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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2" title="ميرتشا العجوز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميرتشا العجوز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0_I_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Мірча I Стары – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мірча I Стары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Мирча Стари – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мирча Стари" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_I_de_Val%C3%A0quia" title="Mircea I de Valàquia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mircea I de Valàquia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_I." title="Mircea I. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mircea I." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_den_%C3%A6ldre" title="Mircea den ældre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mircea den ældre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%A2n" title="Mircea cel Bătrân – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mircea cel Bătrân" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AF%CF%81%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B1_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μίρτσεα Α΄ της Βλαχίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μίρτσεα Α΄ της Βλαχίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_I_de_Valaquia" title="Mircea I de Valaquia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mircea I de Valaquia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_la_1-a_(Vala%C4%A5io)" title="Mircea la 1-a (Valaĥio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mircea la 1-a (Valaĥio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_Ier_de_Valachie" title="Mircea Ier de Valachie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mircea Ier de Valachie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_I_de_Valaquia" title="Mircea I de Valaquia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mircea I de Valaquia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%B2%B4%EC%95%84_1%EC%84%B8" title="미르체아 1세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미르체아 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_I_dari_Wallachia" title="Mircea I dari Wallachia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mircea I dari Wallachia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_il_Vecchio" title="Mircea il Vecchio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mircea il Vecchio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A6%27%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%96%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="מירצ'ה הזקן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מירצ'ה הזקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მირჩა მოხუცებული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მირჩა მოხუცებული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir%C4%8Da_Vecais" title="Mirča Vecais – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mirča Vecais" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Mircea_havasalf%C3%B6ldi_fejedelem" title="I. Mircea havasalföldi fejedelem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Mircea havasalföldi fejedelem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0_I" title="Мирча I – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мирча I" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A31%E4%B8%96" title="ミルチャ1世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミルチャ1世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircza_Stary" title="Mircza Stary – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mircza Stary" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_I_da_Val%C3%A1quia" title="Mircea I da Valáquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mircea I da Valáquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%A2n" title="Mircea cel Bătrân – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mircea cel Bătrân" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0_I_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Мирча I Старый – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мирча I Старый" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_I." title="Mircea I. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mircea I." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_I._Vla%C5%A1ki" title="Mircea I. Vlaški – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mircea I. Vlaški" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0_I_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Мирча I Старији – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мирча I Старији" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%A2n" title="Mircea cel Bătrân – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mircea cel Bătrân" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Mircea" title="I. Mircea – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Mircea" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0_I_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Мірча I Старий – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мірча I Старий" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_I_Basarab" title="Mircea I Basarab – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mircea I Basarab" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%81%B0%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="米尔恰一世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="米尔恰一世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q322043#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mircea_the_Elder" 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If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Romanian Wikipedia article at [[:ro:Mircea cel Bătrân]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|ro|Mircea cel Bătrân}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mircea_the_Elder" title="Talk:Mircea the Elder">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Voivode of Wallachia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Mircea the Elder</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Voivode_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Voivode of Wallachia">Voivode of Wallachia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Dobruja" title="Despotate of Dobruja">Despot of Dobruja</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MirceatheElder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/MirceatheElder.jpg/220px-MirceatheElder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/MirceatheElder.jpg/330px-MirceatheElder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/MirceatheElder.jpg/440px-MirceatheElder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1301" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Mircea the Elder. Fresco in the <a href="/wiki/Curtea_de_Arge%C8%99_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtea de Argeș Monastery">Episcopal Church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Curtea_de_Arge%C8%99" title="Curtea de Argeș">Curtea de Argeș</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Wallachia">Voivode of Wallachia</a><br />(<i>1st reign</i>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">23 September 1386 – November 1394</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dan_I_of_Wallachia" title="Dan I of Wallachia">Dan I of Wallachia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vlad_I_of_Wallachia" title="Vlad I of Wallachia">Vlad I of Wallachia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Wallachia">Voivode of Wallachia</a><br />(<i>2nd reign</i>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1397 – 31 January 1418</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vlad_I_of_Wallachia" title="Vlad I of Wallachia">Vlad I of Wallachia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Wallachia" title="Michael I of Wallachia">Michael I of Wallachia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1355</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">31 January 1418 (aged 62–63)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">4 February 1418<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Cozia_Monastery" title="Cozia Monastery">Cozia Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2lcea_County" title="Vâlcea County">Vâlcea County</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tolmay" title="Maria Tolmay">Doamna Mara</a><br />Doamna Anca</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Wallachia" title="Michael I of Wallachia">Michael I of Wallachia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Radu_II_of_Wallachia" title="Radu II of Wallachia">Radu II Praznaglava</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_Aldea" title="Alexander I Aldea">Alexandru I Aldea</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul">Vlad II Dracul</a><br />Ana of Wallachia<br />Arina of Wallachia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Basarab" title="House of Basarab">Basarab</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radu_I_of_Wallachia" title="Radu I of Wallachia">Radu I of Wallachia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kalinikia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinikia">Doamna Calinichia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christian</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mircea the Elder</b> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Mircea cel Bătrân</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[ˈmirtʃe̯a<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃel<span class="wrap"> </span>bəˈtrɨn]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1e\/Ro-Mircea_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%AEn.ogg\/Ro-Mircea_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%AEn.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ro-Mircea cel B\u0103tr\u00een.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Ro-Mircea_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%AEn.ogg/Ro-Mircea_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%AEn.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ro-Mircea_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%AEn.ogg" title="File:Ro-Mircea cel Bătrîn.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; c. 1355 – 31 January 1418) was the <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">Voivode</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> from 1386 until his death in 1418. He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Radu_I_of_Wallachia" title="Radu I of Wallachia">Radu I of Wallachia</a> and brother of <a href="/wiki/Dan_I_of_Wallachia" title="Dan I of Wallachia">Dan I of Wallachia</a>, after whose death he inherited the throne. </p><p>After the death of his step-brother Dan I, Mircea takes over the throne in 1386, as <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, on one side, was going through a process of economic, administrative, religious development, but also of strengthening the army, and on the other side it was confronted with the expansion tendencies of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungarian Kingdom</a> and Poland, which were aiming at controlling the mouths of the Danube, but also those of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of Mircea the Elder, <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> controlled the largest area in its history, gaining <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> in 1388, the <a href="/wiki/Banate_of_Severin" title="Banate of Severin">Banate of Severin</a> in 1388/9 and Podunavia (which is suspected to be the <a href="/wiki/Timok_Valley" title="Timok Valley">Timok Valley</a>, or the name of the Danube river valley in Slavonic as stated in Mircea's letter <i>"both sides of Danube"</i>). In addition, he was also granted the fiefdoms of <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Amla%C8%99ului" title="Țara Amlașului">Amlaș</a> (<span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Omlás</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aara_F%C4%83g%C4%83ra%C8%99ului" title="Țara Făgărașului">Făgăraș</a> (<span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Fugurash</i></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Byname" class="mw-redirect" title="Byname">byname</a> "elder" was given to him after his death in order to distinguish him from his grandson <a href="/wiki/Mircea_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea II">Mircea II</a> ("Mircea the Younger"), although some historians believe the epithet was given to him as a sign of respect by later generations.<sup id="cite_ref-Dr-Brackob-2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr-Brackob-2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is considered the most important Wallachian ruler during the Middle Ages and one of the great rulers of his era,<sup id="cite_ref-Dr-Brackob-2018_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr-Brackob-2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and starting in the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Romanian_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian historiography">Romanian historiography</a> has also referred to him as <b>Mircea the Great</b> (<i>Mircea cel Mare</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mircea_the_Elder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mircea was the son of <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">voivode</a> <a href="/wiki/Radu_I_of_Wallachia" title="Radu I of Wallachia">Radu I of Wallachia</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Kalinikia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinikia">Doamna Calinichia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus being a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Basarab" title="House of Basarab">House of Basarab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Giurescu362_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giurescu362-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the father of <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Wallachia" title="Michael I of Wallachia">Michael I of Wallachia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radu_II_of_Wallachia" title="Radu II of Wallachia">Radu II of Wallachia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_Aldea" title="Alexander I Aldea">Alexander I Aldea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul">Vlad II Dracul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grandfather" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandfather">grandfather</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mircea_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea II">Mircea II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlad_%C8%9Aepe%C8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlad Țepeș">Vlad Țepeș (Dracula)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlad_C%C4%83lug%C4%83rul" title="Vlad Călugărul">Vlad Călugărul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radu_cel_Frumos" class="mw-redirect" title="Radu cel Frumos">Radu cel Frumos</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> all of whom became rulers of Wallachia. Mircea II and Vlad Țepeș were both able military commanders (Vlad Țepeș became one of the most famous leaders in history, and is commonly believed to be the inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His daughter Arina married the Ottoman prince <a href="/wiki/Musa_%C3%87elebi" title="Musa Çelebi">Musa Çelebi</a> in 1403. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mircea_the_Elder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Mircea_I_of_Wallachia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Arms of Mircea I of Wallachia which was also used by other voivodes throughout time" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Arms_of_Mircea_I_of_Wallachia.png/220px-Arms_of_Mircea_I_of_Wallachia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Arms_of_Mircea_I_of_Wallachia.png/330px-Arms_of_Mircea_I_of_Wallachia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Arms_of_Mircea_I_of_Wallachia.png 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Arms of Mircea I which was also used by other voivodes in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Basarab" title="House of Basarab">House of Basarab</a> throughout time.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mircea's reign is often considered to have brought stability to Wallachia. Found in a volatile region of the world, this principality's borders constantly shifted, but during Mircea's rule, <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> controlled the largest area in its history: from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Carpathians" title="Southern Carpathians">Southern Carpathians</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> in the south, and from today's <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates" title="Iron Gates">Iron Gates</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Giurescu363_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giurescu363-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also Mircea's titles show his lands: "I, in Christ God, the faithful and charitable God and the loving and self-sacrificing Christ, <i><a href="/wiki/Io_(princely_title)" title="Io (princely title)">Io</a></i> Mircea, the great ruler and lord of God's mercy and the gift of God, ruling and reigning over all the land of Ungrovlahia [Wallachia] and the parts above the mountains, duke of the Tartar parts and of <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Amla%C8%99ului" title="Țara Amlașului">Amlaș</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aara_F%C4%83g%C4%83ra%C8%99ului" title="Țara Făgărașului">Făgăraș</a>, and the ruler of the Banat of Severin, and on both sides throughout Podunavia, even to the great sea and ruler of <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Dârstor</a>'s fortress." Mircea strengthened the power of the state and organized the different high offices, promoted economic development, increased the state's revenue, and minted silver money that enjoyed wide circulation not only inside the country but also in neighboring countries. He gave the merchants of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> trade privileges and renewed those his predecessors had given to the people of <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a>. As a result, Mircea was able to afford increasing his military power. He fortified the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> citadels and strengthened "the great army" made up of townspeople and of free and dependent peasants. He also proved to be a great supporter for the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mircea the Elder is the first in the region to deal with slaves giving 300 gypsy dwellings to a monastery in 1388.<sup id="cite_ref-achim_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-achim-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While organizing the country and its institutions, Mircea also formed a system of lasting alliances which enabled him to defend the independence of the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Through the intermediary of <a href="/wiki/Petru_I_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Petru I of Moldova">Petru Mușat</a>, the prince of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, he concluded a treaty of alliance with <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Władysław II Jagiełło</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> in 1389.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty was renewed in 1404 and 1410.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He maintained close relations with <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund of Luxembourg">Sigismund of Luxembourg</a>, the king of Hungary, relying on their common interest in the struggle against <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicts_with_the_Ottoman_Empire">Conflicts with the Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mircea_the_Elder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conflicts with the Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png/150px-MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png/225px-MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png/300px-MirceaCelBatranSeal1390.png 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>The seal of Voivode Mircea from 1390, depicting the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>His interventions in support of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarians</a> south of the Danube who were fighting against the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a> brought him into conflict with the Ottoman Empire. In 1394, <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a> crossed the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> river, leading 40,000 men, an impressive force at the time. Mircea had only about 10,000 men so he could not survive an open fight. He chose to fight what would now be called a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla war</a>, by starving the opposing army and using small, localized attacks and retreats (a typical form of <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric warfare</a>). On October 10, 1394, the two armies finally clashed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovine" title="Battle of Rovine">Battle of Rovine</a>, which featured a forested and swampy terrain, thus preventing the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a> from properly spreading their army; Mircea finally won the fierce battle and threw the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a> out of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoica1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoica1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This famous battle was later epically described by the poet <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Mihai Eminescu</a> in his <i>Third Epistle</i>. However, Mircea had to retreat to Hungary, while the Turks installed <a href="/wiki/Vlad_Uzurpatorul" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlad Uzurpatorul">Vlad Uzurpatorul</a> on the throne of Wallachia.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1396, Mircea participated in an anti-Ottoman crusade started by <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>'s monarch. The crusade ended with the Ottoman victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Battle of Nicopolis">Battle of Nicopolis</a> on September 25.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoica1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoica1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the next year, 1397, Mircea, having defeated Vlad the Usurper with help from the <a href="/wiki/Voivode_of_Transylvania" title="Voivode of Transylvania">Voivode of Transylvania</a>, Stibor,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stopped another <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> expedition that crossed the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, and in 1400 he defeated yet another expedition of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a> crossing the country.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The defeat of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Beyazid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyazid I">Beyazid I</a> by <a href="/wiki/Timur_Lenk" class="mw-redirect" title="Timur Lenk">Timur Lenk</a> (Tamerlane) at <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> in the summer of 1402 opened a period of anarchy in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and Mircea took advantage of it to organize together with the <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a> king a campaign against the Turks. In 1404 Mircea was thus able to impose his rule on <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> again. Moreover, Mircea took part in the struggles for the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and enabled <a href="/wiki/Musa_%C3%87elebi" title="Musa Çelebi">Musa</a> to ascend that throne (for a brief reign). It was at this time that the prince reached the height of his power.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the end of his reign, Mircea signed a treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a>; in return for a tribute of 3,000 gold pieces per year, the Ottomans desisted from making Wallachia a province ("pashalik").<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mircea_the_Elder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png/300px-Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png/450px-Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png/600px-Tara_Rumaneasca_map.png 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> under Mircea cel Bătrân, c. 1390</figcaption></figure><p>The "bravest and ablest of the Christian princes", as he was described by German historian <a href="/wiki/Leunclavius" class="mw-redirect" title="Leunclavius">Leunclavius</a>, ruled Wallachia for 32 years.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mircea was a <a href="/wiki/Ktetor" title="Ktetor">ktetor</a>, building among other monuments, the <a href="/wiki/Cozia_Monastery" title="Cozia Monastery">Cozia Monastery</a> near Călimănești in ca. 1390. He had churches built after <a href="/wiki/Serbian_architectural_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian architectural styles">Serbian architectural styles</a>, after the models of the <a href="/wiki/Lazarica_Church" title="Lazarica Church">Lazarica Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velu%C4%87e" title="Veluće">Veluće</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naupara" title="Naupara">Naupara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kaleni%C4%87_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalenić monastery">Kalenić monastery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mircea_the_Elder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mircea was played by <a href="/wiki/Sergiu_Nicolaescu" title="Sergiu Nicolaescu">Sergiu Nicolaescu</a> in the 1989 film <i><a href="/wiki/Mircea_(film)" title="Mircea (film)">Mircea</a></i>, which was also directed by Nicolaescu.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mircea_the_Elder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Mircea the Elder</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="60" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="29"> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">16. <a href="/wiki/Thocomerius" title="Thocomerius">Thocomerius</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Basarab_I_of_Wallachia" title="Basarab I of Wallachia">Basarab I of Wallachia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Alexander_of_Wallachia" title="Nicholas Alexander of Wallachia">Nicholas Alexander of Wallachia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doamna_Margareta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doamna Margareta (page does not exist)">Doamna Margareta</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Radu_I_of_Wallachia" title="Radu I of Wallachia">Radu I of Wallachia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="31" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="30" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. Maria</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Mircea I of Wallachia</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="15"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="32" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="31" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="30" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Kalinikia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinikia">Kalinikia</a> (granďparent Árpád-Capet)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Mircea the Elder </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Basarab" title="House of Basarab">House of Basarab</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 1355</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 1418</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dan_I_of_Wallachia" title="Dan I of Wallachia">Dan I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Wallachian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Wallachian rulers">Voivode of Wallachia</a> </b><br />1386–1394/1395 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vlad_I_Uzurpatorul" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlad I Uzurpatorul">Vlad I Uzurpatorul</a> <br /><i>(The Usurper)</i></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vlad_I_Uzurpatorul" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlad I Uzurpatorul">Vlad I Uzurpatorul</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> restored as<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wallachian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Wallachian rulers">Voivode of Wallachia</a> </b><br />1397–1418 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Wallachia" title="Michael I of Wallachia">Mihail I</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mircea_the_Elder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enciclopediaromaniei.ro/wiki/Mircea_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%A2n">"Mircea cel Bătrân"</a>. <i>Enciclopedia României</i> (in Romanian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enciclopedia+Rom%C3%A2niei&rft.atitle=Mircea+cel+B%C4%83tr%C3%A2n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenciclopediaromaniei.ro%2Fwiki%2FMircea_cel_B%25C4%2583tr%25C3%25A2n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMircea+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/383324290/Constantin-C-Giurescu-a-History-of-the-Romanian-Forest">"Constantin C. Giurescu A History of The Romanian Forest | PDF | Nature"</a>. <i>Scribd</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd&rft.atitle=Constantin+C.+Giurescu+A+History+of+The+Romanian+Forest+%7C+PDF+%7C+Nature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F383324290%2FConstantin-C-Giurescu-a-History-of-the-Romanian-Forest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMircea+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dr-Brackob-2018-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dr-Brackob-2018_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dr-Brackob-2018_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Brackob2018" class="citation book cs1">Dr. Brackob, A.K. (2018). <i>Mircea the Old: Father of Wallachia, Grandfather of Dracula</i>. Buffalo, U.S.A.: Center for Romanian Studies / Histria Books. pp. 9–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592110018" title="Special:BookSources/9781592110018"><bdi>9781592110018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mircea+the+Old%3A+Father+of+Wallachia%2C+Grandfather+of+Dracula&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+U.S.A.&rft.pages=9-11&rft.pub=Center+for+Romanian+Studies+%2F+Histria+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781592110018&rft.aulast=Dr.+Brackob&rft.aufirst=A.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMircea+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasdeu, p. 130; Xenopol, p, 89; Iorga, p. III</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanaitescu" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Petre_P._Panaitescu" title="Petre P. Panaitescu">Panaitescu, P. P.</a> "II. Mircea cel Bătrân. Originea și familia lui". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bjmures.ro/bdPublicatii/CarteStudenti/P/Panaitescu-Mircea_cel_Batran.pdf"><i>Mircea cel Bătrân</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Romanian) (II ed.). Corint.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II.+Mircea+cel+B%C4%83tr%C3%A2n.+Originea+%C8%99i+familia+lui&rft.btitle=Mircea+cel+B%C4%83tr%C3%A2n&rft.edition=II&rft.pub=Corint&rft.aulast=Panaitescu&rft.aufirst=P.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bjmures.ro%2FbdPublicatii%2FCarteStudenti%2FP%2FPanaitescu-Mircea_cel_Batran.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMircea+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giurescu362-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Giurescu362_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, pp.362</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giurescu363-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Giurescu363_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, pp.363</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Severeanu, <i>Ducații Țării Române și cu numele a doi domnitori: Vlad I și Mircea I</i>, București, 1935, pp. 250–260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-achim-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-achim_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchim2004" class="citation book cs1">Achim, Viorel (2004). <i>The Roma in Romanian History</i>. Central European University Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9241-84-9" title="Special:BookSources/963-9241-84-9"><bdi>963-9241-84-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roma+in+Romanian+History&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=963-9241-84-9&rft.aulast=Achim&rft.aufirst=Viorel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMircea+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Manea, A. Pascu, B. Teodorescu, <i>Istoria Românilor din cele mai vechi timpuri până la revoluția din 1821</i>, Ed. Didactică și Pedagogică, București, 1997, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constantin C. Giurescu, Dinu C. Giurescu, <i>Istoria românilor</i>. Vol. 2, Ed. Științifică și Enciclopedică, București,1976. p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Marele Mircea voievod", București, 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1388–1390: Kaplai Ianos; 1390–1391: Mihai Perényi; 1392: Gerbeni Szemere; 1392–1393: Ditrich Bebek.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stoica1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stoica1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoica1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoica1919" class="citation book cs1">Stoica, Vasile (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7314/view/1/16/"><i>The Roumanian Question: The Roumanians and their Lands</i></a>. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Printing Company. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roumanian+Question%3A+The+Roumanians+and+their+Lands&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Pittsburgh+Printing+Company&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Stoica&rft.aufirst=Vasile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F7314%2Fview%2F1%2F16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMircea+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, pp. 367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. P. Panaitescu, <i>Mircea cel Bătrân</i>. Ed. Corint, București,2000, p.303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Djuvara, <i>O scurtă istorie ilustrată a Românilor</i>. Ed. Humanitas, București, 2013, p.119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, pp. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, pp. 369</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giurescu, p. 370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C-tin C. Giurescu, p. 384</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIon_Pătroiu1987" class="citation book cs1">Ion Pătroiu (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=engeAAAAMAAJ"><i>Marele Mircea Voievod</i></a>. Editura Academiei Repubvlicii Socialiste România. p. 460.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marele+Mircea+Voievod&rft.pages=460&rft.pub=Editura+Academiei+Repubvlicii+Socialiste+Rom%C3%A2nia&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Ion+P%C4%83troiu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DengeAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMircea+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0126439/">"Proud Heritage (1989)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Proud+Heritage+%281989%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0126439%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMircea+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mircea_the_Elder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mircea_I_of_Wallachia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mircea I of Wallachia">Mircea I of Wallachia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Petriceicu_Hasdeu" title="Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu">Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu</a>, <i>Istoria critică a românilor</i>, vol. I, Bucharest, 1875</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> <a href="/wiki/A._D._Xenopol" class="mw-redirect" title="A. D. Xenopol">A. D. Xenopol</a>, <i>Istoria românilor din Dacia Traiană</i>, vol. I, Iași, 1889</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Nicolae Iorga</a>, <i>Studii și documente cu privire la istoria românilor</i>, vol. III, Bucharest, 1901</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> <a href="/wiki/Constantin_C._Giurescu" title="Constantin C. Giurescu">Constantin C. Giurescu</a>, <i>Istoria Românilor</i>, vol. I, Bucharest, 1938</li> <li>(in English) Dr. A.K. Brackob, <i>Mircea the Old: Father of Wallachia, Grandfather of Dracula</i>, Buffalo U.S.A., 2018</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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