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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Composition of Ottoman forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition_of_Ottoman_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Journey</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Journey-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Journey subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Journey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-To_Buda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_Buda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>To Buda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_Buda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buda_to_Nicopolis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buda_to_Nicopolis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Buda to Nicopolis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buda_to_Nicopolis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Nicopolis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Nicopolis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Siege of Nicopolis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Nicopolis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Captives_and_ransom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Captives_and_ransom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Captives and ransom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Captives_and_ransom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broader_ramifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broader_ramifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Broader ramifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broader_ramifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="معركة نيقوبوليس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة نيقوبوليس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqbolu_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC_(1396)" title="Niqbolu döyüşü (1396) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Niqbolu döyüşü (1396)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_(%DB%B1%DB%B3%DB%B9%DB%B6)" title="نیقبولو ساواشی (۱۳۹۶) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیقبولو ساواشی (۱۳۹۶)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="নিকোপোলিসের যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিকোপোলিসের যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_(1396)" title="Бітва пад Нікопалем (1396) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бітва пад Нікопалем (1396)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Битка при Никопол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Никопол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Nikopolja" title="Bitka kod Nikopolja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bitka kod Nikopolja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Nic%C3%B2polis_(1396)" title="Batalla de Nicòpolis (1396) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Nicòpolis (1396)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Nikopole" title="Bitva u Nikopole – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Nikopole" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Nikopolis" title="Schlacht bei Nikopolis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht bei Nikopolis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikopoli_lahing" title="Nikopoli lahing – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nikopoli lahing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_(1396)" title="Μάχη της Νικόπολης (1396) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη της Νικόπολης (1396)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Nic%C3%B3polis" title="Batalla de Nicópolis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Nicópolis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="نبرد نیکوپولیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد نیکوپولیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Nicopolis" title="Bataille de Nicopolis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Nicopolis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%94%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="니코폴리스 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니코폴리스 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF_(1396)" title="Նիկոպոլի ճակատամարտ (1396) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիկոպոլի ճակատամարտ (1396)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Nikopolja" title="Bitka kod Nikopolja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka kod Nikopolja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Nikopolis" title="Pertempuran Nikopolis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Nikopolis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Nicopoli" title="Battaglia di Nicopoli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Nicopoli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ნიკოპოლის ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიკოპოლის ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Никополь салгылашы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Никополь салгылашы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik%C3%A1polyi_csata" title="Nikápolyi csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nikápolyi csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Битка кај Никопол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Битка кај Никопол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="നിക്കൊപോളിസ് യുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിക്കൊപോളിസ് യുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3_(1396)" title="معركة نيقوبولس (1396) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معركة نيقوبولس (1396)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Nicopolis" title="Pertempuran Nicopolis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Nicopolis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Nicopolis" title="Slag bij Nicopolis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Nicopolis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="ニコポリスの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニコポリスの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Nic%C3%B2polis" title="Batalha de Nicòpolis – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha de Nicòpolis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikopol_jangi" title="Nikopol jangi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nikopol jangi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3" title="جنگ نکوپولس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنگ نکوپولس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د نیکوپولس جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د نیکوپولس جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Nikopolis_(1396)" title="Bitwa pod Nikopolis (1396) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Nikopolis (1396)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Nic%C3%B3polis" title="Batalha de Nicópolis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Nicópolis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Nicopole" title="Bătălia de la Nicopole – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Nicopole" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(1396)" title="Никопольское сражение (1396) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Никопольское сражение (1396)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Nikopole" title="Bitka pri Nikopole – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitka pri Nikopole" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Nikopolju" title="Bitka pri Nikopolju – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitka pri Nikopolju" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%99%D0%B0" title="Битка код Никопоља – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Никопоља" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Nikopolja" title="Bitka kod Nikopolja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Nikopolja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Nikopolis" title="Slaget vid Nikopolis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Nikopolis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fbolu_Muharebesi_(1396)" title="Niğbolu Muharebesi (1396) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Niğbolu Muharebesi (1396)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96_(1396)" title="Битва при Нікополі (1396) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва при Нікополі (1396)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3" title="جنگ نکوپولس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنگ نکوپولس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Nikopolis" title="Trận Nikopolis – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Nikopolis" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Nicopolis&params=43_42_21_N_24_53_45_E_region:BG_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°42′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">24°53′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.70583°N 24.89583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.70583; 24.89583</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1396 battle during the Ottoman wars in Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Battle of Nicopolis (disambiguation)">Battle of Nicopolis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Nicopolis</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman wars in Europe</a><br />and the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NikopolisSchlacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/NikopolisSchlacht.jpg/300px-NikopolisSchlacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="426" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/NikopolisSchlacht.jpg/450px-NikopolisSchlacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/NikopolisSchlacht.jpg/600px-NikopolisSchlacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1263" data-file-height="1795" /></a></span><br />Miniature by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Colombe" title="Jean Colombe">Jean Colombe</a> (c. 1475)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>25 September 1396</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria" title="Nikopol, Bulgaria">Nicopolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Nicopolis&params=43_42_21_N_24_53_45_E_region:BG_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°42′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">24°53′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.70583°N 24.89583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.70583; 24.89583</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Ottoman victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Crusader failure to capture Nicopolis from the Ottomans</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Serbia" title="Moravian Serbia">Moravian Serbia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Madgearu90_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madgearu90-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusade</a>:</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman548_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman548-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Duchy of Burgundy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Kingdom of Hungary</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman548_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman548-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voivodship_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Voivodship of Transylvania">Voivodship of Transylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Kingdom of Croatia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman548_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman548-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Principality of Wallachia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hunyadi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunyadi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman548_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman548-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman548_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman548-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">Teutonic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Cilli" title="County of Cilli">County of Cilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Brankovi%C4%87" title="District of Branković">District of Branković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87andarl%C4%B1_Ali_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Çandarlı Ali Pasha">Çandarlı Ali Pasha</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evrenos" title="Evrenos">Evrenos</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lazarevi%C4%87" title="Stefan Lazarević">Stefan Lazarević</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund, King of Hungary and Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stibor_of_Stiboricz" title="Stibor of Stiboricz">Stibor of Stiboricz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_Garai" title="Nicholas II Garai">Nicholas II Garai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Artois,_Count_of_Eu" title="Philip of Artois, Count of Eu">Philip, Count of Eu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_II_Le_Maingre" title="Jean II Le Maingre">Jean II Le Maingre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Fearless" title="John the Fearless">John, Count of Nevers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enguerrand_VII_de_Coucy" title="Enguerrand VII de Coucy">Enguerrand de Coucy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Vienne" title="Jean de Vienne">Jean de Vienne</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Carrouges" title="Jean de Carrouges">Jean de Carrouges</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_the_Elder" title="Mircea the Elder">Mircea the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_II_Lackfi" title="Stephen II Lackfi">Stephen II Lackfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sratsimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Sratsimir">Ivan Sratsimir</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philibert_de_Naillac" title="Philibert de Naillac">Philibert de Naillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuk_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Vuk Branković">Vuk Branković</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li></ul> </div><sup id="cite_ref-Dejan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dejan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ljubivoje_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ljubivoje-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 10,000–20,000<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle37_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle37-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman554_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman554-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grant_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 17,000–20,000<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle37_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle37-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grant_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers_2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Considerable Ottoman losses<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Most of the Crusader army destroyed or captured<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>3,000 prisoners executed<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman562_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman562-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grant122_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant122-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicopolis is located in Europe"><img alt="Nicopolis is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/300px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/450px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/600px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.452%;left:60.996%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nicopolis"><img alt="Nicopolis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Nicopolis</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" title="File:Europe relief laea location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location within Europe</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Hungarian–Ottoman_Wars4533" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Hungarian–Ottoman War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Hungarian–Ottoman War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hungarian–Ottoman_Wars4533" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><span style="font-size:98%;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Hungarian–Ottoman Wars"><span class="wrap">Hungarian–Ottoman Wars</span></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1366%E2%80%931367)" title="Hungarian–Ottoman War (1366–1367)">Hungarian–Ottoman War</a> (1366–1367)</dt> <dt><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1375%E2%80%931377)" title="Hungarian–Ottoman War (1375–1377)">Hungarian–Ottoman War</a> (1375–1377)</dt> <dt><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1389%E2%80%931396)" title="Hungarian–Ottoman War (1389–1396)">Hungarian–Ottoman War</a> (1389–1396)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicopolis</a> (1396)</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1415%E2%80%931419)" title="Hungarian–Ottoman War (1415–1419)">Hungarian–Ottoman War</a> (1415–1419)</dt> <dt><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_South_Danube_(1420%E2%80%931432)" title="War of the South Danube (1420–1432)">War of the South Danube</a> (1420–1432)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Golubac" title="Siege of Golubac">Golubac</a> (1428)</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1437%E2%80%931442)" title="Hungarian–Ottoman War (1437–1442)">Hungarian–Ottoman War</a> (1437–1442)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1440)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1440)">Belgrade</a> (1440)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Smederevo_1441&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Smederevo 1441 (page does not exist)">Smederevo</a> (1441)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hermannstadt" title="Battle of Hermannstadt">Marosszentimre and Iron Gate</a> (1442)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Iron_Gate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Iron Gate (page does not exist)">Ialomita River</a> (1442)</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">Long campaign and Crusade of Varna</a> (1443–1444)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nish_(1443)" title="Battle of Nish (1443)">Nish</a> (1443)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zlatitsa" title="Battle of Zlatitsa">Zlatitsa</a> (1443)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunovica" title="Battle of Kunovica">Kunovica</a> (1443)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varna" title="Battle of Varna">Varna</a> (1444)</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1445%E2%80%931448)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungarian–Ottoman War (1445–1448) (page does not exist)">Hungarian–Ottoman War</a> (1445–1448)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_(1448)" title="Battle of Kosovo (1448)">Kosovo</a> (1448)</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1449%E2%80%931456)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungarian–Ottoman War (1449–1456) (page does not exist)">Hungarian–Ottoman War</a> (1449–1456)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kru%C5%A1evac" title="Battle of Kruševac">Kruševac</a> (1454)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1456)">Belgrade</a> (1456)</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1458%E2%80%931490)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungarian–Ottoman War (1458–1490) (page does not exist)">Hungarian–Ottoman War</a> (1458–1490)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Battle of Užice">Užice</a> (1458)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Smederevo_(1459)" title="Siege of Smederevo (1459)">Smederevo</a> (1459)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jajce_(1464)" title="Siege of Jajce (1464)">Jajce</a> (1464)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zvornik_(1464)" title="Battle of Zvornik (1464)">Zvornik</a> (1464)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vaslui" title="Battle of Vaslui">Vaslui</a> (1475)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_Expedition_(1477)" title="Serbia Expedition (1477)">Serbia Expedition</a> (1477)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breadfield" title="Battle of Breadfield">Breadfield</a> (1479)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Otranto" title="Ottoman conquest of Otranto">Otranto</a> (1480–1481)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krbava_Field" title="Battle of Krbava Field">Krbava Field</a> (1493)</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1521%E2%80%931526)" title="Hungarian–Ottoman War (1521–1526)">Hungarian–Ottoman War</a> (1521–1526)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1521)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1521)">Belgrade</a> (1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%C5%A0abac_(1521)" title="Siege of Šabac (1521)">Šabac</a> (1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Mohács</a> (1526)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Campaigns_of_Stefan_Lazarević1039" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Stefan_Lazarevi%C4%87" title="Template:Campaignbox Campaigns of Stefan Lazarević"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Stefan_Lazarevi%C4%87" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Campaigns of Stefan Lazarević"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Stefan_Lazarevi%C4%87" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Campaigns of Stefan Lazarević"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Campaigns_of_Stefan_Lazarević1039" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lazarevi%C4%87" title="Stefan Lazarević"><span class="wrap">Stefan Lazarević</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karanovasa" title="Battle of Karanovasa">Karanovasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovine" title="Battle of Rovine">Rovine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripolje" title="Battle of Tripolje">Tripolje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosmidion" title="Battle of Kosmidion">Kosmidion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vitosha_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vitosha Pass (page does not exist)">Vitosha Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%87amurlu" title="Battle of Çamurlu">Camorlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Scutari_War" title="Second Scutari War">Scutari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polish–Ottoman_Wars2499" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Polish-Ottoman_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Polish-Ottoman Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Polish-Ottoman_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Polish-Ottoman Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Polish-Ottoman_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Polish-Ottoman Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polish–Ottoman_Wars2499" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_conflicts_involving_Poland_against_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Turkey"><span class="wrap">Polish–Ottoman Wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1375%E2%80%931377)" title="Hungarian–Ottoman War (1375–1377)">1375–1377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1389%E2%80%931396)" title="Hungarian–Ottoman War (1389–1396)">1389–1396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1415%E2%80%931419)" title="Hungarian–Ottoman War (1415–1419)">1415–1419</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1437%E2%80%931442)" title="Hungarian–Ottoman War (1437–1442)">1437–1442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">1443–1444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1485%E2%80%931503)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1485–1503)">1485–1503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian%E2%80%93Polish_War_(1502%E2%80%931510)" title="Moldavian–Polish War (1502–1510)">1502–1510</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turko%E2%80%93Tatar_raid_on_Poland_(1524)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turko–Tatar raid on Poland (1524) (page does not exist)">1524</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">1526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verbia" title="Battle of Verbia">1561</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovian_Campaign_(1574)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldovian Campaign (1574)">1574</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Turkish_War" title="Long Turkish War">1593–1606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski%27s_expedition_to_Moldavia" title="Jan Zamoyski's expedition to Moldavia">1595</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Potocki%27s_raid_on_Moldavia_(1607)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefan Potocki's raid on Moldavia (1607) (page does not exist)">1607</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cornul_lui_Sas" title="Battle of Cornul lui Sas">1612</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Korecki%27s_expedition_to_Moldavia" title="Samuel Korecki's expedition to Moldavia">1615–1616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1620%E2%80%931621)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621)">1620–1621</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1633%E2%80%931634)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1633–1634)">1633–1634</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Cossack%E2%80%93Tatar_War_(1666%E2%80%931671)" title="Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671)">1666–1671</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1672%E2%80%931676)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)">1672–1676</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lipka_rebellion" title="Lipka rebellion">Lipka rebellion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1683%E2%80%931699)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699)">1683–1699</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crusades5918" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Crusades" title="Template:Campaignbox Crusades"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Crusades" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Crusades"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Crusades" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Crusades"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crusades5918" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Ideology and institutions</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)" title="Military order (religious society)">Military order (religious society)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_indulgence" title="Crusade indulgence">Crusade indulgence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_income_tax" title="Papal income tax">Papal income tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League" title="Holy League">Holy League</a></li></ul> <p><b>In the Holy Land (1095–1291)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1101" title="Crusade of 1101">1101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Crusade" title="Norwegian Crusade">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Crusade" title="Venetian Crusade">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1129" title="Crusade of 1129">1129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1197" title="Crusade of 1197">1197</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Crusade" title="Sixth Crusade">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barons%27_Crusade" title="Barons' Crusade">Barons'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1267" title="Crusade of 1267">1267</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_the_Infants_of_Aragon" title="Crusade of the Infants of Aragon">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Crusade" title="Eighth Crusade">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Edward%27s_crusade" title="Lord Edward's crusade">Lord Edward's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Outremer" title="Fall of Outremer">Fall of Outremer</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades_to_Europe_and_the_Holy_Land#Later_Crusades_(1291-1578)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crusades to Europe and the Holy Land">Later Crusades</a> (1291–1717)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusades_after_Acre,_1291%E2%80%931399" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399">Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrniote_crusades" title="Smyrniote crusades">Smyrniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Crusade" title="Alexandrian Crusade">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_crusade" title="Savoyard crusade">Savoyard</a></li> <li>Barbary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Crusade" title="Barbary Crusade">1390</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Tedelis" title="Crusade of Tedelis">1398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bona_crusade" title="Bona crusade">1399</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League" title="Holy League">Holy Leagues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1332)" title="Holy League (1332)">1332</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1495)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy League (1495)">1495</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai#Holy_League" title="War of the League of Cambrai">1511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">1526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1535)" title="Holy League (1535)">1535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1538)" title="Holy League (1538)">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)" title="Holy League (1571)">1571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1594)" title="Holy League (1594)">1594</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1684)" title="Holy League (1684)">1684</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1717)" title="Holy League (1717)">1717</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern</a> (1147–1410)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmare_ledung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmare ledung">Kalmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendish_Crusade" title="Wendish Crusade">Wendish</a></li> <li>Swedish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Swedish_Crusade" title="First Swedish Crusade">1150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Swedish_Crusade" title="Second Swedish Crusade">1249</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Swedish_Crusade" title="Third Swedish Crusade">1293</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Crusade" title="Prussian Crusade">Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade" title="Lithuanian Crusade">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1240%E2%80%931241_Votia_campaign" title="1240–1241 Votia campaign">Votian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vorskla_River" title="Battle of the Vorskla River">Tatar</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Crusades_against_Christians" title="Crusades against Christians">Against Christians</a> (1204–1588)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dyrrhachium_(1107%E2%80%931108)" title="Siege of Dyrrhachium (1107–1108)">Dyrrhachium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_for_Constantinople" title="Struggle for Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_Crusade" title="Aragonese Crusade">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_against_the_Colonna_family" title="Crusade against the Colonna family">Colonna family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drenther_Crusade" title="Drenther Crusade">Drenther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_against_the_Hohenstaufen" title="Crusade against the Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stedinger_Crusade" title="Stedinger Crusade">Stedinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crusade" title="Bosnian Crusade">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Crusade_(1340)" title="Bohemian Crusade (1340)">Bohemian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despenser%27s_Crusade" title="Despenser's Crusade">Despenser's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Popular_crusades" title="Popular crusades">Popular</a> (1096–1320)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Crusade" title="People's Crusade">People's (1096)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade" title="Children's Crusade">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1251)" title="Shepherds' Crusade (1251)">Shepherds' (1251)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_the_Poor" title="Crusade of the Poor">Crusade of the Poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1320)" title="Shepherds' Crusade (1320)">Shepherds' (1320)</a></li></ul> <b><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> (722–1492)</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Nicopolis</b> took place on 25 September 1396 and resulted in the rout of an allied <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a> army (assisted by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> navy) at the hands of an <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> force, raising the siege of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danubian</a> fortress of <a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria" title="Nikopol, Bulgaria">Nicopolis</a> and leading to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>. It is often referred to as the <b>Crusade of Nicopolis</b> as it was one of the last big Crusades of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">Crusade of Varna</a> in 1443–1444. By their victory at Nicopolis, the Turks discouraged the formation of European coalitions against them. They maintained their pressure on <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, tightened their control over the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, and became a greater threat to Central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nicopolis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were many minor crusades in the 14th century, undertaken by individual kings or knights. Most recently there had been a failed crusade against <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Tunisia</a> in 1390, and there was <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">ongoing warfare in northern Europe</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> coast. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> in 1389, the Ottomans had conquered most of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and had reduced the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> to the area immediately surrounding <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1394%E2%80%931402)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402)">they blockaded from 1394 on</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1393 the <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> tsar <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Shishman_of_Bulgaria" title="Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria">Ivan Shishman</a> had lost Nicopolis — his temporary capital — to the Ottomans, while his brother, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Stratsimir_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Stratsimir of Bulgaria">Ivan Stratsimir</a>, still held <a href="/wiki/Vidin" title="Vidin">Vidin</a> but had been reduced to an Ottoman vassal. In the eyes of the Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyars</a>, despots, and other independent Balkan rulers, the crusade was a great chance to reverse the course of the Ottoman conquest and take back the Balkans from Islamic rule. In addition, the front line between Islam and Christianity had been moving slowly towards the Kingdom of Hungary. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> was now the frontier between the two religions in Eastern Europe, and the Hungarians were in danger of being attacked themselves. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> feared that Ottoman control of the Balkan peninsula, which included Venetian territories like parts of <a href="/wiki/Morea" title="Morea">Morea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, would reduce their influence over the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, on the other hand, feared that if the Ottomans were to gain control over <a href="/wiki/River_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="River Danube">River Danube</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a>, they would eventually obtain a monopoly over the trade routes between Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, where the Genoese had many important colonies like <a href="/wiki/Caffa" class="mw-redirect" title="Caffa">Caffa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinop</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Amasra</a>. The Genoese also owned the citadel of <a href="/wiki/Galata" title="Galata">Galata</a>, located at the north of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, to which Bayezid had laid siege in 1395.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1394, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX" title="Pope Boniface IX">Pope Boniface IX</a> proclaimed a new crusade against the Turks, although the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> had split the papacy in two, with rival popes at <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, and the days when a pope had the authority to call a crusade were long past.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The two decisive factors in the formation of the last crusade were the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> between <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a>'s <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a>'s <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and the support of <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Bold" title="Philip the Bold">Philip II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1389, the war had ground to one of its periodic truces. Further, in March 1395, Richard II proposed a marriage between himself and Charles VI's daughter <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Valois" title="Isabella of Valois">Isabella</a> in the interests of peace and the two kings met in October 1396 on the borders of <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> to agree to the union and agree to lengthen the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Leulinghem" title="Truce of Leulinghem">Truce of Leulinghem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The support of Burgundy, among the most powerful of the French nobles, was also vital. In 1391, Burgundy, trying to decide between sending a crusade to either <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, sent his envoy Guy de La Trémoille to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and Hungary to evaluate the situation. Burgundy originally envisioned a crusade led by himself and the Dukes of <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_de_Valois,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis I de Valois, Duke of Orléans">Orléans</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster">Lancaster</a>, though none would join the eventual crusade. It was very unlikely that defense against the Turks was considered a particularly important goal of the crusade. Burgundy's interest in sponsoring the crusade was in increasing his and his house's prestige and power and, historian <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Tuchman" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Tuchman">Barbara Tuchman</a> notes, "since he was the prince of self-magnification, the result was that opulent display became the dominant theme; plans, logistics, intelligence about the enemy came second, if at all."<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman545_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman545-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1394, Burgundy extracted 120,000 <a href="/wiki/French_livre" title="French livre">livres</a> from <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, sufficient to begin preparations for a crusade, and in January 1395 sent word to <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">King Sigismund of Hungary</a> that an official request to the King of France would be accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman545_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman545-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August, Sigismund's delegation of four knights and a bishop arrived in the court of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to paint a description of how "40,000" Turks were despoiling and imperiling Christian lands and beg, on Sigismund of Hungary's behalf, for help. Charles VI, having secured a peace with England through the marriage of his daughter, was able to reply that it was his responsibility to protect Christianity and punish <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Sultan Bayezid</a>. French nobility responded enthusiastically to the declaration; <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Artois,_Count_of_Eu" title="Philip of Artois, Count of Eu">Philip of Artois, Count of Eu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Constable_of_France" title="Constable of France">Constable of France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Le_Maingre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Le Maingre">Jean Le Maingre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal of France</a>, declared participation in the crusade the duty of every "man of valor".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another major participant was <a href="/wiki/John_the_Fearless" title="John the Fearless">John I</a>, future Duke of <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_State" title="Burgundian State">Burgundy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Nevers" title="Counts and dukes of Nevers">Count of Nevers</a> at the time. He was one of the principal leaders of the French forces sent to aid in the war. John's bravery during the battle earned him the cognomen Fearless (<i>Sans-Peur</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strength_of_forces">Strength of forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nicopolis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Strength of forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Chronica_Hungarorum" title="Chronica Hungarorum">Chronica Hungarorum</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund of Hungary</a> was so delighted at the sight of the large army gathered around him in <a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a>, he exclaimed in joy: "Who would be so bold as to dare to resist us? If the enormous weight of the sky were to fall on us, with spears that we carry, we would also hold it up so that no harm would come to us."<sup id="cite_ref-Szende_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szende-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Banlaky_-_Preparations_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banlaky_-_Preparations-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of combatants is heavily contested in historical accounts. Historian Tuchman notes the Battle of Nicopolis was considered so significant that the number of combatants given by medieval chroniclers ranges as high as 400,000, with each side insisting that the enemy outnumbered them two-to-one, which for the crusaders offered some solace for their defeat and for the Turks increased the glory of their victory. The oft-given figure of 100,000 crusaders is dismissed by Tuchman, who claims that 100,000 men would have taken a month to cross the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> at <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gate_(Danube)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Gate (Danube)">Iron Gate</a>, while the crusaders took eight days.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman554_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman554-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The closest record to a first-person account was made by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Schiltberger" title="Johann Schiltberger">Johann Schiltberger</a>, a German follower of a Bavarian noble, who witnessed the battle at the age of 16 and was captured and enslaved for 30 years by the Turks before returning home, at which time he wrote a narrative of the battle estimating the crusader strength at the final battle at 17,000,<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman554_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman554-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though he also overestimated Turkish forces as a wildly inflated 200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Schiltberger_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiltberger-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German historians of the 19th century attempting to estimate the combatants on each side came to the figures of about 7,500–15,000 Christians and about 12,000–20,000 Turks, while noting that, from the point of logistics, it would have been impossible for the countryside around Nicopolis to have supplied food and fodder for scores of thousands of men and horses.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman554_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman554-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Medieval armies acquired supplies by taking them from the surrounding area as they marched, as opposed to using the supply lines of modern armies.) </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Source</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Affiliation</th> <th>No. of crusaders</th> <th>No. of Turks</th> <th>Total no.</th> <th>Cite </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schiltberger" title="Johann Schiltberger">Johann Schiltberger</a></td> <td>1427</td> <td>European</td> <td>16,000</td> <td>200,000</td> <td>216,000</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Schiltberger_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiltberger-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkrullah" title="Şükrullah">Şükrullah</a> in his <i>Behçetu't-Tevârih</i></td> <td>1460s</td> <td>Ottoman</td> <td>130,000</td> <td>60,000</td> <td>190,000</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-savaslar2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-savaslar2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>German historians of the 19th c</td> <td>19th century</td> <td>European</td> <td>7,500–9,000</td> <td>12,000–20,000</td> <td>19,500–29,000</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman554_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman554-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Nicolle" title="David Nicolle">David Nicolle</a></td> <td>1999</td> <td>European</td> <td>16,000</td> <td>15,000</td> <td>31,000</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle37_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle37-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition_of_crusader_forces">Composition of crusader forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nicopolis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Composition of crusader forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2018" data-file-height="2943" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of Nicopolis, as depicted by Turkish miniaturist <a href="/wiki/Nakka%C5%9F_Osman" title="Nakkaş Osman">Nakkaş Osman</a> in the <i>Hünername</i>, 1584–1588 </figcaption></figure> <p>From France, it was said about 5,000 knights and squires joined, and were accompanied by 6,000 archers and foot soldiers drawn from the best volunteer and mercenary companies; totalling some 11,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next in importance were the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, who were the standard bearers of Christianity in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> since the decline of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> supplied a naval fleet for supporting action, while Hungarian envoys encouraged German princes of the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, and other parts of the empire to join. French heralds had proclaimed the crusade in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, from which individuals came to join.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman548_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman548-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italian city-states were too much engaged in their customary violent rivalries to participate, and the widely reported and acclaimed English participation never actually occurred. The report of 3,000 English knights comes from contemporary Antonio Fiorentino, and was taken as fact by historian <a href="/wiki/Aziz_S._Atiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aziz S. Atiya">Aziz S. Atiya</a> and others following him. A thousand knights would have actually amounted to "four to six thousand men and at least twice as many horses", counting foot-soldiers and other retainers. However, there are no records of financial arrangements being made in England to send a force abroad, nor of any royal preparation needed to organize and dispatch such a force. Reports of <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Bolingbroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Bolingbroke">Henry of Bolingbroke</a> or other "son of the Duke of Lancaster" leading an English contingent must be false since the presence of Henry and every other such son, as well as almost every other significant noble in the land, is recorded at the King's wedding five months <i>after</i> the crusade's departure. Atiya also thought that the invocation of <a href="/wiki/St._George" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George">St. George</a> as a war cry at <a href="/wiki/Nicopolis" title="Nicopolis">Nicopolis</a> signified the presence of English soldiers, for whom George was a patron saint; but <a href="/wiki/Froissart" class="mw-redirect" title="Froissart">Froissart</a>, who mentions this, claims that the cry was made by the French knight <a href="/wiki/Philippe_d%27Eu" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe d'Eu">Philippe d'Eu</a>. Furthermore, there was no collection of ransom money in England to pay for captives, as there was in every other country that had sent men to the battle. Sporadic mention in contemporary accounts of the presence of "English" may be attributed to Knights Hospitaller of the English <a href="/wiki/Langue_(Knights_Hospitaller)" title="Langue (Knights Hospitaller)">langue</a> subgrouping, who joined their comrades for the crusade after leaving <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (where the Hospitallers were based at the time) and sailing up the Danube.<sup id="cite_ref-Tipton_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tipton-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possible reasons for the English absence include the increasing tension between the King and the Duke of Gloucester, which may have convinced the two that they had best keep their supporters close, and the antipathy caused by the long war between the English and French, resulting in the English refusing to consider putting themselves under a French-led crusade, regardless of the recently concluded peace.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman548_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman548-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, obviously inflated figures continue to be repeated. These include 6,000–12,000 Hungarians,<sup id="cite_ref-Grant_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Madden_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madden-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> about 11,000 French, English and Burgundian<sup id="cite_ref-Madden_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madden-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> troops, about 12,000 <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Wallachians</a> led by Mircea cel Batran (<a href="/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea I of Wallachia">Mircea the Elder</a>) the Prince of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-www.maat.it_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.maat.it-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about 6,000 Germans<sup id="cite_ref-www.maat.it_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.maat.it-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and nearly 15,000<sup id="cite_ref-www.maat.it_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.maat.it-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutch, Bohemian, Spanish, Italian, Polish, Bulgarian, Scottish and Swiss troops on the land, with the naval support of Venice, Genoa and the Knights of St. John. These result in a figure of about 47,000–49,000 in total; possibly up to 120,000 or 130,000 according to numerous sources, including the Ottoman historian Şükrullah who, in the 1460s, gives the figure of the crusader army as 130,000 in his <i>Behçetu't-Tevârih</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-savaslar2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-savaslar2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tarihi_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarihi-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition_of_Ottoman_forces">Composition of Ottoman forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nicopolis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Composition of Ottoman forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The strength of the Ottoman forces is also estimated at 15–20,000;<sup id="cite_ref-Grant_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but inflated figures are common here as well. Numerous sources provide estimates of the size of the army as up to 60,000 including the Ottoman historian Şükrullah, who, writing in the 1460s, gives the figure of the Ottoman army as 60,000 in his <i>Behçetu't-Tevârih</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-savaslar2_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-savaslar2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alternately described as roughly half of the Crusader army.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarihi_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarihi-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman force also included 1,500 Serbian heavy cavalry knights<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman560_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman560-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the command of Prince <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lazarevi%C4%87" title="Stefan Lazarević">Stefan Lazarević</a>, who was Sultan Bayezid's brother-in-law and <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> in 1389.<sup id="cite_ref-Madgearu90_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madgearu90-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journey">Journey</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nicopolis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Journey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Philip, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a>, had originally planned to lead the crusade along with <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Valois,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans">Louis of Orleans</a>, all three withdrew, claiming that the peace negotiations with England required their presence, though perhaps also because none dared leave the vicinity of the throne if their chief rivals stayed. However, Burgundy retained control of the enterprise he was funding by naming 24-year-old <a href="/wiki/John_the_Fearless" title="John the Fearless">John, Count of Nevers</a>, the Duke's eldest son, for nominal command. Burgundy, perhaps recognizing that his son, as well as Constable d'Eu and Marshal Boucicaut, who were both under 35, lacked the necessary experience, summoned <a href="/wiki/Enguerrand_VII,_Lord_of_Coucy" class="mw-redirect" title="Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy">Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy</a>, the most experienced warrior and statesman of the realm, and prevailed on him to be "chief counselor" to Nevers during the crusade. The ambiguity of the crusaders' command structure would prove to be crucial in the outcome. While Nevers was given a long list of "counselors", as well as another list of prominent French lords on the crusade with whom Nevers could consult "when it seemed good to him", the concept of unity of <a href="/wiki/Command_(military_formation)" title="Command (military formation)">command</a> was not yet embraced by medieval warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman549_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman549-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rules of discipline for the crusade were decreed at a War Council on 28 March 1396, which included the final provision, "Item, that [in battle] the Count and his company claim the <i>avante garde</i>", revealing that the chivalric code continued to require knights to prove their valor by leading the charge.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman550_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman550-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="To_Buda">To Buda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nicopolis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: To Buda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danubemap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Danubemap.png/300px-Danubemap.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Danubemap.png/450px-Danubemap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Danubemap.png/600px-Danubemap.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Map of Europe with the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> marked</figcaption></figure> <p>The crusade set forth from <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a> on 30 April 1396, heading to <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> by way of <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> via the upper <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, from where they used river transport to join with Sigismund in <a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a>. From there the crusader goals, though lacking details of planning, were to expel the Turks from the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and then go to the aid of Constantinople, cross the <a href="/wiki/Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespont">Hellespont</a>, and march through <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to liberate <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Holy Sepulchre</a>, before returning in triumph to Europe by sea. Arrangements were made for a fleet of Venetian vessels to blockade the Turks in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a> and for the Venetians to sail up the Danube to meet the crusaders in <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> in July.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman550_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman550-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danube_Crusade_and_Battle_of_Nicopolis_plan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Danube_Crusade_and_Battle_of_Nicopolis_plan.png/240px-Danube_Crusade_and_Battle_of_Nicopolis_plan.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Danube_Crusade_and_Battle_of_Nicopolis_plan.png/360px-Danube_Crusade_and_Battle_of_Nicopolis_plan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Danube_Crusade_and_Battle_of_Nicopolis_plan.png/480px-Danube_Crusade_and_Battle_of_Nicopolis_plan.png 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="2319" /></a><figcaption>Danube Crusade and Battle of Nicopolis</figcaption></figure> <p>Coucy was not with the crusader body as it traveled, having been detached on a diplomatic mission to <a href="/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Visconti" title="Gian Galeazzo Visconti">Gian Galeazzo Visconti</a>, the Duke of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. Furious at French political maneuvering that had removed <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> from his influence, Gian Galeazzo had been attempting to stop the transfer of Genoese sovereignty to France and Coucy was dispatched to warn him that France would consider further interference a hostile act. The quarrel was more than political. <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Visconti,_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Valentina Visconti, Duchess of Orléans">Valentina Visconti</a>, the wife of the Duke of Orleans and Gian Galeazzo's beloved daughter, had been exiled from Paris due to the machinations of Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabeau_of_Bavaria" title="Isabeau of Bavaria">Isabeau</a> the same month as the departure of the crusade. The Duke of Milan threatened to send knights to defend his daughter's honor but, in the wake of the disaster at Nicopolis, it was widely believed that he had relayed intelligence to Bayezid I of crusader troop movements. There is no firm evidence of this and it is likely that Gian Galeazzo became a scapegoat after the fact due to the existing animosity with France, though there remains the possibility that the Duke of Milan, who had murdered his own uncle to ensure his own power, did in fact betray the crusaders. Coucy, his diplomatic mission complete and accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Bar" title="Henry of Bar">Henry of Bar</a> and their followers, left Milan for Venice, from where he requisitioned a ship on 17 May to take him across the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, landing in the <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatian</a> port of <a href="/wiki/Senj" title="Senj">Senj</a> on 30 May before making his way overland to the rendezvous in Buda.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Croatian forces led by <a href="/wiki/Ban_of_Croatia" title="Ban of Croatia">Ban</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_Garai" title="Nicholas II Garai">Nicholas II Garai</a> moved towards Buda from the coastal town of <a href="/wiki/Nin,_Croatia" title="Nin, Croatia">Nin</a> in June, following a session of the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Croatian Parliament</a>, and joined the royal Hungarian army led by Sigismund.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrić2015485_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrić2015485-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coucy arrived well before Nevers, who had stopped in the upper Danube for receptions and festivities thrown by German princes. Nevers did not arrive in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> until 24 June, a full month behind the crusader vanguard led by d'Eu and Boucicaut. A fleet of 70 Venetian vessels loaded with provisions was sent down the Danube, while Nevers enjoyed yet more parties thrown by his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Leopold_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold IV, Duke of Austria">Leopold IV, Duke of Austria</a>. Nevers then asked his brother-in-law for a staggering loan of 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducats</a>, which took time to arrange, and eventually arrived in Buda in July.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman552_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman552-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buda_to_Nicopolis">Buda to Nicopolis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nicopolis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Buda to Nicopolis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Gate_Danube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Iron_Gate_Danube.jpg/300px-Iron_Gate_Danube.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Iron_Gate_Danube.jpg/450px-Iron_Gate_Danube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Iron_Gate_Danube.jpg/600px-Iron_Gate_Danube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The crusaders took eight days to cross the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gate_(Danube)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Gate (Danube)">Iron Gate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Once the leaders had arrived, strategy had to be coordinated with <a href="/wiki/Philibert_de_Naillac" title="Philibert de Naillac">Philibert de Naillac</a>, Master of the Knights Hospitaller, and representatives of the Venetian fleet. Forty-four Venetian ships had carried the Hospitallers from Rhodes through the Aegean into the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>, and some continued into the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and up the Danube without engaging in battle. The fact that the Turks, who had an inferior naval presence, did not challenge the Venetians for control of the sea is seen as evidence that Bayezid and the majority of his forces were already on the European side.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman552_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman552-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The War Council in Buda was immediately the forum of a fierce dispute. The previous year, Bayezid had declared that he would attack Hungary by May, yet he had not appeared by end of July. Hungarian scouts sent out as far as the Hellespont could find no sign of him, causing the French to proclaim that he was a coward. Sigismund of Hungary assured the crusaders that Bayezid would come, and advised that it would be wiser to let the Turks make the long march to them, rather than make the same long march to find them. This strategy was rejected by the French and their allies. Coucy, acting as spokesman, stated, "Though the Sultan's boasts be lies, that should not keep us from doing deeds of arms and pursuing our enemies, for that is the purpose for which we came." Sigismund had little choice but to acquiesce, though chroniclers also write that Coucy's speech excited jealousy in D'Eu, who felt that he should have had the honor of spokesman due to his position as Constable of France.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman553_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman553-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crusaders began to march down the left bank of the Danube, though part of the Hungarian army veered north to gather the forces of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mircea_the_Elder" title="Mircea the Elder">Mircea the Elder</a>-led forces of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>. The remainder of the Hungarians brought up the rear of the crusader column. As the crusaders moved into Muslim-held territory, pillaging and mistreatment of the population reportedly grew. While crusaders had been reported to engage in periodic pillage and raping while passing through Germany, the indiscipline of the French reportedly reached new heights when they entered "schismatic" lands. Chroniclers also waxed eloquent on the immorality and blasphemy of the crusaders, writing detailed accounts of drunkard knights lying with prostitutes for days, despite writing from at best second-hand accounts. Tuchman cautions that such chroniclers were part of a contemporary tendency to blame the defeat of the crusade on the immorality of the crusaders, and that it is impossible to verify such claims.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman553-4_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman553-4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Or%C5%9Fova" class="mw-redirect" title="Orşova">Orşova</a>, where the Danube narrows at the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gate_(Danube)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Gate (Danube)">Iron Gates</a> gorge, the column crossed to the right bank using pontoons and boats over eight days. Their first target was <a href="/wiki/Vidin" title="Vidin">Vidin</a>, previously the capital of Western <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and then under Turkish control. The ruler of Vidin, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sratsimir_of_Bulgaria" title="Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria">Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria</a>, having no desire to fight for his Turkish conquerors against an overwhelming force of crusaders, promptly surrendered. The only bloodshed was the execution of Turkish officers in the defending garrison, though the incident served to further convince the French that Turks were incapable of challenging the crusaders in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman554_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman554-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next target was <a href="/wiki/Oryahovo" title="Oryahovo">Oryahovo</a> (Rachowa), a strong fortress located 75 miles (121 km) from Vidin. Frustrated by the lack of opportunity to show their bravery in deeds of arms, the French carried out a forced march at night to reach the castle before their allies, arriving in the morning just as the Turkish forces had come out to destroy the bridge across the moat. In fierce combat the French secured the bridge but were unable to push forward until Sigismund arrived. The forces combined and managed to reach the walls before night forced the combatants to retire. The next morning the inhabitants of Oryahovo agreed to surrender to Sigismund on the assurance that their lives and property would be spared. The French promptly broke Sigismund's agreement, pillaging and massacring the town after the gates were open, and later claiming that they had taken the town by conquest because their men-at-arms had topped the walls the night before. A thousand residents, both Turkish and Bulgarian, were taken hostage and the town set ablaze. The Hungarians took the French action as a grave insult to their king, while the French accused the Hungarians of trying to rob them of the glory of victory through combat.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman5545_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman5545-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Madden184_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madden184-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leaving a garrison to hold Oryahovo, the crusaders continued towards <a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria" title="Nikopol, Bulgaria">Nicopolis</a>, assaulting one or two forts or settlements along the way, but bypassing one citadel from which messengers escaped to inform Bayezid of the Christian army.<sup id="cite_ref-Madden184_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madden184-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 September the crusaders came within view of the fortress of Nicopolis on its limestone cliff.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman555_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman555-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siege_of_Nicopolis">Siege of Nicopolis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nicopolis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Siege of Nicopolis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nik%C3%A1polyi_csata.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nik%C3%A1polyi_csata.JPG/310px-Nik%C3%A1polyi_csata.JPG" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nik%C3%A1polyi_csata.JPG/465px-Nik%C3%A1polyi_csata.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nik%C3%A1polyi_csata.JPG/620px-Nik%C3%A1polyi_csata.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Titus Fay saves King Sigismund of Hungary in the Battle of Nicopolis. Painting in the Castle of Vaja, creation of Ferenc Lohr, 1896.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nicopolis, located in a natural defensive position, was a key stronghold controlling the lower Danube and lines of communication to the interior. A small road ran between the cliff and river, while the fortress was actually two walled towns, the larger one on the heights on the cliff and the smaller below. Further inland from the fortified walls, the cliff sloped steeply down to the plain.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman555_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman555-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well-defended and well-supplied,<sup id="cite_ref-Grant122_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant122-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Turkish governor of Nicopolis, Doğan Bey, was certain that Bayezid would have to come to the aid of the town and was prepared to endure a long siege.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman556_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman556-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crusaders had brought no <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege machines</a> with them, but Boucicaut optimistically stated that ladders were easily made and worth more than catapults when used by courageous men. However, the lack of siege weapons, the steep slope up to the walls and the formidable fortifications made taking the castle by force impossible. The crusaders set up positions around the town to block the exits, and with the naval blockade of the river, settled in for a <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> to starve out the defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman556_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman556-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, they were convinced that the siege of the fortress would be a mere prelude to a major thrust into relieving Constantinople and did not believe that Bayezid I would arrive so speedily to give them a real battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Madden185_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madden185-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two weeks passed as the bored crusaders entertained themselves with feasts, games, and insulting the martial prowess of their enemy. Whether through drunkenness or carelessness, the crusaders posted no sentries, though foragers venturing away from the camps brought word of the Turks' approach. Bayezid was at this time already through <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Adrianople</a> and on a forced march through the <a href="/wiki/Shipka_(town)" title="Shipka (town)">Shipka</a> Pass to <a href="/wiki/Tirnovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirnovo">Tirnovo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman5567_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman5567-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His ally <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lazarevi%C4%87" title="Stefan Lazarević">Stefan Lazarević</a> of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> joined him on the way.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sigismund had sent 500 horsemen to carry out reconnaissance in force around Tirnovo, 70 miles (110 km) to the south, and they brought word back that the Turks were indeed coming. Word also reached the besieged inhabitants of Nicopolis, who blew horns and cheered. Boucicaut claimed the noise of their celebration was a ruse as he believed that the Sultan would never attack; he further threatened to cut off the ears of anyone who discussed rumors of the Turks' approach as being damaging to the morale of the crusaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman5567_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman5567-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the few to concern himself with scouting the situation was de Coucy, who took a group of 500 knights and 500 mounted archers south. Learning of a large group of Turks approaching through a nearby pass, he separated 200 horsemen to carry out a <a href="/wiki/Feint" title="Feint">feint retreat</a>, drawing the pursuing Turks into an ambush where the rest of his men, waiting concealed, attacked their rear. Giving no quarter, de Coucy's men killed as many as they could and returned to the camp where his action shook the camp from its lethargy and drew the admiration of the other crusaders. Tuchman argues that it also increased the overconfidence of the French and again drew the jealousy of D'Eu, who accused Coucy of risking the army out of recklessness and attempting to steal glory and authority from Nevers.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman558_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman558-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sigismund called a war council on the 24th, in which he and <a href="/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea I of Wallachia">Mircea of Wallachia</a> suggested a battle plan in which the Wallachian foot soldiers, who had experience in fighting the Turks, would be sent in the first attack to meet the Turkish vanguard; this was usually a poorly armed militia, normally used for pillage but used in battle to tire opponents before they met better quality Turkish forces. Sigismund claimed that this vanguard was not worthy of the attention of knights. Sigismund proposed that, once the shock of first clash had passed, the French form the front line to rush in, while the Hungarians and the other allies follow to support the attack and keep the <a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">sipahis</a> (Turkish heavy cavalry) from sweeping around the crusaders' flanks. D'Eu denounced the proposal as demeaning to the knights, who would be forced to follow peasant footmen into battle. He reportedly stated, "To take up the rear is to dishonor us, and expose us to the contempt of all" and declared that he would claim front place as Constable and anyone in front of him would do him mortal insult. In this he was supported by Boucicaut; Nevers, reassured by the confidence of the younger French lords, was easily convinced.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman558_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman558-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the French set on a charge, Sigismund left to make a battle plan for his own forces. Apparently within hours, he sent word to the camp that Bayezid was only six hours away. The crusaders, said to be drunk over dinner, reacted in confusion; some refused to believe the report, some rose in panic, and some hastily prepared for battle. At this point, supposedly because of a lack of spare guards, the prisoners taken at Rachowa were massacred. Even European chroniclers would later call this an act of "barbarism".<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman5589_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman5589-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nicopolis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Nicopolis_(1396)_plan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Battle_of_Nicopolis_%281396%29_plan.png/260px-Battle_of_Nicopolis_%281396%29_plan.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Battle_of_Nicopolis_%281396%29_plan.png/390px-Battle_of_Nicopolis_%281396%29_plan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Battle_of_Nicopolis_%281396%29_plan.png/520px-Battle_of_Nicopolis_%281396%29_plan.png 2x" data-file-width="2828" data-file-height="1921" /></a><figcaption>Battle map</figcaption></figure> <p>At daybreak on 25 September the combatants began to organize themselves under the banners of their leaders. At this point, Sigismund sent his Grand Marshal to Nevers to report that his scouts had sighted the Turkish vanguard and asked for the offensive to be postponed for two hours, when his scouts would have returned with intelligence as to the numbers and disposition of the enemy. Nevers summoned a hasty council of advisors, in which Coucy and <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Vienne" title="Jean de Vienne">Jean de Vienne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_France" title="Admiral of France">admiral of France</a> and the eldest French knight on the crusade, advised obeying the wishes of the Hungarian king, which seemed wise to them. At this, D'Eu declared that Sigismund simply wished to hoard the battle honors for himself and declared his willingness to lead the charge. Coucy, who declared D'Eu's words to be a "presumption", asked for the counsel of Vienne, who noted, "When truth and reason cannot be heard, then must rule presumption."<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman559_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman559-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vienne commented that if D'Eu wished to advance, the army must follow, but that it would be wiser to advance in concert with the Hungarians and other allies. D'Eu rejected any wait and the council fell into a fierce dispute, with the younger hawks charging that the elder knights were not prudent, but fearful. The argument seems to have been settled when D'Eu decided to advance.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman559_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman559-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>D'Eu took control of the vanguard of the French knights, while Nevers and Coucy commanded the main body. The French knights, accompanied by their mounted archers, rode out with their backs to Nicopolis to meet the Turks, who were descending the hills to the south. The Knights Hospitaler, Germans, and other allies stayed with the Hungarian forces under Sigismund. The subsequent events are obscured by conflicting accounts. Tuchman notes, "Out of the welter of different versions, a coherent account of the movements and fortunes of the battlefield is not to be had; there is only a tossing kaleidoscope."<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman559-560_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman559-560-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French charge crushed the untrained conscripts in the Turkish front line and advanced into the lines of trained infantry, though the knights came under heavy fire from archers and were hampered by rows of sharpened stakes designed to skewer the stomachs of their horses. Chroniclers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> write of horses impaled on stakes, riders dismounting, stakes being pulled up to allow horses through, and the eventual rout of the Turkish infantry, who fled behind the relative safety of the sipahis. Coucy and Vienne recommended that the French pause to reform their ranks, give themselves some rest and allow the Hungarians time to advance to a position where they could support the French. They were overruled by the younger knights who, having no idea of the size of the Turkish force, believed that they had just defeated Bayezid's entire army and insisted on pursuit.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman560_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman560-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French knights thus continued up the hill, though accounts state that more than half were on foot by this point, either because they had been unhorsed by the lines of sharpened stakes or had dismounted to pull up stakes. Struggling in their heavy armor, they reached the plateau on the top of the slope, where they had expected to find fleeing Turkish forces, but instead found themselves facing a fresh corps of sipahis, whom Bayezid had kept in <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve" title="Military reserve">reserve</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">sipahis</a> surged forward in the counterattack sounding trumpets, banging <a href="/wiki/Kettle_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettle drum">kettle drums</a> and shouting the <i><a href="/wiki/Tekbir" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekbir">Tekbir</a></i>, the French realized how desperate their situation was and some knights fled back down the slope. The rest fought on, "no frothing boar nor enraged wolf more fiercely", in the words of one contemporary chronicler. Admiral de Vienne, to whom was granted the honor as the eldest knight of carrying the French standard into battle, was wounded many times as he attempted to rally his countrymen before being struck down. Other notable knights who were slain include <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Carrouges" title="Jean de Carrouges">Jean de Carrouges</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippe_de_Bar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippe de Bar (page does not exist)">Philippe de Bar</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odard_de_Chasseron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odard de Chasseron (page does not exist)">Odard de Chasseron</a>. The Turks threatened to overwhelm Nevers, and his bodyguard threw themselves to the ground in submission to plead for the life of their liege lord. Notwithstanding the declaration of <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>, the Turks were as interested in the riches that could be gained by <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransoming</a> noble captives as anyone else, and took Nevers prisoner. Seeing Nevers taken, the rest of the French yielded.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman560-561_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman560-561-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicopole1540.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nicopole1540.jpg/220px-Nicopole1540.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nicopole1540.jpg/330px-Nicopole1540.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nicopole1540.jpg/440px-Nicopole1540.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>1540 depiction of the battle</figcaption></figure> <p>The timeline of events is hazy, but it appears that as the French were advancing up the slope, sipahis were sweeping down along the flanks in an envelopment. Accounts tell of the Hungarians and other nationalities in confused combat on the plain and of a stampede of riderless horses, which Tuchman speculates pulled free from their tethers, at the sight of which the <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvanians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachians</a> concluded that the day was lost and abandoned the field. Sigismund, the Master of Rhodes, and the Germans fought to prevent the envelopment with "unspeakable massacre" on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman560_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman560-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point, the Turks received a reinforcement of 1,500<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman560_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman560-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serbian knights under the command of <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lazarevi%C4%87" title="Stefan Lazarević">Stefan Lazarević</a>, which proved critical.<sup id="cite_ref-Grant_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (October 2023)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> Sigismund's force was overwhelmed. Convinced to flee, Sigismund and the Master managed to escape on a fisherman's boat to the Venetian ships in the Danube.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman560_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman560-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_II,_Count_of_Celje" title="Hermann II, Count of Celje">Count Hermann of Cilli</a>, governor of Habsburg <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Carniola</a> and a cousin of Sigismund's <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Hungary" title="Mary, Queen of Hungary">deceased wife</a>, led the force that allowed the escape and would later become the king's <a href="/wiki/Barbara_of_Cilli" title="Barbara of Cilli">father-in-law</a>. Bayezid and his vassal Stefan Lazarević recognized <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_Garai" title="Nicholas II Garai">Nicholas II Garai</a>, Lazarević's brother-in-law, fighting on Sigismund's side. A deal was made, and Sigismund's army surrendered, completing their <a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">defeat in detail</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nicopolis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Nicopol_aftermath_Thr_masacreofthecristians_revenge_for_rahova_massacre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Battle_of_Nicopol_aftermath_Thr_masacreofthecristians_revenge_for_rahova_massacre.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Nicopol_aftermath_Thr_masacreofthecristians_revenge_for_rahova_massacre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Battle_of_Nicopol_aftermath_Thr_masacreofthecristians_revenge_for_rahova_massacre.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Nicopol_aftermath_Thr_masacreofthecristians_revenge_for_rahova_massacre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Battle_of_Nicopol_aftermath_Thr_masacreofthecristians_revenge_for_rahova_massacre.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Nicopol_aftermath_Thr_masacreofthecristians_revenge_for_rahova_massacre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption>The execution of the prisoners in Nicopolis, in retaliation for the earlier <a href="/wiki/Oryahovo" title="Oryahovo">Rahovo</a> massacre of the Ottoman prisoners by the crusaders.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sigismund would later state to the Hospitaller Master, "We lost the day by the pride and vanity of these French. If they believed my advice, we had enough men to fight our enemies." Chronicler <a href="/wiki/Jean_Froissart" title="Jean Froissart">Jean Froissart</a> would declare. "Since the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roncevaux_Pass" title="Battle of Roncevaux Pass">Battle of Roncesvalles</a> when [all] <a href="/wiki/Paladin" title="Paladin">twelve peers of France</a> were slain, Christendom received not so great a damage."<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman561_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman561-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Captives_and_ransom">Captives and ransom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nicopolis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Captives and ransom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bayezid toured the battlefield later that day, hoping to find the corpse of the King of Hungary. His rage was only heightened by the discovery of the massacred prisoners from Rahovo. He ordered all of the prisoners assembled before him the following morning (26 September). The Turks recognized Jacques de Helly, a French knight who had served under <a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a>, and had him identify the chief nobles for ransom. Coucy, Bar, D'Eu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gui_de_La_Tremo%C3%AFlle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gui de La Tremoïlle (page does not exist)">Gui de La Tremoïlle</a> and several others were grouped with Nevers to be spared. Those judged to be under the age of 20 were taken as slaves by the Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman561-2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman561-2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rest, thought to number several thousand, were bound together in groups of three or four and had their hands tied to be marched naked before the Sultan. Ordered to proceed, a group of executioners proceeded to kill each group in turn, either by <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">decapitation</a> or by severing their limbs from the body. Nevers and the rest of the noble captives were forced to stand beside Bayezid and watch the executions. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Le_Maingre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Le Maingre">Jean Le Maingre, called "Boucicaut"</a>, was recognized in the line, and Nevers fell to his knees before the Sultan and indicated with intertwined fingers that they were like brothers. Thus convinced that Boucicaut was worth a noble ransom, he was spared and grouped with the other high nobles. The killing continued from early morning until late afternoon, at which point Bayezid, either himself sickened by the bloodshed or convinced by his ministers that he was unnecessarily enraging Christendom against him, called off the executioners. Leaving aside the more hyperbolic account, the number of dead is said to have ranged from 300 to 3,000, though the number of dead on the battlefield was much more.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman562_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman562-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.maat.it_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.maat.it-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of those who fled the battlefield, few survived. So many attempted to swim to the boats in the Danube that several sank from the load; afterward, those on the boats pushed away those trying to board. Many who attempted to swim all the way across the river drowned. Sigismund, fearful of Wallachian treachery, sailed to the Black Sea and Constantinople before making his way home by sea. Those Crusaders who made it across the Danube and tried to return home by land found that the land they were traveling over had already been stripped of forage by the retreating force of Wallachians. Reduced to wandering through the woods in rags and robbed of whatever possessions they had, many of the starved survivors died along the way. Perhaps the most famous of the few who reached home after this journey was Count Rupert of Bavaria <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruprecht_Pipan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruprecht Pipan (page does not exist)">Ruprecht Pipan</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruprecht_Pipan" class="extiw" title="de:Ruprecht Pipan">de</a>]</sup>)</small>, eldest son of the future King <a href="/wiki/Rupert_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupert of Germany">Rupert of Germany</a>, who arrived at his doorstep in beggar's rags and died several days later from his trials.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman562_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman562-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The captives were forced to march the 350-mile length to <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a>, stripped of clothing down to their shirts and most without shoes, with hands tied and beaten by their captors. At Gallipoli, the noble captives were kept in the upper rooms of a tower while the 300 prisoners that were the Sultan's share of the common captives were kept below. The ship carrying Sigismund passed within half a mile of the tower as it went through the Hellespont, for which the Turks lined the captives along the shore and mockingly called out for Sigismund to come and rescue his comrades. Sigismund, while in Constantinople, had made overtures to ransom the captives, but Bayezid was aware that Hungary's wealth had been depleted in the crusade and that richer ransoms could be had from France. After two months in Gallipoli, the prisoners were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>, the joint Ottoman capital located in Asia, where they awaited word of their ransom.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman564-6_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman564-6-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first week of December, rumors of unimaginable defeat arrived in Paris. As no certain news was to be had, rumor-mongers were imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Grand Châtelet">Grand Châtelet</a> and, if convicted of lying, sentenced to death by drowning. The King, Burgundy, Orleans and Duc de Bar all sped envoys to Venice and Hungary to bring word back. On 16 December merchant ships brought word to Venice of defeat at Nicopolis and the escape of Sigismund.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman566_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman566-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jacques de Helly, the knight who had identified the nobles after the battle, had been charged by Bayezid, under his vow to return, to inform the King of France and Duke of Burgundy of his victory and demands for ransom. On Christmas, de Helly rode into Paris and, kneeling before the king, recounted the expedition, the battle, defeat and Bayezid's massacre of the prisoners. He also carried letters from Nevers and the other noble captives. Those for whom he did not carry letters were assumed to be dead, and weeping members of the court gathered around de Helly to seek more information about loved ones. According to the Monk of St. Denis, "affliction reigned in all hearts" and Deschamps wrote of "funerals from morning to eve". 9 January was declared a day of mourning throughout France and that day "it was piteous to hear the bells toiling in all the churches in Paris."<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman566-7_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman566-7-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A delegation with rich gifts for Bayezid left Paris on 20 January 1397 to negotiate the ransoms. De Helly, bound by his oath to return, had already departed with letters for the captives. Gian Galeazzo's help became vital, as he had extensive contacts in the Ottoman court. Envoys were sent informing him of belated approval by the King allowing the <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">fleur-de-lis</a> to be added to the Visconti <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">escutcheon</a>, Galeazzo's first wife having been from the French royal house, and to make every effort to gain his assistance. Meanwhile, those envoys sent in early December had reached Venice and, having learned of the fate of the captives, were attempting to make their way to Bursa. Venice, which was the French conduit to the Muslim east due to her trade network, became the center for exchange of news, cash and ransomed captives.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman568_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman568-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 February 1397, de Coucy, ill and perhaps suffering from battle wounds, died. Released on their own accord to seek funds in the Levant, Boucicaut and Guy de Tremoille reached Rhodes, where de Tremoille fell ill and died around Easter. French negotiators in the Sultan's court finally reached agreement on a ransom of 200,000 gold <a href="/wiki/Florin_(Italian_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Florin (Italian coin)">florins</a> in June. Comte d'Eu died on 15 June. With a down payment of 75,000, the prisoners were released on 24 June on their promise to stay in Venice until the rest of the ransom was paid. However, the nobles found it unthinkable to travel in less than their accustomed splendor and borrowed nearly as much as the ransom amount in reprovisioning themselves. Arriving in Venice in October after stopping in various islands to recover and borrow money, the financial transactions required to both provide the ransom and pay for the travel arrangements and living expenses of the nobles were tremendously complicated. A three-sided transaction between Burgundy, Sigismund and Venice took 27 years to settle. A plague outbreak in Venice required the nobles to move temporarily to <a href="/wiki/Treviso" title="Treviso">Treviso</a>, but still claimed Henri de Bar.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman571-5_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman571-5-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last of the Crusader leaders (Nevers, Boucicaut, Guillaume de Tremoille and Jacques de la Marche), along with seven or eight other knights, re-entered France in February 1398. They were greeted by minstrels, parties and parades as they journeyed across the kingdom, though Tuchman notes, "the receptions probably represented not so much popular enthusiasm as organized joy, in which the 14th century excelled."<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman575_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman575-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broader_ramifications">Broader ramifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nicopolis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Broader ramifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With a historian's hindsight <a href="/wiki/Johan_Huizinga" title="Johan Huizinga">Johan Huizinga</a> remarked upon "the lamentable consequences of statecraft recklessly embarking on an enterprise of vital import in the spirit of a <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalrous adventure</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though participants and contemporary chroniclers did not analyse the event in these terms. </p><p>After this defeat, Western Europe made no further moves to stop the Turkish advance in the Balkans until the 1440s. England and France soon renewed their war. Wallachia continued its stance against the Ottomans, repelling expeditions in 1397 and 1400. In 1402 Sultan Bayezid I was defeated and captured by <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> (Tamerlane), and <a href="/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea I of Wallachia">Mircea cel Batran</a> and the Kingdom of Hungary took advantage of the resulting anarchy to campaign against the Ottomans. The Hungarians, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poles</a> and Wallachians were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varna" title="Battle of Varna">Battle of Varna</a> in 1444, and Constantinople finally <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fell</a> in 1453 to the Turks, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Morea" class="mw-redirect" title="Despotate of Morea">Despotate of Morea</a> in 1460, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> in 1461, and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Principality of Theodoro</a> in 1475, which brought an end to the last vestiges of the Eastern Roman Empire, as well as the final remaining pockets of Greek resistance against the Ottoman Turks in both the Balkans and Anatolia. </p><p>The Battle of Nicopolis is also widely regarded as the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>, since hopes for its revival had come to an end with the defeat of the Crusaders. Its last ruler, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sratsimir_of_Bulgaria" title="Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria">Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria</a>, was captured and killed in Bursa.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By their victory at Nicopolis, the Turks discouraged the formation of future European coalitions against them. They maintained their pressure on Constantinople, tightened their control over the Balkans, and became a greater threat to central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nicopolis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Reichartinger" title="Leonhard Reichartinger">Leonhard Reichartinger</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nicopolis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Madgearu90-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madgearu90_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madgearu90_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexandru Madgearu, <i>The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins</i>, ed. Martin Gordon, (Scarecrow Press, 2008), 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman548-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman548_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman548_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman548_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman548_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman548_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman548_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman548_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman, 548</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunyadi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hunyadi_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of latin christianity; Zsolt Hunyadi page 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valerii︠a︡ Fol, <i>Bulgaria: History Retold in Brief</i>, (Riga, 1999), 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNicolle2000" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9yGRZTZhlDQC&pg=PA19"><i>Constantinople 1453: The End of Byzantium</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-091-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-091-9"><bdi>978-1-84176-091-9</bdi></a>. <q>Ali Pasha Candarli, who served Bayazit I so well (see Campaign 64, Nicopolis 1396).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantinople+1453%3A+The+End+of+Byzantium&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-091-9&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9yGRZTZhlDQC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Nicopolis" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dejan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dejan_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFDjokić2023">Djokić 2023</a>, p. 128) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Not all Serb magnates fought and died as Ottoman vassals. Vuk Branković, who survived the Kosovo battle, and who continued to rule over his realm that included Kosovo, joined a large Christian coalition led by Hungary, which now represented the 'bulwark of Christianity' and included Wallachian, Venetian, Bulgarian, Croatian, French and English troops. The Christian coalition was defeated by Ottomans at Nicopolis, Bulgaria in 1396. Branković died as an Ottoman prisoner the following year, but is ironically portrayed in the Serbian folklore as a Judas-like figure.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ljubivoje-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ljubivoje_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFCerović2002">Cerović 2002</a>, p. 228) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Вук Бранковић, син Бранков, оженио се Маром, кћерком кнеза Лазара. Његови поседи протезали су се од Скопља до Копаоника и Сјенице, до горњих токова Таре и Мораче. После битке на Косову, примио је вазални однос према Турској. У бици код Никопоља учествовао је на страни Угарске, када га је заробио султан Бајазит и одвео га у заробљеништво, где је умро, 1397. године.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolle37-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle37_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle37_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle37_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolle, p. 37. "In fact the Crusaders probably numbered some 17,000 men. Traditional Turkish sources give the number of Ottoman troops as 10,000 but when their Balkans vassals were included they may have numbered around 15,000."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman554-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman554_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman554_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman554_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman554_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman554_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman554_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman, 554</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grant_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grant_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grant_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grant_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grant_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers_2010-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_2010_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_J._Rogers" title="Clifford J. Rogers">Rogers, Clifford</a> (2010). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Medieval+Warfare+and+Military+Technology&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Nicopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/414447/Battle-of-Nicopolis">"Battle of Nicopolis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Nicopolis&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F414447%2FBattle-of-Nicopolis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Nicopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman562-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman562_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman562_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman562_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman 562</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant122-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grant122_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grant122_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, p 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Battle of Nicopolis". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Retrieved 2023-06-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman, 544–545</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman, 533–537</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman545-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman545_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman545_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman, 545</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman, 545–546</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithDeVries2005" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Robert Douglas & <a href="/wiki/Kelly_DeVries" title="Kelly DeVries">DeVries, K.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UAL0SfuyUGQC"><i>The Artillery of the Dukes of Burgundy, 1363–1477</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Woodbridge,_Suffolk" title="Woodbridge, Suffolk">Woodbridge</a>: Boydell Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843831624" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843831624"><bdi>978-1843831624</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Artillery+of+the+Dukes+of+Burgundy%2C+1363%E2%80%931477&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1843831624&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Robert+Douglas&rft.au=DeVries%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUAL0SfuyUGQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Nicopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szende-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Szende_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzende2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szende, László (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rubicon.hu/kalendarium/1456-julius-22-a-nandorfehervari-diadal">"A Magyar Királyság geopolitikai helyzete Luxemburgi Zsigmond korában"</a> [The geopolitical situation of the Kingdom of Hungary in the time of Sigismund of Luxembourg]. <i>Rubicon (Hungarian Historical Information Dissemination)</i> (in Hungarian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rubicon+%28Hungarian+Historical+Information+Dissemination%29&rft.atitle=A+Magyar+Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g+geopolitikai+helyzete+Luxemburgi+Zsigmond+kor%C3%A1ban&rft.date=2022-05&rft.aulast=Szende&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frubicon.hu%2Fkalendarium%2F1456-julius-22-a-nandorfehervari-diadal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Nicopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banlaky_-_Preparations-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Banlaky_-_Preparations_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBánlaky" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bánlaky, József. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/09400/09477/html/0009/662.html">"Hadműveletek a nikápolyi csatáig"</a> [Operations up to the Battle of Nicopolis]. <i>A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme</i> [<i>The Military History of the Hungarian Nation</i>] (in Hungarian). Budapest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hadm%C5%B1veletek+a+nik%C3%A1polyi+csat%C3%A1ig&rft.btitle=A+magyar+nemzet+hadt%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme&rft.place=Budapest&rft.aulast=B%C3%A1nlaky&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zsef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F09400%2F09477%2Fhtml%2F0009%2F662.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Nicopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schiltberger-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schiltberger_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schiltberger_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiltbergerc._1427" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schiltberger" title="Johann Schiltberger">Schiltberger, Johann</a> (c. 1427). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206151155/http://deremilitari.org/resources/sources/nicopolis.htm">"The Battle of Nicopolis (1396)"</a>. <i>from The Bondage and Travels of Johann Schiltberger, trans. J. Buchan Telfer (London: Hakluyt Society, series 1, no. 58; 1879</i>. The Society for Medieval Military History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/sources/nicopolis.htm">the original</a> on 2009-02-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=from+The+Bondage+and+Travels+of+Johann+Schiltberger%2C+trans.+J.+Buchan+Telfer+%28London%3A+Hakluyt+Society%2C+series+1%2C+no.+58%3B+1879&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Nicopolis+%281396%29&rft.aulast=Schiltberger&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deremilitari.org%2Fresources%2Fsources%2Fnicopolis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Nicopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-savaslar2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-savaslar2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-savaslar2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-savaslar2_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theottomans.org/turkce/osmanli_ordu/savaslar2.asp">"Askerı Yapi Ve Savaşlar: Savaşlar (2/11)"</a> (in Turkish). www.theottomans.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asker%C4%B1+Yapi+Ve+Sava%C5%9Flar%3A+Sava%C5%9Flar+%282%2F11%29&rft.pub=www.theottomans.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theottomans.org%2Fturkce%2Fosmanli_ordu%2Fsavaslar2.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Nicopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, by Spencer C. Tucker, 2009 p. 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tipton-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tipton_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTipton1962" class="citation journal cs1">Tipton, Charles L. (1962). "The English at Nicopolis". <i>Speculum</i> (37): <span class="nowrap">533–</span>540.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=The+English+at+Nicopolis&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E533-%3C%2Fspan%3E540&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Tipton&rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Nicopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madden-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madden_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madden_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Madden</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.maat.it-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.maat.it_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.maat.it_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.maat.it_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.maat.it_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, an estimate of 10,000 executed in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maat.it/livello2/turchia-europa.htm#bayazedI">"I Turchi E L'Europa: Dalla battaglia di Manzikert alla caduta di Costantinopoli: Bayazed I (1389–1402)"</a> (in Italian). www.maat.it<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+Turchi+E+L%27Europa%3A+Dalla+battaglia+di+Manzikert+alla+caduta+di+Costantinopoli%3A+Bayazed+I+%281389%E2%80%931402%29&rft.pub=www.maat.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maat.it%2Flivello2%2Fturchia-europa.htm%23bayazedI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Nicopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tarihi-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tarihi_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tarihi_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070602050825/http://www.dallog.com/savaslar/nigbolu.htm">"Niğbolu Savaşı (Niğbolu Zaferi)"</a> [Battle of Nicopolis (Victory of Nicopolis)]. <i>Türk Tarihi</i> (in Turkish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallog.com/savaslar/nigbolu.htm">the original</a> on June 2, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=T%C3%BCrk+Tarihi&rft.atitle=Ni%C4%9Fbolu+Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1+%28Ni%C4%9Fbolu+Zaferi%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallog.com%2Fsavaslar%2Fnigbolu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Nicopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman560-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman560_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman560_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman560_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman560_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman560_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman 560</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman549-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman549_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman, 549</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman550-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman550_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman550_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman, 550</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman, 550–551</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrić2015485-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrić2015485_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrić2015">Andrić 2015</a>, p. 485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman552-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman552_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman552_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman, 552</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman553-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman553_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman, 553</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman553-4-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman553-4_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman, 553–554</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman5545-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman5545_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman, 554–555</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madden184-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madden184_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madden184_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Madden, p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman555-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman555_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman555_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman, 555</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman556-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman556_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman556_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman, 556</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madden185-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Madden185_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madden, 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman5567-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman5567_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman5567_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman, 556–557</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman558-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman558_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman558_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman, 558</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman5589-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman5589_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman, 558–559</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman559-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman559_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman559_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman 559</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman559-560-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman559-560_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman 559–560</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman560-561-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman560-561_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman 560–561</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman561-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman561_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman 561</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman561-2-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman561-2_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman 561–562</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman564-6-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman564-6_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman 564–566</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman566-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman566_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman 566</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman566-7-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman566-7_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman 566–567</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman568-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman568_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman 568</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman571-5-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman571-5_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman 571–575</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman575-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman575_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman 575</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizinga, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Autumn_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="The Autumn of the Middle Ages">The Waning of the Middle Ages</a></i> (1919) 1924:69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreevLalkov1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andreev, Jordan; Lalkov, Milcho (1996). <i>Българските ханове и царе</i> [<i>The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars</i>] (in Bulgarian). <a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Veliko Tarnovo</a>: Abagar. pp. <span class="nowrap">297–</span>298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/954-427-216-X" title="Special:BookSources/954-427-216-X"><bdi>954-427-216-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5&rft.place=Veliko+Tarnovo&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E298&rft.pub=Abagar&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=954-427-216-X&rft.aulast=Andreev&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft.au=Lalkov%2C+Milcho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Nicopolis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nicopolis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Nicopolis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Nicopolis">Battle of Nicopolis</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrić2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andrić, Stanko (2015). "A Garai főnemesi család és a Horvát Királyság / Velikaška obitelj Gorjanski i Hrvatsko Kraljevstvo [The aristocratic Garai family and the Kingdom of Croatia]". In Fodor, Pál; Sokcsevits, Dénes; Turkalj, Jasna; Karbić, Damir (eds.). <i>A horvát-magyar együttélés fordulópontjai: Intézmények, társadalom, gazdaság, kultúra / Prekretnice u suživotu Hrvata i Mađara: Ustanove, društvo, gospodarstvo i kultura </i>[Turning Points of the Croatian-Hungarian Co-habitation: Institutions, Society, Economy and Culture]<i><span></span></i> (in Hungarian and Croatian). MTA Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Történettudományi Intézet, Hrvatski institut za povijest. pp. <span class="nowrap">481–</span>492, <span class="nowrap">543–</span>554. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-416-019-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-416-019-9"><bdi>978-963-416-019-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Garai+f%C5%91nemesi+csal%C3%A1d+%C3%A9s+a+Horv%C3%A1t+Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g+%2F+Velika%C5%A1ka+obitelj+Gorjanski+i+Hrvatsko+Kraljevstvo+%5BThe+aristocratic+Garai+family+and+the+Kingdom+of+Croatia%5D&rft.btitle=A+horv%C3%A1t-magyar+egy%C3%BCtt%C3%A9l%C3%A9s+fordul%C3%B3pontjai%3A+Int%C3%A9zm%C3%A9nyek%2C+t%C3%A1rsadalom%2C+gazdas%C3%A1g%2C+kult%C3%BAra+%2F+Prekretnice+u+su%C5%BEivotu+Hrvata+i+Ma%C4%91ara%3A+Ustanove%2C+dru%C5%A1tvo%2C+gospodarstvo+i+kultura+%5BTurning+Points+of+the+Croatian-Hungarian+Co-habitation%3A+Institutions%2C+Society%2C+Economy+and+Culture%5D&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E481-%3C%2Fspan%3E492%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E543-%3C%2Fspan%3E554&rft.pub=MTA+B%C3%B6lcs%C3%A9szettudom%C3%A1nyi+Kutat%C3%B3k%C3%B6zpont+T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nettudom%C3%A1nyi+Int%C3%A9zet%2C+Hrvatski+institut+za+povijest&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-963-416-019-9&rft.aulast=Andri%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Stanko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Nicopolis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtiya1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aziz_S._Atiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aziz S. 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London: Times Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compact+History+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Nicopolis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley-Smith1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Riley-Smith" title="Jonathan Riley-Smith">Riley-Smith, Jonathan</a> (1995). <i>The Oxford History of the Crusades</i>. Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Crusades&rft.place=Oxford&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Riley-Smith&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Nicopolis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherrard1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sherrard" title="Philip Sherrard">Sherrard, Philip</a> (1966). <i>Great Ages of Man: Byzantium: A History of the World's Cultures</i>. Time-Life Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-662-83340-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-662-83340-6"><bdi>978-0-662-83340-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Ages+of+Man%3A+Byzantium%3A+A+History+of+the+World%27s+Cultures&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-662-83340-6&rft.aulast=Sherrard&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Nicopolis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuchman1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Tuchman" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Tuchman">Tuchman, Barbara W.</a> (1978). <a href="/wiki/A_Distant_Mirror" title="A Distant Mirror"><i>A Distant Mirror: the Calamitous 14th Century</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-28394-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-28394-5"><bdi>0-345-28394-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Distant+Mirror%3A+the+Calamitous+14th+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-345-28394-5&rft.aulast=Tuchman&rft.aufirst=Barbara+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Nicopolis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZsolt1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zsolt_Hunyadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zsolt Hunyadi (page does not exist)">Zsolt, Hunyadi</a> (1999). <i>The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of Latin Christianity</i>. CEU Medievalia. London: Budapest Dep. of Medieval Studies, Central European Univ. 2001. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-42-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-42-8"><bdi>978-963-9241-42-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/260026764">260026764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades+and+the+military+orders%3A+expanding+the+frontiers+of+Latin+Christianity&rft.place=London&rft.series=CEU+Medievalia&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Budapest+Dep.+of+Medieval+Studies%2C+Central+European+Univ.+2001&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F260026764&rft.isbn=978-963-9241-42-8&rft.aulast=Zsolt&rft.aufirst=Hunyadi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Nicopolis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠuica2009" class="citation journal cs1">Šuica, Marko (2009). "Битка код Никопоља у делу Константина Филозофа" [The Battle of Nicopolis in the work of Constantine the Philosopher]. <i>Историјски часопис</i>. <b>58</b>: <span class="nowrap">109–</span>124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%99%D0%B0+%D1%83+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=%C5%A0uica&rft.aufirst=Marko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Nicopolis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjokić2023" class="citation book cs1">Djokić, Dejan (2023). <i>A concise history of Serbia</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+Serbia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Djoki%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dejan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Nicopolis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerović2002" class="citation book cs1">Cerović, Ljubivoje (2002). <i>"Срби у Украјини"</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8+%D1%83+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%22&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Cerovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ljubivoje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Nicopolis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nicopolis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_nicopolis.html">History of War: Battle of Nicopolis, 25 September 1396</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire_by_era664" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_battles" title="Template:Ottoman battles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_battles" title="Template talk:Ottoman battles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_battles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman battles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire_by_era664" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire">Battles</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> by era</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1299–1453)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kulaca_Hisar" title="Siege of Kulaca Hisar">Kulaca Hisar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bapheus" title="Battle of Bapheus">Bapheus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dimbos" title="Battle of Dimbos">Dimbos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea_(1328%E2%80%931331)" title="Siege of Nicaea (1328–1331)">Nicaea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pelekanon" title="Battle of Pelekanon">Pelekanon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Demotika" title="Battle of Demotika">Demotika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Gallipoli" title="Fall of Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ihtiman" title="Battle of Ihtiman">Ihtiman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Adrianople" title="Ottoman conquest of Adrianople">Adrianople</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C4%B1rps%C4%B1nd%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Battle of Sırpsındığı">Sırpsındığı</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samokov" title="Battle of Samokov">Samokov</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maritsa" title="Battle of Maritsa">Maritsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Philadelphia" title="Fall of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dubravnica" title="Battle of Dubravnica">Dubravnica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savra" title="Battle of Savra">Savra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plo%C4%8Dnik" title="Battle of Pločnik">Pločnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bile%C4%87a" title="Battle of Bileća">Bileća</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C4%B1rkdilim" title="Battle of Kırkdilim">Kırkdilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karanovasa" title="Battle of Karanovasa">Karanovasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovine" title="Battle of Rovine">Rovine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ohrid_(1395)" title="Siege of Ohrid (1395)">Ohrid</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicopolis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%87amurlu" title="Battle of Çamurlu">Çamurlu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thessalonica_(1422%E2%80%931430)" title="Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)">Thessalonica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Golubac" title="Siege of Golubac">Golubac</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novo_Brdo_(1440%E2%80%931441)" title="Siege of Novo Brdo (1440–1441)">Novo Brdo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hermannstadt" title="Battle of Hermannstadt">Hermannstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nish_(1443)" title="Battle of Nish (1443)">1st Niš</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zlatitsa" title="Battle of Zlatitsa">Zlatitsa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunovica" title="Battle of Kunovica">Kunovica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torvioll" title="Battle of Torvioll">Torvioll</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varna" title="Battle of Varna">Varna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mokra_(1445)" title="Battle of Mokra (1445)">1st Mokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otonet%C3%AB" title="Battle of Otonetë">Otonetë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oranik_(1448)" title="Battle of Oranik (1448)">1st Oranik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_(1448)" title="Battle of Kosovo (1448)">2nd Kosovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Polog" title="Battle of Polog">Polog</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli_(1416)" title="Battle of Gallipoli (1416)">Gallipoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1453–1550)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leskovac" title="Battle of Leskovac">Leskovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krusevac" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Krusevac">Krusevac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oranik_(1456)" title="Battle of Oranik (1456)">2nd Oranik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1456)">1st Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albulena" title="Battle of Albulena">Albulena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_attack_at_T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Night attack at Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mokra_(July_1462)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mokra (July 1462)">2nd Mokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ohrid" title="Battle of Ohrid">Ohrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vaikal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Vaikal">Vaikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Me%C3%A7ad_(1465)" title="Battle of Meçad (1465)">Meçad</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otlukbeli" title="Battle of Otlukbeli">Otlukbeli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vaslui" title="Battle of Vaslui">Vaslui</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valea_Alb%C4%83" title="Battle of Valea Albă">Valea Albă</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra" title="Siege of Shkodra">Shkodra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breadfield" title="Battle of Breadfield">Breadfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Una" title="Battle of Una">Una</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_campaign" title="Adana campaign">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C4%83tl%C4%83buga" title="Battle of Cătlăbuga">Cătlăbuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vrpile" title="Battle of Vrpile">Vrpile</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krbava_Field" title="Battle of Krbava Field">Krbava</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dubica" title="Battle of Dubica">Dubica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaldiran" title="Battle of Chaldiran">Çaldıran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turnadag" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Turnadag">Turnadag</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Algiers_(1516)" title="Capture of Algiers (1516)">Algiers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ko%C3%A7hisar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Koçhisar (page does not exist)">Koçhisar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Dabiq" title="Battle of Marj Dabiq">Mercidabık</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yaunis_Khan" title="Battle of Yaunis Khan">Han Yunus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ridaniya" title="Battle of Ridaniya">Ridanieh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jajce_(1518)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jajce (1518)">Jajce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)" title="Fall of Tlemcen (1518)">Tlemcen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">1st Mohács</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529)" title="Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)">Peñón of Algiers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leobersdorf" title="Battle of Leobersdorf">Leobersdorf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorjani" title="Battle of Gorjani">Gorjani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1532%E2%80%931555)#Campaign_of_the_Two_Iraqs_(First_campaign,_1532–1536)" title="Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)">Baghdad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pest" title="Siege of Pest">Pest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Esztergom_(1543)" title="Siege of Esztergom (1543)">Esztergom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karagak" title="Battle of Karagak">Karagak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sokhoista" title="Battle of Sokhoista">Sokhoista</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zonchio" title="Battle of Zonchio">Zonchio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Modon_(1500)" title="Battle of Modon (1500)">Modon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_raid_on_the_Balearic_Islands_(1501)" title="Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands (1501)">Balearic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diu_(1509)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Diu (1509)">Diu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jeddah" title="Siege of Jeddah">1st Jeddah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formentera" title="Battle of Formentera">Formentera</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Girolata" title="Battle of Girolata">Girolata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albor%C3%A1n" title="Battle of Alborán">Alborán</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponza_(1552)" title="Battle of Ponza (1552)">Ponza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Hormuz_(1553)" title="Battle of the Strait of Hormuz (1553)">Strait of Hormuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Oman" title="Battle of the Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1550–1700)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Tlemcen_(1551)" title="Campaign of Tlemcen (1551)">Tlemcen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Temesv%C3%A1r_(1552)" title="Siege of Temesvár (1552)">Temesvár</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Palast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Palast (page does not exist)">Palast</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fez_(1554)" title="Capture of Fez (1554)">Fez</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tadla" title="Battle of Tadla">Tadla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Tlemcen_(1557)" title="Campaign of Tlemcen (1557)">Tlemcen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1558)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)">Mostaganem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Krupa" title="Siege of Krupa">Krupa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Szigetv%C3%A1r" title="Siege of Szigetvár">Szigeth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fez_(1576)" title="Capture of Fez (1576)">Fez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gvozdansko" title="Siege of Gvozdansko">Gvozdansko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%87%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r" title="Battle of Çıldır">Çıldır</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torches" title="Battle of Torches">Torches</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Battle of Alcácer Quibir">Alcácer Quibir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brest_(1592)" title="Battle of Brest (1592)">1st Brest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_(1592)" title="Siege of Bihać (1592)">Bihać</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sisak" title="Battle of Sisak">Sisak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Banat" title="Uprising in Banat">Banat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C4%83lug%C4%83reni" title="Battle of Călugăreni">Călugăreni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Giurgiu_(1595)" title="Battle of Giurgiu (1595)">Giurgiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brest_(1596)" title="Battle of Brest (1596)">2nd Brest</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Keresztes" title="Battle of Keresztes">Keresztes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nagykanizsa" title="Siege of Nagykanizsa">Nagykanizsa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sufiyan" title="Battle of Sufiyan">Sufiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tashiskari" title="Battle of Tashiskari">Tashiskari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cecora_(1620)" title="Battle of Cecora (1620)">Cecora</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1621)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1621)">1st Khotyn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Candia" title="Siege of Candia">Candia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6b%C3%B6lk%C3%BAt" title="Battle of Köbölkút">Köbölkút</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Jurjeve_Stijene" title="Battle at Jurjeve Stijene">Jurjeve Stijene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zr%C3%ADnyi%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r" title="First Battle of Zrínyiújvár">1st Zrínyiújvár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zr%C3%ADnyi%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r" title="Second Battle of Zrínyiújvár">2nd Zrínyiújvár</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novi_Zrin_(1664)" title="Siege of Novi Zrin (1664)">Novi Zrin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Djidjelli_expedition" title="Djidjelli expedition">Jijel</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Gotthard_(1664)" title="Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664)">Saint Gotthard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81ady%C5%BCyn" title="Battle of Ładyżyn">Ładyżyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnobr%C3%B3d_(1672)" title="Battle of Krasnobród (1672)">Krasnobród</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Niemir%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Niemirów">Niemirów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Komarno" title="Battle of Komarno">Komarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1673)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1673)">2nd Khotyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lw%C3%B3w_(1675)" title="Battle of Lwów (1675)">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trembowla" title="Battle of Trembowla">Trembowla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">2nd Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_P%C3%A1rk%C3%A1ny" title="Battle of Párkány">Párkány</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Buda_(1684)" title="Siege of Buda (1684)">Buda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_V%C3%A1c_(1684)" title="Battle of Vác (1684)">Vác</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eperjes" title="Battle of Eperjes">Eperjes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kassa" title="Battle of Kassa">Kassa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_on_Vrtijeljka" title="Battle on Vrtijeljka">Vrtijeljka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs_(1687)" title="Battle of Mohács (1687)">2nd Mohács</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crimean_campaigns_of_1687_and_1689" title="Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689">Crimea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Negroponte_(1688)" title="Siege of Negroponte (1688)">Negroponte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bato%C4%8Dina" title="Battle of Batočina">Batočina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ni%C5%A1_(1689)" title="Battle of Niš (1689)">2nd Niš</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zernest" title="Battle of Zernest">Zernest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Egri_Palanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Egri Palanka (page does not exist)">Egri Palanka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slankamen" title="Battle of Slankamen">Slankamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hod%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Hodów">Hodów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ustechko" title="Battle of Ustechko">Ustechko</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moulouya" title="Battle of Moulouya">Moulouya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lugos" title="Battle of Lugos">Lugos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ula%C5%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ulaş">Ulaş</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov_campaigns_(1695%E2%80%9396)" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov campaigns (1695–96)">Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zenta" title="Battle of Zenta">Zenta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)">Cyprus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Corvo" title="Battle of Cape Corvo">Cape Corvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Focchies" title="Battle of Focchies">Focchies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dardanelles_(1654)" title="Battle of the Dardanelles (1654)">1st Dardanelles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dardanelles_(1655)" title="Battle of the Dardanelles (1655)">2nd Dardanelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dardanelles_(1656)" title="Battle of the Dardanelles (1656)">3rd Dardanelles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dardanelles_(1657)" title="Battle of the Dardanelles (1657)">4th Dardanelles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1682)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1682)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1683)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1683)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1688)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1688)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(1690)" title="Battle of Mytilene (1690)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Oinousses_Islands" title="Battle of the Oinousses Islands">Oinousses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andros_(1696)" title="Battle of Andros (1696)">Andros</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samothrace_(1698)" title="Battle of Samothrace (1698)">Samothrace</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Old Regime<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1700–1789)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chelif" title="Battle of Chelif">Chelif</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1707%E2%80%931708)" title="Siege of Oran (1707–1708)">Oran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruth River Campaign">Pruth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petrovaradin" title="Battle of Petrovaradin">Petrovaradin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1717)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1717)">2nd Belgrade</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tahmasp%27s_campaign_of_1731" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahmasp's campaign of 1731">Kurijan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra_(1733)" title="Battle of Samarra (1733)">Samarra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirkuk_(1733)" title="Battle of Kirkuk (1733)">Kirkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yeghev%C4%81rd" title="Battle of Yeghevārd">Yeghevārd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ganja_(1734)" title="Siege of Ganja (1734)">Ganja</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Banja_Luka" title="Battle of Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grocka" title="Battle of Grocka">Grocka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Perekop_(1736)" title="Siege of Perekop (1736)">Perekop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ochakov_(1737)" title="Siege of Ochakov (1737)">1st Ochakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stavuchany" title="Battle of Stavuchany">Stavunchany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kars_(1745)" title="Battle of Kars (1745)">1st Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khresili" title="Battle of Khresili">Khresili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspindza" title="Battle of Aspindza">Aspindza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Larga" title="Battle of Larga">Larga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kagul" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kagul">Kagul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kozludzha" title="Battle of Kozludzha">Kozludzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kinburn_(1787)" title="Battle of Kinburn (1787)">Kinburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ochakov_(1788)" title="Siege of Ochakov (1788)">2nd Ochakov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mehadia" title="Battle of Mehadia">Mehadia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kar%C3%A1nsebes" title="Battle of Karánsebes">Karánsebes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imbros_(1717)" title="Battle of Imbros (1717)">Imbros</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Matapan" title="Battle of Matapan">Matapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%87e%C5%9Fme" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Çeşme">Çeşme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Patras_(1772)" title="Battle of Patras (1772)">Patras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kerch_Strait_(1774)" title="Battle of Kerch Strait (1774)">1st Kerch Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_actions_at_the_siege_of_Ochakov_(1788)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval actions at the siege of Ochakov (1788)">2nd Ochakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fidonisi" title="Battle of Fidonisi">Fidonisi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Modernization<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1789–1908)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Battle of Focșani">Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rymnik" title="Battle of Rymnik">Rymnik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Giurgiu_(1790)" title="Siege of Giurgiu (1790)">Giurgiu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Izmail" title="Siege of Izmail">Izmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83cin" title="Battle of Măcin">Măcin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shubra_Khit" title="Battle of Shubra Khit">Shubra Khit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">Pyramids</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">1st Acre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tabor_(1799)" title="Battle of Mount Tabor (1799)">Mount Tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abukir_(1799)" title="Battle of Abukir (1799)">Abukir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heliopolis_(1800)" title="Battle of Heliopolis (1800)">Heliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derna_(1805)" title="Battle of Derna (1805)">Derna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arpachai" title="Battle of Arpachai">Arpachai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Batin" title="Battle of Batin">Batin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slobozia" title="Battle of Slobozia">Slobozia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Safra" title="Battle of Al-Safra">Al-Safra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jeddah_(1813)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jeddah (1813)">Jeddah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%8Cegar" title="Battle of Čegar">Čegar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alamana" title="Battle of Alamana">Alamana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravia_Inn" title="Battle of Gravia Inn">Gravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Erzurum_(1821)" title="Battle of Erzurum (1821)">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tupraq_Qaleh" title="Battle of Tupraq Qaleh">Tupraq Qaleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valtetsi" title="Battle of Valtetsi">Valtetsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doliana" title="Battle of Doliana">Doliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lalas" title="Battle of Lalas">Lalas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dr%C4%83g%C4%83%C8%99ani" title="Battle of Drăgășani">Drăgășani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sculeni" title="Battle of Sculeni">Sculeni</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vasilika" title="Battle of Vasilika">Vasilika</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peta" title="Battle of Peta">Peta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dervenakia" title="Battle of Dervenakia">Dervenakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karpenisi" title="Battle of Karpenisi">Karpenisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arachova" title="Battle of Arachova">Arachova</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kamatero" title="Battle of Kamatero">Kamatero</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Phaleron" title="Battle of Phaleron">Phaleron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petra" title="Battle of Petra">Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kars_(1828)" title="Siege of Kars (1828)">2nd Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Varna_(1828)" title="Siege of Varna (1828)">Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Akhaltsikhe" title="Battle of Akhaltsikhe">Akhaltsikhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulevicha" title="Battle of Kulevicha">Kulevicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_in_1830" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Algiers in 1830">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Akka_(1832)" title="Siege of Akka (1832)">2nd Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hims_(1832)" title="Battle of Hims (1832)">Hims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Konya" title="Battle of Konya">Konya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nezib" title="Battle of Nezib">Nezib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Akhaltsikhe_(1853)" title="Battle of Akhaltsikhe (1853)">Akhaltsikhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ba%C5%9Fgedikler" title="Battle of Başgedikler">Başgedikler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kurekdere" title="Battle of Kurekdere">Kurekdere</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olteni%C8%9Ba" title="Battle of Oltenița">Oltenița</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eupatoria" title="Battle of Eupatoria">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chernaya" title="Battle of the Chernaya">Chernaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kars" title="Siege of Kars">3rd Kars</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasa_Expedition_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasa Expedition 1871">Al-Hasa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Tepe" title="Battle of Kızıl Tepe">Kızıl Tepe</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shipka_Pass" title="Battle of Shipka Pass">Shipka Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Plevna" title="Siege of Plevna">Plevna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aladzha" title="Battle of Aladzha">Aladzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kars" title="Battle of Kars">4th Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippopolis_(1878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Philippopolis (1878)">Philippopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tashkessen" title="Battle of Tashkessen">Taşkesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nov%C5%A1i%C4%87e" title="Battle of Novšiće">Novšiće</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulcinj_(1880)" title="Battle of Ulcinj (1880)">Ulcinj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mouzaki" title="Battle of Mouzaki">Mouzaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Wajbah" title="Battle of Al Wajbah">Al Wajbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Velestino" title="Battle of Velestino">Velestino</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Domokos" title="Battle of Domokos">Domokos</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andros_(1790)" title="Battle of Andros (1790)">Andros</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kerch_Strait_(1790)" title="Battle of Kerch Strait (1790)">2nd Kerch Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tendra" title="Battle of Tendra">Tendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Kaliakra" title="Battle of Cape Kaliakra">Kaliakra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_Operation_(1807)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dardanelles Operation (1807)">5th Dardanelles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dardanelles_(1807)" title="Battle of the Dardanelles (1807)">6th Dardanelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Athos" title="Battle of Athos">Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nauplia_(1822)" title="Battle of Nauplia (1822)">Nauplia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samos" title="Battle of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gerontas" title="Battle of Gerontas">Gerontas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">Navarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sinop" title="Battle of Sinop">Sinop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>For 20th-century battles before 1914 <i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_battles_in_the_20th_century" title="List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century">List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century</a></li> <li>For the battles during World War I <i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_battles_in_World_War_I" title="List of Ottoman battles in World War I">List of Ottoman battles in World War I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Ottoman victories are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs135" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs" title="Template:Wars and battles involving Serbs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs" title="Template 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href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_wars_(medieval)" title="Bulgarian–Serbian wars (medieval)">Serbian–Bulgarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar%E2%80%93Serb_War_(839%E2%80%93842)" title="Bulgar–Serb War (839–842)">Bulgar–Serb War (839–842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar%E2%80%93Serb_War_(853)" title="Bulgar–Serb War (853)">Bulgar–Serb War (853)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_wars_of_917%E2%80%93924" title="Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924">Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaharija_of_Serbia#Rule" title="Zaharija of Serbia">Bulgarian–Serbian border revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_wars_(medieval)" title="Bulgarian–Serbian wars (medieval)">Bulgarian-Serb War (998)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1202)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgarian-Serbian War (1202) (page does not exist)">Bulgarian-Serbian War (1202)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1203)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgarian-Serbian War (1203) (page does not exist)">Bulgarian-Serbian War (1203)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1290)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgarian-Serbian War (1290) (page does not exist)">Bulgarian-Serbian War (1290)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1291)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgarian-Serbian War (1291) (page does not exist)">Bulgarian-Serbian War (1291)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1330)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330)">Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Velbazhd" title="Battle of Velbazhd">Battle of Velbazhd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_conflicts" title="List of Serbian–Ottoman conflicts">Serbian–Ottoman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Early skirmishes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli_(1312)" title="Battle of Gallipoli (1312)">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stephaniana" title="Battle of Stephaniana">Battle of Stephaniana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Demotika" title="Battle of Demotika">Battle of Demotika</a> in 1352</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C4%B1rp_S%C4%B1nd%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sırp Sındığı">Battle of Sırp Sındığı</a> in 1364</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Serbian_Empire" title="Fall of the Serbian Empire">Fall of the Serbian Empire</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maritsa" title="Battle of Maritsa">Battle of Maritsa</a> in 1371</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dubravnica" title="Battle of Dubravnica">Battle of Dubravnica</a> in 1381</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savra" title="Battle of Savra">Battle of Savra</a> in 1385</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plo%C4%8Dnik" title="Battle of Pločnik">Battle of Pločnik</a> in 1386</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> in 1389</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karanovasa" title="Battle of Karanovasa">Battle of Karanovasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripolje" title="Battle of Tripolje">Battle of Tripolje</a> in 1402</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novo_Brdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Novo Brdo">Siege of Novo Brdo</a> in 1412</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vitosha_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vitosha Pass (page does not exist)">Battle of Vitosha Pass</a> in 1413</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Carmorlu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Carmorlu (page does not exist)">Battle of Carmorlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Scutari_War" title="First Scutari War">First Scutari War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Scutari_War" title="Second Scutari War">Second Scutari War</a></li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1425</li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1427</li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1437</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trnava_(1430)" title="Battle of Trnava (1430)">Battle of Trnava (1430)</a></li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1438</li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1439–1444)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">Crusade of Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nish_(1443)" title="Battle of Nish (1443)">Battle of Nish (1443)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zlatitsa" title="Battle of Zlatitsa">Battle of Zlatitsa</a> in 1443</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunovica" title="Battle of Kunovica">Battle of Kunovica</a> in 1444</li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1454–1455)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kru%C5%A1evac" title="Battle of Kruševac">Battle of Kruševac</a> in 1454</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leskovac" title="Battle of Leskovac">Battle of Leskovac</a> in 1454</li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1456</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1456)">Siege of Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Smederevo_(1456)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Smederevo (1456) (page does not exist)">Siege of Smederevo</a></li> <li>Ottoman invasion and conquest of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> in 1459</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breadfield" title="Battle of Breadfield">Battle of Breadfield</a> in 1479</li></ul></li> <li>Ottoman conquest of <a href="/wiki/Zeta_under_the_Crnojevi%C4%87i" title="Zeta under the Crnojevići">Zeta</a> in 1499</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">Serbian–Byzantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serb_Uprising_of_1038%E2%80%931042&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serb Uprising of 1038–1042 (page does not exist)">Serb Uprising of 1038–1042</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bar" title="Battle of Bar">Battle of Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slav_Uprising_in_Pomoravlje" class="mw-redirect" title="Slav Uprising in Pomoravlje">Slav Uprising in Pomoravlje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zve%C4%8Dan" title="Battle of Zvečan">Battle of Zvečan</a> (1094)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haram" title="Battle of Haram">Battle of Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Ras_(1127)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Ras (1127) (page does not exist)">Siege of Ras (1127)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(1150)" title="Battle of Tara (1150)">Battle of Tara (1150)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Hungarian_War_(1149%E2%80%931155)" title="Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155)">Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brani%C4%8Devo" title="Siege of Braničevo">Siege of Braničevo</a> (1154)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pantina" title="Battle of Pantina">Battle of Pantina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Hungarian_War_(1127%E2%80%931129)" title="Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)">Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1321%E2%80%931328" title="Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328">Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328</a></li> <li>Serbian invasion of Macedonia led by <a href="/wiki/Syrgiannes_Palaiologos" title="Syrgiannes Palaiologos">Syrgiannes Palaiologos</a> (1334)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%931347" title="Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347">Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">Hungarian invasions of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar%E2%80%93Serb_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyar–Serb conflict">Magyar–Serb conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Hungarian_War_(1127%E2%80%931129)" title="Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)">Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirmium" title="Battle of Sirmium">Battle of Sirmium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gacko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gacko (page does not exist)">Battle of Gacko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C4%8Dva_War" title="Mačva War">Mačva War</a></li> <li>Hungarian–Serbian War (1321-1324)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Hum_(1326%E2%80%931329)" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Hum (1326–1329)">War of Hum (1326–1329)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_civil_war_of_1331" title="Serbian civil war of 1331">Serbian civil war of 1331</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nobility_conflict_(1369)" title="Serbian nobility conflict (1369)">Serbian nobility conflict (1369)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovine" title="Battle of Rovine">Battle of Rovine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Nicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">Battle of Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosmidion" title="Battle of Kosmidion">Battle of Kosmidion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%87amurlu" title="Battle of Çamurlu">Battle of Çamurlu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Despotovac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Despotovac (page does not exist)">Battle of Despotovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1440)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1440)">Siege of Belgrade (1440)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_(1448)" title="Battle of Kosovo (1448)">Battle of Kosovo (1448)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Foreign rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburgs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Nenad" title="Jovan Nenad">Jovan Nenad</a>'s uprising</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_campaign_of_1527%E2%80%931528" title="Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528">Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorjani" title="Battle of Gorjani">Battle of Gorjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sz%C5%91l%C5%91s" title="Battle of Szőlős">Battle of Szőlős</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sz%C5%91dfalva" title="Battle of Sződfalva">Battle of Sződfalva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Keresztes" title="Battle of Keresztes">Battle of Keresztes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1688)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1688)">Siege of Belgrade (1688)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bato%C4%8Dina" title="Battle of Batočina">Battle of Batočina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ni%C5%A1_(1689)" title="Battle of Niš (1689)">Battle of Niš (1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1690)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1690)">Siege of Belgrade (1690)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lugos" title="Battle of Lugos">Battle of Lugos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Gotthard_(1705)" title="Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705)">Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1716%E2%80%931718)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)">Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1717)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1717)">Siege of Belgrade (1717)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)">Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zsib%C3%B3" title="Battle of Zsibó">Battle of Zsibó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Trenčín">Battle of Trenčín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petrovaradin" title="Battle of Petrovaradin">Battle of Petrovaradin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Banja_Luka" title="Battle of Banja Luka">Battle of Banja Luka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1788%E2%80%931791)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)">Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_War_(Ottoman_wars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Long War (Ottoman wars)">Long War (Ottoman wars)</a> (1593–1606)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Banat Uprising">Banat Uprising</a> (1594)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serb_Uprising_of_1596%E2%80%931597&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serb Uprising of 1596–1597 (page does not exist)">Serb Uprising of 1596–1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs_(1687)" title="Battle of Mohács (1687)">Battle of Mohács (1687)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Vu%C4%8Ditrn" title="Uprising in Vučitrn">Uprising in Vučitrn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_uprising_of_1737%E2%80%931739" title="Serb uprising of 1737–1739">Serb uprising of 1737–1739</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C4%8Dina_Krajina_Serb_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion">Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martini%C4%87i_(1796)" title="Battle of Martinići (1796)">Battle of Martinići (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krusi" title="Battle of Krusi">Battle of Krusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lopate" title="Battle of Lopate">Battle of Lopate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morean_War" title="Morean War">Morean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">Cretan War (1645–1669)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_on_Vrtijeljka" title="Battle on Vrtijeljka">Battle on Vrtijeljka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slankamen" title="Battle of Slankamen">Battle of Slankamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zenta" title="Battle of Zenta">Battle of Senta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Hussar_Regiment" title="Serbian Hussar Regiment">Serbian Hussar Regiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruth River Campaign">Pruth River Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian Revolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising" title="First Serbian Uprising">First Serbian Uprising</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vra%C4%8Dar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vračar (page does not exist)">Vračar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Rudnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Rudnik (page does not exist)">Rudnik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Svileuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Svileuva (page does not exist)">Svileuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bato%C4%8Dina_and_Jagodina" title="Battles of Batočina and Jagodina">Batočina and Jagodina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kragujevac_(1804)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kragujevac (1804) (page does not exist)">Kragujevac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drlupa" title="Battle of Drlupa">Drlupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%8Coke%C5%A1ina" title="Battle of Čokešina">Čokešina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_%C5%A0abac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Šabac (page does not exist)">Šabac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Po%C5%BEarevac" title="Battle of Požarevac">Požarevac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Karanovac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Karanovac (page does not exist)">Karanovac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Adakale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Adakale (page does not exist)">Adakale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ivankovac" title="Battle of Ivankovac">Ivankovac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Rudnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Rudnik (page does not exist)">Rudnik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vrbica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vrbica (page does not exist)">Vrbica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mi%C5%A1ar" title="Battle of Mišar">Mišar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deligrad" title="Battle of Deligrad">Deligrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1806)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1806)">Belgrade (1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Belgrade_(1807)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Belgrade (1807) (page does not exist)">Liberation of Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Loznica_(1807)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Loznica (1807) (page does not exist)">Loznica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Malajnica_and_%C5%A0tubik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battles of Malajnica and Štubik (page does not exist)">Malajnica and Štubik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%8Cegar" title="Battle of Čegar">Čegar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jasika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Jasika (page does not exist)">Jasika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Prahovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Prahovo (page does not exist)">Prahovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suvodol" title="Battle of Suvodol">Suvodol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_on_the_Drina_(1810)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle on the Drina (1810) (page does not exist)">Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varvarin" title="Battle of Varvarin">Varvarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loznica" title="Battle of Loznica">Loznica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ma%C4%8Dva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mačva (page does not exist)">Mačva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ravnje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ravnje (page does not exist)">Ravnje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Had%C5%BEi_Prodan%27s_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadži Prodan's Revolt">Hadži Prodan's Revolt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Serbian_Uprising" title="Second Serbian Uprising">Second Serbian Uprising</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ljubi%C4%87" title="Battle of Ljubić">Ljubić</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C4%8Ca%C4%8Dak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Čačak (page does not exist)">Čačak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pale%C5%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Palež (page does not exist)">Palež</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Po%C5%BEarevac" title="Battle of Požarevac">Požarevac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Rudnik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Družetić</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Kragujevac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Jagodina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Karanovac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Batočina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Užice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Valjevo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Batočina</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;">Ottoman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1852%E2%80%931853)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853)">Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grahovac" title="Battle of Grahovac">Battle of Grahovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kola%C5%A1in" title="Battle of Kolašin">Battle of Kolašin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1861%E2%80%931862)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862)">Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)">Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vu%C4%8Dji_Do" title="Battle of Vučji Do">Battle of Vučji Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fundina" title="Battle of Fundina">Battle of Fundina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_for_Plav_and_Gusinje" title="Battles for Plav and Gusinje">Battles for Plav and Gusinje</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velika_attacks_(1879)" title="Velika attacks (1879)">Velika attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nov%C5%A1i%C4%87e" title="Battle of Novšiće">Battle of Novšiće</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Murino" title="Battle of Murino">Battle of Murino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_uprising" title="Kumanovo uprising">Kumanovo uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_1807%E2%80%931814" title="Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814">Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan%C4%8Di%C4%87%27s_rebellion" title="Jančić's rebellion">Jančić's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest_Jovica%27s_Rebellion" title="Priest Jovica's Rebellion">Priest Jovica's Rebellion</a></li> <li>Several battles of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vr%C5%A1ac_(1849)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vršac (1849) (page does not exist)">Battle of Vršac (1849)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Serbian-Turkish_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878)">Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878)</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vranje" title="Battle of Vranje">Battle of Vranje</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cattaro" title="Siege of Cattaro">Siege of Cattaro</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(1852%E2%80%931862)" title="Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862)">Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krivo%C5%A1ije_uprising_(1869)" title="Krivošije uprising (1869)">Krivošije uprising (1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">AU-BiH War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jajce_(1878)" title="Battle of Jajce (1878)">Battle of Jajce (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vitez_(1878)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vitez (1878) (page does not exist)">Battle of Vitez (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarajevo_(1878)" title="Battle of Sarajevo (1878)">Battle of Sarajevo (1878)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War" title="Serbo-Bulgarian War">Serbo-Bulgarian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pirot" title="Battle of Pirot">Battle of Pirot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slivnitsa" title="Battle of Slivnitsa">Battle of Slivnitsa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fight_on_%C5%A0uplji_Kamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight on Šuplji Kamen">Fight on Šuplji Kamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_on_%C4%8Celopek" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight on Čelopek">Fight on Čelopek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_in_Tabanovce" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight in Tabanovce">Fight in Tabanovce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_in_Velika_Ho%C4%8Da" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight in Velika Hoča">Fight in Velika Hoča</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fight_on_%C4%8Celopek_(1906)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fight on Čelopek (1906) (page does not exist)">Fight on Čelopek (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pirot_(1913)" title="Battle of Pirot (1913)">Battle of Pirot (1913)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Battle of Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Battle of Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Battle of Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912-1913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Scutari (1912-1913)">Siege of Scutari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(1913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Adrianople (1913)">Siege of Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odrin_(1912%E2%80%931913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Odrin (1912–1913)">Siege of Odrin (1912–1913)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bregalnica" title="Battle of Bregalnica">Battle of Bregalnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalimanci" title="Battle of Kalimanci">Battle of Kalimanci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knja%C5%BEevac" title="Battle of Knjaževac">Battle of Knjaževac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vidin_(1913)" title="Siege of Vidin (1913)">Siege of Vidin (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid%E2%80%93Debar_uprising" title="Ohrid–Debar uprising">Ohrid–Debar uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_campaign" title="Montenegrin campaign">Montenegrin campaign</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mojkovac" title="Battle of Mojkovac">Battle of Mojkovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lov%C4%87en" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lovćen">Battle of Lovćen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbian campaign</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crna_Bend_(1916)" title="Battle of the Crna Bend (1916)">Battle of the Crna Bend (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bazargic" title="Battle of Bazargic">Battle of Bazargic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dobro_Pole" title="Battle of Dobro Pole">Battle of Dobro Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Drina" title="Battle of the Drina">Battle of the Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Florina" title="Battle of Florina">Battle of Florina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaymakchalan" title="Battle of Kaymakchalan">Battle of Kaymakchalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive (1915)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Serbia,_Albania_and_Montenegro_(1918)" title="Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)">Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malka_Nidzhe" title="Battle of Malka Nidzhe">Battle of Malka Nidzhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morava_Offensive" title="Morava Offensive">Morava Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ov%C4%8De_Pole_Offensive" title="Ovče Pole Offensive">Ovče Pole Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srem_Offensive" title="Srem Offensive">Srem Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toplica_Uprising" title="Toplica Uprising">Toplica Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Slovene_conflict_in_Carinthia" title="Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia">Carinthia War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_National_Defence_of_Kosovo#Activity_in_Yugoslavia" title="Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo">Uprising in Drenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Uprising" title="Christmas Uprising">Christmas Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian-Yugoslav_Border_War_(1921)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921)">Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azem_Galica#Resistance_against_Yugoslavia" title="Azem Galica">Drenica-Junik Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Serbia_(1941)" title="Uprising in Serbia (1941)">Uprising in Serbia (1941)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Montenegro_(1941)" title="Uprising in Montenegro (1941)">Uprising in Montenegro (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1941_uprising_in_eastern_Herzegovina" title="June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina">June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_Pazar" title="Battle of Novi Pazar">Battle of Novi Pazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pljevlja" title="Battle of Pljevlja">Battle of Pljevlja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kozara" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kozara">Battle of Kozara</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loznica_(1941)" title="Battle of Loznica (1941)">Battle of Loznica (1941)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Livno" title="Battle of Livno">Battle of Livno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neretva" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Neretva">Battle of Neretva</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sutjeska" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Sutjeska">Battle of the Sutjeska</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Drvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Drvar">Raid on Drvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knin" title="Battle of Knin">Battle of Knin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mostar" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mostar">Battle of Mostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lijev%C4%8De_Field" title="Battle of Lijevče Field">Battle of Lijevče Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Montenegro_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="1942 Montenegro offensive">1942 Montenegro offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihać Operation">Bihać Operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Batina" title="Battle of Batina">Battle of Batina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgrade Offensive">Belgrade Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Banja_Kovilja%C4%8Da" title="Capture of Banja Koviljača">Capture of Banja Koviljača</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Black" title="Case Black">Case Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_White" title="Case White">Case White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Draufg%C3%A4nger" title="Operation Draufgänger">Operation Draufgänger</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kozara_Offensive" title="Kozara Offensive">Kozara Offensive</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1942)" title="Battle of Kupres (1942)">Battle of Kupres (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vi%C5%A1egrad" title="Battle of Višegrad">Battle of Višegrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostar_operation" title="Mostar operation">Mostar operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagykanizsa%E2%80%93K%C3%B6rmend_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive">Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_operation" title="Niš operation">Niš operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Od%C5%BEak" title="Battle of Odžak">Battle of Odžak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Olovo_(1941)" title="Capture of Olovo (1941)">Capture of Olovo (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Alfa" title="Operation Alfa">Operation Alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Delphin" title="Operation Delphin">Operation Delphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kopaonik" title="Operation Kopaonik">Operation Kopaonik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kugelblitz" title="Operation Kugelblitz">Operation Kugelblitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mihailovic" title="Operation Mihailovic">Operation Mihailovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Southeast_Croatia" title="Operation Southeast Croatia">Operation Southeast Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Trio" title="Operation Trio">Operation Trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uzice" title="Operation Uzice">Operation Uzice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poljana" title="Battle of Poljana">Battle of Poljana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prijedor" title="Operation Prijedor">Operation Prijedor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rogatica_(1941)" title="Siege of Rogatica (1941)">Siege of Rogatica (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_R%C3%B6sselsprung_(1944)" title="Operation Rösselsprung (1944)">Operation Rösselsprung (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Operation_(1944)" title="Kosovo Operation (1944)">Kosovo Operation (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening" title="Operation Spring Awakening">Operation Spring Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srb_uprising" title="Srb uprising">Srb uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratsin-Kumanovo_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratsin-Kumanovo operation">Stratsin-Kumanovo operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zvornik" title="Battle of Zvornik">Battle of Zvornik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sarajevo (1945)">Battle of Sarajevo (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zelengora" title="Battle of Zelengora">Battle of Zelengora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;">Croatian War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakrac_clash" title="Pakrac clash">Pakrac clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plitvice_Lakes_incident" title="Plitvice Lakes incident">Plitvice Lakes incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borovo_Selo" title="Battle of Borovo Selo">Battle of Borovo Selo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stinger" title="Operation Stinger">Operation Stinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Yugoslav_campaign_in_Croatia" title="1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia">1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osijek" title="Battle of Osijek">Battle of Osijek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">Battle of Vukovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gospi%C4%87" title="Battle of Gospić">Battle of Gospić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%A0ibenik" title="Battle of Šibenik">Battle of Šibenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zadar" title="Battle of Zadar">Battle of Zadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kusonje" title="Battle of Kusonje">Battle of Kusonje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barracks" title="Battle of the Barracks">Battle of the Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vara%C5%BEdin_Barracks" title="Siege of Varaždin Barracks">Siege of Varaždin Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bjelovar_Barracks" title="Siege of Bjelovar Barracks">Siege of Bjelovar Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dalmatian_Channels" title="Battle of the Dalmatian Channels">Battle of the Dalmatian Channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik" title="Siege of Dubrovnik">Siege of Dubrovnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Otkos_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Otkos 10">Operation Otkos 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Orkan_91" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Orkan 91">Operation Orkan 91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Whirlwind" title="Operation Whirlwind">Operation Whirlwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Baranja" title="Operation Baranja">Operation Baranja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackal" title="Operation Jackal">Operation Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Miljevci_Plateau" title="Battle of the Miljevci Plateau">Battle of the Miljevci Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1992)" title="Operation Tiger (1992)">Operation Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Maslenica" title="Operation Maslenica">Operation Maslenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Medak_Pocket" title="Operation Medak Pocket">Operation Medak Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794" title="Operation Winter '94">Operation Winter '94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flash" title="Operation Flash">Operation Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795" title="Operation Summer '95">Operation Summer '95</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Operation Storm</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;">Bosnian War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosanski_Brod" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bosanski Brod">Battle of Bosanski Brod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1992)" title="Battle of Kupres (1992)">Battle of Kupres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">Siege of Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Srebrenica" title="Siege of Srebrenica">Siege of Srebrenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gora%C5%BEde" title="Siege of Goražde">Siege of Goražde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Doboj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Doboj">Siege of Doboj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackal" title="Operation Jackal">Operation Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_(1992%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Bihać (1992–95)">Siege of Bihać (1992–95)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vrbas_%2792" title="Operation Vrbas '92">Operation Vrbas '92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Corridor_92" title="Operation Corridor 92">Operation Corridor 92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bura" title="Operation Bura">Operation Bura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kravica_attack_(1993)" title="Kravica attack (1993)">Kravica attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mostar" title="Siege of Mostar">Siege of Mostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Irma" title="Operation Irma">Operation Irma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_B%C3%B8llebank" title="Operation Bøllebank">Operation Bøllebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1994)" title="Operation Tiger (1994)">Operation Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1994)" title="Battle of Kupres (1994)">Battle of Kupres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Amanda" title="Operation Amanda">Operation Amanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spider" title="Operation Spider">Operation Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794" title="Operation Winter '94">Operation Winter '94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Vla%C5%A1i%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Vlašić">Battle of Vlašić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 1">Operation Leap 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ora%C5%A1je" title="Battle of Orašje">Battle of Orašje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 2">Operation Leap 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795" title="Operation Summer '95">Operation Summer '95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vrbanja_Bridge" title="Battle of Vrbanja Bridge">Battle of Vrbanja Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vozu%C4%87a" title="Battle of Vozuća">Battle of Vozuća</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Miracle_(1995)" title="Operation Miracle (1995)">Operation Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mistral_2" title="Operation Mistral 2">Operation Mistral 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sana" title="Operation Sana">Operation Sana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Una" title="Operation Una">Operation Una</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Move" title="Operation Southern Move">Operation Southern Move</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina">NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_Pale_air_strikes" title="1995 Pale air strikes">1995 Pale air strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight" title="Operation Deny Flight">Operation Deny Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force" title="Operation Deliberate Force">Operation Deliberate Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Maritime_Monitor" title="Operation Maritime Monitor">Operation Maritime Monitor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;">Kosovo War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Kosovo_(1995%E2%80%931998)" title="Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–1998)">Insurgency in Kosovo</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_incident_(December_1998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998)">Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_incident_(April_1999)" title="Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999)">Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_23,_1998,_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_ambush" title="April 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush">April 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Orahovac" title="Attack on Orahovac">Attack on Orahovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Prekaz" title="Attack on Prekaz">Attack on Prekaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lo%C4%91a" title="Battle of Lođa">Battle of Lođa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oraovica" title="Battle of Oraovica">Battle of Oraovica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bela%C4%87evac_Mine" title="Battle of Belaćevac Mine">Battle of Belaćevac Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Podujevo" title="Battle of Podujevo">Battle of Podujevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_14,_1998,_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_ambush" title="December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush">December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glo%C4%91ane" title="Battle of Glođane">Battle of Glođane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18,_1998,_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_clashes" title="July 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes">July 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Junik" title="Battle of Junik">Battle of Junik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ko%C5%A1are" title="Battle of Košare">Battle of Košare</a></li> <li><b> <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">Insurgency in the Preševo Valley</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prizren_incident_(1999)" title="Prizren incident (1999)">Prizren incident (1999)</a></li> <li><b> <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dubrava_Prison_bombings_and_executions" title="Dubrava Prison bombings and executions">Dubrava Prison bombings and executions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_F-117A_shootdown" title="1999 F-117A shootdown">1999 F-117A shootdown</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peacekeeping16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212220#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata929" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212220#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata929" 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85091945">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12424791k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12424791k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5081254">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007531414005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nigbolu-savasi">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nicopolis&oldid=1275499677">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nicopolis&oldid=1275499677</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Category:Battle of 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