A, Karpechko A (February 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fjcli-d-19-0075.1">"Constraining Uncertainties in CMIP5 Projections of September Arctic Sea Ice Extent with Observations"</a>. Journal of Climate. 33 (4): 1487–1503. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JCli...33.1487S">2020JCli...33.1487S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fjcli-d-19-0075.1">10.1175/jcli-d-19-0075.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0894-8755">0894-8755</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210273007">210273007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Climate&rft.atitle=Constraining+Uncertainties+in+CMIP5+Projections+of+September+Arctic+Sea+Ice+Extent+with+Observations&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1487-1503&rft.date=2020-02-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2Fjcli-d-19-0075.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210273007%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0894-8755&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JCli...33.1487S&rft.aulast=Senftleben&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Lauer%2C+Axel&rft.au=Karpechko%2C+Alexey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252Fjcli-d-19-0075.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habitat_destruction_:32-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Habitat_destruction_:32_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadavKumarMohan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Yadav J, Kumar A, Mohan R (May 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04064-y">"Dramatic decline of Arctic sea ice linked to global warming"</a>. Natural Hazards. 103 (2): 2617–2621. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatHa.103.2617Y">2020NatHa.103.2617Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11069-020-04064-y">10.1007/s11069-020-04064-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0921-030X">0921-030X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218762126">218762126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+Hazards&rft.atitle=Dramatic+decline+of+Arctic+sea+ice+linked+to+global+warming&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=2617-2621&rft.date=2020-05-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11069-020-04064-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218762126%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0921-030X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatHa.103.2617Y&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=Juhi&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Avinash&rft.au=Mohan%2C+Rahul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11069-020-04064-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurnerDouglasNielsonAmstrup2009" class="citation journal cs1">Durner GM, Douglas DC, Nielson RM, Amstrup SC, McDonald TL, Stirling I, et al. (2009). "Predicting 21st-century polar bear habitat distribution from global climate models". Ecological Monographs. 79 (1): 25–58. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EcoM...79...25D">2009EcoM...79...25D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F07-2089.1">10.1890/07-2089.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85677324">85677324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Monographs&rft.atitle=Predicting+21st-century+polar+bear+habitat+distribution+from+global+climate+models&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-58&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85677324%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F07-2089.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009EcoM...79...25D&rft.aulast=Durner&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft.au=Douglas%2C+David+C.&rft.au=Nielson%2C+Ryan+M.&rft.au=Amstrup%2C+Steven+C.&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Trent+L.&rft.au=Stirling%2C+Ian&rft.au=Mauritzen%2C+Mette&rft.au=Born%2C+Erik+W.&rft.au=Wiig%2C+%C3%98ystein&rft.au=Deweaver%2C+Eric&rft.au=Serreze%2C+Mark+C.&rft.au=Belikov%2C+Stanislav+E.&rft.au=Holland%2C+Marika+M.&rft.au=Maslanik%2C+James&rft.au=Aars%2C+Jon&rft.au=Bailey%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Derocher%2C+Andrew+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habitat_destruction_Riebesell-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Habitat_destruction_Riebesell_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiebesellKörtzingerOschlies2009" class="citation journal cs1">Riebesell U, Körtzinger A, Oschlies A (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791567">"Sensitivities of marine carbon fluxes to ocean change"</a>. PNAS. 106 (49): 20602–20609. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0813291106">10.1073/pnas.0813291106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791567">2791567</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19995981">19995981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Sensitivities+of+marine+carbon+fluxes+to+ocean+change&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=49&rft.pages=20602-20609&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2791567%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19995981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0813291106&rft.aulast=Riebesell&rft.aufirst=Ulf&rft.au=K%C3%B6rtzinger%2C+Arne&rft.au=Oschlies%2C+Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2791567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habitat_destruction_:2-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Habitat_destruction_:2_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoegh-GuldbergJacobTaylorBindi2022" class="citation book cs1">Hoegh-Guldberg O, Jacob D, Taylor M, Bindi M, Brown S, Camilloni I, et al. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2022/06/SR15_Chapter_3_LR.pdf">"Impacts of 1.5°C Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems"</a> (PDF). In Masson-Delmotte V, Zhai P, Pörtner HO, Roberts D, Skea J, Shukla P, Pirani A, Moufouma-Okia W, Péan C, Pidcock R, Connors S, Matthews J, Chen Y, Zhou X, Gomis M, Lonnoy E, Maycock T, Tignor M, Waterfield T (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/">Global Warming of 1.5°C: An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty</a>. Cambridge, UK and New York City: Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009157940.005">10.1017/9781009157940.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-15794-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-15794-0"><bdi>978-1-009-15794-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Impacts+of+1.5%C2%B0C+Global+Warming+on+Natural+and+Human+Systems&rft.btitle=Global+Warming+of+1.5%C2%B0C%3A+An+IPCC+Special+Report+on+the+impacts+of+global+warming+of+1.5+%C2%B0C+above+pre-industrial+levels+and+related+global+greenhouse+gas+emission+pathways%2C+in+the+context+of+strengthening+the+global+response+to+the+threat+of+climate+change%2C+sustainable+development%2C+and+efforts+to+eradicate+poverty&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK+and+New+York+City&rft.pages=175-312&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009157940.005&rft.isbn=978-1-009-15794-0&rft.aulast=Hoegh-Guldberg&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Jacob%2C+D.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+M.&rft.au=Bindi%2C+M.&rft.au=Brown%2C+S.&rft.au=Camilloni%2C+I.&rft.au=Diedhiou%2C+A.&rft.au=Djalante%2C+R.&rft.au=Ebi%2C+K.L.&rft.au=Engelbrecht%2C+F.&rft.au=Guiot%2C+J.&rft.au=Hijioka%2C+Y.&rft.au=Mehrotra%2C+S.&rft.au=Payne%2C+A.&rft.au=Seneviratne%2C+S.I.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+A.&rft.au=Warren%2C+R.&rft.au=Zhou%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Fsite%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F2%2F2022%2F06%2FSR15_Chapter_3_LR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habitat_destruction_:6-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Habitat_destruction_:6_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldred2014" class="citation news cs1">Aldred J (July 2, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/02/caribbean-coral-reef-lost-fishing-pollution-report">"Caribbean coral reefs 'will be lost within 20 years' without protection"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved November 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Caribbean+coral+reefs+%27will+be+lost+within+20+years%27+without+protection&rft.date=2014-07-02&rft.aulast=Aldred&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2014%2Fjul%2F02%2Fcaribbean-coral-reef-lost-fishing-pollution-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Extinction_risk_from_climate_change_Strona2022-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Extinction_risk_from_climate_change_Strona2022_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStronaBradshaw2022" class="citation journal cs1">Strona G, Bradshaw CJ (December 16, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9757742">"Coextinctions dominate future vertebrate losses from climate and land use change"</a>. Science Advances. 8 (50): eabn4345. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022SciA....8N4345S">2022SciA....8N4345S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abn4345">10.1126/sciadv.abn4345</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9757742">9757742</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36525487">36525487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Coextinctions+dominate+future+vertebrate+losses+from+climate+and+land+use+change&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=eabn4345&rft.date=2022-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9757742%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36525487&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abn4345&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022SciA....8N4345S&rft.aulast=Strona&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft.au=Bradshaw%2C+Corey+J.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9757742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Extinction_risk_from_climate_change_Pocheville2015-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Extinction_risk_from_climate_change_Pocheville2015_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPocheville2015" class="citation book cs1">Pocheville A (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6188833">"The Ecological Niche: History and Recent Controversies"</a>. In Heams T, Huneman P, Lecointre G, et al. (eds.). Handbook of Evolutionary Thinking in the Sciences. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 547–586. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-9014-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-9014-7"><bdi>978-94-017-9014-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ecological+Niche%3A+History+and+Recent+Controversies&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Evolutionary+Thinking+in+the+Sciences&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=547-586&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-94-017-9014-7&rft.aulast=Pocheville&rft.aufirst=Arnaud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6188833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/climate-change/">"Climate Change"</a>. National Geographic. March 28, 2019. Retrieved November 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Climate+Change&rft.date=2019-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.org%2Fresource%2Fclimate-change%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitze" class="citation news cs1">Witze A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07447-1">"Why extreme rains are gaining strength as the climate warms"</a>. Nature. Retrieved July 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Why+extreme+rains+are+gaining+strength+as+the+climate+warms&rft.aulast=Witze&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-018-07447-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_PuttenMacelVisser2010" class="citation journal cs1">Van der Putten WH, Macel M, Visser ME (July 12, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2880132">"Predicting species distribution and abundance responses to climate change: why it is essential to include biotic interactions across trophic Levels"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 365 (1549): 2025–2034. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2010.0037">10.1098/rstb.2010.0037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2880132">2880132</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20513711">20513711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Predicting+species+distribution+and+abundance+responses+to+climate+change%3A+why+it+is+essential+to+include+biotic+interactions+across+trophic+Levels&rft.volume=365&rft.issue=1549&rft.pages=2025-2034&rft.date=2010-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2880132%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20513711&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2010.0037&rft.aulast=Van+der+Putten&rft.aufirst=Wim+H.&rft.au=Macel%2C+Mirka&rft.au=Visser%2C+Marcel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2880132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Extinction_risk_from_climate_change_Buckley2012-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Extinction_risk_from_climate_change_Buckley2012_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckleyTewksburyDeutsch2013" class="citation journal cs1">Buckley LB, Tewksbury JJ, Deutsch CA (August 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3712453">"Can terrestrial ectotherms escape the heat of climate change by moving?"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1765): 20131149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2013.1149">10.1098/rspb.2013.1149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452">0962-8452</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3712453">3712453</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23825212">23825212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Can+terrestrial+ectotherms+escape+the+heat+of+climate+change+by+moving%3F&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=1765&rft.pages=20131149&rft.date=2013-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3712453%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8452&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23825212&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2013.1149&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Lauren+B.&rft.au=Tewksbury%2C+Joshua+J.&rft.au=Deutsch%2C+Curtis+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3712453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Extinction_risk_from_climate_change_IPCC6AR_ExtremeEvents-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Extinction_risk_from_climate_change_IPCC6AR_ExtremeEvents_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Summary for Policymakers". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM_final.pdf">Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I contribution to the WGI Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (PDF). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. August 9, 2021. p. SPM-23; Fig. SPM.6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104175351/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM_final.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Summary+for+Policymakers&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2021%3A+The+Physical+Science+Basis.+Working+Group+I+contribution+to+the+WGI+Sixth+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.pages=SPM-23%3B+Fig.+SPM.6&rft.pub=Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.date=2021-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg1%2Fdownloads%2Freport%2FIPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Extinction_risk_from_climate_change_Maxwell2018-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Extinction_risk_from_climate_change_Maxwell2018_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwellButtMaronMcAlpine2019" class="citation journal cs1">Maxwell SL, Butt N, Maron M, McAlpine CA, Chapman S, Ullmann A, et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fddi.12878">"Conservation implications of ecological responses to extreme weather and climate events"</a>. Diversity and Distributions. 25 (4): 613–625. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019DivDi..25..613M">2019DivDi..25..613M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fddi.12878">10.1111/ddi.12878</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1472-4642">1472-4642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diversity+and+Distributions&rft.atitle=Conservation+implications+of+ecological+responses+to+extreme+weather+and+climate+events&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=613-625&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=1472-4642&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fddi.12878&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019DivDi..25..613M&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=Sean+L.&rft.au=Butt%2C+Nathalie&rft.au=Maron%2C+Martine&rft.au=McAlpine%2C+Clive+A.&rft.au=Chapman%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Ullmann%2C+Ailish&rft.au=Segan%2C+Dan+B.&rft.au=Watson%2C+James+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fddi.12878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Extinction_risk_from_climate_change_:0-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Extinction_risk_from_climate_change_:0_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation web cs1">Smith L (June 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2016/06/extinct-bramble-cay-melomys">"Extinct: Bramble Cay melomys"</a>. Australian Geographic. Retrieved June 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Geographic&rft.atitle=Extinct%3A+Bramble+Cay+melomys&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australiangeographic.com.au%2Fnews%2F2016%2F06%2Fextinct-bramble-cay-melomys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPounds2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pounds A (January 12, 2006). "Widespread Amphibian Extinctions from Epidemic Disease Driven by Global Warming". Nature. 439 (7073): 161–167. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.439..161A">2006Natur.439..161A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04246">10.1038/nature04246</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16407945">16407945</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4430672">4430672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Widespread+Amphibian+Extinctions+from+Epidemic+Disease+Driven+by+Global+Warming&rft.volume=439&rft.issue=7073&rft.pages=161-167&rft.date=2006-01-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4430672%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16407945&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.439..161A&rft.aulast=Pounds&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirzoRaven2003" class="citation journal cs1">Dirzo R, Raven PH (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.energy.28.050302.105532">"Global State of Biodiversity and Loss"</a>. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 28 (1): 137–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.energy.28.050302.105532">10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105532</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-5938">1543-5938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Environment+and+Resources&rft.atitle=Global+State+of+Biodiversity+and+Loss&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137-167&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.energy.28.050302.105532&rft.issn=1543-5938&rft.aulast=Dirzo&rft.aufirst=Rodolfo&rft.au=Raven%2C+Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev.energy.28.050302.105532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsbellCravenConnollyLoreau2015" class="citation journal cs1">Isbell F, Craven D, Connolly J, Loreau M, Schmid B, Beierkuhnlein C, et al. (2015). "Biodiversity increases the resistance of ecosystem productivity to climate extremes". Nature. 526 (7574): 574–577. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.526..574I">2015Natur.526..574I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature15374">10.1038/nature15374</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11299%2F184546">11299/184546</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26466564">26466564</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4465811">4465811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Biodiversity+increases+the+resistance+of+ecosystem+productivity+to+climate+extremes&rft.volume=526&rft.issue=7574&rft.pages=574-577&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11299%2F184546&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4465811%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.526..574I&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26466564&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature15374&rft.aulast=Isbell&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Craven%2C+D&rft.au=Connolly%2C+J&rft.au=Loreau%2C+M&rft.au=Schmid%2C+B&rft.au=Beierkuhnlein%2C+C&rft.au=Bezemer%2C+TM&rft.au=Bonin%2C+C&rft.au=Bruelheide%2C+H&rft.au=de+Luca%2C+E&rft.au=Ebeling%2C+A&rft.au=Griffin%2C+JN&rft.au=Guo%2C+Q&rft.au=Hautier%2C+Y&rft.au=Hector%2C+A&rft.au=Jentsch%2C+A&rft.au=Kreyling%2C+J&rft.au=Lanta%2C+V&rft.au=Manning%2C+P&rft.au=Meyer%2C+ST&rft.au=Mori%2C+AS&rft.au=Naeem%2C+S&rft.au=Niklaus%2C+PA&rft.au=Polley%2C+HW&rft.au=Reich%2C+PB&rft.au=Roscher%2C+C&rft.au=Seabloom%2C+EW&rft.au=Smith%2C+MD&rft.au=Thakur%2C+MP&rft.au=Tilman%2C+D&rft.au=Tracy%2C+BF&rft.au=van+der+Putten%2C+WH&rft.au=van+Ruijven%2C+J&rft.au=Weigelt%2C+A&rft.au=Weisser%2C+WW&rft.au=Wilsey%2C+B&rft.au=Eisenhauer%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBélangerPilling2019" class="citation report cs1">Bélanger J, Pilling D, eds. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/state-of-biodiversity-for-food-agriculture/en/">The State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture</a> (Report). Rome: FAO <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Genetic_Resources_for_Food_and_Agriculture" title="Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture">Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528030404/http://www.fao.org/state-of-biodiversity-for-food-agriculture/en">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+State+of+the+World%27s+Biodiversity+for+Food+and+Agriculture&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=FAO+Commission+on+Genetic+Resources+for+Food+and+Agriculture&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fstate-of-biodiversity-for-food-agriculture%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2019" class="citation news cs1">McGrath M (February 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-47308235">"UN: Growing threat to food from decline in biodiversity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220515192230/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-47308235">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved February 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UN%3A+Growing+threat+to+food+from+decline+in+biodiversity&rft.date=2019-02-22&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-47308235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO-2019-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAO-2019_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO-2019_187-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO-2019_187-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191004065605/http://www.fao.org/3/ca3229en/ca3229en.pdf">In brief – The State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture</a> (PDF). Rome: FAO. 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/ca3229en/ca3229en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+brief+%E2%80%93+The+State+of+the+World%27s+Biodiversity+for+Food+and+Agriculture&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fca3229en%2Fca3229en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_State_of_the_World%27s_Biodiversity_for_Food_and_Agriculture_%E2%88%92_In_Brief_(FAO).pdf" class="extiw" title="c:File:The State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture − In Brief (FAO).pdf">Alt URL</a>, text has been copied from this publication and a Wikipedia-specific <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_State_of_the_World%27s_Biodiversity_for_Food_and_Agriculture_%E2%88%92_In_Brief_(FAO).pdf" class="extiw" title="c:File:The State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture − In Brief (FAO).pdf">license statement</a> is available. </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO-2015-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO-2015_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO-2015_188-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO-2015_188-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO-2015_188-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO-2015_188-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_OrganizationConvention_on_Biological_Diversity2015" class="citation book cs1">World Health Organization, Convention on Biological Diversity (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/174012">Connecting global priorities: biodiversity and human health: a state of knowledge review</a>. Geneva: World Health Organization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-150853-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-150853-7"><bdi>978-92-4-150853-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240206233147/https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/174012">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2024. Retrieved February 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Connecting+global+priorities%3A+biodiversity+and+human+health%3A+a+state+of+knowledge+review&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-92-4-150853-7&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft.au=Convention+on+Biological+Diversity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firis.who.int%2Fhandle%2F10665%2F174012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawlerAllanBaxterCastagnino2021" class="citation journal cs1">Lawler OK, Allan HL, Baxter PW, Castagnino R, Tor MC, Dann LE, et al. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00258-8">"The COVID-19 pandemic is intricately linked to biodiversity loss and ecosystem health"</a>. The Lancet Planetary Health. 5 (11): e840–e850. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs2542-5196%2821%2900258-8">10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00258-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2542-5196">2542-5196</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8580505">8580505</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34774124">34774124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Planetary+Health&rft.atitle=The+COVID-19+pandemic+is+intricately+linked+to+biodiversity+loss+and+ecosystem+health&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e840-e850&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8580505%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2542-5196&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34774124&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs2542-5196%2821%2900258-8&rft.aulast=Lawler&rft.aufirst=Odette+K&rft.au=Allan%2C+Hannah+L&rft.au=Baxter%2C+Peter+W+J&rft.au=Castagnino%2C+Romi&rft.au=Tor%2C+Marina+Corella&rft.au=Dann%2C+Leah+E&rft.au=Hungerford%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Karmacharya%2C+Dibesh&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+Thomas+J&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Jara%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Massie%2C+Gloeta+N&rft.au=Novera%2C+Junior&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Andrew+M&rft.au=Kark%2C+Salit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2FS2542-5196%2821%2900258-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoopesh2008" class="citation journal cs1">Roopesh J (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/feb102008/292a.pdf">"Marine organisms: Potential Source for Drug Discovery"</a> (PDF). Current Science. 94 (3): 292. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191111145626/https://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/feb102008/292a.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 11, 2019. Retrieved February 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Marine+organisms%3A+Potential+Source+for+Drug+Discovery&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=292&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Roopesh&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.ac.in%2Fcurrsci%2Ffeb102008%2F292a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhillion-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Dhillion_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhillionSvarstadAmundsenBugge2002" class="citation journal cs1">Dhillion SS, Svarstad H, Amundsen C, Bugge HC (September 2002). "Bioprospecting: Effects on Environment and Development". <a href="/wiki/Ambio" title="Ambio">Ambio</a>. 31 (6): 491–493. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1639%2F0044-7447%282002%29031%5B0491%3Abeoead%5D2.0.co%3B2">10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0491:beoead]2.0.co;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4315292">4315292</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12436849">12436849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ambio&rft.atitle=Bioprospecting%3A+Effects+on+Environment+and+Development&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=491-493&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12436849&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4315292%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1639%2F0044-7447%282002%29031%5B0491%3Abeoead%5D2.0.co%3B2&rft.aulast=Dhillion&rft.aufirst=S.+S.&rft.au=Svarstad%2C+H.&rft.au=Amundsen%2C+C.&rft.au=Bugge%2C+H.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2005" class="citation journal cs1">Cole A (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC558324">"Looking for new compounds in sea is endangering ecosystem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">BMJ</a>. 330 (7504): 1350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.330.7504.1350-d">10.1136/bmj.330.7504.1350-d</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC558324">558324</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15947392">15947392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Looking+for+new+compounds+in+sea+is+endangering+ecosystem&rft.volume=330&rft.issue=7504&rft.pages=1350&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC558324%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15947392&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.330.7504.1350-d&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC558324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/red-list-index">"Red List Index"</a>. Our World in Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207231505/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/red-list-index">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Red+List+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fred-list-index&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dinerstein-2020-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dinerstein-2020_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dinerstein-2020_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinersteinJoshiVynneLee2020" class="citation journal cs1">Dinerstein E, Joshi AR, Vynne C, Lee AT, Pharand-Deschênes F, França M, et al. (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7473742">"A "Global Safety Net" to reverse biodiversity loss and stabilize Earth's climate"</a>. Science Advances. 6 (36): eabb2824. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020SciA....6.2824D">2020SciA....6.2824D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abb2824">10.1126/sciadv.abb2824</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7473742">7473742</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32917614">32917614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=A+%22Global+Safety+Net%22+to+reverse+biodiversity+loss+and+stabilize+Earth%27s+climate&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=eabb2824&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7473742%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32917614&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abb2824&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020SciA....6.2824D&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Joshi%2C+AR&rft.au=Vynne%2C+C&rft.au=Lee%2C+AT&rft.au=Pharand-Desch%C3%AAnes%2C+F&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7a%2C+M&rft.au=Fernando%2C+S&rft.au=Birch%2C+T&rft.au=Burkart%2C+K&rft.au=Asner%2C+GP&rft.au=Olson%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7473742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2020-09-biodiversity-loss.html">"Bending the curve of biodiversity loss"</a>. phys.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221021040956/https://phys.org/news/2020-09-biodiversity-loss.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=Bending+the+curve+of+biodiversity+loss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2020-09-biodiversity-loss.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeclèreObersteinerBarrettButchart2020" class="citation journal cs1">Leclère D, Obersteiner M, Barrett M, Butchart SH, Chaudhary A, De Palma A, et al. (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/16699/1/Leclere_et_al_ms_R3_CommentsAccepted.pdf">"Bending the curve of terrestrial biodiversity needs an integrated strategy"</a> (PDF). Nature. 585 (7826): 551–556. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.585..551L">2020Natur.585..551L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2705-y">10.1038/s41586-020-2705-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F228862">2066/228862</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32908312">32908312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221624255">221624255</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307095231/https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/16699/1/Leclere_et_al_ms_R3_CommentsAccepted.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Bending+the+curve+of+terrestrial+biodiversity+needs+an+integrated+strategy&rft.volume=585&rft.issue=7826&rft.pages=551-556&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2066%2F228862&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221624255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Natur.585..551L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32908312&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2705-y&rft.aulast=Lecl%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Obersteiner%2C+Michael&rft.au=Barrett%2C+Mike&rft.au=Butchart%2C+Stuart+H.+M.&rft.au=Chaudhary%2C+Abhishek&rft.au=De+Palma%2C+Adriana&rft.au=DeClerck%2C+Fabrice+A.+J.&rft.au=Di+Marco%2C+Moreno&rft.au=Doelman%2C+Jonathan+C.&rft.au=D%C3%BCrauer%2C+Martina&rft.au=Freeman%2C+Robin&rft.au=Harfoot%2C+Michael&rft.au=Hasegawa%2C+Tomoko&rft.au=Hellweg%2C+Stefanie&rft.au=Hilbers%2C+Jelle+P.&rft.au=Hill%2C+Samantha+L.+L.&rft.au=Humpen%C3%B6der%2C+Florian&rft.au=Jennings%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Krisztin%2C+Tam%C3%A1s&rft.au=Mace%2C+Georgina+M.&rft.au=Ohashi%2C+Haruka&rft.au=Popp%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Purvis%2C+Andy&rft.au=Schipper%2C+Aafke+M.&rft.au=Tabeau%2C+Andrzej&rft.au=Valin%2C+Hugo&rft.au=van+Meijl%2C+Hans&rft.au=van+Zeist%2C+Willem-Jan&rft.au=Visconti%2C+Piero&rft.au=Alkemade%2C+Rob&rft.au=Almond%2C+Rosamunde&rft.au=Bunting%2C+Gill&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft.au=Cornell%2C+Sarah+E.&rft.au=Di+Fulvio%2C+Fulvio&rft.au=Ferrier%2C+Simon&rft.au=Fritz%2C+Steffen&rft.au=Fujimori%2C+Shinichiro&rft.au=Grooten%2C+Monique&rft.au=Harwood%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Havl%C3%ADk%2C+Petr&rft.au=Herrero%2C+Mario&rft.au=Hoskins%2C+Andrew+J.&rft.au=Jung%2C+Martin&rft.au=Kram%2C+Tom&rft.au=Lotze-Campen%2C+Hermann&rft.au=Matsui%2C+Tetsuya&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Carsten&rft.au=Nel%2C+Deon&rft.au=Newbold%2C+Tim&rft.au=Schmidt-Traub%2C+Guido&rft.au=Stehfest%2C+Elke&rft.au=Strassburg%2C+Bernardo+B.+N.&rft.au=van+Vuuren%2C+Detlef+P.&rft.au=Ware%2C+Chris&rft.au=Watson%2C+James+E.+M.&rft.au=Wu%2C+Wenchao&rft.au=Young%2C+Lucy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F16699%2F1%2FLeclere_et_al_ms_R3_CommentsAccepted.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aichitargets-197"><a href="#cite_ref-aichitargets_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/">"Aichi Biodiversity Targets"</a>. Convention on Biological Diversity. May 11, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917072158/https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Convention+on+Biological+Diversity&rft.atitle=Aichi+Biodiversity+Targets&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbd.int%2Fsp%2Ftargets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbd.int/aichi-targets/target/11#:~:text=By%202020,%20at%20least%2017,well%20connected%20systems%20of%20protected">"Convention on Biological Diversity"</a>. Convention on Biological Diversity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131185311/https://www.cbd.int/aichi-targets/target/11#:~:text=By%202020,%20at%20least%2017,well%20connected%20systems%20of%20protected">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Convention+on+Biological+Diversity&rft.atitle=Convention+on+Biological+Diversity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbd.int%2Faichi-targets%2Ftarget%2F11%23%3A~%3Atext%3DBy%25202020%2C%2520at%2520least%252017%2Cwell%2520connected%2520systems%2520of%2520protected&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeung2020" class="citation news cs1">Yeung J (September 16, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/16/world/un-biodiversity-report-intl-hnk-scli-scn/">"The world set a 2020 deadline to save nature but not a single target was met, UN report says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220515192230/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/16/world/un-biodiversity-report-intl-hnk-scli-scn/">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved September 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=The+world+set+a+2020+deadline+to+save+nature+but+not+a+single+target+was+met%2C+UN+report+says&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft.aulast=Yeung&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2020%2F09%2F16%2Fworld%2Fun-biodiversity-report-intl-hnk-scli-scn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbd.int/gbo/gbo5/publication/gbo-5-en.pdf">Global Biodiversity Outlook 5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210151833/https://www.cbd.int/gbo/gbo5/publication/gbo-5-en.pdf">Archived</a> February 10, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Montreal. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilvert2020" class="citation web cs1">Kilvert N (September 16, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.abc.net.au/article/12668356">"Australia singled out for mammal extinction in UN's dire global biodiversity report"</a>. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407101951/https://amp.abc.net.au/article/12668356">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved September 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Australia+singled+out+for+mammal+extinction+in+UN%27s+dire+global+biodiversity+report&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft.aulast=Kilvert&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.abc.net.au%2Farticle%2F12668356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiranjan2020" class="citation news cs1">Niranjan A (September 28, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/global-biodiversity-outlook-targets-extinction-summit-new-york-pledge/a-54932895">"Countries pledge to reverse destruction of nature after missing biodiversity targets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220515192230/https://www.dw.com/en/global-biodiversity-outlook-targets-extinction-summit-new-york-pledge/a-54932895">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Countries+pledge+to+reverse+destruction+of+nature+after+missing+biodiversity+targets&rft.date=2020-09-28&rft.aulast=Niranjan&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fglobal-biodiversity-outlook-targets-extinction-summit-new-york-pledge%2Fa-54932895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2021" class="citation news cs1">Jones B (May 20, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/22434172/us-cbd-treaty-biological-diversity-nature-conservation">"Why the US won't join the single most important treaty to protect nature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119120755/https://www.vox.com/22434172/us-cbd-treaty-biological-diversity-nature-conservation">Archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Why+the+US+won%27t+join+the+single+most+important+treaty+to+protect+nature&rft.date=2021-05-20&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F22434172%2Fus-cbd-treaty-biological-diversity-nature-conservation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2021" class="citation news cs1">Cox L (July 23, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/24/natures-paris-moment-does-the-global-bid-to-stem-wildlife-decline-go-far-enough">"Nature's Paris moment: does the global bid to stem wildlife decline go far enough?"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220515192230/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/24/natures-paris-moment-does-the-global-bid-to-stem-wildlife-decline-go-far-enough">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nature%27s+Paris+moment%3A+does+the+global+bid+to+stem+wildlife+decline+go+far+enough%3F&rft.date=2021-07-23&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Fjul%2F24%2Fnatures-paris-moment-does-the-global-bid-to-stem-wildlife-decline-go-far-enough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinhorn2022" class="citation news cs1">Einhorn C (December 19, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/19/climate/biodiversity-cop15-montreal-30x30.html">"Nearly Every Country Signs On to a Sweeping Deal to Protect Nature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219234121/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/19/climate/biodiversity-cop15-montreal-30x30.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved December 27, 2022. <q>The United States is just one of two countries in the world that are not party to the Convention on Biological Diversity, largely because Republicans, who are typically opposed to joining treaties, have blocked United States membership. That means the American delegation was required to participate from the sidelines. (The only other country that has not joined the treaty is the Holy See.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nearly+Every+Country+Signs+On+to+a+Sweeping+Deal+to+Protect+Nature&rft.date=2022-12-19&rft.aulast=Einhorn&rft.aufirst=Catrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F12%2F19%2Fclimate%2Fbiodiversity-cop15-montreal-30x30.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paddison-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paddison_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paddison_206-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaddison2022" class="citation news cs1">Paddison L (December 19, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/19/world/cop15-biodiversity-agreement-montreal-climate-scn-intl/index.html">"More than 190 countries sign landmark agreement to halt the biodiversity crisis"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220015200/https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/19/world/cop15-biodiversity-agreement-montreal-climate-scn-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2022. Retrieved December 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=More+than+190+countries+sign+landmark+agreement+to+halt+the+biodiversity+crisis&rft.date=2022-12-19&rft.aulast=Paddison&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F12%2F19%2Fworld%2Fcop15-biodiversity-agreement-montreal-climate-scn-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry2022" class="citation news cs1">Curry T (December 24, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/3787000-cop15-biodiversity-summit-paving-the-road-to-extinction-with-good-intentions/">"COP15 biodiversity summit: Paving the road to extinction with good intentions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221227054903/https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/3787000-cop15-biodiversity-summit-paving-the-road-to-extinction-with-good-intentions/">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2022. Retrieved December 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=COP15+biodiversity+summit%3A+Paving+the+road+to+extinction+with+good+intentions&rft.date=2022-12-24&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Tierra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fopinion%2Fenergy-environment%2F3787000-cop15-biodiversity-summit-paving-the-road-to-extinction-with-good-intentions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120120010357.htm">"Biodiversity crisis is worse than climate change, experts say"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ScienceDaily" title="ScienceDaily">ScienceDaily</a>. January 20, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211229035952/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120120010357.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Biodiversity+crisis+is+worse+than+climate+change%2C+experts+say&rft.date=2012-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2012%2F01%2F120120010357.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_Nations-2017-209"><a href="#cite_ref-United_Nations-2017_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">"<a href="/wiki/File:A_RES_71_313_E.pdf" title="File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf">Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development</a>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313">Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023121826/https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Resolution+adopted+by+the+General+Assembly+on+6+July+2017&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundocs.org%2FA%2FRES%2F71%2F313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Our_World_in_Data-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Our_World_in_Data_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdg-tracker.org/biodiversity">"Goal 15: Life on Land – SDG Tracker"</a>. Our World in Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006203803/https://sdg-tracker.org/biodiversity">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Goal+15%3A+Life+on+Land+%E2%80%93+SDG+Tracker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsdg-tracker.org%2Fbiodiversity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a> Text was copied from this source, which is available under a <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield2023" class="citation news cs1">Greenfield P (August 31, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/aug/31/fifth-of-known-life-on-earth-found-in-unesco-world-heritage-sites-survey-finds-aoe">"Fifth of known species on Earth found in Unesco world heritage sites – survey"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907102443/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/aug/31/fifth-of-known-life-on-earth-found-in-unesco-world-heritage-sites-survey-finds-aoe">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Fifth+of+known+species+on+Earth+found+in+Unesco+world+heritage+sites+%E2%80%93+survey&rft.date=2023-08-31&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2023%2Faug%2F31%2Ffifth-of-known-life-on-earth-found-in-unesco-world-heritage-sites-survey-finds-aoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/new-research-underscores-vital-role-played-world-heritage-convention-protecting-biodiversity">"New research underscores the vital role played by the World Heritage Convention in protecting biodiversity | UNESCO"</a>. www.unesco.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907102443/https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/new-research-underscores-vital-role-played-world-heritage-convention-protecting-biodiversity">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unesco.org&rft.atitle=New+research+underscores+the+vital+role+played+by+the+World+Heritage+Convention+in+protecting+biodiversity+%7C+UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fnew-research-underscores-vital-role-played-world-heritage-convention-protecting-biodiversity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/biodiversity">Biodiversity</a> at <a href="/wiki/Our_World_in_Data" title="Our World in Data">Our World in Data</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Sustainable_Development" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/biodiversity/">"Forests, desertification and biodiversity"</a>. United Nations Sustainable Development. Retrieved March 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Sustainable+Development&rft.atitle=Forests%2C+desertification+and+biodiversity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fsustainabledevelopment%2Fbiodiversity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiodiversity+loss" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbd.int/gbo/">Global Biodiversity Outlook</a> Convention on Biological Diversity</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/biodiversity-and-health">Biodiversity and Health</a> WHO website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biodiversity_worldwide" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biodiversity_Worldwide" title="Template:Biodiversity Worldwide"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biodiversity_Worldwide" title="Template talk:Biodiversity Worldwide"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biodiversity_Worldwide" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biodiversity Worldwide"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biodiversity_worldwide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a> worldwide</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">Biodiversity hotspot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biodiversity loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_biodiversity" title="Global biodiversity">Global biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Ecology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioresilience" title="Bioresilience">Bioresilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_diversity" title="Dark diversity">Dark diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_effects_of_biodiversity" title="Ecological effects of biodiversity">Ecological effects of biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevational_diversity_gradient" title="Elevational diversity gradient">Elevational diversity gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">Genetic diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_biodiversity" title="Insect biodiversity">Insect biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_biodiversity" title="Soil biodiversity">Soil biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species%E2%80%93area_relationship" title="Species–area relationship">Species–area relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_richness" title="Species richness">Species richness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Measurement_of_biodiversity" title="Measurement of biodiversity">Measurement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-taxa_biodiversity_inventory" title="All-taxa biodiversity inventory">All-taxa biodiversity inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_diversity" title="Alpha diversity">Alpha diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_diversity" title="Beta diversity">Beta diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_index" title="Diversity index">Diversity index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_DNA" title="Environmental DNA">Environmental DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_diversity" title="Gamma diversity">Gamma diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_condition_scoring" title="Range condition scoring">Range condition scoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_diversity" title="Species diversity">Species diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_diversity" title="Phylogenetic diversity">Phylogenetic diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_diversity" title="Zeta diversity">Zeta diversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_action_plan" title="Biodiversity action plan">Biodiversity action plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Biodiversity_Target" title="2010 Biodiversity Target">2010 Biodiversity Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Biodiversity_Area" title="Key Biodiversity Area">Key Biodiversity Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming-Montreal_Global_Biodiversity_Framework" title="Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework">Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_biodiversity" title="Economics of biodiversity">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biodiversity" title="Agricultural biodiversity">Agricultural biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_in_agriculture" title="Biodiversity in agriculture">Biodiversity in agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_banking" title="Biodiversity banking">Biodiversity banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity credit">Biodiversity credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_diversity" title="Crop diversity">Crop diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_and_drugs" title="Biodiversity and drugs">Biodiversity and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_biodiversity" title="Food biodiversity">Food biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_offsetting" title="Biodiversity offsetting">Biodiversity offsetting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hypothesis_of_health" title="Biodiversity hypothesis of health">Biodiversity hypothesis of health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_of_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biodiversity of Cape Verde (page does not exist)">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_of_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biodiversity of Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_of_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biodiversity of Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Flora_and_fauna" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_of_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biodiversity of Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia#Deforestation" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_of_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biodiversity of Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_of_The_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biodiversity of The Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Ghana" title="Biodiversity of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Guinea-Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar#Ecology" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco#Biodiversity" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria#Geography" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigues#Biodiversity" title="Rodrigues">Rodrigues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda#Biodiversity" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles#Flora_and_fauna" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Biodiversity of South Africa">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Cape_Town" title="Biodiversity of Cape Town">Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Marine biodiversity of South Africa">Marine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan#Biodiversity" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania#Geography" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan#Biodiversity" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan#Biodiversity" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Borneo" title="Biodiversity of Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia#Ecology" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China#Biodiversity" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)#Geography_and_climate" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India#Biodiversity" title="India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Assam" title="Biodiversity of Assam">Assam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Israel_and_Palestine" title="Biodiversity of Israel and Palestine">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan#Biodiversity" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_of_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biodiversity of Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan#Flora_and_fauna" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Israel_and_Palestine" title="Biodiversity of Israel and Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia#Biodiversity" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea#Environment" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka#Flora_and_fauna" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam#Ecology_and_biodiversity" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen#World_Heritage_sites" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Albania" title="Biodiversity of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_of_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biodiversity of Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan#Geography" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Biodiversity" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria#Biodiversity" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia#Biodiversity" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland#Biodiversity" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)#Geography_and_climate" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany#Biodiversity" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_of_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biodiversity of Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland#Biodiversity" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Kosovo" title="Biodiversity of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland#Biodiversity" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Portugal" title="Biodiversity of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland#Geography" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania#Geography" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia#Biodiversity" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_of_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biodiversity of Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia#Biodiversity" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey#Biodiversity" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine#Biodiversity" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_sites_recognised_for_their_importance_in_biodiversity_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UK sites recognised for their importance in biodiversity conservation">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Wales" title="Biodiversity of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belize#Environment_preservation_and_biodiversity" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica#Flora_and_fauna" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador#Biodiversity_and_endangered_species" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala#Biodiversity" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras#Ecology" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica#Geography_and_environment" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique#Environment" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico#Biodiversity" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago#Biodiversity" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands#Biodiversity" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States#Wildlife_and_conservation" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia#Biodiversity" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_New_Caledonia" title="Biodiversity of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_New_Zealand" title="Biodiversity of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Conservation in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina#Biodiversity" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia#Geography" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil#Biodiversity" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile#Biodiversity" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Colombia" title="Biodiversity of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador#Biodiversity" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana#Environment" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana#Environment_and_biodiversity" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru#Geography" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname#Tourism" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_of_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biodiversity of Uruguay (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela#Biodiversity" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica#Biodiversity" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biodiversity_databases" title="List of biodiversity databases">List of biodiversity databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_200" title="Global 200">Global 200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">Megadiverse countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Ecosystem_Assessment" title="Millennium Ecosystem Assessment">Millennium Ecosystem Assessment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_impact_on_the_environment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Template:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Template talk:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_impact_on_the_environment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">list of issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (ethics)">Social ecology (ethics)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">animal agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cannabis_cultivation" title="Environmental impact of cannabis cultivation">cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_irrigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of irrigation">irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cocoa_production" title="Environmental impact of cocoa production">cocoa production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">(US)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_bitcoin" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of bitcoin">Bitcoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate behavior">Corporate behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">Energy industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_land_use_change_impacts_of_biofuels" title="Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels">biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_biodiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of biodiesel">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_electricity_generation" title="Environmental impact of electricity generation">electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fracking_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental impact of fracking in the United States">fracking (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_power" title="Environmental impact of nuclear power">nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_oil_shale_industry" title="Environmental impact of the oil shale industry">oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the petroleum industry">petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of transport">transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_impact_of_explosives" title="Ecological impact of explosives">Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use#Environment" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cleaning_products" title="Environmental impact of cleaning products">cleaning agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete" title="Environmental impact of concrete">concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Environmental_effects" title="Plastic">plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_nanotechnology" title="Impact of nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paint">paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paper">paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides" title="Environmental impact of pesticides">pesticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">pharmaceuticals and personal care</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">fishing down the food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism" title="Impacts of tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of rail">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_ecology" title="Road ecology">roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_threats" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity threats">Biodiversity threats</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">biodiversity loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">runaway climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">Ecological crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Effects of climate change on agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Effects of climate change on livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_security" title="Environmental security">Environmental insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater cycle">Freshwater cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_nitrogen_cycle" title="Human impact on the nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss and damage">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">Loss of green belts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle#Human_influences" title="Phosphorus cycle">Phosphorus cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification#Possible_impacts" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Water degradation">Water degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mitigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_resilience" title="Community resilience">Community resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-economic_decoupling" title="Eco-economic decoupling">Decoupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_mitigation" title="Environmental mitigation">Environmental mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitigation_banking" title="Mitigation banking">Mitigation banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sustainable consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Environmental impact">Commons</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_by_source" title="Category:Environmental impact by source">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_by_country" title="Category:Environmental impact by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Category:Environmental impact assessment">assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_mitigation" title="Category:Environmental mitigation">mitigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Global_catastrophic_risks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template talk:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Global_catastrophic_risks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">Cyberattack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_goo" title="Gray goo">Gray goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_applications_of_nanotechnology#Weapons" title="Industrial applications of nanotechnology">Nanoweapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_weapon" title="Kinetic energy weapon">Kinetic energy weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutual assured destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Hand" title="Dead Hand">Dead Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_device" title="Doomsday device">Doomsday device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_weapon" title="Antimatter weapon">Antimatter weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a> (EMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments" title="Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments">Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet">Strangelet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_argument" title="Doomsday argument">Doomsday argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-indication_assumption_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referencing_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">Economic collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_apocalypse" title="Climate apocalypse">Ecological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Climate change and civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_doomsday_devices" title="List of fictional doomsday devices">List of fictional doomsday devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivalism" title="Survivalism">Survivalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> Categories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Apocalypticism" title="Category:Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Future_problems" title="Category:Future problems">Future problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hazards" title="Category:Hazards">Hazards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Risk_analysis" title="Category:Risk analysis">Risk analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Doomsday_scenarios" title="Category:Doomsday scenarios">Doomsday scenarios</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/42px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/42px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&oldid=1251007218">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&oldid=1251007218</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biodiversity" title="Category:Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biogeography" title="Category:Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_issues" title="Category:Environmental issues">Environmental issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extinction" title="Category:Extinction">Extinction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_security" title="Category:Food security">Food security</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">CS1 maint: postscript</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2021">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2021" title="Category:Use mdy dates from August 2021">Use mdy dates from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_March_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2021">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 October 2024, at 20:52 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_loss&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-r5p44","wgBackendResponseTime":197,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.864","walltime":"3.086","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18551,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":764834,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3664,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":43,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":935215,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2696.445 1 -total"," 57.04% 1538.123 1 Template:Reflist"," 33.47% 902.369 119 Template:Cite_journal"," 23.99% 646.775 7 Template:Excerpt"," 5.07% 136.674 32 Template:Cite_web"," 4.92% 132.653 32 Template:Cite_news"," 4.88% 131.563 23 Template:Cite_book"," 3.68% 99.150 6 Template:Navbox"," 3.43% 92.533 1 Template:Short_description"," 2.86% 77.253 13 Template:Rp"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.044","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10610472,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","380","17.9"],["?","240","11.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","9.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","160","7.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","5.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","100","4.7"],["type","60","2.8"],["reduce_to_initials \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:1067\u003E","40","1.9"],["[others]","600","28.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-qcjq8","timestamp":"20241127114622","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Biodiversity loss","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biodiversity_loss","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q18466271","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q18466271","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2017-01-24T10:41:06Z","dateModified":"2024-10-13T20:52:32Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b0\/Summary_of_major_environmental-change_categories_expressed_as_a_percentage_change_%28red%29_relative_to_baseline_-_fcosc-01-615419-g001.jpg","headline":"extinction of species worldwide, and also the local reduction or loss of species in a certain habitat"}</script> </body> </html>