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<li id="toc-Old_Naval_Observatory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Naval_Observatory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Old Naval Observatory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Naval_Observatory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_time_ball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_time_ball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The time ball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_time_ball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nautical_Almanac_Office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nautical_Almanac_Office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Nautical Almanac Office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nautical_Almanac_Office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measuring_the_astronomical_unit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measuring_the_astronomical_unit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Measuring the astronomical unit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measuring_the_astronomical_unit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_26_inch_and_40_inch_refractors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_26_inch_and_40_inch_refractors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>The 26 inch and 40 inch refractors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_26_inch_and_40_inch_refractors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_time_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_time_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>History of the time service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_time_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Departments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Departments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Departments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Departments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Departments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Departments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_residence_of_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_residence_of_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Official residence of the vice president of the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_residence_of_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Time service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrument_shop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrument_shop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Instrument shop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrument_shop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Naval Observatory</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="المرصد البحري للولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المرصد البحري للولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatoriu_Naval_de_los_Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos" title="Observatoriu Naval de los Estaos Xuníos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Observatoriu Naval de los Estaos Xuníos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A0%D0%A8-%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%85%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="АҠШ-тың хәрби-диңгеҙ обсерваторияһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="АҠШ-тың хәрби-диңгеҙ обсерваторияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatori_Naval_dels_Estats_Units" title="Observatori Naval dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Observatori Naval dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory" title="United States Naval Observatory – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="United States Naval Observatory" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_Merev%C3%A4eobservatoorium" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide Mereväeobservatoorium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Ühendriikide Mereväeobservatoorium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatorio_Naval_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Observatorio Naval de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Observatorio Naval de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="رصدخانه نیروی دریایی ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رصدخانه نیروی دریایی ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatoire_naval_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Observatoire naval des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Observatoire naval des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%ED%95%B4%EA%B5%B0_%EC%B2%9C%EB%AC%B8%EB%8C%80" title="미국 해군 천문대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 해군 천문대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Միացյալ Նահանգների ռազմածովային աստղադիտարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միացյալ Նահանգների ռազմածովային աստղադիտարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatorium_Angkatan_Laut_Amerika_Serikat" title="Observatorium Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Observatorium Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory" title="United States Naval Observatory – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="United States Naval Observatory" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory" title="United States Naval Observatory – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="United States Naval Observatory" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87" title="المرصد البحرى للولايات المتحده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المرصد البحرى للولايات المتحده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory" title="United States Naval Observatory – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="United States Naval Observatory" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%8F%B0" title="アメリカ海軍天文台 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ海軍天文台" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory" title="United States Naval Observatory – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="United States Naval Observatory" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory" title="United States Naval Observatory – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="United States Naval Observatory" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observat%C3%B3rio_Naval_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Observatório Naval dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Observatório Naval dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Военно-морская обсерватория США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Военно-морская обсерватория США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory" title="United States Naval Observatory – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="United States Naval Observatory" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri_Deniz_G%C3%B6zlemevi" title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Deniz Gözlemevi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Deniz Gözlemevi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°55′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°4′1″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.92139°N 77.06694°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.92139; -77.06694</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scientific agency in the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>"USNO" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/USNO_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="USNO (disambiguation)">USNO (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory_Flagstaff_Station" title="United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station">United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station</a>.</span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Naval Support Facility US Naval Observatory</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of Naval Support Activity Washington</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span class="label"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Northwest (Washington, D.C.)">Northwest Washington, D.C.</a> in the United States</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Naval_Observatory.aerial_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/United_States_Naval_Observatory.aerial_view.jpg/250px-United_States_Naval_Observatory.aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/United_States_Naval_Observatory.aerial_view.jpg/375px-United_States_Naval_Observatory.aerial_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/United_States_Naval_Observatory.aerial_view.jpg/500px-United_States_Naval_Observatory.aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="408" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">An aerial view of the United States Naval Observatory in 2004</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_states_navy_observatory_seal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/United_states_navy_observatory_seal.jpg/150px-United_states_navy_observatory_seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/United_states_navy_observatory_seal.jpg/225px-United_states_navy_observatory_seal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/United_states_navy_observatory_seal.jpg/300px-United_states_navy_observatory_seal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="658" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.435%;left:81.573%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="NSF US Naval Observatory"><img alt="NSF US Naval Observatory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div>NSF US Naval Observatory</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_Naval_Observatory&params=38_55_17_N_77_4_1_W_region:US-DC_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°55′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°4′1″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.92139°N 77.06694°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.92139; -77.06694</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">Military observatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Number_One_Observatory_Circle" title="Number One Observatory Circle">official residence of the US Vice President</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">US Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Controlled by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Naval_District_Washington" title="Naval District Washington">Naval District Washington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Operational</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnmoc.usff.navy.mil/usno/">www<wbr />.cnmoc<wbr />.usff<wbr />.navy<wbr />.mil<wbr />/usno<wbr />/</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11700#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #ACE1AF; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Inventory_of_Historic_Sites" title="District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites">D.C. Inventory of Historic Sites</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Naval Observatory Historic District (New Naval Observatory)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">1830<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1830</span>)</span> (as Depot of Charts and Instruments)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">In use</th><td class="infobox-data">1830–present</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Garrison information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Current<br />commander</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">Captain</a> Mark Burns</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Garrison</th><td class="infobox-data">United States Naval Observatory</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Naval_Observatory-seal.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Naval_Observatory-seal.gif/290px-U.S._Naval_Observatory-seal.gif" decoding="async" width="290" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/U.S._Naval_Observatory-seal.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>The Seal of the USNO with a quote from the <a href="/wiki/Astronomica_(Manilius)" title="Astronomica (Manilius)">Astronomica</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Marcus Manilius</a>, <i>Adde gubernandi studium: Pervenit in astra, et pontum caelo conjunxit</i> [<i>Increase the study of navigation: It arrives in the stars, and marries the sea with heaven</i>].</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>United States Naval Observatory</b> (<b>USNO</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">scientific and military facility</a> that produces <a href="/wiki/Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">geopositioning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timekeeping" class="mw-redirect" title="Timekeeping">timekeeping</a> data for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Established in 1830 as the <b>Depot of Charts and Instruments</b>, it is one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> agencies in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remains the country's leading facility for astronomical and timing data.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The observatory is located in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Northwest (Washington, D.C.)">Northwest</a> <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> at the northwestern end of <a href="/wiki/Embassy_Row" title="Embassy Row">Embassy Row</a>. It is among the few pre-20th century <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">astronomical observatories</a> located in an urban area. In 1893, in an effort to escape <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a>, it was relocated from <a href="/wiki/Foggy_Bottom" title="Foggy Bottom">Foggy Bottom</a> near the city's center, to its Northwest Washington, D.C. location. </p><p>The USNO has conducted significant scientific studies throughout its history, including measuring the speed of light, observing solar eclipses, and discovering the moons of Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its achievements include providing data for the first radio time signals, constructing some of the earliest and most accurate telescopes of their kind, and helping develop <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">universal time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Naval Observatory performs radio <a href="/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">VLBI</a>-based positions of <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasars</a> for <a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">astrometry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodesy</a> with numerous global collaborators (<a href="/wiki/International_Earth_Rotation_and_Reference_Systems_Service" title="International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service">IERS</a>), in order to produce <a href="/wiki/Earth_orientation_parameters" title="Earth orientation parameters">Earth orientation parameters</a> and to realize the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_reference_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial reference system">celestial reference system</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Celestial_Reference_Frame" class="mw-redirect" title="International Celestial Reference Frame">ICRF</a>). </p><p>Aside from its scientific mission, since the 1970s the Naval Observatory campus hosts <a href="/wiki/Number_One_Observatory_Circle" title="Number One Observatory Circle">the official residence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president of the United States</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Observatory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usno-telescope-equalized-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Usno-telescope-equalized-1.png/220px-Usno-telescope-equalized-1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Usno-telescope-equalized-1.png/330px-Usno-telescope-equalized-1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Usno-telescope-equalized-1.png/440px-Usno-telescope-equalized-1.png 2x" data-file-width="1922" data-file-height="1339" /></a><figcaption>The 26 inch (66 cm) aperture telescope, with which <a href="/wiki/Asaph_Hall" title="Asaph Hall">Asaph Hall</a> discovered the <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">moons of Mars</a> in 1877; the telescope is shown at its modern Northwest DC location.</figcaption></figure> <p>President <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, who in 1825 signed the bill for the creation of a national observatory just before leaving presidential office, had intended for it to be called the National Observatory.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The names "National Observatory" and "Naval Observatory" were both used for 10 years, until the Secretary of the Navy officially adopted the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adams had made protracted efforts to bring astronomy to a national level.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent many nights at the observatory, watching and charting the stars, which had always been one of his interests. </p><p>Established by order of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">United States Secretary of the Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Branch" title="John Branch">John Branch</a> on 6 December 1830 as the Depot of Charts and Instruments,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Observatory rose from humble beginnings: Placed under the command of Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Louis_M._Goldsborough" title="Louis M. Goldsborough">Louis M. Goldsborough</a>, with an annual budget of $330; its primary function was the restoration, repair, and rating of navigational instruments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Naval_Observatory">Old Naval Observatory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Observatory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Old Naval Observatory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Naval_Observatory" title="Old Naval Observatory">Old Naval Observatory</a></div> <p>It was established as a national observatory in 1842 by federal law and a Congressional appropriation of $25,000. Lt. <a href="/wiki/James_Melville_Gilliss" title="James Melville Gilliss">J.M. Gilliss</a> was put in charge of "obtaining the instruments needed and books."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lt. Gilliss visited the principal observatories of Europe with the mission to purchase telescopes and other scientific devices, and books.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The observatory's primary mission was to care for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine chronometers</a>, charts, and other navigational equipment. It <a href="/wiki/Calibration" title="Calibration">calibrated</a> ships' chronometers by timing the <a href="/wiki/Transit_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit (astronomy)">transit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(astronomy)" title="Meridian (astronomy)">meridian</a>. It opened in 1844 in <a href="/wiki/Foggy_Bottom" title="Foggy Bottom">Foggy Bottom</a>, north of the site of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> and west of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. </p><p>In 1893, the observatory moved to its current location in Northwest Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-1894MNRAS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1894MNRAS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located on a 2000 foot circle of land atop "Observatory Hill", overlooking <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Massachusetts Avenue (Washington, D.C.)">Massachusetts Avenue</a>. </p><p>In 2017, the facilities were listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_time_ball">The time ball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Observatory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The time ball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first superintendent was Navy Commander <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">M.F. Maury</a>. Maury had the world's first <a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">vulcanized</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_ball" title="Time ball">time ball</a>, created to his specifications by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodyear" title="Charles Goodyear">Charles Goodyear</a> for the U.S. Observatory. Placed into service in 1845, it was the first time ball in the United States and the 12th in the world. Maury kept accurate time by the stars and planets. </p><p>The time ball was dropped every day except Sunday, precisely at the astronomically defined moment of <a href="/wiki/Noon" title="Noon">mean solar noon</a>; this enabled all ships and civilians within sight to know the exact time. By the end of the American Civil War, the Observatory's clocks were linked via <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraph</a> to ring the alarm bells in all of the Washington, D.C. firehouses three times a day. </p><p>The USNO held a one-off time-ball re-enactment for the year-2000 celebration.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nautical_Almanac_Office">Nautical Almanac Office</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Observatory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nautical Almanac Office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1849, the Nautical Almanac Office (NAO) was established in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a> as a separate organization. In 1866, it was moved to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, operating near Fort Myer. It relocated to the U.S. Naval Observatory grounds in 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-sky_and_ocean_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sky_and_ocean-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 September 1894, the NAO became a "branch" of USNO; however, it remained autonomous for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-sky_and_ocean_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sky_and_ocean-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site houses the largest astronomy library in the United States (and the largest astrophysical periodicals collection in the world).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The library includes a large collection of rare physics and astronomy books from the past millennium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measuring_the_astronomical_unit">Measuring the astronomical unit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Observatory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Measuring the astronomical unit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early scientific duty assigned to the Observatory was the U.S. contribution to the definition of the <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">Astronomical Unit</a>, or the <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">AU</span></span>, which defines a standard <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_mean" title="Arithmetic mean">mean distance</a> between the Sun and the Earth. This was conducted under the auspices of the congressionally-funded U.S. Transit of Venus Commission. The astronomical measurements taken of the <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">transit of Venus</a> by a number of countries since 1639 resulted in a progressively more accurate definition of the <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">AU</span></span>. </p><p>Relying strongly on photographic methods, the naval observers returned 350 <a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">photographic plates</a> in 1874, and 1,380 measurable plates in 1882. The results of the surveys conducted simultaneously from several locations around the world (for each of the two transits) produced a final value of the <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">solar parallax</a>, after adjustments, of 8.809″, with a probable error of 0.0059″, yielding a U.S.-determined Earth-Sun distance of 92,797,000 mi (149,342,000 km), with a probable error of 59,700 mi (96,100 km). The calculated distance was a significant improvement over several previous estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-Dick_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-Dick-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_26_inch_and_40_inch_refractors">The 26 inch and 40 inch refractors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Observatory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The 26 inch and 40 inch refractors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The telescope used for the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Moons of Mars</a> was the 26 inch (66 cm) <a href="/wiki/Refractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Refractor">refractor</a> telescope, then located at <a href="/wiki/Foggy_Bottom" title="Foggy Bottom">Foggy Bottom</a>, Washington, DC.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1893 it was moved to its Northwest DC location.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NOFS_panorama_sm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="NOFS." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NOFS_panorama_sm.jpg/290px-NOFS_panorama_sm.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NOFS_panorama_sm.jpg/435px-NOFS_panorama_sm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NOFS_panorama_sm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="165" /></a><figcaption>Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1934, the largest optical telescope installed at USNO saw "first light". This 40 inch aperture instrument<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was also the second (and final) telescope made by famed optician, <a href="/wiki/George_Willis_Ritchey" title="George Willis Ritchey">George Willis Ritchey</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ritchey%E2%80%93Chr%C3%A9tien_telescope" title="Ritchey–Chrétien telescope">Ritchey–Chrétien telescope</a> design has since become the <i>de facto</i> optical design for nearly all major telescopes, including the famed <a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">Keck telescopes</a> and the space-borne <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>. </p><p>Because of <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington metropolitan area</a>, USNO relocated the 40 inch telescope to <a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff, Arizona</a>. A new Navy command, now called the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory_Flagstaff_Station" title="United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station">USNO Flagstaff Station</a> (NOFS), was established there. Those operations began in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a decade, the Navy's largest telescope, the 61 inch "<a href="/wiki/Kaj_Aage_Gunnar_Strand" title="Kaj Aage Gunnar Strand">Kaj Strand</a> Astrometric Reflector" was built; it saw light at Flagstaff in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>USNO continues to maintain its <a href="/wiki/Dark-sky_movement" title="Dark-sky movement">dark-sky</a> observatory, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory_Flagstaff_Station" title="United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station">NOFS</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff</a>. This facility now oversees the <a href="/wiki/Navy_Precision_Optical_Interferometer" title="Navy Precision Optical Interferometer">Navy Precision Optical Interferometer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_time_service">History of the time service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Observatory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History of the time service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 1870s the USNO daily noon-time signal was distributed electrically, nationwide, via the <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a> Telegraph Company. Time was also "sold" to the railroads<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was used in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Railroad_chronometer" title="Railroad chronometer">railroad chronometers</a> to schedule American rail transport. Early in the 20th century, the service was broadcast by radio, with Arlington time signal available to those with <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> receivers. </p><p>In November 1913 the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Observatory" title="Paris Observatory">Paris Observatory</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower#Communications" title="Eiffel Tower">as an antenna</a>, exchanged sustained wireless (radio) signals with the U.S. Naval Observatory to determine the exact difference of longitude between the two institutions, via an antenna in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington continues to be a major authority in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Precise_Time_and_Time_Interval" title="Precise Time and Time Interval">Precise Time and Time Interval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth_Orientation_Parameters" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth Orientation Parameters">Earth orientation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">astrometry</a>, and celestial observation. In collaboration with many national and international scientific establishments, it determines the timing and astronomical data required for accurate <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">astrometry</a>, and fundamental <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Naval_Observatory_Vector_Astrometry_Subroutines" title="Naval Observatory Vector Astrometry Subroutines">calculation methods</a> — and distributes this information (such as <a href="/wiki/Star_catalogue" title="Star catalogue">star catalogs</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on-line and in the annual publications <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astronomical_Almanac" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astronomical Almanac">The Astronomical Almanac</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nautical_Almanac" title="The Nautical Almanac">The Nautical Almanac</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former USNO director <a href="/wiki/Gernot_M._R._Winkler" title="Gernot M. R. Winkler">Gernot M. R. Winkler</a> initiated the "<a href="/wiki/Master_clock" title="Master clock">Master clock</a>" service that the USNO still operates,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which provides <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">precise time</a> to the <a href="/wiki/GPS_satellite_blocks" title="GPS satellite blocks">GPS satellite</a> constellation run by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a>. The alternate Master Clock time service continues to operate at <a href="/wiki/Schriever_Space_Force_Base" title="Schriever Space Force Base">Schriever Space Force Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Departments">Departments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Observatory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Departments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1990 two departments were established: <a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">Orbital Mechanics</a> and Astronomical Applications, with the <a href="/wiki/Nautical_Almanac" class="mw-redirect" title="Nautical Almanac">Nautical Almanac</a> Office a division in Astronomical Applications.<sup id="cite_ref-sky_and_ocean_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sky_and_ocean-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">Orbital Mechanics</a> Department operated under <a href="/w/index.php?title=P._Kenneth_Seidelmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P. Kenneth Seidelmann (page does not exist)">P. Kenneth Seidelmann</a> until 1994, when the department was abolished and its functions transferred to a group within the Astronomical Applications Department.<sup id="cite_ref-sky_and_ocean_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sky_and_ocean-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, USNO's astronomical 'department' known as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory_Flagstaff_Station" title="United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station">Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station (NOFS)</a> was officially made autonomous as an Echelon 5 command, separate from, but still reporting to the USNO in Washington. In the alpine woodlands above 7,000 feet altitude outside <a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff, Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory_Flagstaff_Station" title="United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station">NOFS</a> performs its national, Celestial Reference Frame (CRF) mission under dark skies in that region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_residence_of_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States">Official residence of the vice president of the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Observatory&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Official residence of the vice president of the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1OC2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/1OC2003.jpg/220px-1OC2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/1OC2003.jpg/330px-1OC2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/1OC2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Number_One_Observatory_Circle" title="Number One Observatory Circle">Number One Observatory Circle</a>, official home of the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">U.S. vice president</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Number_One_Observatory_Circle" title="Number One Observatory Circle">Number One Observatory Circle</a></div> <p>A house situated on the grounds of the observatory, at Number One Observatory Circle, has been the official residence of the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president of the United States</a> since 1974. It is protected by tight security control enforced by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a>. The house is separated from the Naval Observatory. </p><p>Before serving as the vice president's residence, it was that of the observatory's superintendent, and later the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">chief of naval operations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Time_service">Time service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Observatory&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Time service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/WWV_(radio_station)" title="WWV (radio station)">Radio stations WWV, WWVH, and WWVB – NIST time & frequency broadcast</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usno-mc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Usno-mc.jpg/220px-Usno-mc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Usno-mc.jpg/330px-Usno-mc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Usno-mc.jpg/440px-Usno-mc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Atomic clock ensemble at the U.S. Naval Observatory</figcaption></figure> <p>The U.S. Naval Observatory operates two “Master Clock” facilities, one in Washington, DC, and the other at <a href="/wiki/Schriever_Space_Force_Base" title="Schriever Space Force Base">Schriever SFB</a> near <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs, CO</a>. </p> <ul><li>The primary facility, in Washington, D.C. maintains 57 <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Agilent_Technologies" title="Agilent Technologies">Agilent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Symmetricom" title="Symmetricom">Symmetricom</a> 5071A-001 high performance <a href="/wiki/Cesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesium">cesium</a> atomic clocks and 24 <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_maser" title="Hydrogen maser">hydrogen masers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-matsakis2010_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matsakis2010-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The alternate facility, at <a href="/wiki/Schriever_Space_Force_Base" title="Schriever Space Force Base">Schriever Space Force Base</a>, maintains 12 cesium clocks and 3 masers.<sup id="cite_ref-matsakis2010_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matsakis2010-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The observatory also operates four<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomic_fountain" title="Atomic fountain">atomic fountain</a> clocks, which have a stability reaching 7<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="2998840000000000000♠"></span>−16</span></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The observatory plans to build several more of this type for use at its two facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-matsakis2010_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matsakis2010-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The clocks used for the USNO timescale are kept in 19 environmental chambers, whose temperatures are kept constant to within 0.1°C. The relative humidities are kept constant in all maser, and most cesiums enclosures, to within 1%. Time-scale management only uses the clocks in Washington, DC, and of those, preferentially uses the clocks that currently conform reliably to the time reports of the majority. It is the combined ‘vote’ of the ensemble that constitutes the otherwise-fictitious “Master Clock”. The time-scale computations on 7 June 2007 weighted 70 of the clocks into the standard.<sup id="cite_ref-matsakis2010_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matsakis2010-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Naval_Observatory_Master_Clock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/US_Naval_Observatory_Master_Clock.jpg/220px-US_Naval_Observatory_Master_Clock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/US_Naval_Observatory_Master_Clock.jpg/330px-US_Naval_Observatory_Master_Clock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/US_Naval_Observatory_Master_Clock.jpg/440px-US_Naval_Observatory_Master_Clock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3361" data-file-height="2290" /></a><figcaption>US Naval Observatory outside display of the <a href="/wiki/Master_clock" title="Master clock">master clock</a> time</figcaption></figure> <p>The U.S. Naval Observatory provides public time service via 26 <a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</a><sup id="cite_ref-matsakis2010_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matsakis2010-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> servers on the public <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and via telephone voice announcements:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>+1 202 762-1401 (Washington, DC)</li> <li>+1 202 762-1069 (Washington, DC)</li> <li>+1 719 567-6742 (Colorado Springs, CO)</li></ul> <p>The voice of actor Fred Covington (1928–1993)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been announcing the USNO time since 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The voice announcements always begin with the local time (daylight or standard), and include a background of 1 second ticks. Local time announcements are made on the minute, and 15, 30, and 45 seconds after the minute. <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a> (UTC) is announced 5 seconds after the local time.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon connecting, only the second-marking ticks are heard for the few seconds before the next scheduled local time announcement </p><p>The USNO also operates a modem time service,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and provides time to the Global Positioning System. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instrument_shop">Instrument shop</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Observatory&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Instrument shop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States Naval Observatory Instrument shop has been designing and manufacturing precise instrumentation since the early 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Observatory&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NPOI.Usic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/NPOI.Usic.jpg/220px-NPOI.Usic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/NPOI.Usic.jpg/330px-NPOI.Usic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/NPOI.Usic.jpg/440px-NPOI.Usic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Navy_Precision_Optical_Interferometer" title="Navy Precision Optical Interferometer">Navy Precision Optical Interferometer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff, Arizona</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Astronomical Observations made at the U.S. Naval Observatory</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.adsabs.harvard.edu/bib_abs.html?USNOA">USNOA</a>) (v. 1–6: 1846–1867)</li> <li><i>Astronomical and Meteorological Observations made at the U.S. Naval Observatory</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.adsabs.harvard.edu/bib_abs.html?USNOM">USNOM</a>) (v. 1–22: 1862–1880)</li> <li><i>Observations made at the U.S. Naval Observatory</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.adsabs.harvard.edu/bib_abs.html?USNOO">USNOO</a>) (v. 1–7: 1887–1893)</li> <li><i>Publications of the U.S. Naval Observatory</i>, Second Series (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.adsabs.harvard.edu/bib_abs.html?PUSNO">PUSNO</a>) (v. 1–16: 1900–1949)</li> <li><i>U.S. Naval Observatory Circulars</i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Astronomical_Almanac" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astronomical Almanac">The Astronomical Almanac</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nautical_Almanac" title="The Nautical Almanac">The Nautical Almanac</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Air_Almanac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Air Almanac (page does not exist)">The Air Almanac</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_Phenomena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomical Phenomena (page does not exist)">Astronomical Phenomena</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Observatory&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Astronomy and observatories</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark-sky_movement" title="Dark-sky movement">dark-sky movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronomical_observatories" title="List of astronomical observatories">List of astronomical observatories</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Naval_Observatory" title="Old Naval Observatory">Old Naval Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory_Flagstaff_Station" title="United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station">USNO Flagstaff Station</a></li></ul> <p><b>Technology and technical resources</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a> (UTC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Observatory_Vector_Astrometry_Subroutines" title="Naval Observatory Vector Astrometry Subroutines">Naval Observatory Vector Astrometry Subroutines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_chronometer" title="Railroad chronometer">railroad chronometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_ball" title="Time ball">time ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signal" title="Time signal">Time signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWV_(radio_station)" title="WWV (radio station)">time service radio stations WWV, WWVH, & WWVB</a></li></ul> <p><b>USNO personnel</b> </p> <ul><li>Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Carter" title="Samuel P. Carter">Samuel P. Carter</a></li> <li>Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/James_Melville_Gilliss" title="James Melville Gilliss">James Melville Gilliss</a></li> <li>Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Louis_M._Goldsborough" title="Louis M. Goldsborough">Louis M. Goldsborough</a></li> <li>Commander <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li>astronomer <a href="/w/index.php?title=P._Kenneth_Seidelmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P. Kenneth Seidelmann (page does not exist)">P. Kenneth Seidelmann</a></li> <li>director <a href="/wiki/Gernot_M._R._Winkler" title="Gernot M. R. Winkler">Gernot M. R. Winkler</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Observatory&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Observatory&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planning.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/Inventory%202009%200%20Alpha%20Version%2003%2011.pdf">"District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>DC.GOV – Office of Planning</i>. State Historic Preservation Office, D.C. Office of Planning. 30 September 2009. p. 107. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001205634/https://planning.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/Inventory%202009%200%20Alpha%20Version%2003%2011.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DC.GOV+%E2%80%93+Office+of+Planning&rft.atitle=District+of+Columbia+Inventory+of+Historic+Sites&rft.pages=107&rft.date=2009-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanning.dc.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdc%2Fsites%2Fop%2Fpublication%2Fattachments%2FInventory%25202009%25200%2520Alpha%2520Version%252003%252011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Naval+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pnt.gov/101">"National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing"</a>. <i>pnt.gov</i>. U.S. Government Printing Office. 2011-06-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110730160143/http://www.pnt.gov/101/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pnt.gov&rft.atitle=National+Executive+Committee+for+Space-Based+Positioning%2C+Navigation%2C+and+Timing&rft.date=2011-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpnt.gov%2F101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Naval+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091224145307/http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/about-us/the-usno-mission/">"The USNO's Mission"</a>. <i>usno.navy.mil</i>. Naval Oceanography Portal. Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/about-us/the-usno-mission/">the original</a> on 2009-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usno.navy.mil&rft.atitle=The+USNO%27s+Mission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usno.navy.mil%2FUSNO%2Fabout-us%2Fthe-usno-mission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Naval+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/about-us/a-brief-history/usno-command-history">"USNO — Our Command History — Naval Oceanography Portal"</a>. <i>usno.navy.mil</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209110903/https://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/about-us/a-brief-history/usno-command-history">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usno.navy.mil&rft.atitle=USNO+%E2%80%94+Our+Command+History+%E2%80%94+Naval+Oceanography+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usno.navy.mil%2FUSNO%2Fabout-us%2Fa-brief-history%2Fusno-command-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Naval+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/about-us/a-brief-history">"A Brief History of the Naval Observatory — Naval Oceanography Portal"</a>. <i>www.usno.navy.mil</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220328091707/https://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/about-us/a-brief-history">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usno.navy.mil&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Naval+Observatory+%E2%80%94+Naval+Oceanography+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usno.navy.mil%2FUSNO%2Fabout-us%2Fa-brief-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Naval+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDick2003" class="citation book cs1">Dick, Steven J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DNwfG5hQ7-YC&pg=PA54"><i>Sky and Ocean Joined: The U.S. Naval Observatory 1830-2000</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521815994" title="Special:BookSources/9780521815994"><bdi>9780521815994</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-04</span></span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sky+and+Ocean+Joined%3A+The+U.S.+Naval+Observatory+1830-2000&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780521815994&rft.aulast=Dick&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDNwfG5hQ7-YC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Naval+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1963" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Frances Leigh (1963). "VIII. Scientific opportunity at last". <i>Matthew Fontaine Maury: Scientist of the Sea</i>. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 164. <q>These different names for the observatory, and the term 'Hydrographic Office', were used interchangeably until December 1854, when the Secretary of the Navy officially ruled that the proper designation was "The United States Naval Observatory and Hydrographical office".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VIII.+Scientific+opportunity+at+last&rft.btitle=Matthew+Fontaine+Maury%3A+Scientist+of+the+Sea&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Frances+Leigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Naval+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDick1991" class="citation journal cs1">Dick, S.J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Naval+Observatory+declares+full+operational+capability+for+rubidium+fountain+clocks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usno.navy.mil%2FUSNO%2Ftours-events%2Fu.s.-naval-observatory-declares-full-operational-capability-for-rubidium-fountain-clocks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Naval+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615095955/http://ad.usno.navy.mil/edboard/060127.pdf">Initial Evaluation of the USNO Rubidium Fountain</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Keeping+time+by+rubidium+at+the+Naval+Observatory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2014%2F07%2F06%2F329154831%2Fkeeping-time-by-rubidium-at-the-naval-observatory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Naval+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/time/telephone-time">"Telephone Time"</a>. <i>www.usno.navy.mil</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usno.navy.mil&rft.atitle=Telephone+Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usno.navy.mil%2FUSNO%2Ftime%2Ftelephone-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Naval+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/modem_time.html">"USNO Master Clock via Modem"</a>. Tycho.usno.navy.mil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171227233738/http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/modem_time.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USNO+Master+Clock+via+Modem&rft.pub=Tycho.usno.navy.mil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftycho.usno.navy.mil%2Fmodem_time.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Naval+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFey" class="citation web cs1">Fey, Alan L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ad.usno.navy.mil/instshp/">"The USNO Instrument Shop"</a>. <i>ad.usno.navy.mil</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181108065539/http://ad.usno.navy.mil/instshp/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Usno.navy.mil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726022411/http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/astronomical-applications/publications/usno-special-pubs">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Naval+Observatory+Special+Publications+%E2%80%94+Naval+Oceanography+Portal&rft.pub=Usno.navy.mil&rft.au=Naval+Meteorology+and+Oceanography+Command&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usno.navy.mil%2FUSNO%2Fastronomical-applications%2Fpublications%2Fusno-special-pubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Naval+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Observatory&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldenWellsHartmanAllen1874" class="citation magazine cs1">Alden, Henry Mills; Wells, Thomas Bucklin; Hartman, Lee Foster; Allen, Frederick Lewis (March 1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jYICAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA531">"Observatories in the United States: [Section] II.—The United States Naval Observatory"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's New Monthly Magazine</a></i>. Vol. XLVIII, no. 286. pp. 531–539.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+New+Monthly+Magazine&rft.atitle=Observatories+in+the+United+States%3A+%5BSection%5D+II.%E2%80%94The+United+States+Naval+Observatory&rft.volume=XLVIII&rft.issue=286&rft.pages=531-539&rft.date=1874-03&rft.aulast=Alden&rft.aufirst=Henry+Mills&rft.au=Wells%2C+Thomas+Bucklin&rft.au=Hartman%2C+Lee+Foster&rft.au=Allen%2C+Frederick+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjYICAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Naval+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDick2003" class="citation book cs1">Dick, Steven J. (2003). <i>Sky and Ocean Joined: The U.S. Naval Observatory 1830–2000</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81599-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81599-1"><bdi>0-521-81599-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/689985797">689985797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sky+and+Ocean+Joined%3A+The+U.S.+Naval+Observatory+1830%E2%80%932000&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F689985797&rft.isbn=0-521-81599-1&rft.aulast=Dick&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Naval+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DNwfG5hQ7-YC">Sky and Ocean Joined: The U.S. Naval Observatory 1830–2000</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (British edition).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Naval_Observatory&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_Naval_Observatory" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:United States Naval Observatory">United States Naval Observatory</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnmoc.usff.navy.mil/usno/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060321125122/http://www.cstone.net/~wmm/mfm-1847/index.html">Transcription: Lieut. 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Naval Operations">Vice Chief of Naval Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Chief_Petty_Officer_of_the_Navy" title="Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy">Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_four-star_admirals" title="List of United States Navy four-star admirals">4-star admirals</a></li> <li>3-star admirals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_vice_admirals_on_active_duty_before_1960" title="List of United States Navy vice admirals on active duty before 1960">1864–1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_vice_admirals_from_2000_to_2009" title="List of United States Navy vice admirals from 2000 to 2009">2000–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_vice_admirals_from_2010_to_2019" title="List of United States Navy vice admirals from 2010 to 2019">2010–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_vice_admirals_since_2020" title="List of United States Navy vice admirals since 2020">2020–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_duty_United_States_rear_admirals#Department_of_the_Navy" title="List of active duty United States rear admirals">2-star admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Seapower_and_Projection_Forces" title="United States House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces">House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Seapower" title="United States Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower">Senate Subcommittee on Seapower</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/80px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/160px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Structure of the United States Navy">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">Navy Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force" title="Fleet Marine Force">Fleet Marine Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Expeditionary_Combat_Command" title="Navy Expeditionary Combat Command">Expeditionary Combat Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_units_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of units of the United States Navy">Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">Active ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_United_States_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Future of the United States Navy">Future ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_aircraft_wings" title="List of United States Navy aircraft wings">Aircraft wings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_aircraft_squadrons" title="List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons">Aircraft squadrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_strike_group" title="Carrier strike group">Carrier strike group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_installations" title="List of United States Navy installations">Installations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naval Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_jet_base" title="Master jet base">Master jet base</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operating<br />forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Forces_Command" title="United States Fleet Forces Command">Fleet Forces Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander,_U.S._Fleet_Forces_Command" title="Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command">Commander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">Pacific Fleet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander,_U.S._Pacific_Fleet" title="Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet">Commander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Forces_Europe-Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Naval Forces Europe-Africa">Naval Forces Europe – Naval Forces Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Forces_Central_Command" title="United States Naval Forces Central Command">Naval Forces Central Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Forces_Southern_Command" title="United States Naval Forces Southern Command">Naval Forces Southern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Special_Warfare_Command" title="United States Naval Special Warfare Command">Naval Special Warfare Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">Naval Reserve Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Force" title="Operational Test and Evaluation Force">Operational Test and Evaluation Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Network_Warfare_Command" title="Naval Network Warfare Command">Naval Network Warfare Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Sealift_Command" title="Military Sealift Command">Military Sealift Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Shore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Sea_Systems_Command" title="Naval Sea Systems Command">Naval Sea Systems Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Systems_Command" title="Naval Air Systems Command">Naval Air Systems Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Facilities_Engineering_Systems_Command" title="Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command">Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Supply_Systems_Command" title="Naval Supply Systems Command">Naval Supply Systems Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Information_Warfare_Systems_Command" title="Naval Information Warfare Systems Command">Naval Information Warfare Systems Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Fleet_Cyber_Command" title="U.S. Fleet Cyber Command">Fleet Cyber Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Education_and_Training_Command" title="Naval Education and Training Command">Naval Education and Training Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Meteorology_and_Oceanography_Command" title="Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command">Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence" title="Office of Naval Intelligence">Office of Naval Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Aviation_Warfighting_Development_Center" title="Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center">Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Legal_Service_Command" title="Naval Legal Service Command">Naval Legal Service Command</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naval Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Safety_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Safety Center">Naval Safety Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Naval_Personnel" title="Bureau of Naval Personnel">Bureau of Naval Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Personnel" title="Chief of Naval Personnel">Chief of Naval Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Medicine_and_Surgery" title="Bureau of Medicine and Surgery">Bureau of Medicine and Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander,_Navy_Installations_Command" title="Commander, Navy Installations Command">Navy Installations Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Working_Capital_Fund" title="United States Navy Working Capital Fund">Navy Working Capital Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Fleets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Second_Fleet" title="United States Second Fleet">Second Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Third_Fleet" title="United States Third Fleet">Third Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fourth_Fleet" title="United States Fourth Fleet">Fourth Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fifth_Fleet" title="United States Fifth Fleet">Fifth Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sixth_Fleet" title="United States Sixth Fleet">Sixth Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet" title="United States Seventh Fleet">Seventh Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Tenth_Fleet" title="United States Tenth Fleet">Tenth Fleet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships" title="List of United States Navy ships">Ships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_A%E2%80%93B" title="List of United States Navy ships: A–B">A–B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_C" title="List of United States Navy ships: C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_D%E2%80%93F" title="List of United States Navy ships: D–F">D–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_G%E2%80%93H" title="List of United States Navy ships: G–H">G–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_I%E2%80%93K" title="List of United States Navy ships: I–K">I–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_L" title="List of United States Navy ships: L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_M" title="List of United States Navy ships: M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_N%E2%80%93O" title="List of United States Navy ships: N–O">N–O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_P" title="List of United States Navy ships: P">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_Q%E2%80%93R" title="List of United States Navy ships: Q–R">Q–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_S" title="List of United States Navy ships: S">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_T%E2%80%93V" title="List of United States Navy ships: T–V">T–V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_W%E2%80%93Z" title="List of United States Navy ships: W–Z">W–Z</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_carriers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of airships of the United States Navy">Airships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_amphibious_warfare_ships" title="List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships">Amphibious warfare ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auxiliaries_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of battleships of the United States Navy">Battleships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cruisers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of cruisers of the United States Navy">Cruisers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of destroyers of the United States Navy">Destroyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyer_escorts_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of destroyer escorts of the United States Navy">Destroyer escorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_escort_carriers_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of escort carriers of the United States Navy">Escort carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_frigates_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of frigates of the United States Navy">Frigates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mine_warfare_vessels_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of mine warfare vessels of the United States Navy">Mine warfare vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monitors_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of monitors of the United States Navy">Monitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_patrol_vessels_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of patrol vessels of the United States Navy">Patrol vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_patrol_craft" title="Section patrol craft">Registered civilian vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sailing_frigates_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of sailing frigates of the United States Navy">Sailing frigates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steam_frigates_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of steam frigates of the United States Navy">Steam frigates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steam_gunboats_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of steam gunboats of the United States Navy">Steam gunboats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of ships of the line of the United States Navy">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sloops_of_war_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of sloops of war of the United States Navy">Sloops of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of submarines of the United States Navy">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_torpedo_boats_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of torpedo boats of the United States Navy">Torpedo boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_torpedo_retrievers" title="United States Navy torpedo retrievers">Torpedo retrievers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_miscellaneous_vessels_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of unclassified miscellaneous vessels of the United States Navy">Unclassified miscellaneous vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yard_and_district_craft_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of yard and district craft of the United States Navy">Yard and district craft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel<br />and<br />training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_people" title="List of United States Navy people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Navy officer rank insignia">Insignia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Naval_officer_designators" title="List of United States Naval officer designators">Designators</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Enlisted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_enlisted_rates" title="List of United States Navy enlisted rates">Rates</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ratings" title="List of United States Navy ratings">Ratings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Navy_Enlisted_Classification" title="Navy Enlisted Classification">Classification</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Chaplain_Corps" title="United States Navy Chaplain Corps">Chaplain Corps</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Navy">Chief</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Chaplain of the United States Marine Corps">Deputy Chief</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Explosive_ordnance_disposal_(United_States_Navy)" title="Explosive ordnance disposal (United States Navy)">Explosive ordnance disposal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Medical_Corps_(United_States_Navy)" title="Medical Corps (United States Navy)">Medical Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Dental_Corps" title="United States Navy Dental Corps">Dental Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Nurse_Corps" title="United States Navy Nurse Corps">Nurse Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Navy_Medical_Service_Corps" title="Navy Medical Service Corps">Medical Service Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Navy_Supply_Corps" title="Navy Supply Corps">Supply Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Civil_Engineer_Corps" title="Civil Engineer Corps">Civil Engineer Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="United States Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps">JAG Corps</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General_of_the_Navy" title="Judge Advocate General of the Navy">JAG</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Judge_Advocate_General_of_the_Navy" title="Deputy Judge Advocate General of the Navy">DJAG</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_Criminal_Investigative_Service" title="Naval Criminal Investigative Service">NCIS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Boatswain%27s_mate_(United_States_Navy)" title="Boatswain's mate (United States Navy)">Boatswain's mates</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hospital_corpsman" title="Hospital corpsman">Hospital corpsman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Naval Aviator">Naval Aviator</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">SEALs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seabee" title="Seabee">Seabees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Master-at-arms_(United_States_Navy)" title="Master-at-arms (United States Navy)">Master-at-arms</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operations_specialist_(United_States_Navy)" title="Operations specialist (United States Navy)">Operations specialist</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Special_warfare_combatant-craft_crewmen" title="Special warfare combatant-craft crewmen">SWCCs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_the_United_States_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Navy">Hispanic sailors</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Recruit_Training_Command,_Great_Lakes,_Illinois" title="Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes, Illinois">Recruit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Navy)" title="Officer Candidate School (United States Navy)">Officer Candidate School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/STA-21" title="STA-21">STA-21</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps" title="Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps">NROTC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_University_System" title="Naval University System">Naval University System</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College" title="Naval War College">Naval War College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate School</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">Naval Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Community_College" title="United States Naval Community College">Naval Community College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_University" title="Marine Corps University">Marine Corps University</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Basic_Enlisted_Submarine_School" title="Basic Enlisted Submarine School">BESS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_Force_Tactical_Training" title="Battle Force Tactical Training">BFTT</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Center_For_Naval_Aviation_Technical_Training_Unit_Keesler" title="Center For Naval Aviation Technical Training Unit Keesler">CNATT</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Composite_Training_Unit_Exercise" title="Composite Training Unit Exercise">COMPTUEX</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Warfare_Center_Training_Systems_Division" title="Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division">NAWCTSD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Authoring_Instructional_Materials" title="Authoring Instructional Materials">AIM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Chaplain_Corps#Naval_Chaplaincy_School_and_Center" title="United States Navy Chaplain Corps">Naval Chaplaincy School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_Hospital_Corps_School" title="Naval Hospital Corps School">Naval Hospital Corps School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naval_Justice_School" title="Naval Justice School">Naval Justice School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces_School_of_Music" title="United States Armed Forces School of Music">United States Armed Forces School of Music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Senior_Enlisted_Academy" title="United States Navy Senior Enlisted Academy">Navy Senior Enlisted Academy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Navy_Supply_Corps_School" title="Navy Supply Corps School">Navy Supply Corps School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Power_School" title="Nuclear Power School">Nuclear Power School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joint_Maritime_Training_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Maritime Training Center">JMTC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Strike_Fighter_Tactics_Instructor_program" title="United States Navy Strike Fighter Tactics Instructor program">TOPGUN</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Test_Pilot_School" title="United States Naval Test Pilot School">USNTPS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_Services_University_of_the_Health_Sciences" title="Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences">Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of equipment of the United States Navy">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Uniforms of the United States Navy">Uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Navy">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Badges of the United States Navy">Badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">Current fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_United_States_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Future of the United States Navy">Future fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_reserve_fleets" title="United States Navy reserve fleets">Reserve fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_naval_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of currently active United States naval aircraft">Current aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_weapons" title="List of United States Navy weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_naval_reactors" title="United States naval reactors">Naval reactors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History and <br /> traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">History</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Anchors_Aweigh" title="Anchors Aweigh">Anchors Aweigh</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Angels" title="Blue Angels">Blue Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_of_the_United_States" title="Ensign of the United States">Ensign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Band_Activities" title="Fleet Band Activities">Fleet bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Week" title="Fleet Week">Fleet Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_of_the_United_States" title="Jack of the United States">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line-crossing_ceremony" title="Line-crossing ceremony">Line-crossing ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="National Museum of the United States Navy">National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Band" title="United States Navy Band">Navy Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Ceremonial_Guard" title="United States Navy Ceremonial Guard">Ceremonial Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Flag of the United States Navy">Navy Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Father,_Strong_to_Save" title="Eternal Father, Strong to Save">Navy Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Memorial" title="United States Navy Memorial">Navy Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Navy)" title="Service number (United States Navy)">Navy service numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Weeks" title="Navy Weeks">Navy Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Admirals" title="Revolt of the Admirals">Revolt of the Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor%27s_Creed" title="Sailor's Creed">Sailor's Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_commissioning" title="Ship commissioning">Ship commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_commissioning#Ship_decommissioning" title="Ship commissioning">Ship decommissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ship_naming_conventions" title="United States ship naming conventions">Ship naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingey_House" title="Tingey House">Tingey House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS <i>Constitution</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAVES" title="WAVES">WAVES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetting-down" title="Wetting-down">Wetting-down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_battleship_retirement_debate" title="United States battleship retirement debate">United States battleship retirement debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_military_installations_in_Washington,_D.C." style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DCMilitary" title="Template:DCMilitary"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DCMilitary" title="Template talk:DCMilitary"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DCMilitary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DCMilitary"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_military_installations_in_Washington,_D.C." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current <a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">military installations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Fort" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Fort</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lesley_J._McNair" title="Fort Lesley J. McNair">McNair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Washington,_D.C.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/85px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/128px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/170px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Barracks" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Barracks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Barracks,_Washington,_D.C." title="Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.">Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Support_Facility_Anacostia" title="Naval Support Facility Anacostia">Naval Support Facility Anacostia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Observatory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naval Observatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Yard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard" title="Washington Navy Yard">Washington Navy Yard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Base_Anacostia%E2%80%93Bolling" title="Joint Base Anacostia–Bolling">Joint Base Anacostia–Bolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Research Laboratory">Naval Research Laboratory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Field" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Military airbase">Field</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Base_Anacostia%E2%80%93Bolling" title="Joint Base Anacostia–Bolling">Bolling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Station" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_stations" title="List of United States Coast Guard stations">Station</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Station_Washington,_D.C." title="Coast Guard Station Washington, D.C.">Coast Guard Station Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Quincy_Adams" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Quincy_Adams" title="Template:John Quincy Adams"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Quincy_Adams" title="Template talk:John Quincy Adams"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Quincy_Adams" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Quincy Adams"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Quincy_Adams" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 8th congressional district">MA–8</a> (1843–1848)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 12th congressional district">MA–12</a> (1833–1843)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 11th congressional district">MA–11</a> (1831–1833)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">6th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1825–1829)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">8th</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (1817–1825)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom</a> (1814–1817)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Russia" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia">U.S. Minister to Russia</a> (1809–1814)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">U.S. Senator from Massachusetts</a> (1803–1808)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Germany" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Germany">U.S. Minister to Prussia</a> (1797–1801)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_Netherlands" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the Netherlands">U.S. Minister to the Netherlands</a> (1794–1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams#Presidency_(1825–1829)" title="John Quincy Adams">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Inauguration of John Quincy Adams">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_System_(economic_plan)" title="American System (economic plan)">American System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_improvements" title="Internal improvements">Internal improvements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">Tariff of 1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="First Treaty of Prairie du Chien">First Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fond_du_Lac#1826_Treaty_of_Fond_du_Lac" title="Treaty of Fond du Lac">Treaty of Fond du Lac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limits_(Mexico%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)">Treaty of Limits</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">United States Naval Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1825_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1825 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address, 1825</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1827_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1827 State of the Union Address">1827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1828 State of the Union Address">1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_Quincy_Adams" title="List of federal judges appointed by John Quincy Adams">Federal judiciary appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine, author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1832" title="Tariff of 1832">Tariff of 1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution#Founding" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._The_Amistad" title="United States v. The Amistad"><i>United States v. The Amistad</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mendi_Bible" title="Mendi Bible">Mendi Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">President, American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Institute_for_the_Promotion_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences">President, Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams#Diaries" title="John Quincy Adams">Lifelong diary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society#Collections" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Massachusetts Historical Society holdings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Papers_Editorial_Project" title="Adams Papers Editorial Project">Adams Papers Editorial Project</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams#Early_life,_education,_and_early_career" title="John Quincy Adams">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams_Cairn" title="Abigail Adams Cairn">Abigail Adams Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">John Quincy Adams and abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_National_Historical_Park" title="Adams National Historical Park">Adams National Historical Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_Birthplace" title="John Quincy Adams Birthplace">Birthplace and family home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacefield" title="Peacefield">Peacefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_National_Historical_Park#Stone_Library" title="Adams National Historical Park">Stone Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_First_Parish_Church" title="United First Parish Church">United First Parish Church and gravesite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Electoral history of John Quincy Adams">Electoral history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Senate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1803_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1803 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1803</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1808 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1808</a></li></ul></li> <li>Presidential runs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrupt_Bargain#Election_of_1824" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrupt Bargain">Corrupt Bargain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Bibliography of John Quincy Adams">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Memorial" title="Adams Memorial">Adams Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_House_(Harvard_College)" title="Adams House (Harvard College)">Adams House at Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine_Centennial_half_dollar" title="Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar">Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Quincy_Adams_(Fairweather_Range)" title="Mount Quincy Adams (Fairweather Range)">Mount Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_President_Adams_(APA-19)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS President Adams (APA-19)">USS <i>President Adams</i></a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_Adams_(SSBN-620)" title="USS John Adams (SSBN-620)">USS <i>John Adams</i></a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster-Adams_Bilingual_School" title="Oyster-Adams Bilingual School">Oyster-Adams Bilingual School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage"><i>Profiles in Courage</i> (1957 book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage_(TV_series)" title="Profiles in Courage (TV series)">1965 television series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adams_Chronicles" title="The Adams Chronicles"><i>The Adams Chronicles</i> (1976 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Amistad" title="Mutiny on the Amistad"><i>Mutiny on the Amistad</i> (1987 book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amistad_(film)" title="Amistad (film)"><i>Amistad</i> (1997 film) </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(book)" title="John Adams (book)"><i>John Adams</i> (2001 book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)">2008 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adams_political_family" title="Adams political family">Adams political family</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quincy_political_family" title="Quincy political family">Quincy family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams">Louisa Adams</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Adams" title="George Washington Adams">George Washington Adams</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles Francis Adams Sr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_II" title="John Adams II">John Adams II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Adams</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Adams" title="Brooks Adams">Brooks Adams</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_II" title="John Quincy Adams II">John Quincy Adams II</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> <ul><li>father</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">presidency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a> <ul><li>mother</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_political_family" title="Quincy political family">Quincy political family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams_Smith" title="Abigail Adams Smith">Abigail Adams Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adams_(1770%E2%80%931800)" title="Charles Adams (1770–1800)">Charles Adams</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boylston_Adams_(1772%E2%80%931832)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Boylston Adams (1772–1832)">Thomas Boylston Adams</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Sr." title="John Adams Sr.">John Adams Sr.</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Boylston" title="Susanna Boylston">Susanna Boylston</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy" title="John Quincy">John Quincy</a> (great-grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Patriot_Ledger" title="The Patriot Ledger"><i>Quincy Patriot</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_(Bingham)" title="John Quincy Adams (Bingham)"><i>John Quincy Adams</i> (Bingham)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">← 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.portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406006905">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/154074860">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/528874/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/31422-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78095580">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12384893m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000175557&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/20858">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007569907305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12964894?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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