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href="https://www.academia.edu/9391974/Influence_of_storms_and_maternal_size_on_mother_pup_separations_and_fostering_in_the_harbor_seal_Phoca_vitulina"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Influence of storms and maternal size on mother-pup separations and fostering in the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800496/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391974/Influence_of_storms_and_maternal_size_on_mother_pup_separations_and_fostering_in_the_harbor_seal_Phoca_vitulina">Influence of storms and maternal size on mother-pup separations and fostering in the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Canadian Journal of Zoology-revue Canadienne De Zoologie</span><span>, 1992</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-9391974-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-9391974-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/22522061/table-1-note-fisher-exact-test-relationship-between-maternal"><img alt="NotE: Fisher's exact test, p = 0.033. 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Relationship between maternal mass at parturition and separation of harbor seal mothers and pups " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800496/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-9391974-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="87b376d875894e25a54fc8afa3104a67" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47800496,"asset_id":9391974,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800496/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391974"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391974"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391974; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391974]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391974]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391974; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391974']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "87b376d875894e25a54fc8afa3104a67" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391974]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391974,"title":"Influence of storms and maternal size on mother-pup separations and fostering in the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_abstract":"Fostering behavior in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) is poorly understood, particularly related to the causes and frequency of its occurrence. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391973-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391972"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391972/Milk_composition_and_lactational_output_in_the_greater_spear_nosed_bat_Phyllostomus_hastatus"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Milk composition and lactational output in the greater spear-nosed bat, Phyllostomus hastatus" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800491/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391972/Milk_composition_and_lactational_output_in_the_greater_spear_nosed_bat_Phyllostomus_hastatus">Milk composition and lactational output in the greater spear-nosed bat, Phyllostomus hastatus</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Comparative Physiology B-biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology</span><span>, 1997</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Growth rates of mammalian young are closely linked to the ability of the mother to provide nutrie...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Growth rates of mammalian young are closely linked to the ability of the mother to provide nutrients; thus, milk composition and yield provide a direct measure of maternal investment during lactation in many mammals. We studied changes in milk composition and output throughout lactation in a free-ranging population of the omnivorous bat, Phyllostomus hastatus. Fat and dry matter of milk increased from 9 to 21% and from 21 to 35% of wet mass, respectively, throughout lactation. Energy increased from 6 to 9 kJ á g A1 wet mass, primarily due to the increase in fat concentration. Total sugar levels decreased slightly but non-signi®cantly. Mean sugar level was 4.0% of wet mass. Protein concentration increased from 6 to 11% of wet mass at peak lactation and then decreased as pups approached weaning age. Total milk energy output until pups began to forage was 3609 kJ. Milk levels of Mg, Fe, Ca, K, and Na averaged 0.55 0. 26, 0.23 0.2, 8.75 4.17, 5.42 2.11, and 9.87 4.3 mg á g A1 dry matter, respectively. Of the minerals studied, calcium appears to be most limiting in this species. The high degree of variability in foraging time, milk composition and milk yield between individuals at the same stage of lactation could potentially yield high variance in reproductive success among females of this polygynous species.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="66dfd0b8d7b1eba0557120d9d89e4a4f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47800491,"asset_id":9391972,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800491/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391972"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391972"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391972; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391972]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391972]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391972; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391972']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "66dfd0b8d7b1eba0557120d9d89e4a4f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391972]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391972,"title":"Milk composition and lactational output in the greater spear-nosed bat, Phyllostomus hastatus","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Growth rates of mammalian young are closely linked to the ability of the mother to provide nutrients; thus, milk composition and yield provide a direct measure of maternal investment during lactation in many mammals. 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The high degree of variability in foraging time, milk composition and milk yield between individuals at the same stage of lactation could potentially yield high variance in reproductive success among females of this polygynous species.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1997,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Comparative Physiology B-biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":47800491},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391972/Milk_composition_and_lactational_output_in_the_greater_spear_nosed_bat_Phyllostomus_hastatus","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:38.620-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800491,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800491/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Milk_composition_and_lactational_output_20160804-24158-pv7tpg.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800491/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Milk_composition_and_lactational_output.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800491/Milk_composition_and_lactational_output_20160804-24158-pv7tpg-libre.pdf?1470356249=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMilk_composition_and_lactational_output.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851422\u0026Signature=avCDz-sTho6yYeFx~4YAv94V4vneH~oflzLP53Xs1bKrDXa7EnguOqnPcAMF6kJY-rQChkNWxAucMmCQhlJcz-BZftrnYZKIzCRhwivbHImhNNta-XcpKyqKs4xG9RjJE0lkElsnje3d0bEKDGJH~nkNeBCQ6MtCeiUkSFF3IulCTUgrfSvqDrqsZufD8hG13FgzM~AtUD~UKJJ6NvrUINVm-hYwFGbn0PvE4azm0TdjqA~As0ysv3q34jsyUGCjHvjGBF9ahQd0g0sz~fDUEWW289Kz6KCHaOChULzFDhWg0yuOl-3mW5Mq3i8HQZa62BTSh5xlbOBr3IEqiP3HwQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Milk_composition_and_lactational_output_in_the_greater_spear_nosed_bat_Phyllostomus_hastatus","translated_slug":"","page_count":10,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Growth rates of mammalian young are closely linked to the ability of the mother to provide nutrients; thus, milk composition and yield provide a direct measure of maternal investment during lactation in many mammals. We studied changes in milk composition and output throughout lactation in a free-ranging population of the omnivorous bat, Phyllostomus hastatus. Fat and dry matter of milk increased from 9 to 21% and from 21 to 35% of wet mass, respectively, throughout lactation. Energy increased from 6 to 9 kJ á g A1 wet mass, primarily due to the increase in fat concentration. Total sugar levels decreased slightly but non-signi®cantly. Mean sugar level was 4.0% of wet mass. Protein concentration increased from 6 to 11% of wet mass at peak lactation and then decreased as pups approached weaning age. Total milk energy output until pups began to forage was 3609 kJ. Milk levels of Mg, Fe, Ca, K, and Na averaged 0.55 0. 26, 0.23 0.2, 8.75 4.17, 5.42 2.11, and 9.87 4.3 mg á g A1 dry matter, respectively. Of the minerals studied, calcium appears to be most limiting in this species. The high degree of variability in foraging time, milk composition and milk yield between individuals at the same stage of lactation could potentially yield high variance in reproductive success among females of this polygynous species.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":47800491,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800491/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Milk_composition_and_lactational_output_20160804-24158-pv7tpg.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800491/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Milk_composition_and_lactational_output.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800491/Milk_composition_and_lactational_output_20160804-24158-pv7tpg-libre.pdf?1470356249=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMilk_composition_and_lactational_output.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851422\u0026Signature=avCDz-sTho6yYeFx~4YAv94V4vneH~oflzLP53Xs1bKrDXa7EnguOqnPcAMF6kJY-rQChkNWxAucMmCQhlJcz-BZftrnYZKIzCRhwivbHImhNNta-XcpKyqKs4xG9RjJE0lkElsnje3d0bEKDGJH~nkNeBCQ6MtCeiUkSFF3IulCTUgrfSvqDrqsZufD8hG13FgzM~AtUD~UKJJ6NvrUINVm-hYwFGbn0PvE4azm0TdjqA~As0ysv3q34jsyUGCjHvjGBF9ahQd0g0sz~fDUEWW289Kz6KCHaOChULzFDhWg0yuOl-3mW5Mq3i8HQZa62BTSh5xlbOBr3IEqiP3HwQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology"},{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology"},{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water"},{"id":19826,"name":"Lactation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lactation"},{"id":27230,"name":"Chiroptera","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chiroptera"},{"id":33208,"name":"Comparative","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative"},{"id":35580,"name":"Micronutrients","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Micronutrients"},{"id":151945,"name":"Reproductive Success","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproductive_Success"},{"id":192551,"name":"Nutritional Status","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutritional_Status"},{"id":238368,"name":"Milk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk"},{"id":343231,"name":"Doubly Labeled Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Doubly_Labeled_Water"},{"id":395280,"name":"Milk Yield","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk_Yield"},{"id":397456,"name":"Body Mass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Mass"},{"id":533274,"name":"Growth rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Growth_rate"},{"id":953277,"name":"Dry Matter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dry_Matter"},{"id":1266164,"name":"Maternal Investment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maternal_Investment"},{"id":1429376,"name":"Milk Composition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk_Composition"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology"},{"id":1885346,"name":"Milk proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk_proteins"}],"urls":[{"id":3870221,"url":"http://www.batconservancy.org/siteRoot/pdf/Lubee/Publications/23-%2520Milk%2520composition%2520and%2520lactational%2520output%2520in%2520the%2520greater%2520spear-nosed%2520bat.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391972-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391971"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391971/Fatty_acid_composition_of_black_bear_Ursus_americanus_milk_during_and_after_the_period_of_winter_dormancy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Fatty acid composition of black bear ( Ursus americanus ) milk during and after the period of winter dormancy" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Fatty acid composition of black bear ( Ursus americanus ) milk during and after the period of winter dormancy</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Lipids</span><span>, 1992</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Black bears give birth and lactate during the 2–3-mon fast of winter dormancy. Thereafter the fem...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Black bears give birth and lactate during the 2–3-mon fast of winter dormancy. Thereafter the female emerges from the den with her cubs and begins to feed. We investigated fatty acid patterns of milk from native Pennsylvania black bears during the period of winter dormancy, as well as after den emergence. Throughout winter dormancy, milk fatty acid composition remained relatively constant. The principal fatty acids at all times were 14∶0, 16∶0, 16∶1, 18∶0, 18∶1, 18∶2n−6, 18∶3n−3 and 20∶4n−6. After den emergence, large changes occurred in almost all the fatty acids, particularly in 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3. Large variability among the active free-ranging animals likely reflected differences in diet. In a carnivore, with apparently limitedde novo synthesis of fatty acids, milk fatty acid composition may be affected by factors such as transition from reliance on stored lipids to feeding, and by temporal changes in dietary intake.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391971"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391971"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391971; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391971]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391971]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391971; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391971']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391971]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391971,"title":"Fatty acid composition of black bear ( Ursus americanus ) milk during and after the period of winter dormancy","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Black bears give birth and lactate during the 2–3-mon fast of winter dormancy. Thereafter the female emerges from the den with her cubs and begins to feed. We investigated fatty acid patterns of milk from native Pennsylvania black bears during the period of winter dormancy, as well as after den emergence. Throughout winter dormancy, milk fatty acid composition remained relatively constant. The principal fatty acids at all times were 14∶0, 16∶0, 16∶1, 18∶0, 18∶1, 18∶2n−6, 18∶3n−3 and 20∶4n−6. After den emergence, large changes occurred in almost all the fatty acids, particularly in 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3. Large variability among the active free-ranging animals likely reflected differences in diet. In a carnivore, with apparently limitedde novo synthesis of fatty acids, milk fatty acid composition may be affected by factors such as transition from reliance on stored lipids to feeding, and by temporal changes in dietary intake.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1992,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Lipids"},"translated_abstract":"Black bears give birth and lactate during the 2–3-mon fast of winter dormancy. Thereafter the female emerges from the den with her cubs and begins to feed. We investigated fatty acid patterns of milk from native Pennsylvania black bears during the period of winter dormancy, as well as after den emergence. Throughout winter dormancy, milk fatty acid composition remained relatively constant. The principal fatty acids at all times were 14∶0, 16∶0, 16∶1, 18∶0, 18∶1, 18∶2n−6, 18∶3n−3 and 20∶4n−6. After den emergence, large changes occurred in almost all the fatty acids, particularly in 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3. Large variability among the active free-ranging animals likely reflected differences in diet. In a carnivore, with apparently limitedde novo synthesis of fatty acids, milk fatty acid composition may be affected by factors such as transition from reliance on stored lipids to feeding, and by temporal changes in dietary intake.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391971/Fatty_acid_composition_of_black_bear_Ursus_americanus_milk_during_and_after_the_period_of_winter_dormancy","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:37.507-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Fatty_acid_composition_of_black_bear_Ursus_americanus_milk_during_and_after_the_period_of_winter_dormancy","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Black bears give birth and lactate during the 2–3-mon fast of winter dormancy. Thereafter the female emerges from the den with her cubs and begins to feed. We investigated fatty acid patterns of milk from native Pennsylvania black bears during the period of winter dormancy, as well as after den emergence. Throughout winter dormancy, milk fatty acid composition remained relatively constant. The principal fatty acids at all times were 14∶0, 16∶0, 16∶1, 18∶0, 18∶1, 18∶2n−6, 18∶3n−3 and 20∶4n−6. After den emergence, large changes occurred in almost all the fatty acids, particularly in 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3. Large variability among the active free-ranging animals likely reflected differences in diet. In a carnivore, with apparently limitedde novo synthesis of fatty acids, milk fatty acid composition may be affected by factors such as transition from reliance on stored lipids to feeding, and by temporal changes in dietary intake.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":9478,"name":"Diet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diet"},{"id":19826,"name":"Lactation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lactation"},{"id":45304,"name":"Hibernation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hibernation"},{"id":52055,"name":"Lipids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipids"},{"id":72314,"name":"Fatty acids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fatty_acids"},{"id":184609,"name":"Lipid metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipid_metabolism"},{"id":213439,"name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pennsylvania"},{"id":238368,"name":"Milk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk"},{"id":441317,"name":"Ursidae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ursidae"}],"urls":[{"id":3870220,"url":"http://www.springerlink.com/index/p45kn7124p51j203.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391971-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391969"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391969/Oscars_Astronotus_ocellatus_Have_a_Dietary_Requirement_for_Vitamin_C1_2_3"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Oscars, Astronotus ocellatus, Have a Dietary Requirement for Vitamin C1,2,3" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800476/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391969/Oscars_Astronotus_ocellatus_Have_a_Dietary_Requirement_for_Vitamin_C1_2_3">Oscars, Astronotus ocellatus, Have a Dietary Requirement for Vitamin C1,2,3</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We found that vitamin C is an essential nutrient for an Amazonian ornamental fish, the oscar (Ast...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We found that vitamin C is an essential nutrient for an Amazonian ornamental fish, the oscar (Astronotus ocellatus). This was demonstrated by the absence of L-gulonolactone oxidase activity, the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of vitamin C, in liver or kidney of oscars and by a feeding trial in which oscars without vitamin C dietary supplementation developed clinical deficiency signs. Fish weighing 29.2 { 1.9 g were divided into four groups, and each group was fed a casein-based semipurified diet containing 0, 25, 75 or 200 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AA)/kg diet for 26 wk. Vitamin C was supplemented in the diets as L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate, a mixture of phosphate esters of ascorbate, which is more stable to oxidation than AA. At the end of 26 wk, fish fed no AA had significantly lower weight gain than fish fed the AA-supplemented diets (P õ 0.05). Oscars without dietary AA supplementation gained only 37% of their initial weight, compared with 112, 102 and 91% gained by fish fed 25, 75 and 200 mg AA/kg diet, respectively. After 25 wk without dietary supplementation of AA, fish began to develop clinical deficiency signs, including deformed opercula and jaws, hemorrhage in the eyes and fins, and lordosis. Histology indicated that fish without AA supplementation had deformed gill filament support cartilage and atrophied muscle fibers. Collagen content of the vertebral column was significantly lower in fish devoid of dietary AA (P õ 0.05). Liver AA concentration varied in proportion to dietary concentration of AA. The minimum dietary AA concentration tested in this study, 25 mg AA/kg diet, was sufficient to prevent growth reduction and AA deficiency signs in oscars.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bdf80e2eb2318f390729f08e0f1af756" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47800476,"asset_id":9391969,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800476/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391969"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391969"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391969; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391969]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391969]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391969; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391969']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bdf80e2eb2318f390729f08e0f1af756" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391969]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391969,"title":"Oscars, Astronotus ocellatus, Have a Dietary Requirement for Vitamin C1,2,3","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Oscars Require Vitamin C for Growth and Health","grobid_abstract":"We found that vitamin C is an essential nutrient for an Amazonian ornamental fish, the oscar (Astronotus ocellatus). This was demonstrated by the absence of L-gulonolactone oxidase activity, the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of vitamin C, in liver or kidney of oscars and by a feeding trial in which oscars without vitamin C dietary supplementation developed clinical deficiency signs. Fish weighing 29.2 { 1.9 g were divided into four groups, and each group was fed a casein-based semipurified diet containing 0, 25, 75 or 200 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AA)/kg diet for 26 wk. Vitamin C was supplemented in the diets as L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate, a mixture of phosphate esters of ascorbate, which is more stable to oxidation than AA. At the end of 26 wk, fish fed no AA had significantly lower weight gain than fish fed the AA-supplemented diets (P õ 0.05). Oscars without dietary AA supplementation gained only 37% of their initial weight, compared with 112, 102 and 91% gained by fish fed 25, 75 and 200 mg AA/kg diet, respectively. After 25 wk without dietary supplementation of AA, fish began to develop clinical deficiency signs, including deformed opercula and jaws, hemorrhage in the eyes and fins, and lordosis. Histology indicated that fish without AA supplementation had deformed gill filament support cartilage and atrophied muscle fibers. Collagen content of the vertebral column was significantly lower in fish devoid of dietary AA (P õ 0.05). Liver AA concentration varied in proportion to dietary concentration of AA. The minimum dietary AA concentration tested in this study, 25 mg AA/kg diet, was sufficient to prevent growth reduction and AA deficiency signs in oscars.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":47800476},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391969/Oscars_Astronotus_ocellatus_Have_a_Dietary_Requirement_for_Vitamin_C1_2_3","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:36.616-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800476,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800476/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1745.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800476/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Oscars_Astronotus_ocellatus_Have_a_Dieta.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800476/1745-libre.pdf?1470356249=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DOscars_Astronotus_ocellatus_Have_a_Dieta.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851422\u0026Signature=CBd3Q9FKMpkHGaAJvM-7~TE6vOGf0gIEBryISehi~bkmJskzxa4l3nNDimMjVSwl96OlbMxmmBPtEteroQ9jqafZ~SScUBajioNC4REzYJqzxvtheOaVVOg0Vp4x4~2i5xwJZ3qQAFlL0fFP-fotibSzDVkc16papBNtS3A3yJKxvXJX-rGt55GH9~pQyG62hubuFMVYOiQmFvxTEYUHLaWjgy~zD3ZK9dlGNWPVOhaTWeY4uPcAuYMoQqEw7EDwwXVYgsTVyWYomYJhrw8dd9uKKH0fRQq2IpeTiSVJHc1kyoSynA3LeNPZtPaWJty3Jc69uDUOQa98PzyEKewLuA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Oscars_Astronotus_ocellatus_Have_a_Dietary_Requirement_for_Vitamin_C1_2_3","translated_slug":"","page_count":7,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"We found that vitamin C is an essential nutrient for an Amazonian ornamental fish, the oscar (Astronotus ocellatus). This was demonstrated by the absence of L-gulonolactone oxidase activity, the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of vitamin C, in liver or kidney of oscars and by a feeding trial in which oscars without vitamin C dietary supplementation developed clinical deficiency signs. Fish weighing 29.2 { 1.9 g were divided into four groups, and each group was fed a casein-based semipurified diet containing 0, 25, 75 or 200 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AA)/kg diet for 26 wk. Vitamin C was supplemented in the diets as L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate, a mixture of phosphate esters of ascorbate, which is more stable to oxidation than AA. At the end of 26 wk, fish fed no AA had significantly lower weight gain than fish fed the AA-supplemented diets (P õ 0.05). Oscars without dietary AA supplementation gained only 37% of their initial weight, compared with 112, 102 and 91% gained by fish fed 25, 75 and 200 mg AA/kg diet, respectively. After 25 wk without dietary supplementation of AA, fish began to develop clinical deficiency signs, including deformed opercula and jaws, hemorrhage in the eyes and fins, and lordosis. Histology indicated that fish without AA supplementation had deformed gill filament support cartilage and atrophied muscle fibers. Collagen content of the vertebral column was significantly lower in fish devoid of dietary AA (P õ 0.05). Liver AA concentration varied in proportion to dietary concentration of AA. The minimum dietary AA concentration tested in this study, 25 mg AA/kg diet, was sufficient to prevent growth reduction and AA deficiency signs in oscars.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":47800476,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800476/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1745.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800476/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Oscars_Astronotus_ocellatus_Have_a_Dieta.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800476/1745-libre.pdf?1470356249=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DOscars_Astronotus_ocellatus_Have_a_Dieta.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851422\u0026Signature=CBd3Q9FKMpkHGaAJvM-7~TE6vOGf0gIEBryISehi~bkmJskzxa4l3nNDimMjVSwl96OlbMxmmBPtEteroQ9jqafZ~SScUBajioNC4REzYJqzxvtheOaVVOg0Vp4x4~2i5xwJZ3qQAFlL0fFP-fotibSzDVkc16papBNtS3A3yJKxvXJX-rGt55GH9~pQyG62hubuFMVYOiQmFvxTEYUHLaWjgy~zD3ZK9dlGNWPVOhaTWeY4uPcAuYMoQqEw7EDwwXVYgsTVyWYomYJhrw8dd9uKKH0fRQq2IpeTiSVJHc1kyoSynA3LeNPZtPaWJty3Jc69uDUOQa98PzyEKewLuA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":591,"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition_and_Dietetics"},{"id":1907,"name":"Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition"},{"id":9478,"name":"Diet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diet"},{"id":29980,"name":"Animal Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Production"},{"id":71294,"name":"Kidney","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kidney"},{"id":71437,"name":"Liver","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver"},{"id":82981,"name":"vitamin C","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/vitamin_C"},{"id":117270,"name":"Fishes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fishes"},{"id":134095,"name":"Muscles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muscles"},{"id":231661,"name":"Enzyme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme"},{"id":352757,"name":"Ascorbic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ascorbic_Acid"},{"id":413194,"name":"Analysis of Variance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analysis_of_Variance"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences"},{"id":1141692,"name":"Weight Gain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Weight_Gain"},{"id":1281375,"name":"Hematocrit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hematocrit"},{"id":2459102,"name":"Ascorbic Acid Deficiency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ascorbic_Acid_Deficiency"}],"urls":[{"id":3870219,"url":"http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/516/1/Fracalossi1998.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391969-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391968"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391968/Does_the_milk_of_callitrichid_monkeys_differ_from_that_of_larger_anthropoids"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Does the milk of callitrichid monkeys differ from that of larger anthropoids" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800695/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391968/Does_the_milk_of_callitrichid_monkeys_differ_from_that_of_larger_anthropoids">Does the milk of callitrichid monkeys differ from that of larger anthropoids</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Journal of Primatology</span><span>, 2002</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The generalization that anthropoid primates produce dilute milks that are low in protein and ener...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The generalization that anthropoid primates produce dilute milks that are low in protein and energy is based primarily on data from large monkeys of the families Cebidae and Cercopithecidae, as well as humans. The marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae) are not only much smaller in body size, but also typically raise multiple offspring during a relatively brief lactation. We hypothesized that selection for small body size and high reproductive rate might favor secretion of milk of higher energy and protein concentrations. To test this hypothesis, 46 milk samples collected from 10 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus, ca. 350 g) were assayed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), fat, and sugar; and gross energy (GE) was calculated from these constituents. We also assayed five samples collected from three golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia, ca. 700 g) and six samples collected from a single pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea, ca. 150 g) over two lactation periods. All samples were collected between days 10 and 57 post partum, representing mid lactation for these species. The milks of these three species were similar, containing 14.0%, 16.1%, and 13.7% DM; 2.7%, 2.6%, and 2.9% CP; 3.6%, 5.2%, and 3.7% fat; 7.4%, 7.2%, and 7.8% sugar; and 0.76, 0.90, and 0.82 kcal/g for common marmosets, golden lion tamarins, and the pygmy marmoset, respectively. These species produced milks with energy values that were within the range reported for large anthropoids, albeit with slightly higher protein concentration. However, milk composition did vary substantially among individual common marmoset females, especially in the proportion of milk energy derived from fat. In contrast, CP as expressed as a percent of GE was remarkably constant among common marmoset females. Callitrichid milk appeared to be similar to that of larger anthropoid primates in GE, but was higher in CP and in the proportion of GE from CP. However, the small sample sizes for the golden lion tamarin and the pygmy marmoset, and the wide variation in milk composition found among common marmoset females cautions against definitively characterizing the milks of callitrichids from these data. Am.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="dcccd5ae83ab922736b51e1e7eb7e773" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47800695,"asset_id":9391968,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800695/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391968"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391968"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391968; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391968]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391968]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391968; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391968']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "dcccd5ae83ab922736b51e1e7eb7e773" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391968]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391968,"title":"Does the milk of callitrichid monkeys differ from that of larger anthropoids","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Comparative Milk Composition in Callitrichids","grobid_abstract":"The generalization that anthropoid primates produce dilute milks that are low in protein and energy is based primarily on data from large monkeys of the families Cebidae and Cercopithecidae, as well as humans. The marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae) are not only much smaller in body size, but also typically raise multiple offspring during a relatively brief lactation. We hypothesized that selection for small body size and high reproductive rate might favor secretion of milk of higher energy and protein concentrations. To test this hypothesis, 46 milk samples collected from 10 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus, ca. 350 g) were assayed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), fat, and sugar; and gross energy (GE) was calculated from these constituents. We also assayed five samples collected from three golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia, ca. 700 g) and six samples collected from a single pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea, ca. 150 g) over two lactation periods. All samples were collected between days 10 and 57 post partum, representing mid lactation for these species. The milks of these three species were similar, containing 14.0%, 16.1%, and 13.7% DM; 2.7%, 2.6%, and 2.9% CP; 3.6%, 5.2%, and 3.7% fat; 7.4%, 7.2%, and 7.8% sugar; and 0.76, 0.90, and 0.82 kcal/g for common marmosets, golden lion tamarins, and the pygmy marmoset, respectively. These species produced milks with energy values that were within the range reported for large anthropoids, albeit with slightly higher protein concentration. However, milk composition did vary substantially among individual common marmoset females, especially in the proportion of milk energy derived from fat. In contrast, CP as expressed as a percent of GE was remarkably constant among common marmoset females. Callitrichid milk appeared to be similar to that of larger anthropoid primates in GE, but was higher in CP and in the proportion of GE from CP. However, the small sample sizes for the golden lion tamarin and the pygmy marmoset, and the wide variation in milk composition found among common marmoset females cautions against definitively characterizing the milks of callitrichids from these data. Am.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2002,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"American Journal of Primatology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":47800695},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391968/Does_the_milk_of_callitrichid_monkeys_differ_from_that_of_larger_anthropoids","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:35.347-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800695,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800695/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Does_the_milk_of_Callitrichid_monkeys_di20160804-3620-ti69li.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800695/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Does_the_milk_of_callitrichid_monkeys_di.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800695/Does_the_milk_of_Callitrichid_monkeys_di20160804-3620-ti69li-libre.pdf?1470357802=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDoes_the_milk_of_callitrichid_monkeys_di.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851422\u0026Signature=DT~qLV30tbGr-gSfyqWv1ztlzxonrsui6lJhLWwrQqny9BshFgB2vHBTwOyLmzN8skOVSuS3fDP-K472dhoLAM5nGm5WXwFRJNSofQnuFaksQ02h0BTU~bPZxpEYEcc1Dcbdo9UyIyumT49uqJZoXy2fGveYyAgEBnlO4geVHFKQ9SlgIAo1-p1PMAR000tnereXVQieJOTYM9RRzMJL2My7NQXXTwhBQQ-ctAOX2OVNlbaXUcUku14jCTrFUN3ktmcHu67NinUQ-20c6svsmMS6ffbHnfImja8FxhbrtjQM08Ag7wUzhCR7CQjjU405C1NToPtTkk8IdMv95HGLVA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Does_the_milk_of_callitrichid_monkeys_differ_from_that_of_larger_anthropoids","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The generalization that anthropoid primates produce dilute milks that are low in protein and energy is based primarily on data from large monkeys of the families Cebidae and Cercopithecidae, as well as humans. The marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae) are not only much smaller in body size, but also typically raise multiple offspring during a relatively brief lactation. We hypothesized that selection for small body size and high reproductive rate might favor secretion of milk of higher energy and protein concentrations. To test this hypothesis, 46 milk samples collected from 10 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus, ca. 350 g) were assayed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), fat, and sugar; and gross energy (GE) was calculated from these constituents. We also assayed five samples collected from three golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia, ca. 700 g) and six samples collected from a single pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea, ca. 150 g) over two lactation periods. All samples were collected between days 10 and 57 post partum, representing mid lactation for these species. The milks of these three species were similar, containing 14.0%, 16.1%, and 13.7% DM; 2.7%, 2.6%, and 2.9% CP; 3.6%, 5.2%, and 3.7% fat; 7.4%, 7.2%, and 7.8% sugar; and 0.76, 0.90, and 0.82 kcal/g for common marmosets, golden lion tamarins, and the pygmy marmoset, respectively. These species produced milks with energy values that were within the range reported for large anthropoids, albeit with slightly higher protein concentration. However, milk composition did vary substantially among individual common marmoset females, especially in the proportion of milk energy derived from fat. In contrast, CP as expressed as a percent of GE was remarkably constant among common marmoset females. Callitrichid milk appeared to be similar to that of larger anthropoid primates in GE, but was higher in CP and in the proportion of GE from CP. However, the small sample sizes for the golden lion tamarin and the pygmy marmoset, and the wide variation in milk composition found among common marmoset females cautions against definitively characterizing the milks of callitrichids from these data. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391968-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391965"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391965/Assessing_vitamin_D_status_of_callitrichids_Baseline_data_from_wild_cotton_top_tamarins_Saguinus_oedipus_in_Colombia"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Assessing vitamin D status of callitrichids: Baseline data from wild cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) in Colombia" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Assessing vitamin D status of callitrichids: Baseline data from wild cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) in Colombia</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Zoo Biology</span><span>, 1997</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Skip to Main Content. ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391965"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391965"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391965; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391965-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391964"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391964/Ascorbic_acid_biosynthesis_in_Amazonian_fishes"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Ascorbic acid biosynthesis in Amazonian fishes" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800694/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391964/Ascorbic_acid_biosynthesis_in_Amazonian_fishes">Ascorbic acid biosynthesis in Amazonian fishes</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Aquaculture</span><span>, 2001</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The incapacity to synthesize ascorbic acid AA is due to the lack of activity of L-gulonolac-Ž . t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The incapacity to synthesize ascorbic acid AA is due to the lack of activity of L-gulonolac-Ž . tone oxidase GLO , which catalyzes the last step of AA biosynthesis. It was postulated that vertebrates unable to synthesize AA had sufficient amounts of this nutrient in their diet and consequently did not need to preserve synthetic capability. In the present study, we analyzed the GLO activity in kidney and liver of 13 fish species, including 11 teleosts, namely: freshwater stingray, Potamotrygon sp.; South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa; Asardinhao,B Pelonã sp.; arowana, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum; arapaima, Arapaima gigas; Apiranha caju,B Pygocentrus nattereri; Apiranha mucura,B Serrasalmus elongatus; Aaracu,B Schizodon fasciatus; Atambaqui,B Colossoma macropomum; Aacari-pedra,B Hypostomus sp.; Asarapo,B Steatogenyś elegans; electric eel, Electrophorus electricus; and the peacock bass, Cichla sp. Four representatives of the Characiformes order with distinct feeding habits were included in this study to evaluate the influence of feeding habit on GLO activity. Only two species of non-teleost fishes, Ž . Ž . the freshwater stingray Miliobatiformes and the South American lungfish Lepidosireniformes , Ž . AbbreÕiations: GLOs L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase EC 1.1.3.8 ; AA sascorbic acid q D.M. Fracalossi . 0044-8486r01r$ -see front matter q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Ž . PII: S 0 0 4 4 -8 4 8 6 0 0 0 0 4 5 5 -5 ( ) D. M. Fracalossi et al.r Aquaculture 192 2001 321-332 322 showed GLO activity in their kidneys, corroborating the hypothesis that teleosts are unable to synthesize AA. Additionally, as expected, we observed that the phylogenetic position is more important than feeding habit as a determinant of the biosynthetic ability since none of the Characiformes species analyzed synthesize AA, independent of their distinct feeding habits.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-9391964-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-9391964-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/35942854/figure-1-fish-species-analyzed-in-the-present-study"><img alt="Fig. 1. Fish species analyzed in the present study (Classification followed Nelson, 1994). Inside the Characiformes order, the different feeding habits were represented by: P. nattereri, carnivorous; S. elongatus, lepidophagous; S. fasciatus, herbivorous; and C. macropomum, omnivorous. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800694/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/35942858/table-1-glo-activity-in-liver-anterior-and-or-posterior"><img alt="GLO activity in liver, anterior and/or posterior kidney of selected Amazonian fishes from differen phylogenetic groups “Brazilian Portuguese, when English common name is not known. >Mean+SD. Below method detection limit of 0.09 wmol g-! ho!. Not existent or fused to posterior kidney. Table 1 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800694/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/35942863/table-2-ascorbic-acid-concentration-in-the-liver-anterior"><img alt="Ascorbic acid concentration in the liver, anterior and/or posterior kidney of selected species of Amazonian fishes “Brazilian Portuguese, when English common name is not know >Mean+SD. “Not existent or fused to posterior kidney. “Below method detection limit of 0.09 pmol g~! h7!. Table 2 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800694/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/35942873/table-3-glo-activity-in-cranial-and-caudal-halves-of"><img alt="GLO activity in cranial and caudal halves of posterior kidneys of males and females freshwater stingray * Table 3 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800694/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-9391964-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f6313b24c6206a4d78080f422a07354c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47800694,"asset_id":9391964,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800694/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391964"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391964"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391964; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391964]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391964]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391964; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391964']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f6313b24c6206a4d78080f422a07354c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391964]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391964,"title":"Ascorbic acid biosynthesis in Amazonian fishes","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"The incapacity to synthesize ascorbic acid AA is due to the lack of activity of L-gulonolac-Ž . tone oxidase GLO , which catalyzes the last step of AA biosynthesis. It was postulated that vertebrates unable to synthesize AA had sufficient amounts of this nutrient in their diet and consequently did not need to preserve synthetic capability. In the present study, we analyzed the GLO activity in kidney and liver of 13 fish species, including 11 teleosts, namely: freshwater stingray, Potamotrygon sp.; South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa; Asardinhao,B Pelonã sp.; arowana, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum; arapaima, Arapaima gigas; Apiranha caju,B Pygocentrus nattereri; Apiranha mucura,B Serrasalmus elongatus; Aaracu,B Schizodon fasciatus; Atambaqui,B Colossoma macropomum; Aacari-pedra,B Hypostomus sp.; Asarapo,B Steatogenyś elegans; electric eel, Electrophorus electricus; and the peacock bass, Cichla sp. Four representatives of the Characiformes order with distinct feeding habits were included in this study to evaluate the influence of feeding habit on GLO activity. Only two species of non-teleost fishes, Ž . Ž . the freshwater stingray Miliobatiformes and the South American lungfish Lepidosireniformes , Ž . AbbreÕiations: GLOs L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase EC 1.1.3.8 ; AA sascorbic acid q D.M. Fracalossi . 0044-8486r01r$ -see front matter q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Ž . PII: S 0 0 4 4 -8 4 8 6 0 0 0 0 4 5 5 -5 ( ) D. M. Fracalossi et al.r Aquaculture 192 2001 321-332 322 showed GLO activity in their kidneys, corroborating the hypothesis that teleosts are unable to synthesize AA. Additionally, as expected, we observed that the phylogenetic position is more important than feeding habit as a determinant of the biosynthetic ability since none of the Characiformes species analyzed synthesize AA, independent of their distinct feeding habits.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2001,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Aquaculture","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":47800694},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391964/Ascorbic_acid_biosynthesis_in_Amazonian_fishes","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:32.201-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800694,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800694/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s0044-8486_2800_2900455-520160804-27485-4izubw.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800694/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Ascorbic_acid_biosynthesis_in_Amazonian.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800694/s0044-8486_2800_2900455-520160804-27485-4izubw-libre.pdf?1470357802=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAscorbic_acid_biosynthesis_in_Amazonian.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851423\u0026Signature=AzWVX1IW8lxLCeSAsX0ZzGeuKK-BNk4LzbE8B9UToFW0CuP4EtYs47DcBmGixB~pv3T1fx6vq5XgXQjJ2aRQXIkZUIiEV2lWlJYjhLjGp5-oOmSV8xh7MDpbglgwRGnFjMLRZ2Yy1GClKU-Wg-q66m9Uup0f7igaCipDdfEDsq7H7oTLX9rs9gFx2gbUse4RpjuTUhOzT~XMGBZjZ6bFkhuVvOjnCrlFq1rFw~y~OyvPNs2h9tevltdENsx2r6fb18nFTXIw6hbbsAhnlXqbt~9ohtN91B8~f3griRBa9a6XuI09ah-KE0GN7DdJ8YEyEhIhQj1O9ZudhG8KzQpdtQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Ascorbic_acid_biosynthesis_in_Amazonian_fishes","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The incapacity to synthesize ascorbic acid AA is due to the lack of activity of L-gulonolac-Ž . tone oxidase GLO , which catalyzes the last step of AA biosynthesis. It was postulated that vertebrates unable to synthesize AA had sufficient amounts of this nutrient in their diet and consequently did not need to preserve synthetic capability. In the present study, we analyzed the GLO activity in kidney and liver of 13 fish species, including 11 teleosts, namely: freshwater stingray, Potamotrygon sp.; South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa; Asardinhao,B Pelonã sp.; arowana, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum; arapaima, Arapaima gigas; Apiranha caju,B Pygocentrus nattereri; Apiranha mucura,B Serrasalmus elongatus; Aaracu,B Schizodon fasciatus; Atambaqui,B Colossoma macropomum; Aacari-pedra,B Hypostomus sp.; Asarapo,B Steatogenyś elegans; electric eel, Electrophorus electricus; and the peacock bass, Cichla sp. Four representatives of the Characiformes order with distinct feeding habits were included in this study to evaluate the influence of feeding habit on GLO activity. Only two species of non-teleost fishes, Ž . Ž . the freshwater stingray Miliobatiformes and the South American lungfish Lepidosireniformes , Ž . AbbreÕiations: GLOs L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase EC 1.1.3.8 ; AA sascorbic acid q D.M. Fracalossi . 0044-8486r01r$ -see front matter q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Ž . PII: S 0 0 4 4 -8 4 8 6 0 0 0 0 4 5 5 -5 ( ) D. M. Fracalossi et al.r Aquaculture 192 2001 321-332 322 showed GLO activity in their kidneys, corroborating the hypothesis that teleosts are unable to synthesize AA. Additionally, as expected, we observed that the phylogenetic position is more important than feeding habit as a determinant of the biosynthetic ability since none of the Characiformes species analyzed synthesize AA, independent of their distinct feeding habits.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":47800694,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800694/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s0044-8486_2800_2900455-520160804-27485-4izubw.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800694/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Ascorbic_acid_biosynthesis_in_Amazonian.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800694/s0044-8486_2800_2900455-520160804-27485-4izubw-libre.pdf?1470357802=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAscorbic_acid_biosynthesis_in_Amazonian.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851423\u0026Signature=AzWVX1IW8lxLCeSAsX0ZzGeuKK-BNk4LzbE8B9UToFW0CuP4EtYs47DcBmGixB~pv3T1fx6vq5XgXQjJ2aRQXIkZUIiEV2lWlJYjhLjGp5-oOmSV8xh7MDpbglgwRGnFjMLRZ2Yy1GClKU-Wg-q66m9Uup0f7igaCipDdfEDsq7H7oTLX9rs9gFx2gbUse4RpjuTUhOzT~XMGBZjZ6bFkhuVvOjnCrlFq1rFw~y~OyvPNs2h9tevltdENsx2r6fb18nFTXIw6hbbsAhnlXqbt~9ohtN91B8~f3griRBa9a6XuI09ah-KE0GN7DdJ8YEyEhIhQj1O9ZudhG8KzQpdtQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology"},{"id":23848,"name":"Aquaculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquaculture"},{"id":170652,"name":"Fisheries Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fisheries_Sciences"},{"id":352757,"name":"Ascorbic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ascorbic_Acid"},{"id":1026538,"name":"Feeding Habit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feeding_Habit"},{"id":1192453,"name":"L","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/L"}],"urls":[{"id":3870215,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848600004555"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391960-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391956"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391956/Birth_to_weaning_in_4_days_remarkable_growth_in_the_hooded_seal_Cystophora_cristata"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Birth to weaning in 4 days: remarkable growth in the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800696/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391956/Birth_to_weaning_in_4_days_remarkable_growth_in_the_hooded_seal_Cystophora_cristata">Birth to weaning in 4 days: remarkable growth in the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Canadian Journal of Zoology-revue Canadienne De Zoologie</span><span>, 1985</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">1985. Birth to weaning in 4 days: remarkable growth in the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata. Can....</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">1985. Birth to weaning in 4 days: remarkable growth in the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata. Can. J . Zool . 63: 284 1 -2846. A brief lactation period with rapid neonatal weight gain may be adaptive for seals breeding on unstable pack ice. We studied the duration of lactation and growth of known-age pups of the hooded seal. Cystophor~~ c.ri.stata, on the pack ice off Labrador. Mean body weight of pups increased from 22.0 kg at birth ( n = 21) to a maximum of 42.6 kg on day 4 ( n = I I ) and then declined. On the basis of maternal absence, weight change, gastric contents, and clarity of blood serum, we conclude that pups are weaned 4 days after birth (range, 3-5 days). This is the shortest lactation period known for any mammal. Tagged pups captured on sequential days gained on average 7.1 kg per 24 h from the day after birth to weaning. Maternal effort supported a relative rate of weight gain (145 g. kg maternal weight " 75 'day ' ) that is 2.5-6 times that of other phocids. By combining a large birth weight with rapid neonatal weight gain, hooded seals achieve a weaning weight comparable to other phocids in one-third to one-tenth the amount of time after birth. BOWEN, W. D., 0 . T. OFTEDAL et D. J . BONESS. 1985. Birth to weaning in 4 days: remarkable growth in the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata. Can. J . Zool . 63: 284 1 -2846.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-9391956-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-9391956-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/40042607/figure-1-fic-percentage-of-known-age-hooded-seal-pups"><img alt="Fic. |. Percentage of known-age hooded seal pups suckling at 0-8 days postpartum based on four criteria: @, mother present; [_], weight gain to next day; A, milk in stomach; ©, blood opaque. Two new- borns had yet to suckle and are therefore omitted from day 0 sample sizes for the suckling criteria milk in stomach and blood opaque. Sample size is given beside each symbol. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800696/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/40042614/figure-2-fic-weights-of-known-age-hooded-seal-pups-days-post"><img alt="Fic. 2. Weights of known-age hooded seal pups O-—S days post- partum. (a~c) Individual pups with four to six weights; arrows in- dicate weaning. (d) Mean (with 95% confidence interval) for all measured pups. Sample size is shown above each mean. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800696/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/40042620/table-1-est-indirect-estimate-nd-no-data-sample-size-data"><img alt="“Est., indirect estimate; ND. no data: 7, sample size. ’Data from a land-breeding colony of grey seals. TABLE |. Published estimates of lactation length in phocids " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800696/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/40042630/table-2-weights-obtained-at-intervals-of-were-used-to"><img alt="“Weights obtained at intervals of 17—31 h were used to calculated weight gain on a 24-h basis. Only pups accompanied by mother at both weighings are included. TABLE 2. Daily weight gain“ (kilograms per 24 h) of known-age suckling hooded seal pups " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800696/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/40042650/table-3-birth-weight-and-weight-gain-in-phocids-note-sample"><img alt="TABLE 3. Birth weight and weight gain in phocids NoTE: Sample sizes are in parentheses: A, asymptote of growth curve; est., estimated from length. See Table } for taxonomic binomials. “Boulva and McLaren 1979; birth weight and weight gain from regression equations. Innes et al. 1981; Stewart and Lavigne 1980. “Coulson 1959; Coulson and Hickling 1964; Fedak and Anderson 1982. ‘Present study; female weights are from nursing animals at beginning of lactation. “Lindsey 1937; Bryden et al. 1984. ‘Reiter et al. 1978; Ortiz et al. 1984; Costa et al. 1985. § Carrick et al. 1962; Bryden 1968, 1969. 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Birth to weaning in 4 days: remarkable growth in the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata. Can. J . Zool . 63: 284 1 -2846. A brief lactation period with rapid neonatal weight gain may be adaptive for seals breeding on unstable pack ice. We studied the duration of lactation and growth of known-age pups of the hooded seal. Cystophor~~ c.ri.stata, on the pack ice off Labrador. Mean body weight of pups increased from 22.0 kg at birth ( n = 21) to a maximum of 42.6 kg on day 4 ( n = I I ) and then declined. On the basis of maternal absence, weight change, gastric contents, and clarity of blood serum, we conclude that pups are weaned 4 days after birth (range, 3-5 days). This is the shortest lactation period known for any mammal. Tagged pups captured on sequential days gained on average 7.1 kg per 24 h from the day after birth to weaning. Maternal effort supported a relative rate of weight gain (145 g. kg maternal weight \" 75 'day ' ) that is 2.5-6 times that of other phocids. By combining a large birth weight with rapid neonatal weight gain, hooded seals achieve a weaning weight comparable to other phocids in one-third to one-tenth the amount of time after birth. BOWEN, W. D., 0 . T. OFTEDAL et D. J . BONESS. 1985. Birth to weaning in 4 days: remarkable growth in the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata. Can. J . Zool . 63: 284 1 -2846.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1985,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology-revue Canadienne De Zoologie","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":47800696},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391956/Birth_to_weaning_in_4_days_remarkable_growth_in_the_hooded_seal_Cystophora_cristata","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:25.075-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800696,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800696/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Birth_to_weaning_in_4_days_Remarkable_gr20160804-22336-s3vhuv.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800696/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Birth_to_weaning_in_4_days_remarkable_gr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800696/Birth_to_weaning_in_4_days_Remarkable_gr20160804-22336-s3vhuv-libre.pdf?1470357804=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBirth_to_weaning_in_4_days_remarkable_gr.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851423\u0026Signature=eVZ6vAyOMs9V4xL6vITBVxUBsxTrgTPeQdshq-QWTJhsgCr0dG9jcsLNP~BPizqO~AzkwAFTLkVgkyJ~E1o6jSh5kQ7pATiP8fI~P-2asCcUmF28Vmz6y~joH7b4NEtJhX-X-rtZNR1Ld3kqNqhHe0amcIie2EKuWvfoSJUPu6sshQZD8tCjDuMlwSw~u71xxIYAhkXm1Na05f0I6ctPHcOxAo1DoSbOY7c2ArwTAGKJ-786JcztQ1JIOOeZz6jDfDwe9Z23LBH3g2J3cKEYCl~AiWbUy1H-xuQQ0X35i3TcOFwsbBP314Mj0yyY-O7rJrbVEqh~xtfcSG9u~96wlg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Birth_to_weaning_in_4_days_remarkable_growth_in_the_hooded_seal_Cystophora_cristata","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"1985. Birth to weaning in 4 days: remarkable growth in the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata. Can. J . Zool . 63: 284 1 -2846. A brief lactation period with rapid neonatal weight gain may be adaptive for seals breeding on unstable pack ice. We studied the duration of lactation and growth of known-age pups of the hooded seal. Cystophor~~ c.ri.stata, on the pack ice off Labrador. Mean body weight of pups increased from 22.0 kg at birth ( n = 21) to a maximum of 42.6 kg on day 4 ( n = I I ) and then declined. On the basis of maternal absence, weight change, gastric contents, and clarity of blood serum, we conclude that pups are weaned 4 days after birth (range, 3-5 days). This is the shortest lactation period known for any mammal. Tagged pups captured on sequential days gained on average 7.1 kg per 24 h from the day after birth to weaning. Maternal effort supported a relative rate of weight gain (145 g. kg maternal weight \" 75 'day ' ) that is 2.5-6 times that of other phocids. By combining a large birth weight with rapid neonatal weight gain, hooded seals achieve a weaning weight comparable to other phocids in one-third to one-tenth the amount of time after birth. BOWEN, W. D., 0 . T. OFTEDAL et D. J . BONESS. 1985. Birth to weaning in 4 days: remarkable growth in the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata. Can. J . Zool . 63: 284 1 -2846.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":47800696,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800696/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Birth_to_weaning_in_4_days_Remarkable_gr20160804-22336-s3vhuv.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800696/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Birth_to_weaning_in_4_days_remarkable_gr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800696/Birth_to_weaning_in_4_days_Remarkable_gr20160804-22336-s3vhuv-libre.pdf?1470357804=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBirth_to_weaning_in_4_days_remarkable_gr.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851423\u0026Signature=eVZ6vAyOMs9V4xL6vITBVxUBsxTrgTPeQdshq-QWTJhsgCr0dG9jcsLNP~BPizqO~AzkwAFTLkVgkyJ~E1o6jSh5kQ7pATiP8fI~P-2asCcUmF28Vmz6y~joH7b4NEtJhX-X-rtZNR1Ld3kqNqhHe0amcIie2EKuWvfoSJUPu6sshQZD8tCjDuMlwSw~u71xxIYAhkXm1Na05f0I6ctPHcOxAo1DoSbOY7c2ArwTAGKJ-786JcztQ1JIOOeZz6jDfDwe9Z23LBH3g2J3cKEYCl~AiWbUy1H-xuQQ0X35i3TcOFwsbBP314Mj0yyY-O7rJrbVEqh~xtfcSG9u~96wlg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology"},{"id":56615,"name":"Canadian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Canadian"}],"urls":[{"id":3870207,"url":"http://www.nrc.ca/cgi-bin/cisti/journals/rp/rp2_abst_e?cjz_z85-424_63_ns_nf_cjz63-85"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391956-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391955"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391955/Differences_among_captive_callitrichids_in_the_digestive_responses_to_dietary_gum"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Differences among captive callitrichids in the digestive responses to dietary gum" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800698/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391955/Differences_among_captive_callitrichids_in_the_digestive_responses_to_dietary_gum">Differences among captive callitrichids in the digestive responses to dietary gum</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Journal of Primatology</span><span>, 1996</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Although many members of the Callitrichidae, a monophyletic family of small, New World monkeys, h...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Although many members of the Callitrichidae, a monophyletic family of small, New World monkeys, have been observed to feed on plant exudates, available field data support the generalization that pygmy and common marmosets (Cebuella p y g m e a and Callithrix jacchus) feed on gums to a greater extent than most other callitrichids. Because microbial fermentation is required for vertebrates to digest gums, gum-feeding primates may react differently to dietary gum from their relatives that eat little gum. To test this hypothesis, digestion trials were conducted on animals from the two marmoset species, two tamarin species (Saguinus fuscicollis and S . oedipus), and a species of lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia). These species span the range of body sizes within the Callitrichidae. All animals were fed two variations of a homogeneous diet, which differed only in that gum arabic was added to one. Transit time of digesta (TFA) and digestive efficiency (as measured by the coefficients of apparent digestibility of dry matter and energy [ADDM and ADE, respectivelyl) were compared between diets for each individual. As predicted, the digestive responses of marmosets differed from the responses of the other study species. In marmosets, TFA tended to be longer when gum was added to the diet, while TFA did not change in the other three species. Digestive efficiency decreased in tamarins and lion tamarins with the addition of gum to the diet; marmoset digestive efficiency was unaffected by diet. The results of this research are consistent with the hypothesis that marmosets have digestive adaptations that aid in the digestion of gum that other callitrichids lack. 0 1996 Wiley-Lisa, Inc.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fb8885d8ca8afa74302320bca5f28df6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47800698,"asset_id":9391955,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800698/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391955"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391955"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391955; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391955]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391955]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391955; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391955']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "fb8885d8ca8afa74302320bca5f28df6" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391955]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391955,"title":"Differences among captive callitrichids in the digestive responses to dietary gum","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Digestive Responses to Dietary Gum in Callitrichids","grobid_abstract":"Although many members of the Callitrichidae, a monophyletic family of small, New World monkeys, have been observed to feed on plant exudates, available field data support the generalization that pygmy and common marmosets (Cebuella p y g m e a and Callithrix jacchus) feed on gums to a greater extent than most other callitrichids. Because microbial fermentation is required for vertebrates to digest gums, gum-feeding primates may react differently to dietary gum from their relatives that eat little gum. To test this hypothesis, digestion trials were conducted on animals from the two marmoset species, two tamarin species (Saguinus fuscicollis and S . oedipus), and a species of lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia). These species span the range of body sizes within the Callitrichidae. All animals were fed two variations of a homogeneous diet, which differed only in that gum arabic was added to one. Transit time of digesta (TFA) and digestive efficiency (as measured by the coefficients of apparent digestibility of dry matter and energy [ADDM and ADE, respectivelyl) were compared between diets for each individual. As predicted, the digestive responses of marmosets differed from the responses of the other study species. In marmosets, TFA tended to be longer when gum was added to the diet, while TFA did not change in the other three species. Digestive efficiency decreased in tamarins and lion tamarins with the addition of gum to the diet; marmoset digestive efficiency was unaffected by diet. The results of this research are consistent with the hypothesis that marmosets have digestive adaptations that aid in the digestion of gum that other callitrichids lack. 0 1996 Wiley-Lisa, Inc.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1996,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"American Journal of Primatology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":47800698},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391955/Differences_among_captive_callitrichids_in_the_digestive_responses_to_dietary_gum","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:23.664-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800698,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800698/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Differences_among_captive_callitrichids_20160804-21712-ixb3g2.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800698/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Differences_among_captive_callitrichids.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800698/Differences_among_captive_callitrichids_20160804-21712-ixb3g2-libre.pdf?1470357805=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDifferences_among_captive_callitrichids.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851423\u0026Signature=bN6X8KdxZ1~jX-62cUm4gZPMWRw8nNyQQuSqYtmpELr35BdCyc9JLpuc--3XaSNRInEFrMAAC0PWoAdlPH1qDFIg3JJ4OzD01U3nK0WVJgEAAUy~wNP4Kys-ULdM3eTl~KzWb~skpqfpHpVlLrSooE7mx41Vw-beR~TF~gnF0foOEcygBD7OmgD70hcZhJH9Ma-KkJUGWVw7SbdVjSmyHFZ-i9kCUvt-7AgiRVz816slVnCdXPdCCp34W2whPt5UZzx9ooDELR32YItBf3cWIVr93Y5wV-~eFK4JmPaHJy-DlCoz~inCrMHrJFVnjbO23F3bSsAbkzazhLm8ERubpQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Differences_among_captive_callitrichids_in_the_digestive_responses_to_dietary_gum","translated_slug":"","page_count":14,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Although many members of the Callitrichidae, a monophyletic family of small, New World monkeys, have been observed to feed on plant exudates, available field data support the generalization that pygmy and common marmosets (Cebuella p y g m e a and Callithrix jacchus) feed on gums to a greater extent than most other callitrichids. Because microbial fermentation is required for vertebrates to digest gums, gum-feeding primates may react differently to dietary gum from their relatives that eat little gum. To test this hypothesis, digestion trials were conducted on animals from the two marmoset species, two tamarin species (Saguinus fuscicollis and S . oedipus), and a species of lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia). These species span the range of body sizes within the Callitrichidae. All animals were fed two variations of a homogeneous diet, which differed only in that gum arabic was added to one. Transit time of digesta (TFA) and digestive efficiency (as measured by the coefficients of apparent digestibility of dry matter and energy [ADDM and ADE, respectivelyl) were compared between diets for each individual. As predicted, the digestive responses of marmosets differed from the responses of the other study species. In marmosets, TFA tended to be longer when gum was added to the diet, while TFA did not change in the other three species. Digestive efficiency decreased in tamarins and lion tamarins with the addition of gum to the diet; marmoset digestive efficiency was unaffected by diet. The results of this research are consistent with the hypothesis that marmosets have digestive adaptations that aid in the digestion of gum that other callitrichids lack. 0 1996 Wiley-Lisa, Inc.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":47800698,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800698/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Differences_among_captive_callitrichids_20160804-21712-ixb3g2.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800698/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Differences_among_captive_callitrichids.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800698/Differences_among_captive_callitrichids_20160804-21712-ixb3g2-libre.pdf?1470357805=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDifferences_among_captive_callitrichids.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851423\u0026Signature=bN6X8KdxZ1~jX-62cUm4gZPMWRw8nNyQQuSqYtmpELr35BdCyc9JLpuc--3XaSNRInEFrMAAC0PWoAdlPH1qDFIg3JJ4OzD01U3nK0WVJgEAAUy~wNP4Kys-ULdM3eTl~KzWb~skpqfpHpVlLrSooE7mx41Vw-beR~TF~gnF0foOEcygBD7OmgD70hcZhJH9Ma-KkJUGWVw7SbdVjSmyHFZ-i9kCUvt-7AgiRVz816slVnCdXPdCCp34W2whPt5UZzx9ooDELR32YItBf3cWIVr93Y5wV-~eFK4JmPaHJy-DlCoz~inCrMHrJFVnjbO23F3bSsAbkzazhLm8ERubpQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology"}],"urls":[{"id":3870206,"url":"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/%2528SICI%25291098-2345%25281996%252940%253A2%253C131%253A%253AAID-AJP2%253E3.3.CO%253B2-8"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391955-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391954"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391954/The_effect_of_a_natural_environmental_disturbance_on_maternal_investment_and_pup_behavior_in_the_California_sea_lion"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The effect of a natural environmental disturbance on maternal investment and pup behavior in the California sea lion" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800706/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391954/The_effect_of_a_natural_environmental_disturbance_on_maternal_investment_and_pup_behavior_in_the_California_sea_lion">The effect of a natural environmental disturbance on maternal investment and pup behavior in the California sea lion</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</span><span>, 1987</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Observed changes in maternal investment due to an environmentally induced decrease in food supply...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Observed changes in maternal investment due to an environmentally induced decrease in food supply (the 1983 El Niño-Southern Oscillation) are compared witha priori predictions for the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Changes in behavior, growth and mortality of off-spring were also examined. Data collected in the first two months postpartum for the years before (PRE), during (EN), and the two years after (POST1 and POST2) the 1983 El Niño indicate that females initiated postpartum feeding trips earlier during the food shortage, and spent more time away on individual feeding trips in both the El Niño year and the year after. Perinatal sex ratios (♀:♂) in the years PRE, EN, POST1 and POST2 were 1:1, 1.4:1, 1.1:1 and 1:1.4, respectively. Fewer copulations were observed during the El Niño year, but this difference was not statistically significant. Pups spent less time suckling in the food shortage year and the year following, but attempted to sneak suckle more. Pups were less active and played on land less in the El Niño and following year. Finally, maternal investment as measured by milk intake of offspring was decreased, pups grew more slowly, and suffered increased mortality during the food shortage year. Despite expected sex differences in maternal investment and pup behavior in response to food shortage, there were no sex-biased differences in response in either females or pups. As expected, the food shortage did not affect adult males since they migrate north during the non-breeding season where the environmental perturbation was less severe.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="dc5137aff37587af531e3a1dc0ecdd0e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47800706,"asset_id":9391954,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800706/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391954"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391954"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391954; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391954]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391954]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391954; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391954']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "dc5137aff37587af531e3a1dc0ecdd0e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391954]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391954,"title":"The effect of a natural environmental disturbance on maternal investment and pup behavior in the California sea lion","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Observed changes in maternal investment due to an environmentally induced decrease in food supply (the 1983 El Niño-Southern Oscillation) are compared witha priori predictions for the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Changes in behavior, growth and mortality of off-spring were also examined. Data collected in the first two months postpartum for the years before (PRE), during (EN), and the two years after (POST1 and POST2) the 1983 El Niño indicate that females initiated postpartum feeding trips earlier during the food shortage, and spent more time away on individual feeding trips in both the El Niño year and the year after. Perinatal sex ratios (♀:♂) in the years PRE, EN, POST1 and POST2 were 1:1, 1.4:1, 1.1:1 and 1:1.4, respectively. Fewer copulations were observed during the El Niño year, but this difference was not statistically significant. Pups spent less time suckling in the food shortage year and the year following, but attempted to sneak suckle more. Pups were less active and played on land less in the El Niño and following year. Finally, maternal investment as measured by milk intake of offspring was decreased, pups grew more slowly, and suffered increased mortality during the food shortage year. Despite expected sex differences in maternal investment and pup behavior in response to food shortage, there were no sex-biased differences in response in either females or pups. As expected, the food shortage did not affect adult males since they migrate north during the non-breeding season where the environmental perturbation was less severe.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1987,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology"},"translated_abstract":"Observed changes in maternal investment due to an environmentally induced decrease in food supply (the 1983 El Niño-Southern Oscillation) are compared witha priori predictions for the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Changes in behavior, growth and mortality of off-spring were also examined. Data collected in the first two months postpartum for the years before (PRE), during (EN), and the two years after (POST1 and POST2) the 1983 El Niño indicate that females initiated postpartum feeding trips earlier during the food shortage, and spent more time away on individual feeding trips in both the El Niño year and the year after. Perinatal sex ratios (♀:♂) in the years PRE, EN, POST1 and POST2 were 1:1, 1.4:1, 1.1:1 and 1:1.4, respectively. Fewer copulations were observed during the El Niño year, but this difference was not statistically significant. Pups spent less time suckling in the food shortage year and the year following, but attempted to sneak suckle more. Pups were less active and played on land less in the El Niño and following year. Finally, maternal investment as measured by milk intake of offspring was decreased, pups grew more slowly, and suffered increased mortality during the food shortage year. Despite expected sex differences in maternal investment and pup behavior in response to food shortage, there were no sex-biased differences in response in either females or pups. As expected, the food shortage did not affect adult males since they migrate north during the non-breeding season where the environmental perturbation was less severe.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391954/The_effect_of_a_natural_environmental_disturbance_on_maternal_investment_and_pup_behavior_in_the_California_sea_lion","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:21.730-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800706,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800706/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"bf0239543820160804-14315-qq8fzx.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800706/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_effect_of_a_natural_environmental_di.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800706/bf0239543820160804-14315-qq8fzx-libre.pdf?1470357803=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_effect_of_a_natural_environmental_di.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851423\u0026Signature=Jkn7ldW8VDr5hDTDRPpbLUJBcXt0CGxwQzL7N3~H4kkQcGSb14MNaDUVdP8js~9z4V0yD~YQ~xw4bPHpV4hoxS67GtVMBV2du6jfTNXeEQez7z40f~hKt7KG6sOhkt84mz~GvaBt~sXRQaEIV4Oy871c1KJ~X3ZyIFOR7W0JI6SKsvrqJHrbGhgRVZghgLy-q5zqZZcyhzVVJx4JUWHiSc6QcY4nbC~ZwE9YQgl1UGMRitNjjq2Z4relWhN1Y92h802QVKJs7oqvJk7VXs3Qck~raPqv6DurLvbbkzj7ykr52g~C19o3rLbccttaOaMzZIBFbvgFGLi58nRk3M8bKg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_effect_of_a_natural_environmental_disturbance_on_maternal_investment_and_pup_behavior_in_the_California_sea_lion","translated_slug":"","page_count":10,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Observed changes in maternal investment due to an environmentally induced decrease in food supply (the 1983 El Niño-Southern Oscillation) are compared witha priori predictions for the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Changes in behavior, growth and mortality of off-spring were also examined. Data collected in the first two months postpartum for the years before (PRE), during (EN), and the two years after (POST1 and POST2) the 1983 El Niño indicate that females initiated postpartum feeding trips earlier during the food shortage, and spent more time away on individual feeding trips in both the El Niño year and the year after. Perinatal sex ratios (♀:♂) in the years PRE, EN, POST1 and POST2 were 1:1, 1.4:1, 1.1:1 and 1:1.4, respectively. Fewer copulations were observed during the El Niño year, but this difference was not statistically significant. Pups spent less time suckling in the food shortage year and the year following, but attempted to sneak suckle more. Pups were less active and played on land less in the El Niño and following year. Finally, maternal investment as measured by milk intake of offspring was decreased, pups grew more slowly, and suffered increased mortality during the food shortage year. Despite expected sex differences in maternal investment and pup behavior in response to food shortage, there were no sex-biased differences in response in either females or pups. As expected, the food shortage did not affect adult males since they migrate north during the non-breeding season where the environmental perturbation was less severe.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":47800706,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800706/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"bf0239543820160804-14315-qq8fzx.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800706/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_effect_of_a_natural_environmental_di.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800706/bf0239543820160804-14315-qq8fzx-libre.pdf?1470357803=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_effect_of_a_natural_environmental_di.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851423\u0026Signature=Jkn7ldW8VDr5hDTDRPpbLUJBcXt0CGxwQzL7N3~H4kkQcGSb14MNaDUVdP8js~9z4V0yD~YQ~xw4bPHpV4hoxS67GtVMBV2du6jfTNXeEQez7z40f~hKt7KG6sOhkt84mz~GvaBt~sXRQaEIV4Oy871c1KJ~X3ZyIFOR7W0JI6SKsvrqJHrbGhgRVZghgLy-q5zqZZcyhzVVJx4JUWHiSc6QcY4nbC~ZwE9YQgl1UGMRitNjjq2Z4relWhN1Y92h802QVKJs7oqvJk7VXs3Qck~raPqv6DurLvbbkzj7ykr52g~C19o3rLbccttaOaMzZIBFbvgFGLi58nRk3M8bKg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences"},{"id":75509,"name":"Sex Difference","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sex_Difference"},{"id":81558,"name":"Food supply","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_supply"},{"id":90987,"name":"Sex ratio","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sex_ratio"},{"id":125564,"name":"Statistical Significance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_Significance"},{"id":153168,"name":"Data Collection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Collection"},{"id":892124,"name":"Southern Oscillation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southern_Oscillation"},{"id":1069085,"name":"California Sea Lion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/California_Sea_Lion"},{"id":1266164,"name":"Maternal Investment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maternal_Investment"},{"id":2452539,"name":"Breeding season","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Breeding_season"}],"urls":[{"id":3870205,"url":"http://www.springerlink.com/index/rg00477116121881.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391954-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391953"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391953/Preliminary_observations_on_the_relationship_of_calcium_ingestion_to_vitamin_D_status_in_the_green_iguana_Iguana_iguana"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Preliminary observations on the relationship of calcium ingestion to vitamin D status in the green iguana (Iguana iguana" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Preliminary observations on the relationship of calcium ingestion to vitamin D status in the green iguana (Iguana iguana</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Zoo Biology</span><span>, 1997</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT We hypothesized the vitamin D-deficient green iguanas with depleted calcium stores would...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT We hypothesized the vitamin D-deficient green iguanas with depleted calcium stores would seek to augment calcium intake by self-selection of a high calcium source. Eight green iguanas were offered free-choice ground oystershell in addition to their regular diet. Of these, two had not been exposed to ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation for &amp;gt; 5 years and were demonstrated to be vitamin D-deficient by low circulating levels of the principal vitamin D metabolite, calcidiol (25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol). The six others had been exposed to a UV-B emitting bulb for the previous 3 years and had high circulating calcidiol levels. Average daily food intake (expressed as dry matter per kg body mass) did not differ between the Low-D and High-D iguanas. The daily oystershell intake of the Low-D iguanas (0.02–0.03 g/kg) was lower than that of the High-D iguanas (0.06–0.70 g/kg), leading to a significant difference in calcium intake. The failure of iguanas to increase calcium intake in response to vitamin D-deficiency was puzzling and suggests that vitamin D, as a steroid hormone, may play some role in the expression of calcium appetite. Zoo Biol 16:201–207, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391953"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391953"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391953; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391953]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391953]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391953; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391953']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391953]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391953,"title":"Preliminary observations on the relationship of calcium ingestion to vitamin D status in the green iguana (Iguana iguana","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"ABSTRACT We hypothesized the vitamin D-deficient green iguanas with depleted calcium stores would seek to augment calcium intake by self-selection of a high calcium source. Eight green iguanas were offered free-choice ground oystershell in addition to their regular diet. Of these, two had not been exposed to ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation for \u0026amp;gt; 5 years and were demonstrated to be vitamin D-deficient by low circulating levels of the principal vitamin D metabolite, calcidiol (25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol). The six others had been exposed to a UV-B emitting bulb for the previous 3 years and had high circulating calcidiol levels. Average daily food intake (expressed as dry matter per kg body mass) did not differ between the Low-D and High-D iguanas. The daily oystershell intake of the Low-D iguanas (0.02–0.03 g/kg) was lower than that of the High-D iguanas (0.06–0.70 g/kg), leading to a significant difference in calcium intake. The failure of iguanas to increase calcium intake in response to vitamin D-deficiency was puzzling and suggests that vitamin D, as a steroid hormone, may play some role in the expression of calcium appetite. Zoo Biol 16:201–207, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1997,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Zoo Biology"},"translated_abstract":"ABSTRACT We hypothesized the vitamin D-deficient green iguanas with depleted calcium stores would seek to augment calcium intake by self-selection of a high calcium source. Eight green iguanas were offered free-choice ground oystershell in addition to their regular diet. Of these, two had not been exposed to ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation for \u0026amp;gt; 5 years and were demonstrated to be vitamin D-deficient by low circulating levels of the principal vitamin D metabolite, calcidiol (25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol). The six others had been exposed to a UV-B emitting bulb for the previous 3 years and had high circulating calcidiol levels. Average daily food intake (expressed as dry matter per kg body mass) did not differ between the Low-D and High-D iguanas. The daily oystershell intake of the Low-D iguanas (0.02–0.03 g/kg) was lower than that of the High-D iguanas (0.06–0.70 g/kg), leading to a significant difference in calcium intake. The failure of iguanas to increase calcium intake in response to vitamin D-deficiency was puzzling and suggests that vitamin D, as a steroid hormone, may play some role in the expression of calcium appetite. Zoo Biol 16:201–207, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391953/Preliminary_observations_on_the_relationship_of_calcium_ingestion_to_vitamin_D_status_in_the_green_iguana_Iguana_iguana","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:20.362-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Preliminary_observations_on_the_relationship_of_calcium_ingestion_to_vitamin_D_status_in_the_green_iguana_Iguana_iguana","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"ABSTRACT We hypothesized the vitamin D-deficient green iguanas with depleted calcium stores would seek to augment calcium intake by self-selection of a high calcium source. Eight green iguanas were offered free-choice ground oystershell in addition to their regular diet. Of these, two had not been exposed to ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation for \u0026amp;gt; 5 years and were demonstrated to be vitamin D-deficient by low circulating levels of the principal vitamin D metabolite, calcidiol (25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol). The six others had been exposed to a UV-B emitting bulb for the previous 3 years and had high circulating calcidiol levels. Average daily food intake (expressed as dry matter per kg body mass) did not differ between the Low-D and High-D iguanas. The daily oystershell intake of the Low-D iguanas (0.02–0.03 g/kg) was lower than that of the High-D iguanas (0.06–0.70 g/kg), leading to a significant difference in calcium intake. The failure of iguanas to increase calcium intake in response to vitamin D-deficiency was puzzling and suggests that vitamin D, as a steroid hormone, may play some role in the expression of calcium appetite. Zoo Biol 16:201–207, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology"},{"id":49037,"name":"Zoo Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoo_Biology"},{"id":644860,"name":"Veterinary Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":3870204,"url":"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/%2528SICI%25291098-2361%25281997%252916%253A3%253C201%253A%253AAID-ZOO1%253E3.0.CO%253B2-E"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391953-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391950"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391950/Lactation_in_the_Horse_Milk_Composition_and_Intake_by_Foals"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Lactation in the Horse: Milk Composition and Intake by Foals" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/35640899/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391950/Lactation_in_the_Horse_Milk_Composition_and_Intake_by_Foals">Lactation in the Horse: Milk Composition and Intake by Foals</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Milk samples averaging 500 ml were collected weekly from 10 to 54 days postpartum from five lacta...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Milk samples averaging 500 ml were collected weekly from 10 to 54 days postpartum from five lactating mares. Samples were obtained by hand milking after oxytocin administration and while the foal nursed. Dry matter, protein and gross energy were higher in samples obtained at 10 and 17 days postpartum than those ob tained during the midlactation period of 24-54 days. Midlactation samples averaged 10.5% dry matter, 1.29% fat, 1.93% protein, 6.91% sugar and 50.6 kcal/100 g. Protein comprised 22% of milk energy. Milk intake was estimated in five foals from deuterium oxide (D2O) turnover to be 16, 15 and 18 kg/day at 11, 25 and 39 days postpartum. Milk intake differed significantly among foals and at the various postpartum ages, whether intake was expressed as a daily amount, as a percent of foal body weight, per kilogram0 75or per gram of foal body weight gain. Milk production was equivalent to 3.1% of the mare's body weight at 11 days postpartum, 2.9% at 25 days and 3.4% at 39 days. On the basis of metabolic body size milk output by the mare was 149 g/kgÂ°75, 139 g/kgÂ°" and 163 g/kgÂ°7Sat 11, 25 and 39 days postpartum, respectively. Nutrient intakes by foals were calculated from milk composition and intake data. At 11, 25 and 39 days postpartum, respectively, dry matter intake equaled 3.1, 2.1 and 2.0% of foal body weight, and daily gross energy intake was 9380, 7590 and 8910 kcal. For each gram of body weight gain, foals ingested 0.37 g protein and 8.3 kcal at 11 days, 0.26 g protein and 6.7 kcal at 25 days, and 0.30 g protein and 7.8 kcal at 39 days of age.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f6c7fb9fea6765cc6eb3306a986c7650" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":35640899,"asset_id":9391950,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35640899/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391950"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391950"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391950; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391950]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391950]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391950; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391950']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f6c7fb9fea6765cc6eb3306a986c7650" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391950]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391950,"title":"Lactation in the Horse: Milk Composition and Intake by Foals","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Milk samples averaging 500 ml were collected weekly from 10 to 54 days postpartum from five lactating mares. Samples were obtained by hand milking after oxytocin administration and while the foal nursed. Dry matter, protein and gross energy were higher in samples obtained at 10 and 17 days postpartum than those ob tained during the midlactation period of 24-54 days. Midlactation samples averaged 10.5% dry matter, 1.29% fat, 1.93% protein, 6.91% sugar and 50.6 kcal/100 g. Protein comprised 22% of milk energy. Milk intake was estimated in five foals from deuterium oxide (D2O) turnover to be 16, 15 and 18 kg/day at 11, 25 and 39 days postpartum. Milk intake differed significantly among foals and at the various postpartum ages, whether intake was expressed as a daily amount, as a percent of foal body weight, per kilogram0 75or per gram of foal body weight gain. Milk production was equivalent to 3.1% of the mare's body weight at 11 days postpartum, 2.9% at 25 days and 3.4% at 39 days. On the basis of metabolic body size milk output by the mare was 149 g/kgÂ°75, 139 g/kgÂ°\" and 163 g/kgÂ°7Sat 11, 25 and 39 days postpartum, respectively. Nutrient intakes by foals were calculated from milk composition and intake data. At 11, 25 and 39 days postpartum, respectively, dry matter intake equaled 3.1, 2.1 and 2.0% of foal body weight, and daily gross energy intake was 9380, 7590 and 8910 kcal. For each gram of body weight gain, foals ingested 0.37 g protein and 8.3 kcal at 11 days, 0.26 g protein and 6.7 kcal at 25 days, and 0.30 g protein and 7.8 kcal at 39 days of age.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":35640899},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391950/Lactation_in_the_Horse_Milk_Composition_and_Intake_by_Foals","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:17.018-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35640899,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/35640899/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2096.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35640899/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Lactation_in_the_Horse_Milk_Composition.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/35640899/2096-libre.pdf?1416400199=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLactation_in_the_Horse_Milk_Composition.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851424\u0026Signature=P4ZR5NU0XhicwOJtqmAjE36XWhQ1TV1FzpkGxCtG8Lfa3DZ22TzmJexgye5V3NKuR3KWZoydBBZGH0K1SlBrmBjVXG2fA8-4AOtTaaMibABluK~drDJafyiFkuM1tK0B9q~in5pZr-CliwGE7Zwsu8AQ9kgb5FSLjrVa6lbhHV1k9LSdxwmlwxN-WteemGScbRUYfATsndiAyFEyvfWT6wbCeCIVcg-QRypksGTbkN43tHxMj1t5g4WHdJx6VlP6fvlVHDrllVLJjHTGlHuPtNTeBsAT2IVwCIFLiXLDPykByje5IWRbO6lQjE~G0wcUJaVcQiq2oKzOcmk-MjcBaQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Lactation_in_the_Horse_Milk_Composition_and_Intake_by_Foals","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Milk samples averaging 500 ml were collected weekly from 10 to 54 days postpartum from five lactating mares. Samples were obtained by hand milking after oxytocin administration and while the foal nursed. Dry matter, protein and gross energy were higher in samples obtained at 10 and 17 days postpartum than those ob tained during the midlactation period of 24-54 days. Midlactation samples averaged 10.5% dry matter, 1.29% fat, 1.93% protein, 6.91% sugar and 50.6 kcal/100 g. Protein comprised 22% of milk energy. Milk intake was estimated in five foals from deuterium oxide (D2O) turnover to be 16, 15 and 18 kg/day at 11, 25 and 39 days postpartum. Milk intake differed significantly among foals and at the various postpartum ages, whether intake was expressed as a daily amount, as a percent of foal body weight, per kilogram0 75or per gram of foal body weight gain. Milk production was equivalent to 3.1% of the mare's body weight at 11 days postpartum, 2.9% at 25 days and 3.4% at 39 days. On the basis of metabolic body size milk output by the mare was 149 g/kgÂ°75, 139 g/kgÂ°\" and 163 g/kgÂ°7Sat 11, 25 and 39 days postpartum, respectively. Nutrient intakes by foals were calculated from milk composition and intake data. At 11, 25 and 39 days postpartum, respectively, dry matter intake equaled 3.1, 2.1 and 2.0% of foal body weight, and daily gross energy intake was 9380, 7590 and 8910 kcal. For each gram of body weight gain, foals ingested 0.37 g protein and 8.3 kcal at 11 days, 0.26 g protein and 6.7 kcal at 25 days, and 0.30 g protein and 7.8 kcal at 39 days of age.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":35640899,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/35640899/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2096.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35640899/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Lactation_in_the_Horse_Milk_Composition.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/35640899/2096-libre.pdf?1416400199=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLactation_in_the_Horse_Milk_Composition.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851424\u0026Signature=P4ZR5NU0XhicwOJtqmAjE36XWhQ1TV1FzpkGxCtG8Lfa3DZ22TzmJexgye5V3NKuR3KWZoydBBZGH0K1SlBrmBjVXG2fA8-4AOtTaaMibABluK~drDJafyiFkuM1tK0B9q~in5pZr-CliwGE7Zwsu8AQ9kgb5FSLjrVa6lbhHV1k9LSdxwmlwxN-WteemGScbRUYfATsndiAyFEyvfWT6wbCeCIVcg-QRypksGTbkN43tHxMj1t5g4WHdJx6VlP6fvlVHDrllVLJjHTGlHuPtNTeBsAT2IVwCIFLiXLDPykByje5IWRbO6lQjE~G0wcUJaVcQiq2oKzOcmk-MjcBaQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":35640898,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/35640898/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2096.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35640898/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Lactation_in_the_Horse_Milk_Composition.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/35640898/2096-libre.pdf?1416400199=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLactation_in_the_Horse_Milk_Composition.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851424\u0026Signature=Jl0G4n~-P5aMGQ-mroVMH9WNTu6Fob4IPNqEJbxm5jTBeQOZ--YByXac14-xWubaaKtXqNvl30jSUs6dywfNi4jrbgxDS7HPAFmNsCcZ3knsN0F~zBEK-ztmYkSnohmKQlvUdHNIruSz6GT4nY9dkWLSdxbnUreGwQ0kxQWyLq5jBRmRoYkh1cSMv82TzxTlya72~j3D9jBNfP4VHzjdHK-rGfcGOZm-OzjxLhkGLCCZZxZ7j8pPDoaf5Tx8ry3be~aVOyR0n3bG0aAnbdysL7hbn3jR-4mfQ51WJv4wfOASN9vWNcc7JKJ7WcRBaO2d-Bqj9Vq36d55TEo8Ufpa4w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":591,"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition_and_Dietetics"},{"id":19826,"name":"Lactation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lactation"},{"id":29980,"name":"Animal Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Production"},{"id":52055,"name":"Lipids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipids"},{"id":53735,"name":"Oxytocin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxytocin"},{"id":62550,"name":"Pregnancy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pregnancy"},{"id":164264,"name":"Body Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Size"},{"id":168196,"name":"Horses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Horses"},{"id":205742,"name":"Milk products","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk_products"},{"id":218820,"name":"Eating","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eating"},{"id":238368,"name":"Milk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk"},{"id":564878,"name":"Body Weight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Weight"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences"},{"id":609249,"name":"CARBOHYDRATES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CARBOHYDRATES"},{"id":749302,"name":"Indexation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indexation"},{"id":780543,"name":"G protein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/G_protein"},{"id":953277,"name":"Dry Matter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dry_Matter"},{"id":1429376,"name":"Milk Composition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk_Composition"},{"id":1885346,"name":"Milk proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk_proteins"},{"id":2183171,"name":"Nutrient Intake","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrient_Intake"}],"urls":[{"id":3870201,"url":"http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/113/10/2096.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391950-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391947"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391947/The_Mammary_Gland_and_Its_Origin_During_Synapsid_Evolution"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Mammary Gland and Its Origin During Synapsid Evolution" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800718/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391947/The_Mammary_Gland_and_Its_Origin_During_Synapsid_Evolution">The Mammary Gland and Its Origin During Synapsid Evolution</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia</span><span>, 2002</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Lactation appears to be an ancient reproductive trait that predates the origin of mammals. The sy...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Lactation appears to be an ancient reproductive trait that predates the origin of mammals. The synapsid branch of the amniote tree that separated from other taxa in the Pennsylvanian (>310 million years ago) evolved a glandular rather than scaled integument. Repeated radiations of synapsids produced a gradual accrual of mammalian features. The mammary gland apparently derives from an ancestral apocrine-like gland that was associated with hair follicles. This association is retained by monotreme mammary glands and is evident as vestigial mammary hair during early ontogenetic development of marsupials. The dense cluster of mammo-pilo-sebaceous units that open onto a nipple-less mammary patch in monotremes may reflect a structure that evolved to provide moisture and other constituents to permeable eggs. Mammary patch secretions were coopted to provide nutrients to hatchlings, but some constituents including lactose may have been secreted by ancestral apocrine-like glands in early synapsids. Advanced Triassic therapsids, such as cynodonts, almost certainly secreted complex, nutrient-rich milk, allowing a progressive decline in egg size and an increasingly altricial state of the young at hatching. This is indicated by the very small body size, presence of epipubic bones, and limited tooth replacement in advanced cynodonts and early mammaliaforms. Nipples that arose from the mammary patch rendered mammary hairs obsolete, while placental structures have allowed lactation to be truncated in living eutherians.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-9391947-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-9391947-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/17271787/figure-1-the-mammary-gland-and-its-origin-during-synapsid"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800718/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/17271800/figure-2-diagrammatic-representation-of-sequential"><img alt="Fig. 2. A diagrammatic representation of sequential radiations beginning with Amniota (I) and concluding with Mammalia (VI). Note that each successive radiating clade derives from, and is a subset of, the preceding clade; both Synapsida and Sauropsida are subsets of Amniota (1). The figure illustrates some major and notable representatives of each radiation (as indicated by dashed radiating lines), but omits a number of taxa. The bold horizontal lines indicate the appearance and approximate duration of each taxon in the fossil record. Geologic ages and the end-Permian massive extinction (vertical dotted line) are indicated above the x-axis. The inclusion of turtles within Parareptilia is controversial. [Information primarily from Refs. 29-31 and 33-37] " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800718/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/17271804/figure-3-skulls-representing-successive-synapsid-radiations"><img alt="Fig. 3. Skulls representing successive synapsid radiations. (A) A basal synapsid, Eothyris, of the early Permian. Note the temporal fenestra (window or opening) behind the orbit. (B) A biarmosuchid therapsid, Biarmosuchus, of the late Permian. Note the increased size of the anterior bone (dentary) in the lower jaw. (C) A thrinaxodontid cynodont, Thrinaxodon, of the early Triassic. Note the large posterio-dorsal projection of the dentary as a coronoid process (cor pr) for muscle attachment. (D) A mammaliaform, Morganucodon, of the early Jurassic. Note the dentary-squamosal jaw articulation (sq-den jt) and the complex dentition. Skulls not to scale. Abbreviations: art, articular; cor pr, coronoid process of dentary; fr, frontal; j, jugal; lac, lacrimal; mass, fosseter for masseter muscle attachment; m1, first lowar molar; mus, facet for adductor muscle attachment; mx, maxillary; n, nasal; pmx, premaxillary; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; prf, prefrontal; q, quadrate, qj, quadratojugal; ref lam, reflected lamina; sq, squamosal; sq-den jt, squamosal-dentary jaw joint. [Modified from Hopson (34)] " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800718/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/17271812/figure-4-schematic-view-of-early-mammary-development-in-mar"><img alt="Fig. 4. A schematic view of early mammary development in mar- supials that undergo nipple eversion, as interpreted by Bresslau (17,18). (A) Nipple primordium, prior to sprouting. (B) Elonga- tion of the nipple primordium, with emergence of primary sprouts (I) that will become hair follicles, and secondary buds (II) that will become mammary lobules; note development of cornified horny plug (hp). (C) Hollowed-out “nipple pouch” with mam- mary hairs emerging from hair follicles (I), growth of mammary glands (II), and appearance of tertiary buds (III) that represent sebaceous glands. (D) Everted nipple, after regression of the hair follicle and shedding of the mammary hair; note that the illustrated galactophores in the nipple derive one-to-one from mammo-pilo- sebaceous units, and that sebaceous glands (III) may still be present. [From Bresslau (17)] " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800718/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/17271816/table-1-reference-list-of-taxonomic-and-specialized-terms"><img alt="Table I. Reference List of Taxonomic and Specialized Terms Used in This Review " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800718/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/17271830/table-2-ii-theories-on-the-origin-of-lactation"><img alt="Table II. Theories on the Origin of Lactation " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800718/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/17271841/table-3-parenthetical-statements-refer-to-specific-taxonomic"><img alt="“ Parenthetical statements refer to specific taxonomic groups: A= Artiodactyla, C=Cetacea, E=Eutheria, H=Hominidae, M: Marsupialia, Mo = Monotremata, Pe = Perissodactyla, Pr = Primates. Information primarily from the following Refs.: 14,18,84,88,91,9- 96-99. 6 For present purposes, lipid secretion considered to be apocrine (93), but see text for discussion. Table III. Comparison of Features of Mammalian Skin Glands " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800718/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-9391947-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="35cbd4f95c4630618e1e2b60074c5ef0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47800718,"asset_id":9391947,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800718/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391947"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391947"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391947; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391947]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391947]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391947; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391947']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "35cbd4f95c4630618e1e2b60074c5ef0" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391947]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391947,"title":"The Mammary Gland and Its Origin During Synapsid Evolution","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Lactation appears to be an ancient reproductive trait that predates the origin of mammals. The synapsid branch of the amniote tree that separated from other taxa in the Pennsylvanian (\u003e310 million years ago) evolved a glandular rather than scaled integument. Repeated radiations of synapsids produced a gradual accrual of mammalian features. The mammary gland apparently derives from an ancestral apocrine-like gland that was associated with hair follicles. This association is retained by monotreme mammary glands and is evident as vestigial mammary hair during early ontogenetic development of marsupials. The dense cluster of mammo-pilo-sebaceous units that open onto a nipple-less mammary patch in monotremes may reflect a structure that evolved to provide moisture and other constituents to permeable eggs. Mammary patch secretions were coopted to provide nutrients to hatchlings, but some constituents including lactose may have been secreted by ancestral apocrine-like glands in early synapsids. Advanced Triassic therapsids, such as cynodonts, almost certainly secreted complex, nutrient-rich milk, allowing a progressive decline in egg size and an increasingly altricial state of the young at hatching. This is indicated by the very small body size, presence of epipubic bones, and limited tooth replacement in advanced cynodonts and early mammaliaforms. Nipples that arose from the mammary patch rendered mammary hairs obsolete, while placental structures have allowed lactation to be truncated in living eutherians.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2002,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia"},"translated_abstract":"Lactation appears to be an ancient reproductive trait that predates the origin of mammals. The synapsid branch of the amniote tree that separated from other taxa in the Pennsylvanian (\u003e310 million years ago) evolved a glandular rather than scaled integument. Repeated radiations of synapsids produced a gradual accrual of mammalian features. The mammary gland apparently derives from an ancestral apocrine-like gland that was associated with hair follicles. This association is retained by monotreme mammary glands and is evident as vestigial mammary hair during early ontogenetic development of marsupials. The dense cluster of mammo-pilo-sebaceous units that open onto a nipple-less mammary patch in monotremes may reflect a structure that evolved to provide moisture and other constituents to permeable eggs. Mammary patch secretions were coopted to provide nutrients to hatchlings, but some constituents including lactose may have been secreted by ancestral apocrine-like glands in early synapsids. Advanced Triassic therapsids, such as cynodonts, almost certainly secreted complex, nutrient-rich milk, allowing a progressive decline in egg size and an increasingly altricial state of the young at hatching. This is indicated by the very small body size, presence of epipubic bones, and limited tooth replacement in advanced cynodonts and early mammaliaforms. Nipples that arose from the mammary patch rendered mammary hairs obsolete, while placental structures have allowed lactation to be truncated in living eutherians.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391947/The_Mammary_Gland_and_Its_Origin_During_Synapsid_Evolution","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:15.977-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800718,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800718/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Oftedal_OTThe_mammary_gland_and_its_orig20160804-24153-xotjwt.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800718/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Mammary_Gland_and_Its_Origin_During.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800718/Oftedal_OTThe_mammary_gland_and_its_orig20160804-24153-xotjwt-libre.pdf?1470357802=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Mammary_Gland_and_Its_Origin_During.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851424\u0026Signature=FsDNhD3y8rKAcuxl29g5-k22EJwj2n4SPmZxQhWP835dhnORrOuG8aAIRGrIee2ms4ZpwteBScrQ~i7ZqxvZpJsBN8d1W6B0uKQg~luuIaU1Gc1Id5r9h0e5mcXtEQoUQJO55dArrcD20qzPM6L9kuHeZfVcaz~psiBbPvv8LLKmROfVUBqJpgjhWKxv9ZgflDv~FFUP2NF~XKbHLdyPDpUG3N5EhpOdPVJrwdXuUfiqt2bIjveoxonWguZHLONXncG6W519dwJ0zFSBz0Tdxxwj8EDv30td0JPy9slIftHNk3Cx5QDFwhmdC3WHlk8yavSRKipa~olglUlSVziQMQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_Mammary_Gland_and_Its_Origin_During_Synapsid_Evolution","translated_slug":"","page_count":28,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Lactation appears to be an ancient reproductive trait that predates the origin of mammals. The synapsid branch of the amniote tree that separated from other taxa in the Pennsylvanian (\u003e310 million years ago) evolved a glandular rather than scaled integument. Repeated radiations of synapsids produced a gradual accrual of mammalian features. The mammary gland apparently derives from an ancestral apocrine-like gland that was associated with hair follicles. This association is retained by monotreme mammary glands and is evident as vestigial mammary hair during early ontogenetic development of marsupials. The dense cluster of mammo-pilo-sebaceous units that open onto a nipple-less mammary patch in monotremes may reflect a structure that evolved to provide moisture and other constituents to permeable eggs. Mammary patch secretions were coopted to provide nutrients to hatchlings, but some constituents including lactose may have been secreted by ancestral apocrine-like glands in early synapsids. Advanced Triassic therapsids, such as cynodonts, almost certainly secreted complex, nutrient-rich milk, allowing a progressive decline in egg size and an increasingly altricial state of the young at hatching. This is indicated by the very small body size, presence of epipubic bones, and limited tooth replacement in advanced cynodonts and early mammaliaforms. Nipples that arose from the mammary patch rendered mammary hairs obsolete, while placental structures have allowed lactation to be truncated in living eutherians.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":47800718,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800718/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Oftedal_OTThe_mammary_gland_and_its_orig20160804-24153-xotjwt.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800718/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Mammary_Gland_and_Its_Origin_During.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800718/Oftedal_OTThe_mammary_gland_and_its_orig20160804-24153-xotjwt-libre.pdf?1470357802=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Mammary_Gland_and_Its_Origin_During.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851424\u0026Signature=FsDNhD3y8rKAcuxl29g5-k22EJwj2n4SPmZxQhWP835dhnORrOuG8aAIRGrIee2ms4ZpwteBScrQ~i7ZqxvZpJsBN8d1W6B0uKQg~luuIaU1Gc1Id5r9h0e5mcXtEQoUQJO55dArrcD20qzPM6L9kuHeZfVcaz~psiBbPvv8LLKmROfVUBqJpgjhWKxv9ZgflDv~FFUP2NF~XKbHLdyPDpUG3N5EhpOdPVJrwdXuUfiqt2bIjveoxonWguZHLONXncG6W519dwJ0zFSBz0Tdxxwj8EDv30td0JPy9slIftHNk3Cx5QDFwhmdC3WHlk8yavSRKipa~olglUlSVziQMQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7076,"name":"Taxonomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taxonomy"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution"},{"id":19826,"name":"Lactation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lactation"},{"id":41779,"name":"Mammals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mammals"},{"id":54433,"name":"Phylogeny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny"},{"id":191815,"name":"Biological evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_evolution"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences"},{"id":965094,"name":"Origin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Origin"}],"urls":[{"id":3870198,"url":"http://www.springerlink.com/index/u03457rt3674356k.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391947-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391945"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391945/Lactation_in_Whales_and_Dolphins_Evidence_of_Divergence_Between_Baleen_and_Toothed_Species"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Lactation in Whales and Dolphins: Evidence of Divergence Between Baleen and Toothed-Species" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800705/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391945/Lactation_in_Whales_and_Dolphins_Evidence_of_Divergence_Between_Baleen_and_Toothed_Species">Lactation in Whales and Dolphins: Evidence of Divergence Between Baleen and Toothed-Species</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia</span><span>, 1997</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Although it has been more than one hundred years since the first publication on the milks of whal...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Although it has been more than one hundred years since the first publication on the milks of whales and dolphins (Order Cetacea), information on lactation in these species is scattered and fragmentary. Yet the immense size of some cetaceans, and the recent evidence that another group of marine mammals, the true seals, have remarkable rates of secretion of milk fat and energy, make this group of great comparative interest. In this paper information on lactation patterns, milk composition and lactation performance is reviewed. Two very different patterns are evident. Many of the baleen whales (Suborder Mysticeti) have relatively brief lactations (5–7 months) during which they fast or eat relatively little. At mid-lactation they produce milks relatively low in water (40–53%), high in fat (30–50%), and moderately high in protein (9–15%) and ash (1.2–2.1%). From mammary gland weights and postnatal growth rates, it is predicted that their energy outputs in milk are exceptional, reaching on the order of 4000 MJ/d in the blue whale. This is possible because pregnant females migrate to feeding grounds where they can ingest and deposit great amounts of energy, building up blubber stores prior to parturition. On the other hand, the toothed whales and dolphins (Suborder Odontoceti) have much more extensive lactations typically lasting 1–3 years, during which the mothers feed. At mid-lactation their milks appear to be higher in water (60–77%) and lower in fat (10–30%) and ash (0.6–1.1%), with similar levels of protein (8–11%). At least some odontocetes resemble primates in terms of low predicted rates of energy output and a long period of dependency of the young. However, these hypotheses are based on small numbers of samples for a relatively small number of species. Much of the available data on milk composition is of rather poor quality; for example, it is not possible to determine if milk composition changes over the course of lactation among odontocetes. Additional research on cetacean mammary glands and their secretions is needed to understand the reproductive strategies of these fascinating animals.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-9391945-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-9391945-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261306/figure-1-dwarf-sperm-whale-kogia-simus-calf-being-offered"><img alt="Fig. 1. A dwarf sperm whale (Kogia simus) calf being offered milk formula. This 112 cm male stranded with its presumed mother (catalogue no. 550482, Marine Mammal Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Insitution) at Virginia Beach, Virginia on September 21, 1985. The mother weighed 155 kg, measured 213 cm from tip of snout to notch in the flukes, and provided two samples for the present review: fresh milk and a mammary gland. Unfortunately the calf did not survive. Photograph by Matthew Hare, courtesy of the Smithsonian Marine Mammal Program. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261307/figure-2-frequency-distribution-of-the-reported-fat"><img alt="Fig. 2. A frequency distribution of the reported fat concentrations for four species of baleen whales (Order Mysticeti), The sources for the data are indicated by species in Appendix I. All data were included except the analyses of minke whale samples collected in 1971 (35) as these appear to be in error (see text). Although cetacean milks are commonly thought to be high in fat, even a cursory view indicates tremen- dous variability within species of baleen whales (Fig. 2). Variability in fat concentration is also obvious in those few odontocetes for which a number of sam- ples have been analyzed, specifically bottlenose dol- phins, spotted dolphins and sperm whales (Appendix " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261308/figure-3-changes-in-milk-fat-concentration-in-southern"><img alt="Fig. 3. Changes in milk fat concentration in southern elephant seals according to stage of lactation. Four studies are indicated for three different Antarctic or subantarctic islands: Macquarie Island at 54°S, 159°E (75, 78), South Georgia Island at 45°S 37°W (76) and King George Island at 62°S, 58°W (77). The dotted lines indicate a terminal drop in fat that is probably associated with cessation of suckling and mammary involution. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261309/figure-4-the-composition-of-milk-according-to-estimated"><img alt="Fig. 4. The composition of milk according to estimated stage of lactation for the humpback whale. Month of lactation was estimated from the difference between the date of sample collection and the midpoint of the time of peak calving (Table II), Least-squares quadratic regression lines for the monthly means had r° values of 0.87, 0,91, and 0.77 for water, fat and ash for humpback whales. The error bars represent SEM. Sources for the data are listed in Appendix I. Lactation in Whales and Dolphins " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261310/figure-5-fat-concentrations-in-milks-of-cetacean-species-for"><img alt="Fig. 5. Fat concentrations in milks of 16 cetacean species for which 1-4 samples have been assayed. Each point represents one analysis, and the horizontal lines encompass the range. The very low fat concentrations in bowhead whale and Dall’s porpoise are for prepar- tum samples. Sources for the data are listed in Appendix I. Lactation in Whales and Dolphins " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261312/figure-6-comparison-of-ash-concentrations-in-the-milks-of"><img alt="Fig. 6. Comparison of ash concentrations in the milks of mysticetes and odontocetes. Within each suborder, each point represents the mean value for one species, the horizontal line is the mean of all species and the box encloses the 95% confidence interval of this overall mean. Sources for the data are listed in Appendix I. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261313/figure-7-mammary-gland-mass-mgm-all-glands-combined-plotted"><img alt="Fig. 7. Mammary gland mass (MGM, all glands combined) plotted against body mass (BM) on a logarthmicyo scale. Solid circles represent terrestrial mammals, after Linzell (1972). Open circles represent phocids (harbor seal, hooded seal and Weddell seal) (15, 59). Open squares are number-coded cetaceans. The MGM of spe- cies with asterisks were calculated from linear gland dimensions (see text). The regression equations are: terrestrial mammals, Log MGM (kg) = 0.886*log BM (kg)—1.338, r = 0.990; cetaceans, Log MGM = 0.902*log BM—1.965, r? = 0.983. Lactation in Whales and Dolphins " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261314/table-1-taxonomic-binomials-of-cetaceans-and-pinnipeds"><img alt="Table I. Taxonomic Binomials of Cetaceans and Pinnipeds " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261315/table-2-ii-lactation-patterns-in-baleen-whales-birth-peaks"><img alt="Table II. Lactation Patterns in Baleen Whales “ Birth peaks are listed separately for the northern (N) and southern (S) hemispheres; these are usually offset by about 6 months. ® Information on food intake by suckling calves is spotty; untess other information is available, the time of arrival at the feeding ground: is considered the time of first major consumption of solid foods. © Refer to Reference list. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261316/table-3-iii-lactation-patterns-in-odontocetes-persistent"><img alt="Table III. Lactation Patterns in Odontocetes persistent suckling attempts of 6-month-old orphaned calves (49); these females had not been pregnant for at least 11 and 24 years, respectively. One calf survived with no other source of nutrients for five months and was then successfully weaned. If induced lactation or fostering occurs in pilot whales or other delphinids in the wild, it would obviously undermine estimates of lactation length based on calf age. age range studied, from about 0 to 12 years. This improbable finding was based on elution of alcoholic extracts of gastric contents on thin-layer silica gel plates, and comparison of visualized spots to lactose, glucose and galactose standards. Unfortunately, no details were given on the numbers or mobilities of other eluting compounds, and no tests were made on partially digested squid to determine if other mono- or disaccharides, from hydrolysis of chitin or other complex carbohydrates, might overlap with and con- found the identification of lactose. Further work is needed to validate this method. Other females in the “nursing school” attend a calf when its mother makes deep dives to feed, but whether this care includes communal nursing is not known. A willingness of females to nurse other and older calves could explain the presence of milk in juveniles. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261317/table-4-iv-the-gross-composition-of-cetacean-milks-at-about"><img alt="Table IV. The Gross Composition of Cetacean Milks at About Mid-Lactation® Oftedal " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261318/table-5-see-for-scientific-names-appendix-for-sampling"><img alt="“ See Table I for scientific names, Appendix I for sampling details and text for discussion of analytical problems. » Postweaning time of collection suggested but not confirmed by investigators. Table V. Examples of Prepartum and Postweaning Mammary Contents in Cetaceans? Most odontocetes appear to lactate for 1.5-3 years, but solid food intake begins much earlier. In the smaller species of delphinids, such as spotted, striped and bottlenose dolphins, first substantial solid food intake occurs at about 3-6 months, but in larger odon- tocete species such as pilot, beluga and sperm whales substantial solid food intake may not occur until 9-12 months (Table III). Thus, mid-lactation appears to occur around 3-12 months, depending on species. Calves of the harbor porpoise apparently become inde- pendent even earlier, and it is possible that peak lacta- tion may occur as early as 2-3 months postpartum. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/table_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261319/table-6-vi-analyses-of-sugars-in-cetacean-milks-see-oftedal"><img alt="Table VI. Analyses of Sugars in Cetacean Milks 4 See Oftedal and Iverson (63) for discussion of methods of analysis. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/table_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261320/table-7-number-of-samples-analyzed-refer-to-reference-list"><img alt="“ N = Number of samples analyzed. ® Refer to Reference list. ¢ One sample of soured milk and one sample at weaning excl Table VII. Nitrogenous Constituents in Cetacean Milks " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/table_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261321/table-8-numbers-in-italics-are-suspect-because-of-outdated"><img alt="« Numbers in italics are suspect because of outdated methodologies; N = Number of samples analyzec » Refer to Reference list. * One sample of soured milk and one sample at weaning excluded. Table VIII. Major Mineral Constituents in Cetacean Milks? There is very little information on other nutrients. The milks of several delphinids and Stejneger’s beaked whale reportedly contain 21-36 mg iron per kg (84, 97); milk of the latter also contains copper (2.6 mg/ kg), zinc (1.5 mg/kg), manganese (0.3 mg/kg) and selenium (0.36 mg/kg) (97). This unusually high sele- nium may be characteristic of marine mammals as California sealion milk contains 0.45 mg/kg (15). Blue and/or fin whale milks have been reported to contain 3100-7800 IU vitamin A, 1.1-1.6 mg total thiamin, 0.2-1.6 mg riboflavin, 7-26 mg niacin, 0.9-1.1 mg " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/table_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261322/table-9-ix-predicted-milk-and-energy-output-rates-for"><img alt="Table IX. Predicted Milk and Energy Output Rates for Cetaceans* “ Based on information in the following sources: Refs. 19, 25, 26, 31, 34, 40, 66, 83, and 119. » Based on the assumption that each kg mammary tissue produces 0.5-1.3 kg milk (see text). © Based on the assumption that 2-4 kg milk is required for each kg gain in mass by suckling cetacean calves (see text). 4 If estimates available by both methods, midpoint is the mean of the midpoints of both. * Milk energy (E) calculated from milk data in Table IV by the formula (1): E = (39.3 * fat% + 24.5 * protein%) / 100 S MMBS = maternal metabolic body size (mass”*). ® Mammary gland mass estimated from linear dimensions of the gland (see text). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/table_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261323/table-10-appendix-published-data-on-cetacean-milks"><img alt="Appendix I. Published Data on Cetacean Milks* " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/table_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261324/figure-1-data-presented-as-mean-and-sem-second-line-of-each"><img alt="“ Data presented as mean and SEM (second line of each entry). See Table I for scientific names and see text for discussion of analytical problems ® N refers to numbers of samples assayed; a range indicates that not all assays were performed on all samples. © Stage was estimated in two ways: by comparison to estimated peak calving period (mysticetes only) or from calf length, if known. 4 These samples were assayed at the National Zoological Park by the following methods (not specified by Harms (98)): water by oven drying, fat by Roese-Gottlieb, protein by Kjeldahl (TN X 6.38), ash by incineration. © Milk from stranded female 550482, Marine Mammal Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. The mill was collected immediately postmortem and was kept frozen until assayed in duplicate for dry matter by oven-drying, for ash by incineration and for crude protein (TN X 6.38), fat and gross energy (2.26 kg/g) by Kjeldahl, Roese-Gottlieb and adiabatic bomb calorimetric methods respectively (69). Lactation stage was estimated as early to mid based on the length of the calf (Fig. 1) and an estimated birth length o! 100 cm (83), Appendix I. Continued. 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Yet the immense size of some cetaceans, and the recent evidence that another group of marine mammals, the true seals, have remarkable rates of secretion of milk fat and energy, make this group of great comparative interest. In this paper information on lactation patterns, milk composition and lactation performance is reviewed. Two very different patterns are evident. Many of the baleen whales (Suborder Mysticeti) have relatively brief lactations (5–7 months) during which they fast or eat relatively little. At mid-lactation they produce milks relatively low in water (40–53%), high in fat (30–50%), and moderately high in protein (9–15%) and ash (1.2–2.1%). From mammary gland weights and postnatal growth rates, it is predicted that their energy outputs in milk are exceptional, reaching on the order of 4000 MJ/d in the blue whale. This is possible because pregnant females migrate to feeding grounds where they can ingest and deposit great amounts of energy, building up blubber stores prior to parturition. On the other hand, the toothed whales and dolphins (Suborder Odontoceti) have much more extensive lactations typically lasting 1–3 years, during which the mothers feed. At mid-lactation their milks appear to be higher in water (60–77%) and lower in fat (10–30%) and ash (0.6–1.1%), with similar levels of protein (8–11%). At least some odontocetes resemble primates in terms of low predicted rates of energy output and a long period of dependency of the young. However, these hypotheses are based on small numbers of samples for a relatively small number of species. Much of the available data on milk composition is of rather poor quality; for example, it is not possible to determine if milk composition changes over the course of lactation among odontocetes. Additional research on cetacean mammary glands and their secretions is needed to understand the reproductive strategies of these fascinating animals.","ai_title_tag":"Lactation Divergence in Baleen and Toothed Whales","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1997,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia"},"translated_abstract":"Although it has been more than one hundred years since the first publication on the milks of whales and dolphins (Order Cetacea), information on lactation in these species is scattered and fragmentary. Yet the immense size of some cetaceans, and the recent evidence that another group of marine mammals, the true seals, have remarkable rates of secretion of milk fat and energy, make this group of great comparative interest. In this paper information on lactation patterns, milk composition and lactation performance is reviewed. Two very different patterns are evident. Many of the baleen whales (Suborder Mysticeti) have relatively brief lactations (5–7 months) during which they fast or eat relatively little. At mid-lactation they produce milks relatively low in water (40–53%), high in fat (30–50%), and moderately high in protein (9–15%) and ash (1.2–2.1%). From mammary gland weights and postnatal growth rates, it is predicted that their energy outputs in milk are exceptional, reaching on the order of 4000 MJ/d in the blue whale. This is possible because pregnant females migrate to feeding grounds where they can ingest and deposit great amounts of energy, building up blubber stores prior to parturition. On the other hand, the toothed whales and dolphins (Suborder Odontoceti) have much more extensive lactations typically lasting 1–3 years, during which the mothers feed. At mid-lactation their milks appear to be higher in water (60–77%) and lower in fat (10–30%) and ash (0.6–1.1%), with similar levels of protein (8–11%). At least some odontocetes resemble primates in terms of low predicted rates of energy output and a long period of dependency of the young. However, these hypotheses are based on small numbers of samples for a relatively small number of species. Much of the available data on milk composition is of rather poor quality; for example, it is not possible to determine if milk composition changes over the course of lactation among odontocetes. Additional research on cetacean mammary glands and their secretions is needed to understand the reproductive strategies of these fascinating animals.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391945/Lactation_in_Whales_and_Dolphins_Evidence_of_Divergence_Between_Baleen_and_Toothed_Species","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:14.955-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800705,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800705/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"a_3A102632820352620160804-27485-1ga1y9o.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800705/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Lactation_in_Whales_and_Dolphins_Evidenc.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800705/a_3A102632820352620160804-27485-1ga1y9o-libre.pdf?1470357807=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLactation_in_Whales_and_Dolphins_Evidenc.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851424\u0026Signature=T8kDbJIDl~s-b93o9pqrMxX7As2ljwILzsuSWtr60UHOiNun9QIUWkmEuS-iEre0yAPrMkgS91TyT0oAd2wyN3iDVPRQNnoYBGxsDN40pRa7LD-j5BUSeB3YecwPdolYhQa2tMSxB-p20NVet7Ha43abXqKkhAOxPtdDiPjd3SgCxC3MUmMEvTOrrYVyKV9CPM-KesZ5eKrm84VEk3LKsnjgiIWc3zrMl618~njVmvEBeyPqvlsiEmYExOWlaN-zMdjwn4J7q7bvfBl6dQpccO3BxCUsdZ7Gg9xlYiWyPz90OjMlQQKTWgg0PfCBB-bDxOYp1RRe2qvjk7YxFBgYJg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Lactation_in_Whales_and_Dolphins_Evidence_of_Divergence_Between_Baleen_and_Toothed_Species","translated_slug":"","page_count":26,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Although it has been more than one hundred years since the first publication on the milks of whales and dolphins (Order Cetacea), information on lactation in these species is scattered and fragmentary. Yet the immense size of some cetaceans, and the recent evidence that another group of marine mammals, the true seals, have remarkable rates of secretion of milk fat and energy, make this group of great comparative interest. In this paper information on lactation patterns, milk composition and lactation performance is reviewed. Two very different patterns are evident. Many of the baleen whales (Suborder Mysticeti) have relatively brief lactations (5–7 months) during which they fast or eat relatively little. At mid-lactation they produce milks relatively low in water (40–53%), high in fat (30–50%), and moderately high in protein (9–15%) and ash (1.2–2.1%). From mammary gland weights and postnatal growth rates, it is predicted that their energy outputs in milk are exceptional, reaching on the order of 4000 MJ/d in the blue whale. This is possible because pregnant females migrate to feeding grounds where they can ingest and deposit great amounts of energy, building up blubber stores prior to parturition. On the other hand, the toothed whales and dolphins (Suborder Odontoceti) have much more extensive lactations typically lasting 1–3 years, during which the mothers feed. At mid-lactation their milks appear to be higher in water (60–77%) and lower in fat (10–30%) and ash (0.6–1.1%), with similar levels of protein (8–11%). At least some odontocetes resemble primates in terms of low predicted rates of energy output and a long period of dependency of the young. However, these hypotheses are based on small numbers of samples for a relatively small number of species. Much of the available data on milk composition is of rather poor quality; for example, it is not possible to determine if milk composition changes over the course of lactation among odontocetes. Additional research on cetacean mammary glands and their secretions is needed to understand the reproductive strategies of these fascinating animals.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":47800705,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800705/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"a_3A102632820352620160804-27485-1ga1y9o.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800705/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Lactation_in_Whales_and_Dolphins_Evidenc.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800705/a_3A102632820352620160804-27485-1ga1y9o-libre.pdf?1470357807=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLactation_in_Whales_and_Dolphins_Evidenc.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851424\u0026Signature=T8kDbJIDl~s-b93o9pqrMxX7As2ljwILzsuSWtr60UHOiNun9QIUWkmEuS-iEre0yAPrMkgS91TyT0oAd2wyN3iDVPRQNnoYBGxsDN40pRa7LD-j5BUSeB3YecwPdolYhQa2tMSxB-p20NVet7Ha43abXqKkhAOxPtdDiPjd3SgCxC3MUmMEvTOrrYVyKV9CPM-KesZ5eKrm84VEk3LKsnjgiIWc3zrMl618~njVmvEBeyPqvlsiEmYExOWlaN-zMdjwn4J7q7bvfBl6dQpccO3BxCUsdZ7Gg9xlYiWyPz90OjMlQQKTWgg0PfCBB-bDxOYp1RRe2qvjk7YxFBgYJg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":3870196,"url":"http://www.springerlink.com/content/w5072341203761p5"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391945-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391944"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391944/Nutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_bears_Ursus_americanus_during_their_mothers_winter_fast"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Nutrition and growth of suckling black bears (Ursus americanus) during their mothers' winter fast" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800697/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391944/Nutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_bears_Ursus_americanus_during_their_mothers_winter_fast">Nutrition and growth of suckling black bears (Ursus americanus) during their mothers' winter fast</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>British Journal of Nutrition</span><span>, 1993</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In black bears the last 6-8 weeks of gestation and the first 10-12 weeks of lactation occur in wi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In black bears the last 6-8 weeks of gestation and the first 10-12 weeks of lactation occur in winter while the mother is in a dormant state, and reportedly does not eat, drink, urinate or defaecate. Measurements were made of the body composition and organ weights of cubs, of the composition of milk, and of milk intake (by dilution of *H,O), in the first 3 months after birth. Additional milk samples were collected until 10 months postpartum. Bear cubs were small at birth, only 3.7 g/kg maternal weight, and chemically immature, as indicated by the high concentration of water (840 g/kg) in their bodies. Organ weights a t birth were similar to those of puppies. In the first month after birth cubs gained 22 g/d or 0.23 g/g milk consumed; the milk was high in fat (220 g/kg) and low in water (670 g/kg). About 30% of the ingested energy and 51 YO of the ingested N were retained in the body. Over the entire 12-week period bear cubs required about 11 kg milk, containing (kg) water 7, fat 2.5, protein 0.8 and total sugar 0.25, to achieve a 2.5 kg weight gain. The birth of immature young and the production of high-fat, low-carbohydrate milk seem to be maternal adaptations to limit the utilization of glucogenic substrates during a long fast. Isotope recycling indicates that mothers may also recover most of the water (and perhaps much of the N) exported in milk by ingesting the excreta of the cubs. Lactation represents another aspect of the profound metabolic economy of the fasting bear in its winter den. Neonatal nutrition: Milk intake: Body composition: Black bears 3-2 correlates of hibernation in female black bears. Journal of Mammalogji 71, 291-300. Press. Journal of Dairy Science 58, 18141821. combined action of gastric and bile salt stimulated lipases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1083, 109-1 19. after the period of winter dormancy. Lipids 27, 940-943.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="08af0ecf3fedd73f3e778e9f2724ce18" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47800697,"asset_id":9391944,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800697/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391944"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391944"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391944; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391944]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391944]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391944; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391944']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "08af0ecf3fedd73f3e778e9f2724ce18" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391944]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391944,"title":"Nutrition and growth of suckling black bears (Ursus americanus) during their mothers' winter fast","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"In black bears the last 6-8 weeks of gestation and the first 10-12 weeks of lactation occur in winter while the mother is in a dormant state, and reportedly does not eat, drink, urinate or defaecate. Measurements were made of the body composition and organ weights of cubs, of the composition of milk, and of milk intake (by dilution of *H,O), in the first 3 months after birth. Additional milk samples were collected until 10 months postpartum. Bear cubs were small at birth, only 3.7 g/kg maternal weight, and chemically immature, as indicated by the high concentration of water (840 g/kg) in their bodies. Organ weights a t birth were similar to those of puppies. In the first month after birth cubs gained 22 g/d or 0.23 g/g milk consumed; the milk was high in fat (220 g/kg) and low in water (670 g/kg). About 30% of the ingested energy and 51 YO of the ingested N were retained in the body. Over the entire 12-week period bear cubs required about 11 kg milk, containing (kg) water 7, fat 2.5, protein 0.8 and total sugar 0.25, to achieve a 2.5 kg weight gain. The birth of immature young and the production of high-fat, low-carbohydrate milk seem to be maternal adaptations to limit the utilization of glucogenic substrates during a long fast. Isotope recycling indicates that mothers may also recover most of the water (and perhaps much of the N) exported in milk by ingesting the excreta of the cubs. Lactation represents another aspect of the profound metabolic economy of the fasting bear in its winter den. Neonatal nutrition: Milk intake: Body composition: Black bears 3-2 correlates of hibernation in female black bears. Journal of Mammalogji 71, 291-300. Press. Journal of Dairy Science 58, 18141821. combined action of gastric and bile salt stimulated lipases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1083, 109-1 19. after the period of winter dormancy. Lipids 27, 940-943.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1993,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"British Journal of Nutrition","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":47800697},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391944/Nutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_bears_Ursus_americanus_during_their_mothers_winter_fast","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:14.146-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800697,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800697/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Nutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_b20160804-21204-e9vahg.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800697/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Nutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_b.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800697/Nutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_b20160804-21204-e9vahg-libre.pdf?1470357806=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_b.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851424\u0026Signature=B7Gj4ykR4tkJS-FABwgwrLH-PdQJQlHIv6ngX5NUpSKkBYMdmzLXl-xDAHQd3rIG9OLBJU1u7fP9ka412~Jel2hteQg6tjmuF9PCCDBfTI-QAl5uccCtofjkPhR6Yy52ipdVxqurfbPiDZsWNN8iOkrEPyuivZ2xbFxxY6GNu0NKSU2y0wdxB-9Xtq3zGm7JWr-1OyOF-HuGV9nzS1Pv-Kq3qkN-fYcjhq2NqzbN1tFTwlZpqnFbgUGNlqmb5PbK2fCvtKbykv293NInNo-k9owskeh3lF0szA6Afy9EbYRrJFOUn1OJrY2ErmSRQJPDSNSBRgEN9lrv2XvfCAwi2A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Nutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_bears_Ursus_americanus_during_their_mothers_winter_fast","translated_slug":"","page_count":21,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In black bears the last 6-8 weeks of gestation and the first 10-12 weeks of lactation occur in winter while the mother is in a dormant state, and reportedly does not eat, drink, urinate or defaecate. Measurements were made of the body composition and organ weights of cubs, of the composition of milk, and of milk intake (by dilution of *H,O), in the first 3 months after birth. Additional milk samples were collected until 10 months postpartum. Bear cubs were small at birth, only 3.7 g/kg maternal weight, and chemically immature, as indicated by the high concentration of water (840 g/kg) in their bodies. Organ weights a t birth were similar to those of puppies. In the first month after birth cubs gained 22 g/d or 0.23 g/g milk consumed; the milk was high in fat (220 g/kg) and low in water (670 g/kg). About 30% of the ingested energy and 51 YO of the ingested N were retained in the body. Over the entire 12-week period bear cubs required about 11 kg milk, containing (kg) water 7, fat 2.5, protein 0.8 and total sugar 0.25, to achieve a 2.5 kg weight gain. The birth of immature young and the production of high-fat, low-carbohydrate milk seem to be maternal adaptations to limit the utilization of glucogenic substrates during a long fast. Isotope recycling indicates that mothers may also recover most of the water (and perhaps much of the N) exported in milk by ingesting the excreta of the cubs. Lactation represents another aspect of the profound metabolic economy of the fasting bear in its winter den. Neonatal nutrition: Milk intake: Body composition: Black bears 3-2 correlates of hibernation in female black bears. Journal of Mammalogji 71, 291-300. Press. Journal of Dairy Science 58, 18141821. combined action of gastric and bile salt stimulated lipases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1083, 109-1 19. after the period of winter dormancy. Lipids 27, 940-943.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":47800697,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800697/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Nutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_b20160804-21204-e9vahg.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800697/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Nutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_b.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800697/Nutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_b20160804-21204-e9vahg-libre.pdf?1470357806=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_b.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851424\u0026Signature=B7Gj4ykR4tkJS-FABwgwrLH-PdQJQlHIv6ngX5NUpSKkBYMdmzLXl-xDAHQd3rIG9OLBJU1u7fP9ka412~Jel2hteQg6tjmuF9PCCDBfTI-QAl5uccCtofjkPhR6Yy52ipdVxqurfbPiDZsWNN8iOkrEPyuivZ2xbFxxY6GNu0NKSU2y0wdxB-9Xtq3zGm7JWr-1OyOF-HuGV9nzS1Pv-Kq3qkN-fYcjhq2NqzbN1tFTwlZpqnFbgUGNlqmb5PbK2fCvtKbykv293NInNo-k9owskeh3lF0szA6Afy9EbYRrJFOUn1OJrY2ErmSRQJPDSNSBRgEN9lrv2XvfCAwi2A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":591,"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition_and_Dietetics"},{"id":7324,"name":"British","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British"},{"id":19826,"name":"Lactation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lactation"},{"id":29980,"name":"Animal Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Production"},{"id":62550,"name":"Pregnancy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pregnancy"},{"id":71459,"name":"Fasting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fasting"},{"id":100336,"name":"Body Composition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Composition"},{"id":238368,"name":"Milk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk"},{"id":353165,"name":"Body water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_water"},{"id":441317,"name":"Ursidae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ursidae"},{"id":564878,"name":"Body Weight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Weight"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences"},{"id":1255192,"name":"Ursus Americanus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ursus_Americanus"}],"urls":[{"id":3870195,"url":"http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0007114593001060"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391944-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391943"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391943/Positional_specificity_of_gastric_hydrolysis_of_long_chain_n_3_polyunsaturated_fatty_acids_of_seal_milk_triglycerides"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Positional specificity of gastric hydrolysis of long-chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of seal milk triglycerides" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800726/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391943/Positional_specificity_of_gastric_hydrolysis_of_long_chain_n_3_polyunsaturated_fatty_acids_of_seal_milk_triglycerides">Positional specificity of gastric hydrolysis of long-chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of seal milk triglycerides</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Lipids</span><span>, 1992</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) of marine oils are important dietary compon...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) of marine oils are important dietary components for both infants and adults, and are incorporated into mlUo~ following maternal dietary intake. However, little is known about the hydrolysis of these PUFA from milk triglycerides (TG) by lipases in suckling young. Seals, like human~, possess gastric lipase; however, the milk lipids of seals and sea lions are almost devoid of the readily hydrolyzable medium,chain fatty acids, and are characterized by a large percentage (10-30%) of n-3 PUFA. Gastric hydrolysis of milk lipids was studied in vivo in suckling pups of three species (the California sea lion, the harp seal and the hooded seal) in order to elucidate the actions and specifit~ ity of gastric lipases on milk TG in relation to fatty acid composition and TG structure. Regardless of milk fat content (31-61% fat) or extent of gastric hydrolysis (10-56%), the same fatty acids were preferentially released in all three species, as determined by their relative enrichment in the free fatty acid (FFA) fraction. In addition to 16:1 and 18:0, these were the PUFA of 18 carbons and longer, except for 22:6n-3. Levels of 20:5n-3 were most notably enriched in FFA, at up to five times that found in the TG. Although 22:6n-3 was apparently also released from the TG (reduced in the diglyceride), it was also notably re~ duced in FFA. Positional analysis of milk TG based on the products of Grignard hydrolysis revealed that these PUFA, including 22:6n-3, were preferentially esterified at the a-position of the TG, and that the fatty acids not released during gastric hydrolysis were located at the sn-2 position. The extreme reduction of 22:6n~ and enrichment of 20:5n-3 in FFA is discussed. Results from this study are consistent with reports that gastric lipase acts stere~ specifically to release fatty acids at the a-positions (sn-3, sn-1). We conclude that the n-3 PUFA in milk are efficiently hydrolyzed by gastric lipase and that this has important implications for digestion of milks enriched in PUFA by neonates in general.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="77899af9764506a03da32b87ebe9236a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47800726,"asset_id":9391943,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800726/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391943"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391943"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391943; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391943]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391943]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391943; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391943']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "77899af9764506a03da32b87ebe9236a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391943]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391943,"title":"Positional specificity of gastric hydrolysis of long-chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of seal milk triglycerides","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Gastric Hydrolysis of n-3 PUFA in Seal Milk","grobid_abstract":"Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) of marine oils are important dietary components for both infants and adults, and are incorporated into mlUo~ following maternal dietary intake. However, little is known about the hydrolysis of these PUFA from milk triglycerides (TG) by lipases in suckling young. Seals, like human~, possess gastric lipase; however, the milk lipids of seals and sea lions are almost devoid of the readily hydrolyzable medium,chain fatty acids, and are characterized by a large percentage (10-30%) of n-3 PUFA. Gastric hydrolysis of milk lipids was studied in vivo in suckling pups of three species (the California sea lion, the harp seal and the hooded seal) in order to elucidate the actions and specifit~ ity of gastric lipases on milk TG in relation to fatty acid composition and TG structure. Regardless of milk fat content (31-61% fat) or extent of gastric hydrolysis (10-56%), the same fatty acids were preferentially released in all three species, as determined by their relative enrichment in the free fatty acid (FFA) fraction. In addition to 16:1 and 18:0, these were the PUFA of 18 carbons and longer, except for 22:6n-3. Levels of 20:5n-3 were most notably enriched in FFA, at up to five times that found in the TG. Although 22:6n-3 was apparently also released from the TG (reduced in the diglyceride), it was also notably re~ duced in FFA. Positional analysis of milk TG based on the products of Grignard hydrolysis revealed that these PUFA, including 22:6n-3, were preferentially esterified at the a-position of the TG, and that the fatty acids not released during gastric hydrolysis were located at the sn-2 position. The extreme reduction of 22:6n~ and enrichment of 20:5n-3 in FFA is discussed. Results from this study are consistent with reports that gastric lipase acts stere~ specifically to release fatty acids at the a-positions (sn-3, sn-1). We conclude that the n-3 PUFA in milk are efficiently hydrolyzed by gastric lipase and that this has important implications for digestion of milks enriched in PUFA by neonates in general.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1992,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Lipids","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":47800726},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391943/Positional_specificity_of_gastric_hydrolysis_of_long_chain_n_3_polyunsaturated_fatty_acids_of_seal_milk_triglycerides","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:13.045-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800726,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800726/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Positional_specificity_of_gastric_hydrol20160804-7635-7os5pb.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800726/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Positional_specificity_of_gastric_hydrol.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800726/Positional_specificity_of_gastric_hydrol20160804-7635-7os5pb-libre.pdf?1470357803=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPositional_specificity_of_gastric_hydrol.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851424\u0026Signature=FUmz7t4QhoBBl0JzHLYqy3AS9f36-XSoSQ8eRRp5vjnHuJCeRJ1c-iL3ADyZEBfjf1fm8FXesKF98UYj-wkIv209jSjAIFRaIgGQmwozd~wW6YmRnK-yKKd6HO9ghHPFLoVn5og~Yx7trlzaRzZia018trOGiCJ80SCvq5DQxKZCv6RccvgSRploiW~uGRsdg7VJa2frkXjKZ~Rf9dKQg5WBAuehPRBSrryV~PL58hjpVtANDTlmY~Ay3wiUCHb4oKFxD80zwmXHW3tllUsiMoXqhwWalaDO7lcd9k7JvQv0U02xf7T48P-Qe7ocSm0UD0oB4NxxAAq~DICA~O3-PQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Positional_specificity_of_gastric_hydrolysis_of_long_chain_n_3_polyunsaturated_fatty_acids_of_seal_milk_triglycerides","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) of marine oils are important dietary components for both infants and adults, and are incorporated into mlUo~ following maternal dietary intake. However, little is known about the hydrolysis of these PUFA from milk triglycerides (TG) by lipases in suckling young. Seals, like human~, possess gastric lipase; however, the milk lipids of seals and sea lions are almost devoid of the readily hydrolyzable medium,chain fatty acids, and are characterized by a large percentage (10-30%) of n-3 PUFA. Gastric hydrolysis of milk lipids was studied in vivo in suckling pups of three species (the California sea lion, the harp seal and the hooded seal) in order to elucidate the actions and specifit~ ity of gastric lipases on milk TG in relation to fatty acid composition and TG structure. Regardless of milk fat content (31-61% fat) or extent of gastric hydrolysis (10-56%), the same fatty acids were preferentially released in all three species, as determined by their relative enrichment in the free fatty acid (FFA) fraction. In addition to 16:1 and 18:0, these were the PUFA of 18 carbons and longer, except for 22:6n-3. Levels of 20:5n-3 were most notably enriched in FFA, at up to five times that found in the TG. Although 22:6n-3 was apparently also released from the TG (reduced in the diglyceride), it was also notably re~ duced in FFA. Positional analysis of milk TG based on the products of Grignard hydrolysis revealed that these PUFA, including 22:6n-3, were preferentially esterified at the a-position of the TG, and that the fatty acids not released during gastric hydrolysis were located at the sn-2 position. The extreme reduction of 22:6n~ and enrichment of 20:5n-3 in FFA is discussed. Results from this study are consistent with reports that gastric lipase acts stere~ specifically to release fatty acids at the a-positions (sn-3, sn-1). We conclude that the n-3 PUFA in milk are efficiently hydrolyzed by gastric lipase and that this has important implications for digestion of milks enriched in PUFA by neonates in general.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":47800726,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800726/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Positional_specificity_of_gastric_hydrol20160804-7635-7os5pb.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800726/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Positional_specificity_of_gastric_hydrol.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800726/Positional_specificity_of_gastric_hydrol20160804-7635-7os5pb-libre.pdf?1470357803=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPositional_specificity_of_gastric_hydrol.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851424\u0026Signature=FUmz7t4QhoBBl0JzHLYqy3AS9f36-XSoSQ8eRRp5vjnHuJCeRJ1c-iL3ADyZEBfjf1fm8FXesKF98UYj-wkIv209jSjAIFRaIgGQmwozd~wW6YmRnK-yKKd6HO9ghHPFLoVn5og~Yx7trlzaRzZia018trOGiCJ80SCvq5DQxKZCv6RccvgSRploiW~uGRsdg7VJa2frkXjKZ~Rf9dKQg5WBAuehPRBSrryV~PL58hjpVtANDTlmY~Ay3wiUCHb4oKFxD80zwmXHW3tllUsiMoXqhwWalaDO7lcd9k7JvQv0U02xf7T48P-Qe7ocSm0UD0oB4NxxAAq~DICA~O3-PQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":52055,"name":"Lipids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipids"},{"id":72314,"name":"Fatty acids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fatty_acids"},{"id":170469,"name":"Milk Fat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk_Fat"},{"id":198683,"name":"Esterification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Esterification"},{"id":227299,"name":"Triglycerides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Triglycerides"},{"id":238368,"name":"Milk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk"},{"id":818710,"name":"Free Fatty Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Fatty_Acid"},{"id":1030661,"name":"Stomach","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stomach"},{"id":1030794,"name":"Hydrolysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrolysis"},{"id":1209754,"name":"Lipase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipase"},{"id":1358124,"name":"Fatty Acid Composition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fatty_Acid_Composition"}],"urls":[{"id":3870194,"url":"http://fatlab.biology.dal.ca/docs/data/1987-1992/Iverson%2520etal.PosSpec.Lipids%25201992.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391943-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391939"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391939/The_Adaptation_of_Milk_Secretion_to_the_Constraints_of_Fasting_in_Bears_Seals_and_Baleen_Whales"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Adaptation of Milk Secretion to the Constraints of Fasting in Bears, Seals, and Baleen Whales" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">The Adaptation of Milk Secretion to the Constraints of Fasting in Bears, Seals, and Baleen Whales</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Dairy Science</span><span>, 1993</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Although lactation is accompanied by increased nutrient demands for milk synthesis, many species ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Although lactation is accompanied by increased nutrient demands for milk synthesis, many species of bears, true seals, and baleen whales fast for much or all of lactation. Large body mass in these species confers the advantage of greater stores of fat and protein relative to rates of milk production. Given the constraints on substrate availability during fasting, the milks of fasting mammals are predicted to be low in carbohydrate, protein, and water and to be high in fat. The milks of bears, true seals, and baleen whales conform to this prediction. Mammals that lactate while fasting may lose up to 40% of initial BW. The production of milk entails the export of up to one-third of body fat and 15% of body protein in the dormant black bear and in several seal species, which greatly depletes maternal resources and may represent a physiological threshold, because higher protein and fat outputs have only been measured in species that start feeding. The low K:Na ratio of seal and whale milks and the low Ca:casein and inverse Ca:P ratios in seal milks are unusual and warrant further study.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391939"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391939"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391939; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391939]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391939]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391939; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391939']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391939]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391939,"title":"The Adaptation of Milk Secretion to the Constraints of Fasting in Bears, Seals, and Baleen Whales","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Although lactation is accompanied by increased nutrient demands for milk synthesis, many species of bears, true seals, and baleen whales fast for much or all of lactation. Large body mass in these species confers the advantage of greater stores of fat and protein relative to rates of milk production. Given the constraints on substrate availability during fasting, the milks of fasting mammals are predicted to be low in carbohydrate, protein, and water and to be high in fat. The milks of bears, true seals, and baleen whales conform to this prediction. Mammals that lactate while fasting may lose up to 40% of initial BW. The production of milk entails the export of up to one-third of body fat and 15% of body protein in the dormant black bear and in several seal species, which greatly depletes maternal resources and may represent a physiological threshold, because higher protein and fat outputs have only been measured in species that start feeding. The low K:Na ratio of seal and whale milks and the low Ca:casein and inverse Ca:P ratios in seal milks are unusual and warrant further study.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1993,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Dairy Science"},"translated_abstract":"Although lactation is accompanied by increased nutrient demands for milk synthesis, many species of bears, true seals, and baleen whales fast for much or all of lactation. Large body mass in these species confers the advantage of greater stores of fat and protein relative to rates of milk production. Given the constraints on substrate availability during fasting, the milks of fasting mammals are predicted to be low in carbohydrate, protein, and water and to be high in fat. The milks of bears, true seals, and baleen whales conform to this prediction. Mammals that lactate while fasting may lose up to 40% of initial BW. The production of milk entails the export of up to one-third of body fat and 15% of body protein in the dormant black bear and in several seal species, which greatly depletes maternal resources and may represent a physiological threshold, because higher protein and fat outputs have only been measured in species that start feeding. The low K:Na ratio of seal and whale milks and the low Ca:casein and inverse Ca:P ratios in seal milks are unusual and warrant further study.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391939/The_Adaptation_of_Milk_Secretion_to_the_Constraints_of_Fasting_in_Bears_Seals_and_Baleen_Whales","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:05.912-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"The_Adaptation_of_Milk_Secretion_to_the_Constraints_of_Fasting_in_Bears_Seals_and_Baleen_Whales","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Although lactation is accompanied by increased nutrient demands for milk synthesis, many species of bears, true seals, and baleen whales fast for much or all of lactation. Large body mass in these species confers the advantage of greater stores of fat and protein relative to rates of milk production. Given the constraints on substrate availability during fasting, the milks of fasting mammals are predicted to be low in carbohydrate, protein, and water and to be high in fat. The milks of bears, true seals, and baleen whales conform to this prediction. Mammals that lactate while fasting may lose up to 40% of initial BW. The production of milk entails the export of up to one-third of body fat and 15% of body protein in the dormant black bear and in several seal species, which greatly depletes maternal resources and may represent a physiological threshold, because higher protein and fat outputs have only been measured in species that start feeding. The low K:Na ratio of seal and whale milks and the low Ca:casein and inverse Ca:P ratios in seal milks are unusual and warrant further study.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":4630,"name":"Dairy Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dairy_Science"},{"id":19826,"name":"Lactation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lactation"},{"id":29980,"name":"Animal Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Production"},{"id":71459,"name":"Fasting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fasting"},{"id":75056,"name":"Whales","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Whales"},{"id":100336,"name":"Body Composition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Composition"},{"id":238368,"name":"Milk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk"},{"id":441317,"name":"Ursidae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ursidae"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":3870192,"url":"http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022030293776602"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391938-figures'); } }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="2162353" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391974"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391974/Influence_of_storms_and_maternal_size_on_mother_pup_separations_and_fostering_in_the_harbor_seal_Phoca_vitulina"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Influence of storms and maternal size on mother-pup separations and fostering in the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800496/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391974/Influence_of_storms_and_maternal_size_on_mother_pup_separations_and_fostering_in_the_harbor_seal_Phoca_vitulina">Influence of storms and maternal size on mother-pup separations and fostering in the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Canadian Journal of Zoology-revue Canadienne De Zoologie</span><span>, 1992</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-9391974-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-9391974-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/22522061/table-1-note-fisher-exact-test-relationship-between-maternal"><img alt="NotE: Fisher's exact test, p = 0.033. TABLE |. Relationship between maternal mass at parturition and separation of harbor seal mothers and pups " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800496/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-9391974-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="87b376d875894e25a54fc8afa3104a67" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47800496,"asset_id":9391974,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800496/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391974"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391974"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391974; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391974]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391974]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391974; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391974']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "87b376d875894e25a54fc8afa3104a67" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391974]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391974,"title":"Influence of storms and maternal size on mother-pup separations and fostering in the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_abstract":"Fostering behavior in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) is poorly understood, particularly related to the causes and frequency of its occurrence. This study highlights that 10% of marked female harbor seals fostered pups, largely associated with losing their own pups. Younger and smaller females are significantly more prone to separation from their pups, often correlated with storms, which seem to be a primary cause of these separations. The findings suggest a potential link between maternal size, storm events, and fostering behavior.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1992,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology-revue Canadienne De Zoologie"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391974/Influence_of_storms_and_maternal_size_on_mother_pup_separations_and_fostering_in_the_harbor_seal_Phoca_vitulina","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:41.971-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800496,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800496/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Influence_of_storms_and_maternal_size_on20160804-11606-m4dzw.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800496/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Influence_of_storms_and_maternal_size_on.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800496/Influence_of_storms_and_maternal_size_on20160804-11606-m4dzw-libre.pdf?1470356249=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DInfluence_of_storms_and_maternal_size_on.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851422\u0026Signature=SjFKJIaVLQJoO7SQZcnZrvy0LHDF1Ar2~I-Gy~KbnzlBH0mcCNONLIpySE1Bew0R~IcG2aI873Rbich-MkKAoOQiUvueN9KL5jSJVyOlZirtFoH3KbXDydEPd~889ExEaEWfMHAlTOJKY8xiDC7Ttwld04uBHdh3IXuMd3MlIq2KMoGOKY~n9f7~itHasPTt5qQrsg215yNQ~wb91FUsrhY2r36INEAWoG96h4JYye69~EltzUEgy9P3HH9gW2bmC-PO0Ks2keLIITK~kBkjHFAGoOEbkUgPc8XO3Zf3PlhyYATp54HedkLUizqiSVT1bdvcK0dC6S5SzxJWt7NuGA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Influence_of_storms_and_maternal_size_on_mother_pup_separations_and_fostering_in_the_harbor_seal_Phoca_vitulina","translated_slug":"","page_count":5,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":47800496,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800496/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Influence_of_storms_and_maternal_size_on20160804-11606-m4dzw.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800496/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Influence_of_storms_and_maternal_size_on.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800496/Influence_of_storms_and_maternal_size_on20160804-11606-m4dzw-libre.pdf?1470356249=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DInfluence_of_storms_and_maternal_size_on.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851422\u0026Signature=SjFKJIaVLQJoO7SQZcnZrvy0LHDF1Ar2~I-Gy~KbnzlBH0mcCNONLIpySE1Bew0R~IcG2aI873Rbich-MkKAoOQiUvueN9KL5jSJVyOlZirtFoH3KbXDydEPd~889ExEaEWfMHAlTOJKY8xiDC7Ttwld04uBHdh3IXuMd3MlIq2KMoGOKY~n9f7~itHasPTt5qQrsg215yNQ~wb91FUsrhY2r36INEAWoG96h4JYye69~EltzUEgy9P3HH9gW2bmC-PO0Ks2keLIITK~kBkjHFAGoOEbkUgPc8XO3Zf3PlhyYATp54HedkLUizqiSVT1bdvcK0dC6S5SzxJWt7NuGA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology"},{"id":56615,"name":"Canadian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Canadian"},{"id":746733,"name":"Phoca Vitulina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoca_Vitulina"}],"urls":[{"id":3870223,"url":"http://www.nrc.ca/cgi-bin/cisti/journals/rp/rp2_abst_e?cjz_z92-228_70_ns_nf_cjz70-92"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391974-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391973"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391973/Interspecies_variation_in_milk_composition_among_horses_zebras_and_asses_Perissodactyla_Equidae"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Interspecies variation in milk composition among horses, zebras and asses (Perissodactyla: Equidae" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800485/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391973/Interspecies_variation_in_milk_composition_among_horses_zebras_and_asses_Perissodactyla_Equidae">Interspecies variation in milk composition among horses, zebras and asses (Perissodactyla: Equidae</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Dairy Research</span><span>, 1988</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="eb1e4e80b0ca81389e4b4eff71e9bb3f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47800485,"asset_id":9391973,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800485/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391973"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391973"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391973; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391973-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391972"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391972/Milk_composition_and_lactational_output_in_the_greater_spear_nosed_bat_Phyllostomus_hastatus"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Milk composition and lactational output in the greater spear-nosed bat, Phyllostomus hastatus" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800491/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391972/Milk_composition_and_lactational_output_in_the_greater_spear_nosed_bat_Phyllostomus_hastatus">Milk composition and lactational output in the greater spear-nosed bat, Phyllostomus hastatus</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Comparative Physiology B-biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology</span><span>, 1997</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Growth rates of mammalian young are closely linked to the ability of the mother to provide nutrie...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Growth rates of mammalian young are closely linked to the ability of the mother to provide nutrients; thus, milk composition and yield provide a direct measure of maternal investment during lactation in many mammals. We studied changes in milk composition and output throughout lactation in a free-ranging population of the omnivorous bat, Phyllostomus hastatus. Fat and dry matter of milk increased from 9 to 21% and from 21 to 35% of wet mass, respectively, throughout lactation. Energy increased from 6 to 9 kJ á g A1 wet mass, primarily due to the increase in fat concentration. Total sugar levels decreased slightly but non-signi®cantly. Mean sugar level was 4.0% of wet mass. Protein concentration increased from 6 to 11% of wet mass at peak lactation and then decreased as pups approached weaning age. Total milk energy output until pups began to forage was 3609 kJ. Milk levels of Mg, Fe, Ca, K, and Na averaged 0.55 0. 26, 0.23 0.2, 8.75 4.17, 5.42 2.11, and 9.87 4.3 mg á g A1 dry matter, respectively. Of the minerals studied, calcium appears to be most limiting in this species. The high degree of variability in foraging time, milk composition and milk yield between individuals at the same stage of lactation could potentially yield high variance in reproductive success among females of this polygynous species.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="66dfd0b8d7b1eba0557120d9d89e4a4f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47800491,"asset_id":9391972,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800491/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391972"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391972"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391972; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391972]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391972]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391972; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391972']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "66dfd0b8d7b1eba0557120d9d89e4a4f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391972]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391972,"title":"Milk composition and lactational output in the greater spear-nosed bat, Phyllostomus hastatus","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Growth rates of mammalian young are closely linked to the ability of the mother to provide nutrients; thus, milk composition and yield provide a direct measure of maternal investment during lactation in many mammals. We studied changes in milk composition and output throughout lactation in a free-ranging population of the omnivorous bat, Phyllostomus hastatus. Fat and dry matter of milk increased from 9 to 21% and from 21 to 35% of wet mass, respectively, throughout lactation. Energy increased from 6 to 9 kJ á g A1 wet mass, primarily due to the increase in fat concentration. Total sugar levels decreased slightly but non-signi®cantly. Mean sugar level was 4.0% of wet mass. Protein concentration increased from 6 to 11% of wet mass at peak lactation and then decreased as pups approached weaning age. Total milk energy output until pups began to forage was 3609 kJ. Milk levels of Mg, Fe, Ca, K, and Na averaged 0.55 0. 26, 0.23 0.2, 8.75 4.17, 5.42 2.11, and 9.87 4.3 mg á g A1 dry matter, respectively. Of the minerals studied, calcium appears to be most limiting in this species. The high degree of variability in foraging time, milk composition and milk yield between individuals at the same stage of lactation could potentially yield high variance in reproductive success among females of this polygynous species.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1997,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Comparative Physiology B-biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":47800491},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391972/Milk_composition_and_lactational_output_in_the_greater_spear_nosed_bat_Phyllostomus_hastatus","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:38.620-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800491,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800491/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Milk_composition_and_lactational_output_20160804-24158-pv7tpg.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800491/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Milk_composition_and_lactational_output.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800491/Milk_composition_and_lactational_output_20160804-24158-pv7tpg-libre.pdf?1470356249=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMilk_composition_and_lactational_output.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851422\u0026Signature=avCDz-sTho6yYeFx~4YAv94V4vneH~oflzLP53Xs1bKrDXa7EnguOqnPcAMF6kJY-rQChkNWxAucMmCQhlJcz-BZftrnYZKIzCRhwivbHImhNNta-XcpKyqKs4xG9RjJE0lkElsnje3d0bEKDGJH~nkNeBCQ6MtCeiUkSFF3IulCTUgrfSvqDrqsZufD8hG13FgzM~AtUD~UKJJ6NvrUINVm-hYwFGbn0PvE4azm0TdjqA~As0ysv3q34jsyUGCjHvjGBF9ahQd0g0sz~fDUEWW289Kz6KCHaOChULzFDhWg0yuOl-3mW5Mq3i8HQZa62BTSh5xlbOBr3IEqiP3HwQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Milk_composition_and_lactational_output_in_the_greater_spear_nosed_bat_Phyllostomus_hastatus","translated_slug":"","page_count":10,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Growth rates of mammalian young are closely linked to the ability of the mother to provide nutrients; thus, milk composition and yield provide a direct measure of maternal investment during lactation in many mammals. We studied changes in milk composition and output throughout lactation in a free-ranging population of the omnivorous bat, Phyllostomus hastatus. Fat and dry matter of milk increased from 9 to 21% and from 21 to 35% of wet mass, respectively, throughout lactation. Energy increased from 6 to 9 kJ á g A1 wet mass, primarily due to the increase in fat concentration. Total sugar levels decreased slightly but non-signi®cantly. Mean sugar level was 4.0% of wet mass. Protein concentration increased from 6 to 11% of wet mass at peak lactation and then decreased as pups approached weaning age. Total milk energy output until pups began to forage was 3609 kJ. Milk levels of Mg, Fe, Ca, K, and Na averaged 0.55 0. 26, 0.23 0.2, 8.75 4.17, 5.42 2.11, and 9.87 4.3 mg á g A1 dry matter, respectively. Of the minerals studied, calcium appears to be most limiting in this species. The high degree of variability in foraging time, milk composition and milk yield between individuals at the same stage of lactation could potentially yield high variance in reproductive success among females of this polygynous species.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":47800491,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800491/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Milk_composition_and_lactational_output_20160804-24158-pv7tpg.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800491/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Milk_composition_and_lactational_output.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800491/Milk_composition_and_lactational_output_20160804-24158-pv7tpg-libre.pdf?1470356249=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMilk_composition_and_lactational_output.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851422\u0026Signature=avCDz-sTho6yYeFx~4YAv94V4vneH~oflzLP53Xs1bKrDXa7EnguOqnPcAMF6kJY-rQChkNWxAucMmCQhlJcz-BZftrnYZKIzCRhwivbHImhNNta-XcpKyqKs4xG9RjJE0lkElsnje3d0bEKDGJH~nkNeBCQ6MtCeiUkSFF3IulCTUgrfSvqDrqsZufD8hG13FgzM~AtUD~UKJJ6NvrUINVm-hYwFGbn0PvE4azm0TdjqA~As0ysv3q34jsyUGCjHvjGBF9ahQd0g0sz~fDUEWW289Kz6KCHaOChULzFDhWg0yuOl-3mW5Mq3i8HQZa62BTSh5xlbOBr3IEqiP3HwQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology"},{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology"},{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water"},{"id":19826,"name":"Lactation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lactation"},{"id":27230,"name":"Chiroptera","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chiroptera"},{"id":33208,"name":"Comparative","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative"},{"id":35580,"name":"Micronutrients","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Micronutrients"},{"id":151945,"name":"Reproductive Success","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproductive_Success"},{"id":192551,"name":"Nutritional Status","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutritional_Status"},{"id":238368,"name":"Milk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk"},{"id":343231,"name":"Doubly Labeled Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Doubly_Labeled_Water"},{"id":395280,"name":"Milk Yield","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk_Yield"},{"id":397456,"name":"Body Mass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Mass"},{"id":533274,"name":"Growth rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Growth_rate"},{"id":953277,"name":"Dry Matter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dry_Matter"},{"id":1266164,"name":"Maternal Investment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maternal_Investment"},{"id":1429376,"name":"Milk Composition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk_Composition"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology"},{"id":1885346,"name":"Milk proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk_proteins"}],"urls":[{"id":3870221,"url":"http://www.batconservancy.org/siteRoot/pdf/Lubee/Publications/23-%2520Milk%2520composition%2520and%2520lactational%2520output%2520in%2520the%2520greater%2520spear-nosed%2520bat.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391972-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391971"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391971/Fatty_acid_composition_of_black_bear_Ursus_americanus_milk_during_and_after_the_period_of_winter_dormancy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Fatty acid composition of black bear ( Ursus americanus ) milk during and after the period of winter dormancy" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Fatty acid composition of black bear ( Ursus americanus ) milk during and after the period of winter dormancy</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Lipids</span><span>, 1992</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Black bears give birth and lactate during the 2–3-mon fast of winter dormancy. Thereafter the fem...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Black bears give birth and lactate during the 2–3-mon fast of winter dormancy. Thereafter the female emerges from the den with her cubs and begins to feed. We investigated fatty acid patterns of milk from native Pennsylvania black bears during the period of winter dormancy, as well as after den emergence. Throughout winter dormancy, milk fatty acid composition remained relatively constant. The principal fatty acids at all times were 14∶0, 16∶0, 16∶1, 18∶0, 18∶1, 18∶2n−6, 18∶3n−3 and 20∶4n−6. After den emergence, large changes occurred in almost all the fatty acids, particularly in 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3. Large variability among the active free-ranging animals likely reflected differences in diet. In a carnivore, with apparently limitedde novo synthesis of fatty acids, milk fatty acid composition may be affected by factors such as transition from reliance on stored lipids to feeding, and by temporal changes in dietary intake.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391971"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391971"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391971; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391971]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391971]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391971; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391971']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391971]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391971,"title":"Fatty acid composition of black bear ( Ursus americanus ) milk during and after the period of winter dormancy","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Black bears give birth and lactate during the 2–3-mon fast of winter dormancy. Thereafter the female emerges from the den with her cubs and begins to feed. We investigated fatty acid patterns of milk from native Pennsylvania black bears during the period of winter dormancy, as well as after den emergence. Throughout winter dormancy, milk fatty acid composition remained relatively constant. The principal fatty acids at all times were 14∶0, 16∶0, 16∶1, 18∶0, 18∶1, 18∶2n−6, 18∶3n−3 and 20∶4n−6. After den emergence, large changes occurred in almost all the fatty acids, particularly in 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3. Large variability among the active free-ranging animals likely reflected differences in diet. In a carnivore, with apparently limitedde novo synthesis of fatty acids, milk fatty acid composition may be affected by factors such as transition from reliance on stored lipids to feeding, and by temporal changes in dietary intake.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1992,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Lipids"},"translated_abstract":"Black bears give birth and lactate during the 2–3-mon fast of winter dormancy. Thereafter the female emerges from the den with her cubs and begins to feed. We investigated fatty acid patterns of milk from native Pennsylvania black bears during the period of winter dormancy, as well as after den emergence. Throughout winter dormancy, milk fatty acid composition remained relatively constant. The principal fatty acids at all times were 14∶0, 16∶0, 16∶1, 18∶0, 18∶1, 18∶2n−6, 18∶3n−3 and 20∶4n−6. After den emergence, large changes occurred in almost all the fatty acids, particularly in 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3. Large variability among the active free-ranging animals likely reflected differences in diet. In a carnivore, with apparently limitedde novo synthesis of fatty acids, milk fatty acid composition may be affected by factors such as transition from reliance on stored lipids to feeding, and by temporal changes in dietary intake.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391971/Fatty_acid_composition_of_black_bear_Ursus_americanus_milk_during_and_after_the_period_of_winter_dormancy","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:37.507-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Fatty_acid_composition_of_black_bear_Ursus_americanus_milk_during_and_after_the_period_of_winter_dormancy","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Black bears give birth and lactate during the 2–3-mon fast of winter dormancy. Thereafter the female emerges from the den with her cubs and begins to feed. We investigated fatty acid patterns of milk from native Pennsylvania black bears during the period of winter dormancy, as well as after den emergence. Throughout winter dormancy, milk fatty acid composition remained relatively constant. The principal fatty acids at all times were 14∶0, 16∶0, 16∶1, 18∶0, 18∶1, 18∶2n−6, 18∶3n−3 and 20∶4n−6. After den emergence, large changes occurred in almost all the fatty acids, particularly in 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3. Large variability among the active free-ranging animals likely reflected differences in diet. In a carnivore, with apparently limitedde novo synthesis of fatty acids, milk fatty acid composition may be affected by factors such as transition from reliance on stored lipids to feeding, and by temporal changes in dietary intake.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":9478,"name":"Diet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diet"},{"id":19826,"name":"Lactation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lactation"},{"id":45304,"name":"Hibernation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hibernation"},{"id":52055,"name":"Lipids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipids"},{"id":72314,"name":"Fatty acids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fatty_acids"},{"id":184609,"name":"Lipid metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipid_metabolism"},{"id":213439,"name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pennsylvania"},{"id":238368,"name":"Milk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk"},{"id":441317,"name":"Ursidae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ursidae"}],"urls":[{"id":3870220,"url":"http://www.springerlink.com/index/p45kn7124p51j203.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391971-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391969"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391969/Oscars_Astronotus_ocellatus_Have_a_Dietary_Requirement_for_Vitamin_C1_2_3"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Oscars, Astronotus ocellatus, Have a Dietary Requirement for Vitamin C1,2,3" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800476/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391969/Oscars_Astronotus_ocellatus_Have_a_Dietary_Requirement_for_Vitamin_C1_2_3">Oscars, Astronotus ocellatus, Have a Dietary Requirement for Vitamin C1,2,3</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We found that vitamin C is an essential nutrient for an Amazonian ornamental fish, the oscar (Ast...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We found that vitamin C is an essential nutrient for an Amazonian ornamental fish, the oscar (Astronotus ocellatus). This was demonstrated by the absence of L-gulonolactone oxidase activity, the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of vitamin C, in liver or kidney of oscars and by a feeding trial in which oscars without vitamin C dietary supplementation developed clinical deficiency signs. Fish weighing 29.2 { 1.9 g were divided into four groups, and each group was fed a casein-based semipurified diet containing 0, 25, 75 or 200 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AA)/kg diet for 26 wk. Vitamin C was supplemented in the diets as L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate, a mixture of phosphate esters of ascorbate, which is more stable to oxidation than AA. At the end of 26 wk, fish fed no AA had significantly lower weight gain than fish fed the AA-supplemented diets (P õ 0.05). Oscars without dietary AA supplementation gained only 37% of their initial weight, compared with 112, 102 and 91% gained by fish fed 25, 75 and 200 mg AA/kg diet, respectively. After 25 wk without dietary supplementation of AA, fish began to develop clinical deficiency signs, including deformed opercula and jaws, hemorrhage in the eyes and fins, and lordosis. Histology indicated that fish without AA supplementation had deformed gill filament support cartilage and atrophied muscle fibers. Collagen content of the vertebral column was significantly lower in fish devoid of dietary AA (P õ 0.05). Liver AA concentration varied in proportion to dietary concentration of AA. The minimum dietary AA concentration tested in this study, 25 mg AA/kg diet, was sufficient to prevent growth reduction and AA deficiency signs in oscars.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bdf80e2eb2318f390729f08e0f1af756" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47800476,"asset_id":9391969,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800476/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391969"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391969"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391969; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391969]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391969]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391969; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391969']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bdf80e2eb2318f390729f08e0f1af756" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391969]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391969,"title":"Oscars, Astronotus ocellatus, Have a Dietary Requirement for Vitamin C1,2,3","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Oscars Require Vitamin C for Growth and Health","grobid_abstract":"We found that vitamin C is an essential nutrient for an Amazonian ornamental fish, the oscar (Astronotus ocellatus). This was demonstrated by the absence of L-gulonolactone oxidase activity, the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of vitamin C, in liver or kidney of oscars and by a feeding trial in which oscars without vitamin C dietary supplementation developed clinical deficiency signs. Fish weighing 29.2 { 1.9 g were divided into four groups, and each group was fed a casein-based semipurified diet containing 0, 25, 75 or 200 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AA)/kg diet for 26 wk. Vitamin C was supplemented in the diets as L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate, a mixture of phosphate esters of ascorbate, which is more stable to oxidation than AA. At the end of 26 wk, fish fed no AA had significantly lower weight gain than fish fed the AA-supplemented diets (P õ 0.05). Oscars without dietary AA supplementation gained only 37% of their initial weight, compared with 112, 102 and 91% gained by fish fed 25, 75 and 200 mg AA/kg diet, respectively. After 25 wk without dietary supplementation of AA, fish began to develop clinical deficiency signs, including deformed opercula and jaws, hemorrhage in the eyes and fins, and lordosis. Histology indicated that fish without AA supplementation had deformed gill filament support cartilage and atrophied muscle fibers. Collagen content of the vertebral column was significantly lower in fish devoid of dietary AA (P õ 0.05). Liver AA concentration varied in proportion to dietary concentration of AA. The minimum dietary AA concentration tested in this study, 25 mg AA/kg diet, was sufficient to prevent growth reduction and AA deficiency signs in oscars.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":47800476},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391969/Oscars_Astronotus_ocellatus_Have_a_Dietary_Requirement_for_Vitamin_C1_2_3","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:36.616-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800476,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800476/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1745.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800476/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Oscars_Astronotus_ocellatus_Have_a_Dieta.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800476/1745-libre.pdf?1470356249=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DOscars_Astronotus_ocellatus_Have_a_Dieta.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851422\u0026Signature=CBd3Q9FKMpkHGaAJvM-7~TE6vOGf0gIEBryISehi~bkmJskzxa4l3nNDimMjVSwl96OlbMxmmBPtEteroQ9jqafZ~SScUBajioNC4REzYJqzxvtheOaVVOg0Vp4x4~2i5xwJZ3qQAFlL0fFP-fotibSzDVkc16papBNtS3A3yJKxvXJX-rGt55GH9~pQyG62hubuFMVYOiQmFvxTEYUHLaWjgy~zD3ZK9dlGNWPVOhaTWeY4uPcAuYMoQqEw7EDwwXVYgsTVyWYomYJhrw8dd9uKKH0fRQq2IpeTiSVJHc1kyoSynA3LeNPZtPaWJty3Jc69uDUOQa98PzyEKewLuA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Oscars_Astronotus_ocellatus_Have_a_Dietary_Requirement_for_Vitamin_C1_2_3","translated_slug":"","page_count":7,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"We found that vitamin C is an essential nutrient for an Amazonian ornamental fish, the oscar (Astronotus ocellatus). This was demonstrated by the absence of L-gulonolactone oxidase activity, the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of vitamin C, in liver or kidney of oscars and by a feeding trial in which oscars without vitamin C dietary supplementation developed clinical deficiency signs. Fish weighing 29.2 { 1.9 g were divided into four groups, and each group was fed a casein-based semipurified diet containing 0, 25, 75 or 200 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AA)/kg diet for 26 wk. Vitamin C was supplemented in the diets as L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate, a mixture of phosphate esters of ascorbate, which is more stable to oxidation than AA. At the end of 26 wk, fish fed no AA had significantly lower weight gain than fish fed the AA-supplemented diets (P õ 0.05). Oscars without dietary AA supplementation gained only 37% of their initial weight, compared with 112, 102 and 91% gained by fish fed 25, 75 and 200 mg AA/kg diet, respectively. After 25 wk without dietary supplementation of AA, fish began to develop clinical deficiency signs, including deformed opercula and jaws, hemorrhage in the eyes and fins, and lordosis. Histology indicated that fish without AA supplementation had deformed gill filament support cartilage and atrophied muscle fibers. Collagen content of the vertebral column was significantly lower in fish devoid of dietary AA (P õ 0.05). Liver AA concentration varied in proportion to dietary concentration of AA. The minimum dietary AA concentration tested in this study, 25 mg AA/kg diet, was sufficient to prevent growth reduction and AA deficiency signs in oscars.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":47800476,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800476/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1745.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800476/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Oscars_Astronotus_ocellatus_Have_a_Dieta.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800476/1745-libre.pdf?1470356249=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DOscars_Astronotus_ocellatus_Have_a_Dieta.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851422\u0026Signature=CBd3Q9FKMpkHGaAJvM-7~TE6vOGf0gIEBryISehi~bkmJskzxa4l3nNDimMjVSwl96OlbMxmmBPtEteroQ9jqafZ~SScUBajioNC4REzYJqzxvtheOaVVOg0Vp4x4~2i5xwJZ3qQAFlL0fFP-fotibSzDVkc16papBNtS3A3yJKxvXJX-rGt55GH9~pQyG62hubuFMVYOiQmFvxTEYUHLaWjgy~zD3ZK9dlGNWPVOhaTWeY4uPcAuYMoQqEw7EDwwXVYgsTVyWYomYJhrw8dd9uKKH0fRQq2IpeTiSVJHc1kyoSynA3LeNPZtPaWJty3Jc69uDUOQa98PzyEKewLuA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":591,"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition_and_Dietetics"},{"id":1907,"name":"Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition"},{"id":9478,"name":"Diet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diet"},{"id":29980,"name":"Animal Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Production"},{"id":71294,"name":"Kidney","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kidney"},{"id":71437,"name":"Liver","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver"},{"id":82981,"name":"vitamin C","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/vitamin_C"},{"id":117270,"name":"Fishes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fishes"},{"id":134095,"name":"Muscles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muscles"},{"id":231661,"name":"Enzyme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme"},{"id":352757,"name":"Ascorbic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ascorbic_Acid"},{"id":413194,"name":"Analysis of Variance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analysis_of_Variance"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences"},{"id":1141692,"name":"Weight Gain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Weight_Gain"},{"id":1281375,"name":"Hematocrit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hematocrit"},{"id":2459102,"name":"Ascorbic Acid Deficiency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ascorbic_Acid_Deficiency"}],"urls":[{"id":3870219,"url":"http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/516/1/Fracalossi1998.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391969-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391968"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391968/Does_the_milk_of_callitrichid_monkeys_differ_from_that_of_larger_anthropoids"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Does the milk of callitrichid monkeys differ from that of larger anthropoids" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800695/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391968/Does_the_milk_of_callitrichid_monkeys_differ_from_that_of_larger_anthropoids">Does the milk of callitrichid monkeys differ from that of larger anthropoids</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Journal of Primatology</span><span>, 2002</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The generalization that anthropoid primates produce dilute milks that are low in protein and ener...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The generalization that anthropoid primates produce dilute milks that are low in protein and energy is based primarily on data from large monkeys of the families Cebidae and Cercopithecidae, as well as humans. The marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae) are not only much smaller in body size, but also typically raise multiple offspring during a relatively brief lactation. We hypothesized that selection for small body size and high reproductive rate might favor secretion of milk of higher energy and protein concentrations. To test this hypothesis, 46 milk samples collected from 10 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus, ca. 350 g) were assayed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), fat, and sugar; and gross energy (GE) was calculated from these constituents. We also assayed five samples collected from three golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia, ca. 700 g) and six samples collected from a single pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea, ca. 150 g) over two lactation periods. All samples were collected between days 10 and 57 post partum, representing mid lactation for these species. The milks of these three species were similar, containing 14.0%, 16.1%, and 13.7% DM; 2.7%, 2.6%, and 2.9% CP; 3.6%, 5.2%, and 3.7% fat; 7.4%, 7.2%, and 7.8% sugar; and 0.76, 0.90, and 0.82 kcal/g for common marmosets, golden lion tamarins, and the pygmy marmoset, respectively. These species produced milks with energy values that were within the range reported for large anthropoids, albeit with slightly higher protein concentration. However, milk composition did vary substantially among individual common marmoset females, especially in the proportion of milk energy derived from fat. In contrast, CP as expressed as a percent of GE was remarkably constant among common marmoset females. Callitrichid milk appeared to be similar to that of larger anthropoid primates in GE, but was higher in CP and in the proportion of GE from CP. However, the small sample sizes for the golden lion tamarin and the pygmy marmoset, and the wide variation in milk composition found among common marmoset females cautions against definitively characterizing the milks of callitrichids from these data. Am.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="dcccd5ae83ab922736b51e1e7eb7e773" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47800695,"asset_id":9391968,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800695/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391968"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391968"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391968; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391968]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391968]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391968; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391968']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "dcccd5ae83ab922736b51e1e7eb7e773" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391968]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391968,"title":"Does the milk of callitrichid monkeys differ from that of larger anthropoids","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Comparative Milk Composition in Callitrichids","grobid_abstract":"The generalization that anthropoid primates produce dilute milks that are low in protein and energy is based primarily on data from large monkeys of the families Cebidae and Cercopithecidae, as well as humans. The marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae) are not only much smaller in body size, but also typically raise multiple offspring during a relatively brief lactation. We hypothesized that selection for small body size and high reproductive rate might favor secretion of milk of higher energy and protein concentrations. To test this hypothesis, 46 milk samples collected from 10 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus, ca. 350 g) were assayed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), fat, and sugar; and gross energy (GE) was calculated from these constituents. We also assayed five samples collected from three golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia, ca. 700 g) and six samples collected from a single pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea, ca. 150 g) over two lactation periods. All samples were collected between days 10 and 57 post partum, representing mid lactation for these species. The milks of these three species were similar, containing 14.0%, 16.1%, and 13.7% DM; 2.7%, 2.6%, and 2.9% CP; 3.6%, 5.2%, and 3.7% fat; 7.4%, 7.2%, and 7.8% sugar; and 0.76, 0.90, and 0.82 kcal/g for common marmosets, golden lion tamarins, and the pygmy marmoset, respectively. These species produced milks with energy values that were within the range reported for large anthropoids, albeit with slightly higher protein concentration. However, milk composition did vary substantially among individual common marmoset females, especially in the proportion of milk energy derived from fat. In contrast, CP as expressed as a percent of GE was remarkably constant among common marmoset females. Callitrichid milk appeared to be similar to that of larger anthropoid primates in GE, but was higher in CP and in the proportion of GE from CP. However, the small sample sizes for the golden lion tamarin and the pygmy marmoset, and the wide variation in milk composition found among common marmoset females cautions against definitively characterizing the milks of callitrichids from these data. Am.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2002,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"American Journal of Primatology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":47800695},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391968/Does_the_milk_of_callitrichid_monkeys_differ_from_that_of_larger_anthropoids","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:35.347-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800695,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800695/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Does_the_milk_of_Callitrichid_monkeys_di20160804-3620-ti69li.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800695/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Does_the_milk_of_callitrichid_monkeys_di.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800695/Does_the_milk_of_Callitrichid_monkeys_di20160804-3620-ti69li-libre.pdf?1470357802=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDoes_the_milk_of_callitrichid_monkeys_di.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851422\u0026Signature=DT~qLV30tbGr-gSfyqWv1ztlzxonrsui6lJhLWwrQqny9BshFgB2vHBTwOyLmzN8skOVSuS3fDP-K472dhoLAM5nGm5WXwFRJNSofQnuFaksQ02h0BTU~bPZxpEYEcc1Dcbdo9UyIyumT49uqJZoXy2fGveYyAgEBnlO4geVHFKQ9SlgIAo1-p1PMAR000tnereXVQieJOTYM9RRzMJL2My7NQXXTwhBQQ-ctAOX2OVNlbaXUcUku14jCTrFUN3ktmcHu67NinUQ-20c6svsmMS6ffbHnfImja8FxhbrtjQM08Ag7wUzhCR7CQjjU405C1NToPtTkk8IdMv95HGLVA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Does_the_milk_of_callitrichid_monkeys_differ_from_that_of_larger_anthropoids","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The generalization that anthropoid primates produce dilute milks that are low in protein and energy is based primarily on data from large monkeys of the families Cebidae and Cercopithecidae, as well as humans. The marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae) are not only much smaller in body size, but also typically raise multiple offspring during a relatively brief lactation. We hypothesized that selection for small body size and high reproductive rate might favor secretion of milk of higher energy and protein concentrations. To test this hypothesis, 46 milk samples collected from 10 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus, ca. 350 g) were assayed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), fat, and sugar; and gross energy (GE) was calculated from these constituents. We also assayed five samples collected from three golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia, ca. 700 g) and six samples collected from a single pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea, ca. 150 g) over two lactation periods. All samples were collected between days 10 and 57 post partum, representing mid lactation for these species. The milks of these three species were similar, containing 14.0%, 16.1%, and 13.7% DM; 2.7%, 2.6%, and 2.9% CP; 3.6%, 5.2%, and 3.7% fat; 7.4%, 7.2%, and 7.8% sugar; and 0.76, 0.90, and 0.82 kcal/g for common marmosets, golden lion tamarins, and the pygmy marmoset, respectively. These species produced milks with energy values that were within the range reported for large anthropoids, albeit with slightly higher protein concentration. However, milk composition did vary substantially among individual common marmoset females, especially in the proportion of milk energy derived from fat. In contrast, CP as expressed as a percent of GE was remarkably constant among common marmoset females. Callitrichid milk appeared to be similar to that of larger anthropoid primates in GE, but was higher in CP and in the proportion of GE from CP. However, the small sample sizes for the golden lion tamarin and the pygmy marmoset, and the wide variation in milk composition found among common marmoset females cautions against definitively characterizing the milks of callitrichids from these data. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391965-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391964"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391964/Ascorbic_acid_biosynthesis_in_Amazonian_fishes"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Ascorbic acid biosynthesis in Amazonian fishes" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800694/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391964/Ascorbic_acid_biosynthesis_in_Amazonian_fishes">Ascorbic acid biosynthesis in Amazonian fishes</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Aquaculture</span><span>, 2001</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The incapacity to synthesize ascorbic acid AA is due to the lack of activity of L-gulonolac-Ž . t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The incapacity to synthesize ascorbic acid AA is due to the lack of activity of L-gulonolac-Ž . tone oxidase GLO , which catalyzes the last step of AA biosynthesis. It was postulated that vertebrates unable to synthesize AA had sufficient amounts of this nutrient in their diet and consequently did not need to preserve synthetic capability. In the present study, we analyzed the GLO activity in kidney and liver of 13 fish species, including 11 teleosts, namely: freshwater stingray, Potamotrygon sp.; South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa; Asardinhao,B Pelonã sp.; arowana, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum; arapaima, Arapaima gigas; Apiranha caju,B Pygocentrus nattereri; Apiranha mucura,B Serrasalmus elongatus; Aaracu,B Schizodon fasciatus; Atambaqui,B Colossoma macropomum; Aacari-pedra,B Hypostomus sp.; Asarapo,B Steatogenyś elegans; electric eel, Electrophorus electricus; and the peacock bass, Cichla sp. Four representatives of the Characiformes order with distinct feeding habits were included in this study to evaluate the influence of feeding habit on GLO activity. Only two species of non-teleost fishes, Ž . Ž . the freshwater stingray Miliobatiformes and the South American lungfish Lepidosireniformes , Ž . AbbreÕiations: GLOs L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase EC 1.1.3.8 ; AA sascorbic acid q D.M. Fracalossi . 0044-8486r01r$ -see front matter q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Ž . PII: S 0 0 4 4 -8 4 8 6 0 0 0 0 4 5 5 -5 ( ) D. M. Fracalossi et al.r Aquaculture 192 2001 321-332 322 showed GLO activity in their kidneys, corroborating the hypothesis that teleosts are unable to synthesize AA. Additionally, as expected, we observed that the phylogenetic position is more important than feeding habit as a determinant of the biosynthetic ability since none of the Characiformes species analyzed synthesize AA, independent of their distinct feeding habits.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-9391964-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-9391964-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/35942854/figure-1-fish-species-analyzed-in-the-present-study"><img alt="Fig. 1. Fish species analyzed in the present study (Classification followed Nelson, 1994). Inside the Characiformes order, the different feeding habits were represented by: P. nattereri, carnivorous; S. elongatus, lepidophagous; S. fasciatus, herbivorous; and C. macropomum, omnivorous. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800694/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/35942858/table-1-glo-activity-in-liver-anterior-and-or-posterior"><img alt="GLO activity in liver, anterior and/or posterior kidney of selected Amazonian fishes from differen phylogenetic groups “Brazilian Portuguese, when English common name is not known. >Mean+SD. Below method detection limit of 0.09 wmol g-! ho!. Not existent or fused to posterior kidney. Table 1 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800694/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/35942863/table-2-ascorbic-acid-concentration-in-the-liver-anterior"><img alt="Ascorbic acid concentration in the liver, anterior and/or posterior kidney of selected species of Amazonian fishes “Brazilian Portuguese, when English common name is not know >Mean+SD. “Not existent or fused to posterior kidney. “Below method detection limit of 0.09 pmol g~! h7!. Table 2 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800694/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/35942873/table-3-glo-activity-in-cranial-and-caudal-halves-of"><img alt="GLO activity in cranial and caudal halves of posterior kidneys of males and females freshwater stingray * Table 3 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800694/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-9391964-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f6313b24c6206a4d78080f422a07354c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47800694,"asset_id":9391964,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800694/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391964"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391964"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391964; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391964]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391964]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391964; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391964']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f6313b24c6206a4d78080f422a07354c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391964]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391964,"title":"Ascorbic acid biosynthesis in Amazonian fishes","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"The incapacity to synthesize ascorbic acid AA is due to the lack of activity of L-gulonolac-Ž . tone oxidase GLO , which catalyzes the last step of AA biosynthesis. It was postulated that vertebrates unable to synthesize AA had sufficient amounts of this nutrient in their diet and consequently did not need to preserve synthetic capability. In the present study, we analyzed the GLO activity in kidney and liver of 13 fish species, including 11 teleosts, namely: freshwater stingray, Potamotrygon sp.; South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa; Asardinhao,B Pelonã sp.; arowana, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum; arapaima, Arapaima gigas; Apiranha caju,B Pygocentrus nattereri; Apiranha mucura,B Serrasalmus elongatus; Aaracu,B Schizodon fasciatus; Atambaqui,B Colossoma macropomum; Aacari-pedra,B Hypostomus sp.; Asarapo,B Steatogenyś elegans; electric eel, Electrophorus electricus; and the peacock bass, Cichla sp. Four representatives of the Characiformes order with distinct feeding habits were included in this study to evaluate the influence of feeding habit on GLO activity. Only two species of non-teleost fishes, Ž . Ž . the freshwater stingray Miliobatiformes and the South American lungfish Lepidosireniformes , Ž . AbbreÕiations: GLOs L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase EC 1.1.3.8 ; AA sascorbic acid q D.M. Fracalossi . 0044-8486r01r$ -see front matter q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Ž . PII: S 0 0 4 4 -8 4 8 6 0 0 0 0 4 5 5 -5 ( ) D. M. Fracalossi et al.r Aquaculture 192 2001 321-332 322 showed GLO activity in their kidneys, corroborating the hypothesis that teleosts are unable to synthesize AA. Additionally, as expected, we observed that the phylogenetic position is more important than feeding habit as a determinant of the biosynthetic ability since none of the Characiformes species analyzed synthesize AA, independent of their distinct feeding habits.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2001,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Aquaculture","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":47800694},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391964/Ascorbic_acid_biosynthesis_in_Amazonian_fishes","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:32.201-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800694,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800694/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s0044-8486_2800_2900455-520160804-27485-4izubw.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800694/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Ascorbic_acid_biosynthesis_in_Amazonian.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800694/s0044-8486_2800_2900455-520160804-27485-4izubw-libre.pdf?1470357802=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAscorbic_acid_biosynthesis_in_Amazonian.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851423\u0026Signature=AzWVX1IW8lxLCeSAsX0ZzGeuKK-BNk4LzbE8B9UToFW0CuP4EtYs47DcBmGixB~pv3T1fx6vq5XgXQjJ2aRQXIkZUIiEV2lWlJYjhLjGp5-oOmSV8xh7MDpbglgwRGnFjMLRZ2Yy1GClKU-Wg-q66m9Uup0f7igaCipDdfEDsq7H7oTLX9rs9gFx2gbUse4RpjuTUhOzT~XMGBZjZ6bFkhuVvOjnCrlFq1rFw~y~OyvPNs2h9tevltdENsx2r6fb18nFTXIw6hbbsAhnlXqbt~9ohtN91B8~f3griRBa9a6XuI09ah-KE0GN7DdJ8YEyEhIhQj1O9ZudhG8KzQpdtQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Ascorbic_acid_biosynthesis_in_Amazonian_fishes","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The incapacity to synthesize ascorbic acid AA is due to the lack of activity of L-gulonolac-Ž . tone oxidase GLO , which catalyzes the last step of AA biosynthesis. It was postulated that vertebrates unable to synthesize AA had sufficient amounts of this nutrient in their diet and consequently did not need to preserve synthetic capability. In the present study, we analyzed the GLO activity in kidney and liver of 13 fish species, including 11 teleosts, namely: freshwater stingray, Potamotrygon sp.; South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa; Asardinhao,B Pelonã sp.; arowana, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum; arapaima, Arapaima gigas; Apiranha caju,B Pygocentrus nattereri; Apiranha mucura,B Serrasalmus elongatus; Aaracu,B Schizodon fasciatus; Atambaqui,B Colossoma macropomum; Aacari-pedra,B Hypostomus sp.; Asarapo,B Steatogenyś elegans; electric eel, Electrophorus electricus; and the peacock bass, Cichla sp. Four representatives of the Characiformes order with distinct feeding habits were included in this study to evaluate the influence of feeding habit on GLO activity. Only two species of non-teleost fishes, Ž . Ž . the freshwater stingray Miliobatiformes and the South American lungfish Lepidosireniformes , Ž . AbbreÕiations: GLOs L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase EC 1.1.3.8 ; AA sascorbic acid q D.M. Fracalossi . 0044-8486r01r$ -see front matter q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Ž . PII: S 0 0 4 4 -8 4 8 6 0 0 0 0 4 5 5 -5 ( ) D. M. Fracalossi et al.r Aquaculture 192 2001 321-332 322 showed GLO activity in their kidneys, corroborating the hypothesis that teleosts are unable to synthesize AA. Additionally, as expected, we observed that the phylogenetic position is more important than feeding habit as a determinant of the biosynthetic ability since none of the Characiformes species analyzed synthesize AA, independent of their distinct feeding habits.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":47800694,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800694/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s0044-8486_2800_2900455-520160804-27485-4izubw.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800694/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Ascorbic_acid_biosynthesis_in_Amazonian.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800694/s0044-8486_2800_2900455-520160804-27485-4izubw-libre.pdf?1470357802=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAscorbic_acid_biosynthesis_in_Amazonian.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851423\u0026Signature=AzWVX1IW8lxLCeSAsX0ZzGeuKK-BNk4LzbE8B9UToFW0CuP4EtYs47DcBmGixB~pv3T1fx6vq5XgXQjJ2aRQXIkZUIiEV2lWlJYjhLjGp5-oOmSV8xh7MDpbglgwRGnFjMLRZ2Yy1GClKU-Wg-q66m9Uup0f7igaCipDdfEDsq7H7oTLX9rs9gFx2gbUse4RpjuTUhOzT~XMGBZjZ6bFkhuVvOjnCrlFq1rFw~y~OyvPNs2h9tevltdENsx2r6fb18nFTXIw6hbbsAhnlXqbt~9ohtN91B8~f3griRBa9a6XuI09ah-KE0GN7DdJ8YEyEhIhQj1O9ZudhG8KzQpdtQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology"},{"id":23848,"name":"Aquaculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquaculture"},{"id":170652,"name":"Fisheries Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fisheries_Sciences"},{"id":352757,"name":"Ascorbic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ascorbic_Acid"},{"id":1026538,"name":"Feeding Habit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feeding_Habit"},{"id":1192453,"name":"L","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/L"}],"urls":[{"id":3870215,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848600004555"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391960-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391956"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391956/Birth_to_weaning_in_4_days_remarkable_growth_in_the_hooded_seal_Cystophora_cristata"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Birth to weaning in 4 days: remarkable growth in the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800696/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391956/Birth_to_weaning_in_4_days_remarkable_growth_in_the_hooded_seal_Cystophora_cristata">Birth to weaning in 4 days: remarkable growth in the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Canadian Journal of Zoology-revue Canadienne De Zoologie</span><span>, 1985</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">1985. Birth to weaning in 4 days: remarkable growth in the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata. Can....</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">1985. Birth to weaning in 4 days: remarkable growth in the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata. Can. J . Zool . 63: 284 1 -2846. A brief lactation period with rapid neonatal weight gain may be adaptive for seals breeding on unstable pack ice. We studied the duration of lactation and growth of known-age pups of the hooded seal. Cystophor~~ c.ri.stata, on the pack ice off Labrador. Mean body weight of pups increased from 22.0 kg at birth ( n = 21) to a maximum of 42.6 kg on day 4 ( n = I I ) and then declined. On the basis of maternal absence, weight change, gastric contents, and clarity of blood serum, we conclude that pups are weaned 4 days after birth (range, 3-5 days). This is the shortest lactation period known for any mammal. Tagged pups captured on sequential days gained on average 7.1 kg per 24 h from the day after birth to weaning. Maternal effort supported a relative rate of weight gain (145 g. kg maternal weight " 75 'day ' ) that is 2.5-6 times that of other phocids. By combining a large birth weight with rapid neonatal weight gain, hooded seals achieve a weaning weight comparable to other phocids in one-third to one-tenth the amount of time after birth. BOWEN, W. D., 0 . T. OFTEDAL et D. J . BONESS. 1985. Birth to weaning in 4 days: remarkable growth in the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata. Can. J . Zool . 63: 284 1 -2846.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-9391956-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-9391956-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/40042607/figure-1-fic-percentage-of-known-age-hooded-seal-pups"><img alt="Fic. |. Percentage of known-age hooded seal pups suckling at 0-8 days postpartum based on four criteria: @, mother present; [_], weight gain to next day; A, milk in stomach; ©, blood opaque. Two new- borns had yet to suckle and are therefore omitted from day 0 sample sizes for the suckling criteria milk in stomach and blood opaque. Sample size is given beside each symbol. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800696/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/40042614/figure-2-fic-weights-of-known-age-hooded-seal-pups-days-post"><img alt="Fic. 2. Weights of known-age hooded seal pups O-—S days post- partum. (a~c) Individual pups with four to six weights; arrows in- dicate weaning. (d) Mean (with 95% confidence interval) for all measured pups. Sample size is shown above each mean. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800696/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/40042620/table-1-est-indirect-estimate-nd-no-data-sample-size-data"><img alt="“Est., indirect estimate; ND. no data: 7, sample size. ’Data from a land-breeding colony of grey seals. TABLE |. Published estimates of lactation length in phocids " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800696/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/40042630/table-2-weights-obtained-at-intervals-of-were-used-to"><img alt="“Weights obtained at intervals of 17—31 h were used to calculated weight gain on a 24-h basis. Only pups accompanied by mother at both weighings are included. TABLE 2. Daily weight gain“ (kilograms per 24 h) of known-age suckling hooded seal pups " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800696/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/40042650/table-3-birth-weight-and-weight-gain-in-phocids-note-sample"><img alt="TABLE 3. Birth weight and weight gain in phocids NoTE: Sample sizes are in parentheses: A, asymptote of growth curve; est., estimated from length. See Table } for taxonomic binomials. “Boulva and McLaren 1979; birth weight and weight gain from regression equations. Innes et al. 1981; Stewart and Lavigne 1980. “Coulson 1959; Coulson and Hickling 1964; Fedak and Anderson 1982. ‘Present study; female weights are from nursing animals at beginning of lactation. “Lindsey 1937; Bryden et al. 1984. ‘Reiter et al. 1978; Ortiz et al. 1984; Costa et al. 1985. § Carrick et al. 1962; Bryden 1968, 1969. 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Birth to weaning in 4 days: remarkable growth in the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata. Can. J . Zool . 63: 284 1 -2846. A brief lactation period with rapid neonatal weight gain may be adaptive for seals breeding on unstable pack ice. We studied the duration of lactation and growth of known-age pups of the hooded seal. Cystophor~~ c.ri.stata, on the pack ice off Labrador. Mean body weight of pups increased from 22.0 kg at birth ( n = 21) to a maximum of 42.6 kg on day 4 ( n = I I ) and then declined. On the basis of maternal absence, weight change, gastric contents, and clarity of blood serum, we conclude that pups are weaned 4 days after birth (range, 3-5 days). This is the shortest lactation period known for any mammal. Tagged pups captured on sequential days gained on average 7.1 kg per 24 h from the day after birth to weaning. Maternal effort supported a relative rate of weight gain (145 g. kg maternal weight \" 75 'day ' ) that is 2.5-6 times that of other phocids. By combining a large birth weight with rapid neonatal weight gain, hooded seals achieve a weaning weight comparable to other phocids in one-third to one-tenth the amount of time after birth. BOWEN, W. D., 0 . T. OFTEDAL et D. J . BONESS. 1985. Birth to weaning in 4 days: remarkable growth in the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata. Can. J . Zool . 63: 284 1 -2846.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1985,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology-revue Canadienne De Zoologie","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":47800696},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391956/Birth_to_weaning_in_4_days_remarkable_growth_in_the_hooded_seal_Cystophora_cristata","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:25.075-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800696,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800696/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Birth_to_weaning_in_4_days_Remarkable_gr20160804-22336-s3vhuv.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800696/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Birth_to_weaning_in_4_days_remarkable_gr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800696/Birth_to_weaning_in_4_days_Remarkable_gr20160804-22336-s3vhuv-libre.pdf?1470357804=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBirth_to_weaning_in_4_days_remarkable_gr.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851423\u0026Signature=eVZ6vAyOMs9V4xL6vITBVxUBsxTrgTPeQdshq-QWTJhsgCr0dG9jcsLNP~BPizqO~AzkwAFTLkVgkyJ~E1o6jSh5kQ7pATiP8fI~P-2asCcUmF28Vmz6y~joH7b4NEtJhX-X-rtZNR1Ld3kqNqhHe0amcIie2EKuWvfoSJUPu6sshQZD8tCjDuMlwSw~u71xxIYAhkXm1Na05f0I6ctPHcOxAo1DoSbOY7c2ArwTAGKJ-786JcztQ1JIOOeZz6jDfDwe9Z23LBH3g2J3cKEYCl~AiWbUy1H-xuQQ0X35i3TcOFwsbBP314Mj0yyY-O7rJrbVEqh~xtfcSG9u~96wlg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Birth_to_weaning_in_4_days_remarkable_growth_in_the_hooded_seal_Cystophora_cristata","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"1985. Birth to weaning in 4 days: remarkable growth in the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata. Can. J . Zool . 63: 284 1 -2846. A brief lactation period with rapid neonatal weight gain may be adaptive for seals breeding on unstable pack ice. We studied the duration of lactation and growth of known-age pups of the hooded seal. Cystophor~~ c.ri.stata, on the pack ice off Labrador. Mean body weight of pups increased from 22.0 kg at birth ( n = 21) to a maximum of 42.6 kg on day 4 ( n = I I ) and then declined. On the basis of maternal absence, weight change, gastric contents, and clarity of blood serum, we conclude that pups are weaned 4 days after birth (range, 3-5 days). This is the shortest lactation period known for any mammal. Tagged pups captured on sequential days gained on average 7.1 kg per 24 h from the day after birth to weaning. Maternal effort supported a relative rate of weight gain (145 g. kg maternal weight \" 75 'day ' ) that is 2.5-6 times that of other phocids. By combining a large birth weight with rapid neonatal weight gain, hooded seals achieve a weaning weight comparable to other phocids in one-third to one-tenth the amount of time after birth. BOWEN, W. D., 0 . T. OFTEDAL et D. J . BONESS. 1985. Birth to weaning in 4 days: remarkable growth in the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata. Can. J . Zool . 63: 284 1 -2846.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":47800696,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800696/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Birth_to_weaning_in_4_days_Remarkable_gr20160804-22336-s3vhuv.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800696/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Birth_to_weaning_in_4_days_remarkable_gr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800696/Birth_to_weaning_in_4_days_Remarkable_gr20160804-22336-s3vhuv-libre.pdf?1470357804=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBirth_to_weaning_in_4_days_remarkable_gr.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851423\u0026Signature=eVZ6vAyOMs9V4xL6vITBVxUBsxTrgTPeQdshq-QWTJhsgCr0dG9jcsLNP~BPizqO~AzkwAFTLkVgkyJ~E1o6jSh5kQ7pATiP8fI~P-2asCcUmF28Vmz6y~joH7b4NEtJhX-X-rtZNR1Ld3kqNqhHe0amcIie2EKuWvfoSJUPu6sshQZD8tCjDuMlwSw~u71xxIYAhkXm1Na05f0I6ctPHcOxAo1DoSbOY7c2ArwTAGKJ-786JcztQ1JIOOeZz6jDfDwe9Z23LBH3g2J3cKEYCl~AiWbUy1H-xuQQ0X35i3TcOFwsbBP314Mj0yyY-O7rJrbVEqh~xtfcSG9u~96wlg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology"},{"id":56615,"name":"Canadian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Canadian"}],"urls":[{"id":3870207,"url":"http://www.nrc.ca/cgi-bin/cisti/journals/rp/rp2_abst_e?cjz_z85-424_63_ns_nf_cjz63-85"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391956-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391955"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391955/Differences_among_captive_callitrichids_in_the_digestive_responses_to_dietary_gum"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Differences among captive callitrichids in the digestive responses to dietary gum" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800698/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391955/Differences_among_captive_callitrichids_in_the_digestive_responses_to_dietary_gum">Differences among captive callitrichids in the digestive responses to dietary gum</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Journal of Primatology</span><span>, 1996</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Although many members of the Callitrichidae, a monophyletic family of small, New World monkeys, h...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Although many members of the Callitrichidae, a monophyletic family of small, New World monkeys, have been observed to feed on plant exudates, available field data support the generalization that pygmy and common marmosets (Cebuella p y g m e a and Callithrix jacchus) feed on gums to a greater extent than most other callitrichids. Because microbial fermentation is required for vertebrates to digest gums, gum-feeding primates may react differently to dietary gum from their relatives that eat little gum. To test this hypothesis, digestion trials were conducted on animals from the two marmoset species, two tamarin species (Saguinus fuscicollis and S . oedipus), and a species of lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia). These species span the range of body sizes within the Callitrichidae. All animals were fed two variations of a homogeneous diet, which differed only in that gum arabic was added to one. Transit time of digesta (TFA) and digestive efficiency (as measured by the coefficients of apparent digestibility of dry matter and energy [ADDM and ADE, respectivelyl) were compared between diets for each individual. As predicted, the digestive responses of marmosets differed from the responses of the other study species. In marmosets, TFA tended to be longer when gum was added to the diet, while TFA did not change in the other three species. Digestive efficiency decreased in tamarins and lion tamarins with the addition of gum to the diet; marmoset digestive efficiency was unaffected by diet. The results of this research are consistent with the hypothesis that marmosets have digestive adaptations that aid in the digestion of gum that other callitrichids lack. 0 1996 Wiley-Lisa, Inc.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fb8885d8ca8afa74302320bca5f28df6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47800698,"asset_id":9391955,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800698/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391955"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391955"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391955; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391955]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391955]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391955; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391955']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "fb8885d8ca8afa74302320bca5f28df6" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391955]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391955,"title":"Differences among captive callitrichids in the digestive responses to dietary gum","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Digestive Responses to Dietary Gum in Callitrichids","grobid_abstract":"Although many members of the Callitrichidae, a monophyletic family of small, New World monkeys, have been observed to feed on plant exudates, available field data support the generalization that pygmy and common marmosets (Cebuella p y g m e a and Callithrix jacchus) feed on gums to a greater extent than most other callitrichids. Because microbial fermentation is required for vertebrates to digest gums, gum-feeding primates may react differently to dietary gum from their relatives that eat little gum. To test this hypothesis, digestion trials were conducted on animals from the two marmoset species, two tamarin species (Saguinus fuscicollis and S . oedipus), and a species of lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia). These species span the range of body sizes within the Callitrichidae. All animals were fed two variations of a homogeneous diet, which differed only in that gum arabic was added to one. Transit time of digesta (TFA) and digestive efficiency (as measured by the coefficients of apparent digestibility of dry matter and energy [ADDM and ADE, respectivelyl) were compared between diets for each individual. As predicted, the digestive responses of marmosets differed from the responses of the other study species. In marmosets, TFA tended to be longer when gum was added to the diet, while TFA did not change in the other three species. Digestive efficiency decreased in tamarins and lion tamarins with the addition of gum to the diet; marmoset digestive efficiency was unaffected by diet. The results of this research are consistent with the hypothesis that marmosets have digestive adaptations that aid in the digestion of gum that other callitrichids lack. 0 1996 Wiley-Lisa, Inc.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1996,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"American Journal of Primatology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":47800698},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391955/Differences_among_captive_callitrichids_in_the_digestive_responses_to_dietary_gum","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:23.664-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800698,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800698/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Differences_among_captive_callitrichids_20160804-21712-ixb3g2.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800698/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Differences_among_captive_callitrichids.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800698/Differences_among_captive_callitrichids_20160804-21712-ixb3g2-libre.pdf?1470357805=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDifferences_among_captive_callitrichids.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851423\u0026Signature=bN6X8KdxZ1~jX-62cUm4gZPMWRw8nNyQQuSqYtmpELr35BdCyc9JLpuc--3XaSNRInEFrMAAC0PWoAdlPH1qDFIg3JJ4OzD01U3nK0WVJgEAAUy~wNP4Kys-ULdM3eTl~KzWb~skpqfpHpVlLrSooE7mx41Vw-beR~TF~gnF0foOEcygBD7OmgD70hcZhJH9Ma-KkJUGWVw7SbdVjSmyHFZ-i9kCUvt-7AgiRVz816slVnCdXPdCCp34W2whPt5UZzx9ooDELR32YItBf3cWIVr93Y5wV-~eFK4JmPaHJy-DlCoz~inCrMHrJFVnjbO23F3bSsAbkzazhLm8ERubpQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Differences_among_captive_callitrichids_in_the_digestive_responses_to_dietary_gum","translated_slug":"","page_count":14,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Although many members of the Callitrichidae, a monophyletic family of small, New World monkeys, have been observed to feed on plant exudates, available field data support the generalization that pygmy and common marmosets (Cebuella p y g m e a and Callithrix jacchus) feed on gums to a greater extent than most other callitrichids. Because microbial fermentation is required for vertebrates to digest gums, gum-feeding primates may react differently to dietary gum from their relatives that eat little gum. To test this hypothesis, digestion trials were conducted on animals from the two marmoset species, two tamarin species (Saguinus fuscicollis and S . oedipus), and a species of lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia). These species span the range of body sizes within the Callitrichidae. All animals were fed two variations of a homogeneous diet, which differed only in that gum arabic was added to one. Transit time of digesta (TFA) and digestive efficiency (as measured by the coefficients of apparent digestibility of dry matter and energy [ADDM and ADE, respectivelyl) were compared between diets for each individual. As predicted, the digestive responses of marmosets differed from the responses of the other study species. In marmosets, TFA tended to be longer when gum was added to the diet, while TFA did not change in the other three species. Digestive efficiency decreased in tamarins and lion tamarins with the addition of gum to the diet; marmoset digestive efficiency was unaffected by diet. The results of this research are consistent with the hypothesis that marmosets have digestive adaptations that aid in the digestion of gum that other callitrichids lack. 0 1996 Wiley-Lisa, Inc.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":47800698,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800698/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Differences_among_captive_callitrichids_20160804-21712-ixb3g2.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800698/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Differences_among_captive_callitrichids.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800698/Differences_among_captive_callitrichids_20160804-21712-ixb3g2-libre.pdf?1470357805=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDifferences_among_captive_callitrichids.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851423\u0026Signature=bN6X8KdxZ1~jX-62cUm4gZPMWRw8nNyQQuSqYtmpELr35BdCyc9JLpuc--3XaSNRInEFrMAAC0PWoAdlPH1qDFIg3JJ4OzD01U3nK0WVJgEAAUy~wNP4Kys-ULdM3eTl~KzWb~skpqfpHpVlLrSooE7mx41Vw-beR~TF~gnF0foOEcygBD7OmgD70hcZhJH9Ma-KkJUGWVw7SbdVjSmyHFZ-i9kCUvt-7AgiRVz816slVnCdXPdCCp34W2whPt5UZzx9ooDELR32YItBf3cWIVr93Y5wV-~eFK4JmPaHJy-DlCoz~inCrMHrJFVnjbO23F3bSsAbkzazhLm8ERubpQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology"}],"urls":[{"id":3870206,"url":"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/%2528SICI%25291098-2345%25281996%252940%253A2%253C131%253A%253AAID-AJP2%253E3.3.CO%253B2-8"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391955-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391954"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391954/The_effect_of_a_natural_environmental_disturbance_on_maternal_investment_and_pup_behavior_in_the_California_sea_lion"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The effect of a natural environmental disturbance on maternal investment and pup behavior in the California sea lion" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800706/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391954/The_effect_of_a_natural_environmental_disturbance_on_maternal_investment_and_pup_behavior_in_the_California_sea_lion">The effect of a natural environmental disturbance on maternal investment and pup behavior in the California sea lion</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</span><span>, 1987</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Observed changes in maternal investment due to an environmentally induced decrease in food supply...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Observed changes in maternal investment due to an environmentally induced decrease in food supply (the 1983 El Niño-Southern Oscillation) are compared witha priori predictions for the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Changes in behavior, growth and mortality of off-spring were also examined. Data collected in the first two months postpartum for the years before (PRE), during (EN), and the two years after (POST1 and POST2) the 1983 El Niño indicate that females initiated postpartum feeding trips earlier during the food shortage, and spent more time away on individual feeding trips in both the El Niño year and the year after. Perinatal sex ratios (♀:♂) in the years PRE, EN, POST1 and POST2 were 1:1, 1.4:1, 1.1:1 and 1:1.4, respectively. Fewer copulations were observed during the El Niño year, but this difference was not statistically significant. Pups spent less time suckling in the food shortage year and the year following, but attempted to sneak suckle more. Pups were less active and played on land less in the El Niño and following year. Finally, maternal investment as measured by milk intake of offspring was decreased, pups grew more slowly, and suffered increased mortality during the food shortage year. Despite expected sex differences in maternal investment and pup behavior in response to food shortage, there were no sex-biased differences in response in either females or pups. As expected, the food shortage did not affect adult males since they migrate north during the non-breeding season where the environmental perturbation was less severe.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="dc5137aff37587af531e3a1dc0ecdd0e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47800706,"asset_id":9391954,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800706/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391954"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391954"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391954; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391954]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391954]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391954; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391954']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "dc5137aff37587af531e3a1dc0ecdd0e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391954]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391954,"title":"The effect of a natural environmental disturbance on maternal investment and pup behavior in the California sea lion","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Observed changes in maternal investment due to an environmentally induced decrease in food supply (the 1983 El Niño-Southern Oscillation) are compared witha priori predictions for the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Changes in behavior, growth and mortality of off-spring were also examined. Data collected in the first two months postpartum for the years before (PRE), during (EN), and the two years after (POST1 and POST2) the 1983 El Niño indicate that females initiated postpartum feeding trips earlier during the food shortage, and spent more time away on individual feeding trips in both the El Niño year and the year after. Perinatal sex ratios (♀:♂) in the years PRE, EN, POST1 and POST2 were 1:1, 1.4:1, 1.1:1 and 1:1.4, respectively. Fewer copulations were observed during the El Niño year, but this difference was not statistically significant. Pups spent less time suckling in the food shortage year and the year following, but attempted to sneak suckle more. Pups were less active and played on land less in the El Niño and following year. Finally, maternal investment as measured by milk intake of offspring was decreased, pups grew more slowly, and suffered increased mortality during the food shortage year. Despite expected sex differences in maternal investment and pup behavior in response to food shortage, there were no sex-biased differences in response in either females or pups. As expected, the food shortage did not affect adult males since they migrate north during the non-breeding season where the environmental perturbation was less severe.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1987,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology"},"translated_abstract":"Observed changes in maternal investment due to an environmentally induced decrease in food supply (the 1983 El Niño-Southern Oscillation) are compared witha priori predictions for the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Changes in behavior, growth and mortality of off-spring were also examined. Data collected in the first two months postpartum for the years before (PRE), during (EN), and the two years after (POST1 and POST2) the 1983 El Niño indicate that females initiated postpartum feeding trips earlier during the food shortage, and spent more time away on individual feeding trips in both the El Niño year and the year after. Perinatal sex ratios (♀:♂) in the years PRE, EN, POST1 and POST2 were 1:1, 1.4:1, 1.1:1 and 1:1.4, respectively. Fewer copulations were observed during the El Niño year, but this difference was not statistically significant. Pups spent less time suckling in the food shortage year and the year following, but attempted to sneak suckle more. Pups were less active and played on land less in the El Niño and following year. Finally, maternal investment as measured by milk intake of offspring was decreased, pups grew more slowly, and suffered increased mortality during the food shortage year. Despite expected sex differences in maternal investment and pup behavior in response to food shortage, there were no sex-biased differences in response in either females or pups. As expected, the food shortage did not affect adult males since they migrate north during the non-breeding season where the environmental perturbation was less severe.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391954/The_effect_of_a_natural_environmental_disturbance_on_maternal_investment_and_pup_behavior_in_the_California_sea_lion","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:21.730-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800706,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800706/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"bf0239543820160804-14315-qq8fzx.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800706/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_effect_of_a_natural_environmental_di.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800706/bf0239543820160804-14315-qq8fzx-libre.pdf?1470357803=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_effect_of_a_natural_environmental_di.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851423\u0026Signature=Jkn7ldW8VDr5hDTDRPpbLUJBcXt0CGxwQzL7N3~H4kkQcGSb14MNaDUVdP8js~9z4V0yD~YQ~xw4bPHpV4hoxS67GtVMBV2du6jfTNXeEQez7z40f~hKt7KG6sOhkt84mz~GvaBt~sXRQaEIV4Oy871c1KJ~X3ZyIFOR7W0JI6SKsvrqJHrbGhgRVZghgLy-q5zqZZcyhzVVJx4JUWHiSc6QcY4nbC~ZwE9YQgl1UGMRitNjjq2Z4relWhN1Y92h802QVKJs7oqvJk7VXs3Qck~raPqv6DurLvbbkzj7ykr52g~C19o3rLbccttaOaMzZIBFbvgFGLi58nRk3M8bKg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_effect_of_a_natural_environmental_disturbance_on_maternal_investment_and_pup_behavior_in_the_California_sea_lion","translated_slug":"","page_count":10,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Observed changes in maternal investment due to an environmentally induced decrease in food supply (the 1983 El Niño-Southern Oscillation) are compared witha priori predictions for the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Changes in behavior, growth and mortality of off-spring were also examined. Data collected in the first two months postpartum for the years before (PRE), during (EN), and the two years after (POST1 and POST2) the 1983 El Niño indicate that females initiated postpartum feeding trips earlier during the food shortage, and spent more time away on individual feeding trips in both the El Niño year and the year after. Perinatal sex ratios (♀:♂) in the years PRE, EN, POST1 and POST2 were 1:1, 1.4:1, 1.1:1 and 1:1.4, respectively. Fewer copulations were observed during the El Niño year, but this difference was not statistically significant. Pups spent less time suckling in the food shortage year and the year following, but attempted to sneak suckle more. Pups were less active and played on land less in the El Niño and following year. Finally, maternal investment as measured by milk intake of offspring was decreased, pups grew more slowly, and suffered increased mortality during the food shortage year. Despite expected sex differences in maternal investment and pup behavior in response to food shortage, there were no sex-biased differences in response in either females or pups. As expected, the food shortage did not affect adult males since they migrate north during the non-breeding season where the environmental perturbation was less severe.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":47800706,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800706/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"bf0239543820160804-14315-qq8fzx.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800706/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_effect_of_a_natural_environmental_di.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800706/bf0239543820160804-14315-qq8fzx-libre.pdf?1470357803=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_effect_of_a_natural_environmental_di.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851423\u0026Signature=Jkn7ldW8VDr5hDTDRPpbLUJBcXt0CGxwQzL7N3~H4kkQcGSb14MNaDUVdP8js~9z4V0yD~YQ~xw4bPHpV4hoxS67GtVMBV2du6jfTNXeEQez7z40f~hKt7KG6sOhkt84mz~GvaBt~sXRQaEIV4Oy871c1KJ~X3ZyIFOR7W0JI6SKsvrqJHrbGhgRVZghgLy-q5zqZZcyhzVVJx4JUWHiSc6QcY4nbC~ZwE9YQgl1UGMRitNjjq2Z4relWhN1Y92h802QVKJs7oqvJk7VXs3Qck~raPqv6DurLvbbkzj7ykr52g~C19o3rLbccttaOaMzZIBFbvgFGLi58nRk3M8bKg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences"},{"id":75509,"name":"Sex Difference","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sex_Difference"},{"id":81558,"name":"Food supply","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_supply"},{"id":90987,"name":"Sex ratio","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sex_ratio"},{"id":125564,"name":"Statistical Significance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_Significance"},{"id":153168,"name":"Data Collection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Collection"},{"id":892124,"name":"Southern Oscillation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southern_Oscillation"},{"id":1069085,"name":"California Sea Lion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/California_Sea_Lion"},{"id":1266164,"name":"Maternal Investment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maternal_Investment"},{"id":2452539,"name":"Breeding season","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Breeding_season"}],"urls":[{"id":3870205,"url":"http://www.springerlink.com/index/rg00477116121881.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391954-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391953"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391953/Preliminary_observations_on_the_relationship_of_calcium_ingestion_to_vitamin_D_status_in_the_green_iguana_Iguana_iguana"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Preliminary observations on the relationship of calcium ingestion to vitamin D status in the green iguana (Iguana iguana" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Preliminary observations on the relationship of calcium ingestion to vitamin D status in the green iguana (Iguana iguana</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Zoo Biology</span><span>, 1997</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT We hypothesized the vitamin D-deficient green iguanas with depleted calcium stores would...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT We hypothesized the vitamin D-deficient green iguanas with depleted calcium stores would seek to augment calcium intake by self-selection of a high calcium source. Eight green iguanas were offered free-choice ground oystershell in addition to their regular diet. Of these, two had not been exposed to ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation for &amp;gt; 5 years and were demonstrated to be vitamin D-deficient by low circulating levels of the principal vitamin D metabolite, calcidiol (25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol). The six others had been exposed to a UV-B emitting bulb for the previous 3 years and had high circulating calcidiol levels. Average daily food intake (expressed as dry matter per kg body mass) did not differ between the Low-D and High-D iguanas. The daily oystershell intake of the Low-D iguanas (0.02–0.03 g/kg) was lower than that of the High-D iguanas (0.06–0.70 g/kg), leading to a significant difference in calcium intake. The failure of iguanas to increase calcium intake in response to vitamin D-deficiency was puzzling and suggests that vitamin D, as a steroid hormone, may play some role in the expression of calcium appetite. Zoo Biol 16:201–207, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391953"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391953"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391953; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391953]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391953]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391953; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391953']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391953]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391953,"title":"Preliminary observations on the relationship of calcium ingestion to vitamin D status in the green iguana (Iguana iguana","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"ABSTRACT We hypothesized the vitamin D-deficient green iguanas with depleted calcium stores would seek to augment calcium intake by self-selection of a high calcium source. Eight green iguanas were offered free-choice ground oystershell in addition to their regular diet. Of these, two had not been exposed to ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation for \u0026amp;gt; 5 years and were demonstrated to be vitamin D-deficient by low circulating levels of the principal vitamin D metabolite, calcidiol (25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol). The six others had been exposed to a UV-B emitting bulb for the previous 3 years and had high circulating calcidiol levels. Average daily food intake (expressed as dry matter per kg body mass) did not differ between the Low-D and High-D iguanas. The daily oystershell intake of the Low-D iguanas (0.02–0.03 g/kg) was lower than that of the High-D iguanas (0.06–0.70 g/kg), leading to a significant difference in calcium intake. The failure of iguanas to increase calcium intake in response to vitamin D-deficiency was puzzling and suggests that vitamin D, as a steroid hormone, may play some role in the expression of calcium appetite. Zoo Biol 16:201–207, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1997,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Zoo Biology"},"translated_abstract":"ABSTRACT We hypothesized the vitamin D-deficient green iguanas with depleted calcium stores would seek to augment calcium intake by self-selection of a high calcium source. Eight green iguanas were offered free-choice ground oystershell in addition to their regular diet. Of these, two had not been exposed to ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation for \u0026amp;gt; 5 years and were demonstrated to be vitamin D-deficient by low circulating levels of the principal vitamin D metabolite, calcidiol (25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol). The six others had been exposed to a UV-B emitting bulb for the previous 3 years and had high circulating calcidiol levels. Average daily food intake (expressed as dry matter per kg body mass) did not differ between the Low-D and High-D iguanas. The daily oystershell intake of the Low-D iguanas (0.02–0.03 g/kg) was lower than that of the High-D iguanas (0.06–0.70 g/kg), leading to a significant difference in calcium intake. The failure of iguanas to increase calcium intake in response to vitamin D-deficiency was puzzling and suggests that vitamin D, as a steroid hormone, may play some role in the expression of calcium appetite. Zoo Biol 16:201–207, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391953/Preliminary_observations_on_the_relationship_of_calcium_ingestion_to_vitamin_D_status_in_the_green_iguana_Iguana_iguana","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:20.362-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Preliminary_observations_on_the_relationship_of_calcium_ingestion_to_vitamin_D_status_in_the_green_iguana_Iguana_iguana","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"ABSTRACT We hypothesized the vitamin D-deficient green iguanas with depleted calcium stores would seek to augment calcium intake by self-selection of a high calcium source. Eight green iguanas were offered free-choice ground oystershell in addition to their regular diet. Of these, two had not been exposed to ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation for \u0026amp;gt; 5 years and were demonstrated to be vitamin D-deficient by low circulating levels of the principal vitamin D metabolite, calcidiol (25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol). The six others had been exposed to a UV-B emitting bulb for the previous 3 years and had high circulating calcidiol levels. Average daily food intake (expressed as dry matter per kg body mass) did not differ between the Low-D and High-D iguanas. The daily oystershell intake of the Low-D iguanas (0.02–0.03 g/kg) was lower than that of the High-D iguanas (0.06–0.70 g/kg), leading to a significant difference in calcium intake. The failure of iguanas to increase calcium intake in response to vitamin D-deficiency was puzzling and suggests that vitamin D, as a steroid hormone, may play some role in the expression of calcium appetite. Zoo Biol 16:201–207, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology"},{"id":49037,"name":"Zoo Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoo_Biology"},{"id":644860,"name":"Veterinary Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":3870204,"url":"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/%2528SICI%25291098-2361%25281997%252916%253A3%253C201%253A%253AAID-ZOO1%253E3.0.CO%253B2-E"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391953-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391950"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391950/Lactation_in_the_Horse_Milk_Composition_and_Intake_by_Foals"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Lactation in the Horse: Milk Composition and Intake by Foals" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/35640899/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391950/Lactation_in_the_Horse_Milk_Composition_and_Intake_by_Foals">Lactation in the Horse: Milk Composition and Intake by Foals</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Milk samples averaging 500 ml were collected weekly from 10 to 54 days postpartum from five lacta...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Milk samples averaging 500 ml were collected weekly from 10 to 54 days postpartum from five lactating mares. Samples were obtained by hand milking after oxytocin administration and while the foal nursed. Dry matter, protein and gross energy were higher in samples obtained at 10 and 17 days postpartum than those ob tained during the midlactation period of 24-54 days. Midlactation samples averaged 10.5% dry matter, 1.29% fat, 1.93% protein, 6.91% sugar and 50.6 kcal/100 g. Protein comprised 22% of milk energy. Milk intake was estimated in five foals from deuterium oxide (D2O) turnover to be 16, 15 and 18 kg/day at 11, 25 and 39 days postpartum. Milk intake differed significantly among foals and at the various postpartum ages, whether intake was expressed as a daily amount, as a percent of foal body weight, per kilogram0 75or per gram of foal body weight gain. Milk production was equivalent to 3.1% of the mare's body weight at 11 days postpartum, 2.9% at 25 days and 3.4% at 39 days. On the basis of metabolic body size milk output by the mare was 149 g/kgÂ°75, 139 g/kgÂ°" and 163 g/kgÂ°7Sat 11, 25 and 39 days postpartum, respectively. Nutrient intakes by foals were calculated from milk composition and intake data. At 11, 25 and 39 days postpartum, respectively, dry matter intake equaled 3.1, 2.1 and 2.0% of foal body weight, and daily gross energy intake was 9380, 7590 and 8910 kcal. For each gram of body weight gain, foals ingested 0.37 g protein and 8.3 kcal at 11 days, 0.26 g protein and 6.7 kcal at 25 days, and 0.30 g protein and 7.8 kcal at 39 days of age.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f6c7fb9fea6765cc6eb3306a986c7650" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":35640899,"asset_id":9391950,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35640899/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391950"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391950"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391950; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391950]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391950]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391950; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391950']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f6c7fb9fea6765cc6eb3306a986c7650" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391950]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391950,"title":"Lactation in the Horse: Milk Composition and Intake by Foals","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Milk samples averaging 500 ml were collected weekly from 10 to 54 days postpartum from five lactating mares. Samples were obtained by hand milking after oxytocin administration and while the foal nursed. Dry matter, protein and gross energy were higher in samples obtained at 10 and 17 days postpartum than those ob tained during the midlactation period of 24-54 days. Midlactation samples averaged 10.5% dry matter, 1.29% fat, 1.93% protein, 6.91% sugar and 50.6 kcal/100 g. Protein comprised 22% of milk energy. Milk intake was estimated in five foals from deuterium oxide (D2O) turnover to be 16, 15 and 18 kg/day at 11, 25 and 39 days postpartum. Milk intake differed significantly among foals and at the various postpartum ages, whether intake was expressed as a daily amount, as a percent of foal body weight, per kilogram0 75or per gram of foal body weight gain. Milk production was equivalent to 3.1% of the mare's body weight at 11 days postpartum, 2.9% at 25 days and 3.4% at 39 days. On the basis of metabolic body size milk output by the mare was 149 g/kgÂ°75, 139 g/kgÂ°\" and 163 g/kgÂ°7Sat 11, 25 and 39 days postpartum, respectively. Nutrient intakes by foals were calculated from milk composition and intake data. At 11, 25 and 39 days postpartum, respectively, dry matter intake equaled 3.1, 2.1 and 2.0% of foal body weight, and daily gross energy intake was 9380, 7590 and 8910 kcal. For each gram of body weight gain, foals ingested 0.37 g protein and 8.3 kcal at 11 days, 0.26 g protein and 6.7 kcal at 25 days, and 0.30 g protein and 7.8 kcal at 39 days of age.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":35640899},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391950/Lactation_in_the_Horse_Milk_Composition_and_Intake_by_Foals","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:17.018-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35640899,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/35640899/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2096.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35640899/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Lactation_in_the_Horse_Milk_Composition.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/35640899/2096-libre.pdf?1416400199=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLactation_in_the_Horse_Milk_Composition.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851424\u0026Signature=P4ZR5NU0XhicwOJtqmAjE36XWhQ1TV1FzpkGxCtG8Lfa3DZ22TzmJexgye5V3NKuR3KWZoydBBZGH0K1SlBrmBjVXG2fA8-4AOtTaaMibABluK~drDJafyiFkuM1tK0B9q~in5pZr-CliwGE7Zwsu8AQ9kgb5FSLjrVa6lbhHV1k9LSdxwmlwxN-WteemGScbRUYfATsndiAyFEyvfWT6wbCeCIVcg-QRypksGTbkN43tHxMj1t5g4WHdJx6VlP6fvlVHDrllVLJjHTGlHuPtNTeBsAT2IVwCIFLiXLDPykByje5IWRbO6lQjE~G0wcUJaVcQiq2oKzOcmk-MjcBaQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Lactation_in_the_Horse_Milk_Composition_and_Intake_by_Foals","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Milk samples averaging 500 ml were collected weekly from 10 to 54 days postpartum from five lactating mares. Samples were obtained by hand milking after oxytocin administration and while the foal nursed. Dry matter, protein and gross energy were higher in samples obtained at 10 and 17 days postpartum than those ob tained during the midlactation period of 24-54 days. Midlactation samples averaged 10.5% dry matter, 1.29% fat, 1.93% protein, 6.91% sugar and 50.6 kcal/100 g. Protein comprised 22% of milk energy. Milk intake was estimated in five foals from deuterium oxide (D2O) turnover to be 16, 15 and 18 kg/day at 11, 25 and 39 days postpartum. Milk intake differed significantly among foals and at the various postpartum ages, whether intake was expressed as a daily amount, as a percent of foal body weight, per kilogram0 75or per gram of foal body weight gain. Milk production was equivalent to 3.1% of the mare's body weight at 11 days postpartum, 2.9% at 25 days and 3.4% at 39 days. On the basis of metabolic body size milk output by the mare was 149 g/kgÂ°75, 139 g/kgÂ°\" and 163 g/kgÂ°7Sat 11, 25 and 39 days postpartum, respectively. Nutrient intakes by foals were calculated from milk composition and intake data. At 11, 25 and 39 days postpartum, respectively, dry matter intake equaled 3.1, 2.1 and 2.0% of foal body weight, and daily gross energy intake was 9380, 7590 and 8910 kcal. For each gram of body weight gain, foals ingested 0.37 g protein and 8.3 kcal at 11 days, 0.26 g protein and 6.7 kcal at 25 days, and 0.30 g protein and 7.8 kcal at 39 days of age.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":35640899,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/35640899/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2096.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35640899/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Lactation_in_the_Horse_Milk_Composition.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/35640899/2096-libre.pdf?1416400199=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLactation_in_the_Horse_Milk_Composition.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851424\u0026Signature=P4ZR5NU0XhicwOJtqmAjE36XWhQ1TV1FzpkGxCtG8Lfa3DZ22TzmJexgye5V3NKuR3KWZoydBBZGH0K1SlBrmBjVXG2fA8-4AOtTaaMibABluK~drDJafyiFkuM1tK0B9q~in5pZr-CliwGE7Zwsu8AQ9kgb5FSLjrVa6lbhHV1k9LSdxwmlwxN-WteemGScbRUYfATsndiAyFEyvfWT6wbCeCIVcg-QRypksGTbkN43tHxMj1t5g4WHdJx6VlP6fvlVHDrllVLJjHTGlHuPtNTeBsAT2IVwCIFLiXLDPykByje5IWRbO6lQjE~G0wcUJaVcQiq2oKzOcmk-MjcBaQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":35640898,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/35640898/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2096.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35640898/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Lactation_in_the_Horse_Milk_Composition.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/35640898/2096-libre.pdf?1416400199=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLactation_in_the_Horse_Milk_Composition.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851424\u0026Signature=Jl0G4n~-P5aMGQ-mroVMH9WNTu6Fob4IPNqEJbxm5jTBeQOZ--YByXac14-xWubaaKtXqNvl30jSUs6dywfNi4jrbgxDS7HPAFmNsCcZ3knsN0F~zBEK-ztmYkSnohmKQlvUdHNIruSz6GT4nY9dkWLSdxbnUreGwQ0kxQWyLq5jBRmRoYkh1cSMv82TzxTlya72~j3D9jBNfP4VHzjdHK-rGfcGOZm-OzjxLhkGLCCZZxZ7j8pPDoaf5Tx8ry3be~aVOyR0n3bG0aAnbdysL7hbn3jR-4mfQ51WJv4wfOASN9vWNcc7JKJ7WcRBaO2d-Bqj9Vq36d55TEo8Ufpa4w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":591,"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition_and_Dietetics"},{"id":19826,"name":"Lactation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lactation"},{"id":29980,"name":"Animal Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Production"},{"id":52055,"name":"Lipids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipids"},{"id":53735,"name":"Oxytocin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxytocin"},{"id":62550,"name":"Pregnancy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pregnancy"},{"id":164264,"name":"Body Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Size"},{"id":168196,"name":"Horses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Horses"},{"id":205742,"name":"Milk products","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk_products"},{"id":218820,"name":"Eating","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eating"},{"id":238368,"name":"Milk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk"},{"id":564878,"name":"Body Weight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Weight"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences"},{"id":609249,"name":"CARBOHYDRATES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CARBOHYDRATES"},{"id":749302,"name":"Indexation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indexation"},{"id":780543,"name":"G protein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/G_protein"},{"id":953277,"name":"Dry Matter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dry_Matter"},{"id":1429376,"name":"Milk Composition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk_Composition"},{"id":1885346,"name":"Milk proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk_proteins"},{"id":2183171,"name":"Nutrient Intake","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrient_Intake"}],"urls":[{"id":3870201,"url":"http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/113/10/2096.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391950-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391947"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391947/The_Mammary_Gland_and_Its_Origin_During_Synapsid_Evolution"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Mammary Gland and Its Origin During Synapsid Evolution" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800718/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391947/The_Mammary_Gland_and_Its_Origin_During_Synapsid_Evolution">The Mammary Gland and Its Origin During Synapsid Evolution</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia</span><span>, 2002</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Lactation appears to be an ancient reproductive trait that predates the origin of mammals. The sy...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Lactation appears to be an ancient reproductive trait that predates the origin of mammals. The synapsid branch of the amniote tree that separated from other taxa in the Pennsylvanian (>310 million years ago) evolved a glandular rather than scaled integument. Repeated radiations of synapsids produced a gradual accrual of mammalian features. The mammary gland apparently derives from an ancestral apocrine-like gland that was associated with hair follicles. This association is retained by monotreme mammary glands and is evident as vestigial mammary hair during early ontogenetic development of marsupials. The dense cluster of mammo-pilo-sebaceous units that open onto a nipple-less mammary patch in monotremes may reflect a structure that evolved to provide moisture and other constituents to permeable eggs. Mammary patch secretions were coopted to provide nutrients to hatchlings, but some constituents including lactose may have been secreted by ancestral apocrine-like glands in early synapsids. Advanced Triassic therapsids, such as cynodonts, almost certainly secreted complex, nutrient-rich milk, allowing a progressive decline in egg size and an increasingly altricial state of the young at hatching. This is indicated by the very small body size, presence of epipubic bones, and limited tooth replacement in advanced cynodonts and early mammaliaforms. Nipples that arose from the mammary patch rendered mammary hairs obsolete, while placental structures have allowed lactation to be truncated in living eutherians.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-9391947-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-9391947-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/17271787/figure-1-the-mammary-gland-and-its-origin-during-synapsid"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800718/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/17271800/figure-2-diagrammatic-representation-of-sequential"><img alt="Fig. 2. A diagrammatic representation of sequential radiations beginning with Amniota (I) and concluding with Mammalia (VI). Note that each successive radiating clade derives from, and is a subset of, the preceding clade; both Synapsida and Sauropsida are subsets of Amniota (1). The figure illustrates some major and notable representatives of each radiation (as indicated by dashed radiating lines), but omits a number of taxa. The bold horizontal lines indicate the appearance and approximate duration of each taxon in the fossil record. Geologic ages and the end-Permian massive extinction (vertical dotted line) are indicated above the x-axis. The inclusion of turtles within Parareptilia is controversial. [Information primarily from Refs. 29-31 and 33-37] " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800718/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/17271804/figure-3-skulls-representing-successive-synapsid-radiations"><img alt="Fig. 3. Skulls representing successive synapsid radiations. (A) A basal synapsid, Eothyris, of the early Permian. Note the temporal fenestra (window or opening) behind the orbit. (B) A biarmosuchid therapsid, Biarmosuchus, of the late Permian. Note the increased size of the anterior bone (dentary) in the lower jaw. (C) A thrinaxodontid cynodont, Thrinaxodon, of the early Triassic. Note the large posterio-dorsal projection of the dentary as a coronoid process (cor pr) for muscle attachment. (D) A mammaliaform, Morganucodon, of the early Jurassic. Note the dentary-squamosal jaw articulation (sq-den jt) and the complex dentition. Skulls not to scale. Abbreviations: art, articular; cor pr, coronoid process of dentary; fr, frontal; j, jugal; lac, lacrimal; mass, fosseter for masseter muscle attachment; m1, first lowar molar; mus, facet for adductor muscle attachment; mx, maxillary; n, nasal; pmx, premaxillary; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; prf, prefrontal; q, quadrate, qj, quadratojugal; ref lam, reflected lamina; sq, squamosal; sq-den jt, squamosal-dentary jaw joint. [Modified from Hopson (34)] " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800718/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/17271812/figure-4-schematic-view-of-early-mammary-development-in-mar"><img alt="Fig. 4. A schematic view of early mammary development in mar- supials that undergo nipple eversion, as interpreted by Bresslau (17,18). (A) Nipple primordium, prior to sprouting. (B) Elonga- tion of the nipple primordium, with emergence of primary sprouts (I) that will become hair follicles, and secondary buds (II) that will become mammary lobules; note development of cornified horny plug (hp). (C) Hollowed-out “nipple pouch” with mam- mary hairs emerging from hair follicles (I), growth of mammary glands (II), and appearance of tertiary buds (III) that represent sebaceous glands. (D) Everted nipple, after regression of the hair follicle and shedding of the mammary hair; note that the illustrated galactophores in the nipple derive one-to-one from mammo-pilo- sebaceous units, and that sebaceous glands (III) may still be present. [From Bresslau (17)] " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800718/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/17271816/table-1-reference-list-of-taxonomic-and-specialized-terms"><img alt="Table I. Reference List of Taxonomic and Specialized Terms Used in This Review " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800718/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/17271830/table-2-ii-theories-on-the-origin-of-lactation"><img alt="Table II. Theories on the Origin of Lactation " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800718/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/17271841/table-3-parenthetical-statements-refer-to-specific-taxonomic"><img alt="“ Parenthetical statements refer to specific taxonomic groups: A= Artiodactyla, C=Cetacea, E=Eutheria, H=Hominidae, M: Marsupialia, Mo = Monotremata, Pe = Perissodactyla, Pr = Primates. Information primarily from the following Refs.: 14,18,84,88,91,9- 96-99. 6 For present purposes, lipid secretion considered to be apocrine (93), but see text for discussion. Table III. Comparison of Features of Mammalian Skin Glands " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800718/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-9391947-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="35cbd4f95c4630618e1e2b60074c5ef0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47800718,"asset_id":9391947,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800718/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391947"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391947"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391947; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391947]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391947]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391947; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391947']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "35cbd4f95c4630618e1e2b60074c5ef0" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391947]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391947,"title":"The Mammary Gland and Its Origin During Synapsid Evolution","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Lactation appears to be an ancient reproductive trait that predates the origin of mammals. The synapsid branch of the amniote tree that separated from other taxa in the Pennsylvanian (\u003e310 million years ago) evolved a glandular rather than scaled integument. Repeated radiations of synapsids produced a gradual accrual of mammalian features. The mammary gland apparently derives from an ancestral apocrine-like gland that was associated with hair follicles. This association is retained by monotreme mammary glands and is evident as vestigial mammary hair during early ontogenetic development of marsupials. The dense cluster of mammo-pilo-sebaceous units that open onto a nipple-less mammary patch in monotremes may reflect a structure that evolved to provide moisture and other constituents to permeable eggs. Mammary patch secretions were coopted to provide nutrients to hatchlings, but some constituents including lactose may have been secreted by ancestral apocrine-like glands in early synapsids. Advanced Triassic therapsids, such as cynodonts, almost certainly secreted complex, nutrient-rich milk, allowing a progressive decline in egg size and an increasingly altricial state of the young at hatching. This is indicated by the very small body size, presence of epipubic bones, and limited tooth replacement in advanced cynodonts and early mammaliaforms. Nipples that arose from the mammary patch rendered mammary hairs obsolete, while placental structures have allowed lactation to be truncated in living eutherians.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2002,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia"},"translated_abstract":"Lactation appears to be an ancient reproductive trait that predates the origin of mammals. The synapsid branch of the amniote tree that separated from other taxa in the Pennsylvanian (\u003e310 million years ago) evolved a glandular rather than scaled integument. Repeated radiations of synapsids produced a gradual accrual of mammalian features. The mammary gland apparently derives from an ancestral apocrine-like gland that was associated with hair follicles. This association is retained by monotreme mammary glands and is evident as vestigial mammary hair during early ontogenetic development of marsupials. The dense cluster of mammo-pilo-sebaceous units that open onto a nipple-less mammary patch in monotremes may reflect a structure that evolved to provide moisture and other constituents to permeable eggs. Mammary patch secretions were coopted to provide nutrients to hatchlings, but some constituents including lactose may have been secreted by ancestral apocrine-like glands in early synapsids. Advanced Triassic therapsids, such as cynodonts, almost certainly secreted complex, nutrient-rich milk, allowing a progressive decline in egg size and an increasingly altricial state of the young at hatching. This is indicated by the very small body size, presence of epipubic bones, and limited tooth replacement in advanced cynodonts and early mammaliaforms. Nipples that arose from the mammary patch rendered mammary hairs obsolete, while placental structures have allowed lactation to be truncated in living eutherians.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391947/The_Mammary_Gland_and_Its_Origin_During_Synapsid_Evolution","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:15.977-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800718,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800718/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Oftedal_OTThe_mammary_gland_and_its_orig20160804-24153-xotjwt.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800718/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Mammary_Gland_and_Its_Origin_During.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800718/Oftedal_OTThe_mammary_gland_and_its_orig20160804-24153-xotjwt-libre.pdf?1470357802=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Mammary_Gland_and_Its_Origin_During.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851424\u0026Signature=FsDNhD3y8rKAcuxl29g5-k22EJwj2n4SPmZxQhWP835dhnORrOuG8aAIRGrIee2ms4ZpwteBScrQ~i7ZqxvZpJsBN8d1W6B0uKQg~luuIaU1Gc1Id5r9h0e5mcXtEQoUQJO55dArrcD20qzPM6L9kuHeZfVcaz~psiBbPvv8LLKmROfVUBqJpgjhWKxv9ZgflDv~FFUP2NF~XKbHLdyPDpUG3N5EhpOdPVJrwdXuUfiqt2bIjveoxonWguZHLONXncG6W519dwJ0zFSBz0Tdxxwj8EDv30td0JPy9slIftHNk3Cx5QDFwhmdC3WHlk8yavSRKipa~olglUlSVziQMQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_Mammary_Gland_and_Its_Origin_During_Synapsid_Evolution","translated_slug":"","page_count":28,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Lactation appears to be an ancient reproductive trait that predates the origin of mammals. The synapsid branch of the amniote tree that separated from other taxa in the Pennsylvanian (\u003e310 million years ago) evolved a glandular rather than scaled integument. Repeated radiations of synapsids produced a gradual accrual of mammalian features. The mammary gland apparently derives from an ancestral apocrine-like gland that was associated with hair follicles. This association is retained by monotreme mammary glands and is evident as vestigial mammary hair during early ontogenetic development of marsupials. The dense cluster of mammo-pilo-sebaceous units that open onto a nipple-less mammary patch in monotremes may reflect a structure that evolved to provide moisture and other constituents to permeable eggs. Mammary patch secretions were coopted to provide nutrients to hatchlings, but some constituents including lactose may have been secreted by ancestral apocrine-like glands in early synapsids. Advanced Triassic therapsids, such as cynodonts, almost certainly secreted complex, nutrient-rich milk, allowing a progressive decline in egg size and an increasingly altricial state of the young at hatching. This is indicated by the very small body size, presence of epipubic bones, and limited tooth replacement in advanced cynodonts and early mammaliaforms. Nipples that arose from the mammary patch rendered mammary hairs obsolete, while placental structures have allowed lactation to be truncated in living eutherians.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":47800718,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800718/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Oftedal_OTThe_mammary_gland_and_its_orig20160804-24153-xotjwt.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800718/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Mammary_Gland_and_Its_Origin_During.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800718/Oftedal_OTThe_mammary_gland_and_its_orig20160804-24153-xotjwt-libre.pdf?1470357802=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Mammary_Gland_and_Its_Origin_During.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851424\u0026Signature=FsDNhD3y8rKAcuxl29g5-k22EJwj2n4SPmZxQhWP835dhnORrOuG8aAIRGrIee2ms4ZpwteBScrQ~i7ZqxvZpJsBN8d1W6B0uKQg~luuIaU1Gc1Id5r9h0e5mcXtEQoUQJO55dArrcD20qzPM6L9kuHeZfVcaz~psiBbPvv8LLKmROfVUBqJpgjhWKxv9ZgflDv~FFUP2NF~XKbHLdyPDpUG3N5EhpOdPVJrwdXuUfiqt2bIjveoxonWguZHLONXncG6W519dwJ0zFSBz0Tdxxwj8EDv30td0JPy9slIftHNk3Cx5QDFwhmdC3WHlk8yavSRKipa~olglUlSVziQMQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7076,"name":"Taxonomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taxonomy"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution"},{"id":19826,"name":"Lactation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lactation"},{"id":41779,"name":"Mammals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mammals"},{"id":54433,"name":"Phylogeny","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phylogeny"},{"id":191815,"name":"Biological evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_evolution"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences"},{"id":965094,"name":"Origin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Origin"}],"urls":[{"id":3870198,"url":"http://www.springerlink.com/index/u03457rt3674356k.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391947-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391945"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391945/Lactation_in_Whales_and_Dolphins_Evidence_of_Divergence_Between_Baleen_and_Toothed_Species"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Lactation in Whales and Dolphins: Evidence of Divergence Between Baleen and Toothed-Species" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800705/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391945/Lactation_in_Whales_and_Dolphins_Evidence_of_Divergence_Between_Baleen_and_Toothed_Species">Lactation in Whales and Dolphins: Evidence of Divergence Between Baleen and Toothed-Species</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia</span><span>, 1997</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Although it has been more than one hundred years since the first publication on the milks of whal...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Although it has been more than one hundred years since the first publication on the milks of whales and dolphins (Order Cetacea), information on lactation in these species is scattered and fragmentary. Yet the immense size of some cetaceans, and the recent evidence that another group of marine mammals, the true seals, have remarkable rates of secretion of milk fat and energy, make this group of great comparative interest. In this paper information on lactation patterns, milk composition and lactation performance is reviewed. Two very different patterns are evident. Many of the baleen whales (Suborder Mysticeti) have relatively brief lactations (5–7 months) during which they fast or eat relatively little. At mid-lactation they produce milks relatively low in water (40–53%), high in fat (30–50%), and moderately high in protein (9–15%) and ash (1.2–2.1%). From mammary gland weights and postnatal growth rates, it is predicted that their energy outputs in milk are exceptional, reaching on the order of 4000 MJ/d in the blue whale. This is possible because pregnant females migrate to feeding grounds where they can ingest and deposit great amounts of energy, building up blubber stores prior to parturition. On the other hand, the toothed whales and dolphins (Suborder Odontoceti) have much more extensive lactations typically lasting 1–3 years, during which the mothers feed. At mid-lactation their milks appear to be higher in water (60–77%) and lower in fat (10–30%) and ash (0.6–1.1%), with similar levels of protein (8–11%). At least some odontocetes resemble primates in terms of low predicted rates of energy output and a long period of dependency of the young. However, these hypotheses are based on small numbers of samples for a relatively small number of species. Much of the available data on milk composition is of rather poor quality; for example, it is not possible to determine if milk composition changes over the course of lactation among odontocetes. Additional research on cetacean mammary glands and their secretions is needed to understand the reproductive strategies of these fascinating animals.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-9391945-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-9391945-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261306/figure-1-dwarf-sperm-whale-kogia-simus-calf-being-offered"><img alt="Fig. 1. A dwarf sperm whale (Kogia simus) calf being offered milk formula. This 112 cm male stranded with its presumed mother (catalogue no. 550482, Marine Mammal Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Insitution) at Virginia Beach, Virginia on September 21, 1985. The mother weighed 155 kg, measured 213 cm from tip of snout to notch in the flukes, and provided two samples for the present review: fresh milk and a mammary gland. Unfortunately the calf did not survive. Photograph by Matthew Hare, courtesy of the Smithsonian Marine Mammal Program. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261307/figure-2-frequency-distribution-of-the-reported-fat"><img alt="Fig. 2. A frequency distribution of the reported fat concentrations for four species of baleen whales (Order Mysticeti), The sources for the data are indicated by species in Appendix I. All data were included except the analyses of minke whale samples collected in 1971 (35) as these appear to be in error (see text). Although cetacean milks are commonly thought to be high in fat, even a cursory view indicates tremen- dous variability within species of baleen whales (Fig. 2). Variability in fat concentration is also obvious in those few odontocetes for which a number of sam- ples have been analyzed, specifically bottlenose dol- phins, spotted dolphins and sperm whales (Appendix " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261308/figure-3-changes-in-milk-fat-concentration-in-southern"><img alt="Fig. 3. Changes in milk fat concentration in southern elephant seals according to stage of lactation. Four studies are indicated for three different Antarctic or subantarctic islands: Macquarie Island at 54°S, 159°E (75, 78), South Georgia Island at 45°S 37°W (76) and King George Island at 62°S, 58°W (77). The dotted lines indicate a terminal drop in fat that is probably associated with cessation of suckling and mammary involution. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261309/figure-4-the-composition-of-milk-according-to-estimated"><img alt="Fig. 4. The composition of milk according to estimated stage of lactation for the humpback whale. Month of lactation was estimated from the difference between the date of sample collection and the midpoint of the time of peak calving (Table II), Least-squares quadratic regression lines for the monthly means had r° values of 0.87, 0,91, and 0.77 for water, fat and ash for humpback whales. The error bars represent SEM. Sources for the data are listed in Appendix I. Lactation in Whales and Dolphins " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261310/figure-5-fat-concentrations-in-milks-of-cetacean-species-for"><img alt="Fig. 5. Fat concentrations in milks of 16 cetacean species for which 1-4 samples have been assayed. Each point represents one analysis, and the horizontal lines encompass the range. The very low fat concentrations in bowhead whale and Dall’s porpoise are for prepar- tum samples. Sources for the data are listed in Appendix I. Lactation in Whales and Dolphins " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261312/figure-6-comparison-of-ash-concentrations-in-the-milks-of"><img alt="Fig. 6. Comparison of ash concentrations in the milks of mysticetes and odontocetes. Within each suborder, each point represents the mean value for one species, the horizontal line is the mean of all species and the box encloses the 95% confidence interval of this overall mean. Sources for the data are listed in Appendix I. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261313/figure-7-mammary-gland-mass-mgm-all-glands-combined-plotted"><img alt="Fig. 7. Mammary gland mass (MGM, all glands combined) plotted against body mass (BM) on a logarthmicyo scale. Solid circles represent terrestrial mammals, after Linzell (1972). Open circles represent phocids (harbor seal, hooded seal and Weddell seal) (15, 59). Open squares are number-coded cetaceans. The MGM of spe- cies with asterisks were calculated from linear gland dimensions (see text). The regression equations are: terrestrial mammals, Log MGM (kg) = 0.886*log BM (kg)—1.338, r = 0.990; cetaceans, Log MGM = 0.902*log BM—1.965, r? = 0.983. Lactation in Whales and Dolphins " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261314/table-1-taxonomic-binomials-of-cetaceans-and-pinnipeds"><img alt="Table I. Taxonomic Binomials of Cetaceans and Pinnipeds " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261315/table-2-ii-lactation-patterns-in-baleen-whales-birth-peaks"><img alt="Table II. Lactation Patterns in Baleen Whales “ Birth peaks are listed separately for the northern (N) and southern (S) hemispheres; these are usually offset by about 6 months. ® Information on food intake by suckling calves is spotty; untess other information is available, the time of arrival at the feeding ground: is considered the time of first major consumption of solid foods. © Refer to Reference list. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261316/table-3-iii-lactation-patterns-in-odontocetes-persistent"><img alt="Table III. Lactation Patterns in Odontocetes persistent suckling attempts of 6-month-old orphaned calves (49); these females had not been pregnant for at least 11 and 24 years, respectively. One calf survived with no other source of nutrients for five months and was then successfully weaned. If induced lactation or fostering occurs in pilot whales or other delphinids in the wild, it would obviously undermine estimates of lactation length based on calf age. age range studied, from about 0 to 12 years. This improbable finding was based on elution of alcoholic extracts of gastric contents on thin-layer silica gel plates, and comparison of visualized spots to lactose, glucose and galactose standards. Unfortunately, no details were given on the numbers or mobilities of other eluting compounds, and no tests were made on partially digested squid to determine if other mono- or disaccharides, from hydrolysis of chitin or other complex carbohydrates, might overlap with and con- found the identification of lactose. Further work is needed to validate this method. Other females in the “nursing school” attend a calf when its mother makes deep dives to feed, but whether this care includes communal nursing is not known. A willingness of females to nurse other and older calves could explain the presence of milk in juveniles. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261317/table-4-iv-the-gross-composition-of-cetacean-milks-at-about"><img alt="Table IV. The Gross Composition of Cetacean Milks at About Mid-Lactation® Oftedal " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261318/table-5-see-for-scientific-names-appendix-for-sampling"><img alt="“ See Table I for scientific names, Appendix I for sampling details and text for discussion of analytical problems. » Postweaning time of collection suggested but not confirmed by investigators. Table V. Examples of Prepartum and Postweaning Mammary Contents in Cetaceans? Most odontocetes appear to lactate for 1.5-3 years, but solid food intake begins much earlier. In the smaller species of delphinids, such as spotted, striped and bottlenose dolphins, first substantial solid food intake occurs at about 3-6 months, but in larger odon- tocete species such as pilot, beluga and sperm whales substantial solid food intake may not occur until 9-12 months (Table III). Thus, mid-lactation appears to occur around 3-12 months, depending on species. Calves of the harbor porpoise apparently become inde- pendent even earlier, and it is possible that peak lacta- tion may occur as early as 2-3 months postpartum. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/table_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261319/table-6-vi-analyses-of-sugars-in-cetacean-milks-see-oftedal"><img alt="Table VI. Analyses of Sugars in Cetacean Milks 4 See Oftedal and Iverson (63) for discussion of methods of analysis. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/table_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261320/table-7-number-of-samples-analyzed-refer-to-reference-list"><img alt="“ N = Number of samples analyzed. ® Refer to Reference list. ¢ One sample of soured milk and one sample at weaning excl Table VII. Nitrogenous Constituents in Cetacean Milks " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/table_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261321/table-8-numbers-in-italics-are-suspect-because-of-outdated"><img alt="« Numbers in italics are suspect because of outdated methodologies; N = Number of samples analyzec » Refer to Reference list. * One sample of soured milk and one sample at weaning excluded. Table VIII. Major Mineral Constituents in Cetacean Milks? There is very little information on other nutrients. The milks of several delphinids and Stejneger’s beaked whale reportedly contain 21-36 mg iron per kg (84, 97); milk of the latter also contains copper (2.6 mg/ kg), zinc (1.5 mg/kg), manganese (0.3 mg/kg) and selenium (0.36 mg/kg) (97). This unusually high sele- nium may be characteristic of marine mammals as California sealion milk contains 0.45 mg/kg (15). Blue and/or fin whale milks have been reported to contain 3100-7800 IU vitamin A, 1.1-1.6 mg total thiamin, 0.2-1.6 mg riboflavin, 7-26 mg niacin, 0.9-1.1 mg " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/table_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261322/table-9-ix-predicted-milk-and-energy-output-rates-for"><img alt="Table IX. Predicted Milk and Energy Output Rates for Cetaceans* “ Based on information in the following sources: Refs. 19, 25, 26, 31, 34, 40, 66, 83, and 119. » Based on the assumption that each kg mammary tissue produces 0.5-1.3 kg milk (see text). © Based on the assumption that 2-4 kg milk is required for each kg gain in mass by suckling cetacean calves (see text). 4 If estimates available by both methods, midpoint is the mean of the midpoints of both. * Milk energy (E) calculated from milk data in Table IV by the formula (1): E = (39.3 * fat% + 24.5 * protein%) / 100 S MMBS = maternal metabolic body size (mass”*). ® Mammary gland mass estimated from linear dimensions of the gland (see text). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/table_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261323/table-10-appendix-published-data-on-cetacean-milks"><img alt="Appendix I. Published Data on Cetacean Milks* " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47800705/table_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/3261324/figure-1-data-presented-as-mean-and-sem-second-line-of-each"><img alt="“ Data presented as mean and SEM (second line of each entry). See Table I for scientific names and see text for discussion of analytical problems ® N refers to numbers of samples assayed; a range indicates that not all assays were performed on all samples. © Stage was estimated in two ways: by comparison to estimated peak calving period (mysticetes only) or from calf length, if known. 4 These samples were assayed at the National Zoological Park by the following methods (not specified by Harms (98)): water by oven drying, fat by Roese-Gottlieb, protein by Kjeldahl (TN X 6.38), ash by incineration. © Milk from stranded female 550482, Marine Mammal Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. The mill was collected immediately postmortem and was kept frozen until assayed in duplicate for dry matter by oven-drying, for ash by incineration and for crude protein (TN X 6.38), fat and gross energy (2.26 kg/g) by Kjeldahl, Roese-Gottlieb and adiabatic bomb calorimetric methods respectively (69). Lactation stage was estimated as early to mid based on the length of the calf (Fig. 1) and an estimated birth length o! 100 cm (83), Appendix I. Continued. 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Yet the immense size of some cetaceans, and the recent evidence that another group of marine mammals, the true seals, have remarkable rates of secretion of milk fat and energy, make this group of great comparative interest. In this paper information on lactation patterns, milk composition and lactation performance is reviewed. Two very different patterns are evident. Many of the baleen whales (Suborder Mysticeti) have relatively brief lactations (5–7 months) during which they fast or eat relatively little. At mid-lactation they produce milks relatively low in water (40–53%), high in fat (30–50%), and moderately high in protein (9–15%) and ash (1.2–2.1%). From mammary gland weights and postnatal growth rates, it is predicted that their energy outputs in milk are exceptional, reaching on the order of 4000 MJ/d in the blue whale. This is possible because pregnant females migrate to feeding grounds where they can ingest and deposit great amounts of energy, building up blubber stores prior to parturition. On the other hand, the toothed whales and dolphins (Suborder Odontoceti) have much more extensive lactations typically lasting 1–3 years, during which the mothers feed. At mid-lactation their milks appear to be higher in water (60–77%) and lower in fat (10–30%) and ash (0.6–1.1%), with similar levels of protein (8–11%). At least some odontocetes resemble primates in terms of low predicted rates of energy output and a long period of dependency of the young. However, these hypotheses are based on small numbers of samples for a relatively small number of species. Much of the available data on milk composition is of rather poor quality; for example, it is not possible to determine if milk composition changes over the course of lactation among odontocetes. Additional research on cetacean mammary glands and their secretions is needed to understand the reproductive strategies of these fascinating animals.","ai_title_tag":"Lactation Divergence in Baleen and Toothed Whales","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1997,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia"},"translated_abstract":"Although it has been more than one hundred years since the first publication on the milks of whales and dolphins (Order Cetacea), information on lactation in these species is scattered and fragmentary. Yet the immense size of some cetaceans, and the recent evidence that another group of marine mammals, the true seals, have remarkable rates of secretion of milk fat and energy, make this group of great comparative interest. In this paper information on lactation patterns, milk composition and lactation performance is reviewed. Two very different patterns are evident. Many of the baleen whales (Suborder Mysticeti) have relatively brief lactations (5–7 months) during which they fast or eat relatively little. At mid-lactation they produce milks relatively low in water (40–53%), high in fat (30–50%), and moderately high in protein (9–15%) and ash (1.2–2.1%). From mammary gland weights and postnatal growth rates, it is predicted that their energy outputs in milk are exceptional, reaching on the order of 4000 MJ/d in the blue whale. This is possible because pregnant females migrate to feeding grounds where they can ingest and deposit great amounts of energy, building up blubber stores prior to parturition. On the other hand, the toothed whales and dolphins (Suborder Odontoceti) have much more extensive lactations typically lasting 1–3 years, during which the mothers feed. At mid-lactation their milks appear to be higher in water (60–77%) and lower in fat (10–30%) and ash (0.6–1.1%), with similar levels of protein (8–11%). At least some odontocetes resemble primates in terms of low predicted rates of energy output and a long period of dependency of the young. However, these hypotheses are based on small numbers of samples for a relatively small number of species. Much of the available data on milk composition is of rather poor quality; for example, it is not possible to determine if milk composition changes over the course of lactation among odontocetes. Additional research on cetacean mammary glands and their secretions is needed to understand the reproductive strategies of these fascinating animals.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391945/Lactation_in_Whales_and_Dolphins_Evidence_of_Divergence_Between_Baleen_and_Toothed_Species","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:14.955-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800705,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800705/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"a_3A102632820352620160804-27485-1ga1y9o.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800705/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Lactation_in_Whales_and_Dolphins_Evidenc.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800705/a_3A102632820352620160804-27485-1ga1y9o-libre.pdf?1470357807=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLactation_in_Whales_and_Dolphins_Evidenc.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851424\u0026Signature=T8kDbJIDl~s-b93o9pqrMxX7As2ljwILzsuSWtr60UHOiNun9QIUWkmEuS-iEre0yAPrMkgS91TyT0oAd2wyN3iDVPRQNnoYBGxsDN40pRa7LD-j5BUSeB3YecwPdolYhQa2tMSxB-p20NVet7Ha43abXqKkhAOxPtdDiPjd3SgCxC3MUmMEvTOrrYVyKV9CPM-KesZ5eKrm84VEk3LKsnjgiIWc3zrMl618~njVmvEBeyPqvlsiEmYExOWlaN-zMdjwn4J7q7bvfBl6dQpccO3BxCUsdZ7Gg9xlYiWyPz90OjMlQQKTWgg0PfCBB-bDxOYp1RRe2qvjk7YxFBgYJg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Lactation_in_Whales_and_Dolphins_Evidence_of_Divergence_Between_Baleen_and_Toothed_Species","translated_slug":"","page_count":26,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Although it has been more than one hundred years since the first publication on the milks of whales and dolphins (Order Cetacea), information on lactation in these species is scattered and fragmentary. Yet the immense size of some cetaceans, and the recent evidence that another group of marine mammals, the true seals, have remarkable rates of secretion of milk fat and energy, make this group of great comparative interest. In this paper information on lactation patterns, milk composition and lactation performance is reviewed. Two very different patterns are evident. Many of the baleen whales (Suborder Mysticeti) have relatively brief lactations (5–7 months) during which they fast or eat relatively little. At mid-lactation they produce milks relatively low in water (40–53%), high in fat (30–50%), and moderately high in protein (9–15%) and ash (1.2–2.1%). From mammary gland weights and postnatal growth rates, it is predicted that their energy outputs in milk are exceptional, reaching on the order of 4000 MJ/d in the blue whale. This is possible because pregnant females migrate to feeding grounds where they can ingest and deposit great amounts of energy, building up blubber stores prior to parturition. On the other hand, the toothed whales and dolphins (Suborder Odontoceti) have much more extensive lactations typically lasting 1–3 years, during which the mothers feed. At mid-lactation their milks appear to be higher in water (60–77%) and lower in fat (10–30%) and ash (0.6–1.1%), with similar levels of protein (8–11%). At least some odontocetes resemble primates in terms of low predicted rates of energy output and a long period of dependency of the young. However, these hypotheses are based on small numbers of samples for a relatively small number of species. Much of the available data on milk composition is of rather poor quality; for example, it is not possible to determine if milk composition changes over the course of lactation among odontocetes. Additional research on cetacean mammary glands and their secretions is needed to understand the reproductive strategies of these fascinating animals.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":47800705,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800705/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"a_3A102632820352620160804-27485-1ga1y9o.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800705/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Lactation_in_Whales_and_Dolphins_Evidenc.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800705/a_3A102632820352620160804-27485-1ga1y9o-libre.pdf?1470357807=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLactation_in_Whales_and_Dolphins_Evidenc.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851424\u0026Signature=T8kDbJIDl~s-b93o9pqrMxX7As2ljwILzsuSWtr60UHOiNun9QIUWkmEuS-iEre0yAPrMkgS91TyT0oAd2wyN3iDVPRQNnoYBGxsDN40pRa7LD-j5BUSeB3YecwPdolYhQa2tMSxB-p20NVet7Ha43abXqKkhAOxPtdDiPjd3SgCxC3MUmMEvTOrrYVyKV9CPM-KesZ5eKrm84VEk3LKsnjgiIWc3zrMl618~njVmvEBeyPqvlsiEmYExOWlaN-zMdjwn4J7q7bvfBl6dQpccO3BxCUsdZ7Gg9xlYiWyPz90OjMlQQKTWgg0PfCBB-bDxOYp1RRe2qvjk7YxFBgYJg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":3870196,"url":"http://www.springerlink.com/content/w5072341203761p5"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391945-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391944"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391944/Nutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_bears_Ursus_americanus_during_their_mothers_winter_fast"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Nutrition and growth of suckling black bears (Ursus americanus) during their mothers' winter fast" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800697/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391944/Nutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_bears_Ursus_americanus_during_their_mothers_winter_fast">Nutrition and growth of suckling black bears (Ursus americanus) during their mothers' winter fast</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>British Journal of Nutrition</span><span>, 1993</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In black bears the last 6-8 weeks of gestation and the first 10-12 weeks of lactation occur in wi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In black bears the last 6-8 weeks of gestation and the first 10-12 weeks of lactation occur in winter while the mother is in a dormant state, and reportedly does not eat, drink, urinate or defaecate. Measurements were made of the body composition and organ weights of cubs, of the composition of milk, and of milk intake (by dilution of *H,O), in the first 3 months after birth. Additional milk samples were collected until 10 months postpartum. Bear cubs were small at birth, only 3.7 g/kg maternal weight, and chemically immature, as indicated by the high concentration of water (840 g/kg) in their bodies. Organ weights a t birth were similar to those of puppies. In the first month after birth cubs gained 22 g/d or 0.23 g/g milk consumed; the milk was high in fat (220 g/kg) and low in water (670 g/kg). About 30% of the ingested energy and 51 YO of the ingested N were retained in the body. Over the entire 12-week period bear cubs required about 11 kg milk, containing (kg) water 7, fat 2.5, protein 0.8 and total sugar 0.25, to achieve a 2.5 kg weight gain. The birth of immature young and the production of high-fat, low-carbohydrate milk seem to be maternal adaptations to limit the utilization of glucogenic substrates during a long fast. Isotope recycling indicates that mothers may also recover most of the water (and perhaps much of the N) exported in milk by ingesting the excreta of the cubs. Lactation represents another aspect of the profound metabolic economy of the fasting bear in its winter den. Neonatal nutrition: Milk intake: Body composition: Black bears 3-2 correlates of hibernation in female black bears. Journal of Mammalogji 71, 291-300. Press. Journal of Dairy Science 58, 18141821. combined action of gastric and bile salt stimulated lipases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1083, 109-1 19. after the period of winter dormancy. Lipids 27, 940-943.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="08af0ecf3fedd73f3e778e9f2724ce18" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47800697,"asset_id":9391944,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800697/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391944"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391944"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391944; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391944]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391944]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391944; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391944']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "08af0ecf3fedd73f3e778e9f2724ce18" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391944]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391944,"title":"Nutrition and growth of suckling black bears (Ursus americanus) during their mothers' winter fast","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"In black bears the last 6-8 weeks of gestation and the first 10-12 weeks of lactation occur in winter while the mother is in a dormant state, and reportedly does not eat, drink, urinate or defaecate. Measurements were made of the body composition and organ weights of cubs, of the composition of milk, and of milk intake (by dilution of *H,O), in the first 3 months after birth. Additional milk samples were collected until 10 months postpartum. Bear cubs were small at birth, only 3.7 g/kg maternal weight, and chemically immature, as indicated by the high concentration of water (840 g/kg) in their bodies. Organ weights a t birth were similar to those of puppies. In the first month after birth cubs gained 22 g/d or 0.23 g/g milk consumed; the milk was high in fat (220 g/kg) and low in water (670 g/kg). About 30% of the ingested energy and 51 YO of the ingested N were retained in the body. Over the entire 12-week period bear cubs required about 11 kg milk, containing (kg) water 7, fat 2.5, protein 0.8 and total sugar 0.25, to achieve a 2.5 kg weight gain. The birth of immature young and the production of high-fat, low-carbohydrate milk seem to be maternal adaptations to limit the utilization of glucogenic substrates during a long fast. Isotope recycling indicates that mothers may also recover most of the water (and perhaps much of the N) exported in milk by ingesting the excreta of the cubs. Lactation represents another aspect of the profound metabolic economy of the fasting bear in its winter den. Neonatal nutrition: Milk intake: Body composition: Black bears 3-2 correlates of hibernation in female black bears. Journal of Mammalogji 71, 291-300. Press. Journal of Dairy Science 58, 18141821. combined action of gastric and bile salt stimulated lipases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1083, 109-1 19. after the period of winter dormancy. Lipids 27, 940-943.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1993,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"British Journal of Nutrition","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":47800697},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391944/Nutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_bears_Ursus_americanus_during_their_mothers_winter_fast","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:14.146-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800697,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800697/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Nutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_b20160804-21204-e9vahg.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800697/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Nutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_b.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800697/Nutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_b20160804-21204-e9vahg-libre.pdf?1470357806=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_b.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851424\u0026Signature=B7Gj4ykR4tkJS-FABwgwrLH-PdQJQlHIv6ngX5NUpSKkBYMdmzLXl-xDAHQd3rIG9OLBJU1u7fP9ka412~Jel2hteQg6tjmuF9PCCDBfTI-QAl5uccCtofjkPhR6Yy52ipdVxqurfbPiDZsWNN8iOkrEPyuivZ2xbFxxY6GNu0NKSU2y0wdxB-9Xtq3zGm7JWr-1OyOF-HuGV9nzS1Pv-Kq3qkN-fYcjhq2NqzbN1tFTwlZpqnFbgUGNlqmb5PbK2fCvtKbykv293NInNo-k9owskeh3lF0szA6Afy9EbYRrJFOUn1OJrY2ErmSRQJPDSNSBRgEN9lrv2XvfCAwi2A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Nutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_bears_Ursus_americanus_during_their_mothers_winter_fast","translated_slug":"","page_count":21,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In black bears the last 6-8 weeks of gestation and the first 10-12 weeks of lactation occur in winter while the mother is in a dormant state, and reportedly does not eat, drink, urinate or defaecate. Measurements were made of the body composition and organ weights of cubs, of the composition of milk, and of milk intake (by dilution of *H,O), in the first 3 months after birth. Additional milk samples were collected until 10 months postpartum. Bear cubs were small at birth, only 3.7 g/kg maternal weight, and chemically immature, as indicated by the high concentration of water (840 g/kg) in their bodies. Organ weights a t birth were similar to those of puppies. In the first month after birth cubs gained 22 g/d or 0.23 g/g milk consumed; the milk was high in fat (220 g/kg) and low in water (670 g/kg). About 30% of the ingested energy and 51 YO of the ingested N were retained in the body. Over the entire 12-week period bear cubs required about 11 kg milk, containing (kg) water 7, fat 2.5, protein 0.8 and total sugar 0.25, to achieve a 2.5 kg weight gain. The birth of immature young and the production of high-fat, low-carbohydrate milk seem to be maternal adaptations to limit the utilization of glucogenic substrates during a long fast. Isotope recycling indicates that mothers may also recover most of the water (and perhaps much of the N) exported in milk by ingesting the excreta of the cubs. Lactation represents another aspect of the profound metabolic economy of the fasting bear in its winter den. Neonatal nutrition: Milk intake: Body composition: Black bears 3-2 correlates of hibernation in female black bears. Journal of Mammalogji 71, 291-300. Press. Journal of Dairy Science 58, 18141821. combined action of gastric and bile salt stimulated lipases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1083, 109-1 19. after the period of winter dormancy. Lipids 27, 940-943.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":21803566,"first_name":"Olav","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Oftedal","page_name":"OlavOftedal","domain_name":"si","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:34:53.633-08:00","display_name":"Olav Oftedal","url":"https://si.academia.edu/OlavOftedal"},"attachments":[{"id":47800697,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800697/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Nutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_b20160804-21204-e9vahg.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800697/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Nutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_b.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800697/Nutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_b20160804-21204-e9vahg-libre.pdf?1470357806=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNutrition_and_growth_of_suckling_black_b.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851424\u0026Signature=B7Gj4ykR4tkJS-FABwgwrLH-PdQJQlHIv6ngX5NUpSKkBYMdmzLXl-xDAHQd3rIG9OLBJU1u7fP9ka412~Jel2hteQg6tjmuF9PCCDBfTI-QAl5uccCtofjkPhR6Yy52ipdVxqurfbPiDZsWNN8iOkrEPyuivZ2xbFxxY6GNu0NKSU2y0wdxB-9Xtq3zGm7JWr-1OyOF-HuGV9nzS1Pv-Kq3qkN-fYcjhq2NqzbN1tFTwlZpqnFbgUGNlqmb5PbK2fCvtKbykv293NInNo-k9owskeh3lF0szA6Afy9EbYRrJFOUn1OJrY2ErmSRQJPDSNSBRgEN9lrv2XvfCAwi2A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":591,"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition_and_Dietetics"},{"id":7324,"name":"British","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British"},{"id":19826,"name":"Lactation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lactation"},{"id":29980,"name":"Animal Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Production"},{"id":62550,"name":"Pregnancy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pregnancy"},{"id":71459,"name":"Fasting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fasting"},{"id":100336,"name":"Body Composition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Composition"},{"id":238368,"name":"Milk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Milk"},{"id":353165,"name":"Body water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_water"},{"id":441317,"name":"Ursidae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ursidae"},{"id":564878,"name":"Body Weight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Weight"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences"},{"id":1255192,"name":"Ursus Americanus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ursus_Americanus"}],"urls":[{"id":3870195,"url":"http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0007114593001060"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391944-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391943"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391943/Positional_specificity_of_gastric_hydrolysis_of_long_chain_n_3_polyunsaturated_fatty_acids_of_seal_milk_triglycerides"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Positional specificity of gastric hydrolysis of long-chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of seal milk triglycerides" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800726/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391943/Positional_specificity_of_gastric_hydrolysis_of_long_chain_n_3_polyunsaturated_fatty_acids_of_seal_milk_triglycerides">Positional specificity of gastric hydrolysis of long-chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of seal milk triglycerides</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Lipids</span><span>, 1992</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) of marine oils are important dietary compon...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) of marine oils are important dietary components for both infants and adults, and are incorporated into mlUo~ following maternal dietary intake. However, little is known about the hydrolysis of these PUFA from milk triglycerides (TG) by lipases in suckling young. Seals, like human~, possess gastric lipase; however, the milk lipids of seals and sea lions are almost devoid of the readily hydrolyzable medium,chain fatty acids, and are characterized by a large percentage (10-30%) of n-3 PUFA. Gastric hydrolysis of milk lipids was studied in vivo in suckling pups of three species (the California sea lion, the harp seal and the hooded seal) in order to elucidate the actions and specifit~ ity of gastric lipases on milk TG in relation to fatty acid composition and TG structure. Regardless of milk fat content (31-61% fat) or extent of gastric hydrolysis (10-56%), the same fatty acids were preferentially released in all three species, as determined by their relative enrichment in the free fatty acid (FFA) fraction. In addition to 16:1 and 18:0, these were the PUFA of 18 carbons and longer, except for 22:6n-3. Levels of 20:5n-3 were most notably enriched in FFA, at up to five times that found in the TG. Although 22:6n-3 was apparently also released from the TG (reduced in the diglyceride), it was also notably re~ duced in FFA. Positional analysis of milk TG based on the products of Grignard hydrolysis revealed that these PUFA, including 22:6n-3, were preferentially esterified at the a-position of the TG, and that the fatty acids not released during gastric hydrolysis were located at the sn-2 position. The extreme reduction of 22:6n~ and enrichment of 20:5n-3 in FFA is discussed. Results from this study are consistent with reports that gastric lipase acts stere~ specifically to release fatty acids at the a-positions (sn-3, sn-1). We conclude that the n-3 PUFA in milk are efficiently hydrolyzed by gastric lipase and that this has important implications for digestion of milks enriched in PUFA by neonates in general.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="77899af9764506a03da32b87ebe9236a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47800726,"asset_id":9391943,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800726/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391943"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391943"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391943; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391943]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391943]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391943; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391943']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "77899af9764506a03da32b87ebe9236a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391943]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391943,"title":"Positional specificity of gastric hydrolysis of long-chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of seal milk triglycerides","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Gastric Hydrolysis of n-3 PUFA in Seal Milk","grobid_abstract":"Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) of marine oils are important dietary components for both infants and adults, and are incorporated into mlUo~ following maternal dietary intake. However, little is known about the hydrolysis of these PUFA from milk triglycerides (TG) by lipases in suckling young. Seals, like human~, possess gastric lipase; however, the milk lipids of seals and sea lions are almost devoid of the readily hydrolyzable medium,chain fatty acids, and are characterized by a large percentage (10-30%) of n-3 PUFA. Gastric hydrolysis of milk lipids was studied in vivo in suckling pups of three species (the California sea lion, the harp seal and the hooded seal) in order to elucidate the actions and specifit~ ity of gastric lipases on milk TG in relation to fatty acid composition and TG structure. Regardless of milk fat content (31-61% fat) or extent of gastric hydrolysis (10-56%), the same fatty acids were preferentially released in all three species, as determined by their relative enrichment in the free fatty acid (FFA) fraction. In addition to 16:1 and 18:0, these were the PUFA of 18 carbons and longer, except for 22:6n-3. Levels of 20:5n-3 were most notably enriched in FFA, at up to five times that found in the TG. Although 22:6n-3 was apparently also released from the TG (reduced in the diglyceride), it was also notably re~ duced in FFA. Positional analysis of milk TG based on the products of Grignard hydrolysis revealed that these PUFA, including 22:6n-3, were preferentially esterified at the a-position of the TG, and that the fatty acids not released during gastric hydrolysis were located at the sn-2 position. The extreme reduction of 22:6n~ and enrichment of 20:5n-3 in FFA is discussed. Results from this study are consistent with reports that gastric lipase acts stere~ specifically to release fatty acids at the a-positions (sn-3, sn-1). We conclude that the n-3 PUFA in milk are efficiently hydrolyzed by gastric lipase and that this has important implications for digestion of milks enriched in PUFA by neonates in general.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1992,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Lipids","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":47800726},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391943/Positional_specificity_of_gastric_hydrolysis_of_long_chain_n_3_polyunsaturated_fatty_acids_of_seal_milk_triglycerides","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:13.045-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47800726,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47800726/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Positional_specificity_of_gastric_hydrol20160804-7635-7os5pb.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47800726/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Positional_specificity_of_gastric_hydrol.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47800726/Positional_specificity_of_gastric_hydrol20160804-7635-7os5pb-libre.pdf?1470357803=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPositional_specificity_of_gastric_hydrol.pdf\u0026Expires=1743851424\u0026Signature=FUmz7t4QhoBBl0JzHLYqy3AS9f36-XSoSQ8eRRp5vjnHuJCeRJ1c-iL3ADyZEBfjf1fm8FXesKF98UYj-wkIv209jSjAIFRaIgGQmwozd~wW6YmRnK-yKKd6HO9ghHPFLoVn5og~Yx7trlzaRzZia018trOGiCJ80SCvq5DQxKZCv6RccvgSRploiW~uGRsdg7VJa2frkXjKZ~Rf9dKQg5WBAuehPRBSrryV~PL58hjpVtANDTlmY~Ay3wiUCHb4oKFxD80zwmXHW3tllUsiMoXqhwWalaDO7lcd9k7JvQv0U02xf7T48P-Qe7ocSm0UD0oB4NxxAAq~DICA~O3-PQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Positional_specificity_of_gastric_hydrolysis_of_long_chain_n_3_polyunsaturated_fatty_acids_of_seal_milk_triglycerides","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) of marine oils are important dietary components for both infants and adults, and are incorporated into mlUo~ following maternal dietary intake. However, little is known about the hydrolysis of these PUFA from milk triglycerides (TG) by lipases in suckling young. Seals, like human~, possess gastric lipase; however, the milk lipids of seals and sea lions are almost devoid of the readily hydrolyzable medium,chain fatty acids, and are characterized by a large percentage (10-30%) of n-3 PUFA. Gastric hydrolysis of milk lipids was studied in vivo in suckling pups of three species (the California sea lion, the harp seal and the hooded seal) in order to elucidate the actions and specifit~ ity of gastric lipases on milk TG in relation to fatty acid composition and TG structure. Regardless of milk fat content (31-61% fat) or extent of gastric hydrolysis (10-56%), the same fatty acids were preferentially released in all three species, as determined by their relative enrichment in the free fatty acid (FFA) fraction. In addition to 16:1 and 18:0, these were the PUFA of 18 carbons and longer, except for 22:6n-3. Levels of 20:5n-3 were most notably enriched in FFA, at up to five times that found in the TG. Although 22:6n-3 was apparently also released from the TG (reduced in the diglyceride), it was also notably re~ duced in FFA. Positional analysis of milk TG based on the products of Grignard hydrolysis revealed that these PUFA, including 22:6n-3, were preferentially esterified at the a-position of the TG, and that the fatty acids not released during gastric hydrolysis were located at the sn-2 position. The extreme reduction of 22:6n~ and enrichment of 20:5n-3 in FFA is discussed. Results from this study are consistent with reports that gastric lipase acts stere~ specifically to release fatty acids at the a-positions (sn-3, sn-1). 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Large body mass in these species confers the advantage of greater stores of fat and protein relative to rates of milk production. Given the constraints on substrate availability during fasting, the milks of fasting mammals are predicted to be low in carbohydrate, protein, and water and to be high in fat. The milks of bears, true seals, and baleen whales conform to this prediction. Mammals that lactate while fasting may lose up to 40% of initial BW. The production of milk entails the export of up to one-third of body fat and 15% of body protein in the dormant black bear and in several seal species, which greatly depletes maternal resources and may represent a physiological threshold, because higher protein and fat outputs have only been measured in species that start feeding. The low K:Na ratio of seal and whale milks and the low Ca:casein and inverse Ca:P ratios in seal milks are unusual and warrant further study.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391939"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391939"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391939; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391939]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9391939]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391939; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9391939']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9391939]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9391939,"title":"The Adaptation of Milk Secretion to the Constraints of Fasting in Bears, Seals, and Baleen Whales","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Although lactation is accompanied by increased nutrient demands for milk synthesis, many species of bears, true seals, and baleen whales fast for much or all of lactation. Large body mass in these species confers the advantage of greater stores of fat and protein relative to rates of milk production. Given the constraints on substrate availability during fasting, the milks of fasting mammals are predicted to be low in carbohydrate, protein, and water and to be high in fat. The milks of bears, true seals, and baleen whales conform to this prediction. Mammals that lactate while fasting may lose up to 40% of initial BW. The production of milk entails the export of up to one-third of body fat and 15% of body protein in the dormant black bear and in several seal species, which greatly depletes maternal resources and may represent a physiological threshold, because higher protein and fat outputs have only been measured in species that start feeding. The low K:Na ratio of seal and whale milks and the low Ca:casein and inverse Ca:P ratios in seal milks are unusual and warrant further study.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1993,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Dairy Science"},"translated_abstract":"Although lactation is accompanied by increased nutrient demands for milk synthesis, many species of bears, true seals, and baleen whales fast for much or all of lactation. Large body mass in these species confers the advantage of greater stores of fat and protein relative to rates of milk production. Given the constraints on substrate availability during fasting, the milks of fasting mammals are predicted to be low in carbohydrate, protein, and water and to be high in fat. The milks of bears, true seals, and baleen whales conform to this prediction. Mammals that lactate while fasting may lose up to 40% of initial BW. The production of milk entails the export of up to one-third of body fat and 15% of body protein in the dormant black bear and in several seal species, which greatly depletes maternal resources and may represent a physiological threshold, because higher protein and fat outputs have only been measured in species that start feeding. The low K:Na ratio of seal and whale milks and the low Ca:casein and inverse Ca:P ratios in seal milks are unusual and warrant further study.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9391939/The_Adaptation_of_Milk_Secretion_to_the_Constraints_of_Fasting_in_Bears_Seals_and_Baleen_Whales","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-11-19T03:36:05.912-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":21803566,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"The_Adaptation_of_Milk_Secretion_to_the_Constraints_of_Fasting_in_Bears_Seals_and_Baleen_Whales","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Although lactation is accompanied by increased nutrient demands for milk synthesis, many species of bears, true seals, and baleen whales fast for much or all of lactation. Large body mass in these species confers the advantage of greater stores of fat and protein relative to rates of milk production. Given the constraints on substrate availability during fasting, the milks of fasting mammals are predicted to be low in carbohydrate, protein, and water and to be high in fat. The milks of bears, true seals, and baleen whales conform to this prediction. Mammals that lactate while fasting may lose up to 40% of initial BW. The production of milk entails the export of up to one-third of body fat and 15% of body protein in the dormant black bear and in several seal species, which greatly depletes maternal resources and may represent a physiological threshold, because higher protein and fat outputs have only been measured in species that start feeding. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9391939-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9391938"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/9391938/DIETARY_MANIPULATION_OF_THE_CALCIUM_CONTENT_OF_FEED_CRICKETS"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of DIETARY MANIPULATION OF THE CALCIUM CONTENT OF FEED CRICKETS" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">DIETARY MANIPULATION OF THE CALCIUM CONTENT OF FEED CRICKETS</div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9391938"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9391938"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9391938; 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