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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Ottoman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rilindja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rilindja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Rilindja </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rilindja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 First Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Communism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Fourth Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Contemporary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Environment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Conservation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Conservation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protected_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protected_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Protected areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protected_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Environmental issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Primary sector </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Secondary sector </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Tertiary sector </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Demography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urbanisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Urbanisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Minorities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Art and architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.7 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Albania</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 306 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-306" aria-hidden="true" > 306 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Арнаутие – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Арнаутие" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Албание – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Албание" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albani%C3%AB" title="Albanië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Albanië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanien" title="Albanien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Albanien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB" title="አልባኒያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አልባኒያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्बानिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अल्बानिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%AD%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Арнауҭтәыла – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Арнауҭтәыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ألبانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألبانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%92%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܠܒܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܠܒܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ալպանիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ալպանիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbinishii" title="Arbinishii – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Arbinishii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আলবেনিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আলবেনিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्बानिया – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="अल्बानिया" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arav%C3%A1%C3%B1a" title="Araváña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Araváña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Албан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Албан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwa%C3%B1a" title="Alwaña – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Alwaña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniya" title="Albaniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Albaniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="آلبانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلبانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibani" title="Alibani – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Alibani" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আলবেনিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলবেনিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Албания – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Албания" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Албанія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Албанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Альбанія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Альбанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्बानिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अल्बानिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanya" title="Albanya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Albanya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Албания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Албания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oibanien" title="Oibanien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Oibanien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨལ་པ་ཉི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨལ་པ་ཉི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanija" title="Albanija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Albanija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Албани – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Албани" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A0nia" title="Albània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Albània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Албани – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Албани" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanya" title="Albanya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Albanya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A1nie" title="Albánie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Albánie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arubhaniya" title="Arubhaniya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Arubhaniya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanien" title="Albanien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Albanien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ألبانيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ألبانيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A1nia" title="Albánia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Albánia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaani" title="Albaani – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Albaani" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanien" title="Albanien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Albanien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%84%DE%AD%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="އަލްބޭނިއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަލްބޭނިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzi%C5%82gaii%CA%BCnii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Dziłgaiiʼnii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dziłgaiiʼnii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba%C5%84ska" title="Albańska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Albańska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्बानिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अल्बानिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D_Albania" title="ཨཱལ་བེ་ནི་ཡ། Albania – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཨཱལ་བེ་ནི་ཡ། Albania" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaania" title="Albaania – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Albaania" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αλβανία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλβανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban%C3%AE" title="Albanî – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Albanî" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Албания Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Албания Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanio" title="Albanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Albanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba%C3%B1a" title="Albaña – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Albaña" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="آلبانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلبانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanie" title="Albanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Albanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaanje" title="Albaanje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Albaanje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniya" title="Albaniya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Albaniya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanie" title="Albanie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Albanie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Alb%C3%A1in" title="An Albáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Albáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Albaan" title="Yn Albaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Albaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniya" title="Albaniya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Albaniya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A0inia" title="Albàinia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Albàinia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C5%A9mb%C4%A9nia" title="Arũmbĩnia – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Arũmbĩnia" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="آلباني – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آلباني" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="આલ્બેનિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આલ્બેનિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्बानिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="अल्बानिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Арнгудин Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Арнгудин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84" title="알바니아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알바니아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniya" title="Albaniya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Albaniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAlepania" title="ʻAlepania – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻAlepania" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ալբանիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալբանիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्बानिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अल्बानिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanska" title="Albanska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Albanska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanija" title="Albanija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Albanija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আলবেনিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="আলবেনিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%90%85%E1%90%B8%E1%90%83%E1%93%82%E1%90%8A" title="ᐊᐅᐸᐃᓂᐊ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᐅᐸᐃᓂᐊ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Албани – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Албани" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Albaniya" title="I-Albaniya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Albaniya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban%C3%ADa" title="Albanía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Albanía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="אלבניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלבניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albani" title="Albani – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Albani" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಅಲ್ಬೇನಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲ್ಬೇನಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Албания – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Албания" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ალბანეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალბანეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%8E" title="البانیہَ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="البانیہَ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba%C5%84sk%C3%B4" title="Albańskô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Albańskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Албания – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Албания" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albani" title="Albani – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Albani" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alubaniya" title="Alubaniya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Alubaniya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniya" title="Albaniya – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Albaniya" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Албания – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Албания" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiperia" title="Skiperia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Skiperia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albani" title="Albani – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Albani" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albani" title="Albani – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Albani" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanya" title="Albanya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Albanya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Албания – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Албания" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Албани – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Албани" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B5" title="ປະເທດອານບານີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອານບານີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaneja" title="Albaneja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Albaneja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C4%81nija" title="Albānija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Albānija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanien" title="Albanien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Albanien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Албания – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Албания" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanija" title="Albanija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Albanija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albani%C3%AB" title="Albanië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Albanië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xciperia" title="Xciperia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Xciperia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuanii" title="Albuanii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Albuanii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/gugde%CA%BCalu" title="gugdeʼalu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="gugdeʼalu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A1nia" title="Albánia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Albánia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्बानिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अल्बानिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Албанија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Албанија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="അൽബേനിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അൽബേനിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanija" title="Albanija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Albanija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapeinia" title="Arapeinia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Arapeinia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आल्बेनिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आल्बेनिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ალბანეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალბანეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="البانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="آلبانی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلبانی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯑꯜꯕꯥꯅꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯜꯕꯥꯅꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A1nia" title="Albánia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Albánia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Албания – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Албания" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Албани – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Албани" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အယ်လ်ဘေးနီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အယ်လ်ဘေးနီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albani%C3%AB" title="Albanië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Albanië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albani%C3%AB" title="Albanië – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Albanië" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्बानिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अल्बानिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्बानिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अल्बानिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="アルバニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルバニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8A%DF%9F%DF%8C%DF%93%DF%8A%DF%A3%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߊߟߌߓߊߣߌ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊߟߌߓߊߣߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Албани – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Албани" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaanien/%C3%B6%C3%B6" title="Albaanien/öö – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Albaanien/öö" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albannie" title="Albannie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Albannie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Албаний – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Албаний" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଆଲବାନିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଲବାନିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albeeniyaa" title="Albeeniyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Albeeniyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniya" title="Albaniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Albaniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਅਲਬਾਨੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲਬਾਨੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्बानिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="अल्बानिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shqip" title="Shqip – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Shqip" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpaniya" title="Arpaniya – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Arpaniya" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="البانیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="البانیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="အယ်ဗေးနီးယားခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အယ်ဗေးနီးယားခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="البانیا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="البانیا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albienia" title="Albienia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Albienia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Штиприя – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Штиприя" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8" title="អាល់បានី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាល់បានី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanie" title="Albanie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Albanie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban%C3%ACa" title="Albanìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Albanìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albenia" title="Albenia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Albenia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanien" title="Albanien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Albanien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αλβανία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Αλβανία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A2nia" title="Albânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Albânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniya" title="Albaniya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Albaniya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnavutl%C4%B1q" title="Arnavutlıq – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Arnavutlıq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapania" title="Arapania – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Arapania" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanien" title="Albanien – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Albanien" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkiperiya" title="Shkiperiya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Shkiperiya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpanya" title="Alpanya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alpanya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Албанія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Албанія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Албания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Албания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Албания – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Албания" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alapenia" title="Alapenia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Alapenia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्बेनिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अल्बेनिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban%C3%AFi" title="Albanïi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Albanïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱟᱞᱵᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱞᱵᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="البانیہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="البانیہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albainie" title="Albainie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Albainie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanien" title="Albanien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Albanien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shqip%C3%ABria" title="Shqipëria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shqipëria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban%C3%ACa" title="Albanìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Albanìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ඇල්බේනියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇල්බේනියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="البانيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="البانيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Alibheniya" title="I-Alibheniya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="I-Alibheniya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A1nsko" title="Albánsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Albánsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanija" title="Albanija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Albanija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Алванїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Алванїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanij%C5%8F" title="Albanijŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Albanijŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئەلبانیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلبانیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanikondre" title="Albanikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Albanikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Албанија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Албанија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanija" title="Albanija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Albanija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanien" title="Albanien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Albanien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanya" title="Albanya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Albanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="அல்பேனியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அல்பேனியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanya" title="Albanya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Albanya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanya" title="Albanya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Albanya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanie" title="Albanie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Albanie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Албания – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Албания" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းဢႃႇပႃးၼီးယႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢႃႇပႃးၼီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="అల్బేనియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అల్బేనియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A1nia" title="Albánia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Albánia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศแอลเบเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศแอลเบเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A3%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB" title="ኣልባኒያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኣልባኒያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Албания – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Албания" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAlipania" title="ʻAlipania – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻAlipania" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%87%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%AF" title="ᎠᎵᏇᏂᏯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎵᏇᏂᏯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಅಲ್ಬೇನಿಯ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಅಲ್ಬೇನಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnavutluk" title="Arnavutluk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arnavutluk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albani%C3%BDa" title="Albaniýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Albaniýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1li%CC%B1beniya" title="A̱li̱beniya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱li̱beniya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Албания – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Албания" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Албания – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Албания" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%85%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%95" title="ᨕᨒᨅᨕᨊᨗᨕ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨒᨅᨕᨊᨗᨕ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Албанія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Албанія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="البانیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="البانیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئالبانىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالبانىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban%C3%ACa" title="Albanìa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Albanìa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanii" title="Albanii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Albanii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalban%C3%A4n" title="Lalbanän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lalbanän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaania" title="Albaania – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Albaania" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaneye" title="Albaneye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Albaneye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="阿爾巴尼亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="阿爾巴尼亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albani%C3%AB" title="Albanië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Albanië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanya" title="Albanya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Albanya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaani" title="Albaani – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Albaani" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="阿爾巴尼亞 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿爾巴尼亞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אלבאניע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלבאניע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alib%C3%A9n%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Alibéníà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Alibéníà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="阿爾巴尼亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿爾巴尼亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnawudiye" title="Arnawudiye – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Arnawudiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albani%C3%AB" title="Albanië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Albanië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Albanėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Albanėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔巴尼亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔巴尼亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibania" title="Alibania – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Alibania" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albani" title="Albani – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Albani" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Albania" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniya" title="Albaniya – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Albaniya" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%AB%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%B0%E1%A5%9F%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B1%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B0%E1%A5%A2%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%B0%E1%A5%95%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B0" title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰᥟᥣᥱᥙᥣᥰᥢᥤᥰᥕᥣᥰ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰᥟᥣᥱᥙᥣᥰᥢᥤᥰᥕᥣᥰ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanij%C9%99" title="Albanijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Albanijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q222#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Albania" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Albania&params=41_N_20_E_type:country_region:AL">41°N 20°E / 41°N 20°E / 41; 20</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-confirmed-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Southeast Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country in Southeastern Europe. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Albania_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Albania (disambiguation)">Albania (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Albania</div><div class="ib-country-names">Republika e Shqipërisë (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Albania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Albania"><img alt="Red flag with a black double-headed eagle in the centre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/125px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/188px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/250px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Albania" title="Flag of Albania">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="383" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania" title="Coat of arms of Albania"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <a href="/wiki/Ti_Shqip%C3%ABri,_m%C3%AB_jep_nder,_m%C3%AB_jep_emrin_Shqip%C3%ABtar" title="Ti Shqipëri, më jep nder, më jep emrin Shqipëtar">Ti Shqipëri, më jep nder, më jep emrin Shqipëtar</a> "You Albania, you give me honour, you give me the name Albanian"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Himni_i_Flamurit" title="Himni i Flamurit">Himni i Flamurit</a>" "Hymn to the Flag" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="66" data-mwtitle="Hymni_i_Flamurit_instrumental.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Hymni_i_Flamurit_instrumental.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Hymni_i_Flamurit_instrumental.ogg/Hymni_i_Flamurit_instrumental.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymni_i_Flamurit_instrumental.ogg&lang=ro&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ro" label="română ‪(ro)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymni_i_Flamurit_instrumental.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymni_i_Flamurit_instrumental.ogg&lang=sq&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sq" label="shqip ‪(sq)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymni_i_Flamurit_instrumental.ogg&lang=sr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr" label="српски / srpski ‪(sr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymni_i_Flamurit_instrumental.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymni_i_Flamurit_instrumental.ogg&lang=xmf&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="xmf" label="მარგალური ‪(xmf)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymni_i_Flamurit_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Albania_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Location_Albania_Europe.png/250px-Location_Albania_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Location_Albania_Europe.png/500px-Location_Albania_Europe.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="1003" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of Albania (green) in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (dark grey)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Albania&params=41_19_N_19_49_E_type:city(557,000)_region:AL-11">41°19′N 19°49′E / 41.317°N 19.817°E / 41.317; 19.817</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised minority languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2023)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census202476-1">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>50.67% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Islam</a> <ul><li>45.86% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Sunni</a></li> <li>4.81% <a href="/wiki/Bektashism_in_Albania" title="Bektashism in Albania"> Bektashism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514" /><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>16.02% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Albania" title="Christianity in Albania">Christianity</a> <ul><li>8.39% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Albania" title="Catholic Church in Albania">Catholicism</a></li> <li>7.23% <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li>0.40% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Albania" title="Protestantism in Albania">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">13.83% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Albania" title="Irreligion in Albania">Non-denominational</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">3.55% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Albania" title="Irreligion in Albania">Atheism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">15.92% Undeclared</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bajram_Begaj" title="Bajram Begaj">Bajram Begaj</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edi_Rama" title="Edi Rama">Edi Rama</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Albania">Parliament Speaker</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elisa_Spiropali" title="Elisa Spiropali">Elisa Spiropali</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Kuvendi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">Establishment history</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbanon</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1190</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Albanian principalities</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12th–15th centuries</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">February 1272</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Principality of Albania (medieval)">Principality of Albania</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1368</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 March 1444</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Scutari" title="Pashalik of Scutari">Pashalik of Scutari</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Janina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashalik of Janina">Janina</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Berat" title="Pashalik of Berat">Berat</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1757/1787</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 June 1878</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Independent Albania</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 November 1912</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality of Albania</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 July 1913</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931928)" title="Albanian Republic (1925–1928)">1st Republic of Albania</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 January 1925</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–39)">Kingdom of Albania</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 September 1928</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Albania">2nd Republic of Albania</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 January 1946</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="Constitution of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania">3rd Republic of Albania</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 December 1976</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 4th Republic of Albania </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 April 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 November 1998</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">28,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">140th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.7</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Albania" title="Demographics of Albania">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,402,113<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census2024105-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">83.6<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census2024105-2">[2]</a>/km2 (216.5/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2025 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $61.261 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.AL-3">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">118th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $22,729<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.AL-3">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">83rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2025 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $27.993 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.AL-3">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">125th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $10,386<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.AL-3">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">84th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(2019)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/20px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/40px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 34.3<a href="#cite_note-eurogini-4">[4]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.789<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-5">[5]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">74th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_lek" title="Albanian lek">Lek</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ALL</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Albania" title="Telephone numbers in Albania">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Albania" title="Telephone numbers in Albania">+355</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:AL" title="ISO 3166-2:AL">AL</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.al" title=".al">.al</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Albania (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ælˈbeɪniə, ɔːl-/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b3\/En-us-Albania.ogg\/En-us-Albania.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Albania.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/En-us-Albania.ogg/En-us-Albania.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Albania.ogg" title="File:En-us-Albania.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">a(w)l-BAY-nee-ə</a>; <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: Shqipëri or Shqipëria),<a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a> officially the Republic of Albania (Albanian: Republika e Shqipërisë),<a href="#cite_note-8">[b]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>. It is located in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Seas</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, and shares <a href="/wiki/Land_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Land border">land borders</a> with <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> to the east and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> to the south. With an area of 28,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi), it has a varied range of climatic, geological, hydrological and morphological conditions. Albania's landscapes range from rugged snow-capped mountains in the <a href="/wiki/Accursed_Mountains" title="Accursed Mountains">Albanian Alps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Korab" title="Korab">Korab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Mountain_Range,_Albania#Skanderbeg_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Mountain Range, Albania">Skanderbeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceraunian_Mountains" title="Ceraunian Mountains">Ceraunian Mountains</a>, to fertile lowland plains extending from the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast">Adriatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Ionian Sea Coast">Ionian</a> seacoasts. <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> is the capital and largest city in the country, followed by <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a>. In ancient times, the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a> inhabited northern and central regions of Albania, whilst <a href="/wiki/Epirotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirotes">Epirotes</a> inhabited the south. Several important ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonies</a> were also established on the coast. The <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_kingdom" title="Illyrian kingdom">Illyrian kingdom</a> centred in what is now Albania was the dominant power before the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Macedon">rise of Macedon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> In the 2nd century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> annexed the region, and after the division of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> it became part of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a>. The first known <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> autonomous principality, <a href="/wiki/Arbanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbanon">Arbanon</a>, was established in the 12th century. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Principality of Albania (medieval)">Principality of Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albania_Veneta" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania Veneta">Albania Veneta</a> were formed between the 13th and 15th centuries in different parts of the country, alongside other Albanian principalities and political entities. In the late 15th century, Albania <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Albania" title="Ottoman Albania">became part</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In 1912, the modern Albanian state <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_independence_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of independence of Albania">declared independence</a>. In 1939, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> invaded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(1928%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Albania (1928–39)">Kingdom of Albania</a>, which became <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1939%E2%80%9343)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1939–43)">Greater Albania</a>, and then a <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1943%E2%80%9344)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1943–44)">protectorate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zolo2002-10">[8]</a> After the war, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Socialist Republic of Albania</a> was formed, which lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1991</a> concluded with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">fall of communism in Albania</a> and eventually the establishment of the current Republic of Albania. Since its independence in 1912, Albania has undergone a diverse political evolution, transitioning from a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist regime</a> before becoming a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional republic">constitutional republic</a>. Governed by a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">constitution</a> prioritising the separation of powers, the country's political structure includes a <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">parliament</a>, a ceremonial <a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">president</a>, a functional <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">prime minister</a> and a hierarchy of courts. Albania is a <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a> with an <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(nominal,_Atlas_method)_per_capita#Upper-middle-income_group" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by GNI (nominal, Atlas method) per capita">upper-middle income</a> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">economy</a> driven by the service sector, with manufacturing and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Albania" title="Tourism in Albania">tourism</a> also playing significant roles.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> After the dissolution of its communist system the country shifted from <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">centralised planning</a> to an <a href="/wiki/Open_market" title="Open market">open</a> <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> Albanian citizens have <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> access and free primary and secondary education. The country is an official candidate for membership in the European Union. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Albanians_and_Albania" title="Names of the Albanians and Albania">Names of the Albanians and Albania</a></div> The historical origins of the term "Albania" can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">medieval Latin</a>, with its foundations believed to be associated with the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian tribe">Illyrian tribe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Albani_(Illyrian_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albani (Illyrian tribe)">Albani</a>. This connection gains further support from the work of the Ancient Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> during the 2nd century AD, where he included the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Albanopolis" title="Albanopolis">Albanopolis</a> situated to the northeast of <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> The presence of a medieval settlement named <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Albanon</a> or Arbanon hints at the possibility of historical continuity. The precise relationship among these historical references and the question of whether Albanopolis was synonymous with Albanon remain subjects of scholarly debate.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> The Byzantine historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Attaliates" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Attaliates">Michael Attaliates</a>, in his 11th-century historical account, provides the earliest undisputed reference to the Albanians, when he mentions them having taken part in a revolt against <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 1079.<a href="#cite_note-MadgearuGordon25b-16">[14]</a> He also identifies the Arbanitai as subjects of the Duke of <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Dyrrachium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> In the Middle Ages, Albania was denoted as Arbëri or Arbëni by its inhabitants, who identified themselves as Arbëreshë or Arbëneshë.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> Albanians employ the terms Shqipëri or Shqipëria for their nation, designations that trace their historical origins to the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-Matasović-19">[17]</a> But only in the late 17th and early 18th centuries did these terms gradually supersede Arbëria and Arbëreshë among Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-Matasović-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lloshi-20">[18]</a> These two expressions are widely interpreted to symbolise "Children of the Eagles" and "Land of the Eagles".<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Albanian_history" title="Timeline of Albanian history">Timeline of Albanian history</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">History of Albania</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Albania" title="Prehistoric Albania">Prehistory of Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamenic%C3%AB_Tumulus,_Albania_2018_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kamenic%C3%AB_Tumulus%2C_Albania_2018_02.jpg/220px-Kamenic%C3%AB_Tumulus%2C_Albania_2018_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kamenic%C3%AB_Tumulus%2C_Albania_2018_02.jpg/330px-Kamenic%C3%AB_Tumulus%2C_Albania_2018_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kamenic%C3%AB_Tumulus%2C_Albania_2018_02.jpg/440px-Kamenic%C3%AB_Tumulus%2C_Albania_2018_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>The remains of the <a href="/wiki/Kamenica_Tumulus" title="Kamenica Tumulus">Kamenica Tumulus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Korçë">county of Korçë</a></figcaption></figure> Mesolithic habitation in Albania has been evidenced in several open air sites which during that period were close to the Adriatic coastline and in cave sites. Mesolithic objects found in a cave near Xarrë include <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">jasper</a> objects along with fossilised animal bones, while those discoveries at Mount Dajt comprise bone and stone tools similar to those of the <a href="/wiki/Aurignacian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurignacian culture">Aurignacian culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prendi-23">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> era in Albania began around 7000 BC and is evidenced in finds which indicate domestication of sheep and goats and small-scale agriculture. A part of the Neolithic population may have been the same as the Mesolithic population of the southern Balkans like in the <a href="/wiki/Konispol" title="Konispol">Konispol</a> cave where the Mesolithic stratum co-exists with Pre-Pottery Neolithic finds. <a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium pottery</a> culture appears in coastal Albania and across the Adriatic after 6500 BC, while the settlements of the interior took part in the processes which formed the <a href="/wiki/Star%C4%8Devo_culture" title="Starčevo culture">Starčevo culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> The Albanian <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> mines of <a href="/wiki/Selenic%C3%AB" title="Selenicë">Selenicë</a> provide early evidence of bitumen exploitation in Europe, dating to Late Neolithic Albania (from 5000 BC), when local communities used it as pigment for ceramic decoration, <a href="/wiki/Waterproofing" title="Waterproofing">waterproofing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesive</a> for reparing broken vessels. The bitumen of Selenicë circulated towards eastern Albania from the early 5th millennium BC. First evidence of its overseas trade export comes from Neolithic and Bronze Age southern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. The high-quality bitumen of Selenicë has been exploited throughout all the historical ages since the Late Neolithic era until today.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-Europeanisation</a> of Albania in the context of the IE-isation of the western Balkans began after 2800 BC. The presence of the Early Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumuli</a> in the vicinity of later <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a> dates to 2679±174 calBC (2852-2505 calBC). These burial mounds belong to the southern expression of the Adriatic-Ljubljana culture (related to later <a href="/wiki/Cetina_culture" title="Cetina culture">Cetina culture</a>) which moved southwards along the Adriatic from the northern Balkans. The same community built similar mounds in Montenegro (Rakića Kuće) and northern Albania (Shtoj).<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">archaeogenetic</a> find related to the IE-isation of Albania involves a man with predominantly <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Yamnaya ancestry</a> buried in a tumulus of northeastern Albania which dates to 2663–2472 calBC.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> During the Middle Bronze Age, Cetina culture sites and finds appear in Albania. Cetina culture moved southwards across the Adriatic from the <a href="/wiki/Cetina" title="Cetina">Cetina valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>. In Albania, Cetina finds are concentrated around southern <a href="/wiki/Lake_Shkod%C3%ABr" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Shkodër">Lake Shkodër</a> and appear typically in tumulus cemeteries like in Shkrel and Shtoj and hillforts like Gajtan (Shkodër) as well as cave sites like Blaz, Nezir and Keputa (central Albania) and lake basin sites like Sovjan (southeastern Albania).<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania#Antiquity" title="History of Albania">Antiquity in Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_City_and_the_Prokletije_from_the_castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_City_and_the_Prokletije_from_the_castle.jpg/220px-The_City_and_the_Prokletije_from_the_castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_City_and_the_Prokletije_from_the_castle.jpg/330px-The_City_and_the_Prokletije_from_the_castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_City_and_the_Prokletije_from_the_castle.jpg/440px-The_City_and_the_Prokletije_from_the_castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="2520" /></a><figcaption>Founded in the 4th century BC, the city of <a href="/wiki/Scodra" class="mw-redirect" title="Scodra">Scodra</a> was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_kingdom" title="Illyrian kingdom">Illyrian kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a></figcaption></figure> The incorporated territory of Albania was historically inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European people">Indo-European peoples</a>, amongst them numerous <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian tribes">Illyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirote</a> tribes. There were also several <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonization">Greek colonies</a>. The territory referred to as <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a> corresponded roughly to the area east of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> extending in the south to the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Vjos%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vjosë">Vjosë</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> The first account of the Illyrian groups comes from <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Euxine_Sea" title="Periplus of the Euxine Sea">Periplus of the Euxine Sea</a>, a Greek text written in the 4th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-wilkes-31">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bryges" title="Bryges">Bryges</a> were also present in central Albania, while the south was inhabited by the Epirote <a href="/wiki/Chaonians" title="Chaonians">Chaonians</a>, whose capital was at <a href="/wiki/Phoenice" title="Phoenice">Phoenice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wilkes-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> Other colonies such as <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a> were established by Greek city-states on the coast by the 7th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-wilkes-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parku_Arkeologjik_i_Apollonis%C3%AB_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Parku_Arkeologjik_i_Apollonis%C3%AB_04.jpg/220px-Parku_Arkeologjik_i_Apollonis%C3%AB_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Parku_Arkeologjik_i_Apollonis%C3%AB_04.jpg/330px-Parku_Arkeologjik_i_Apollonis%C3%AB_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Parku_Arkeologjik_i_Apollonis%C3%AB_04.jpg/440px-Parku_Arkeologjik_i_Apollonis%C3%AB_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="2745" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a> was an important <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity#Greek_colonies" title="Colonies in antiquity">Greek colony</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyrian</a> coast along the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> and one of the western points of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Egnatia" title="Via Egnatia">Via Egnatia</a> route, that connected Rome and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></figcaption></figure> The Illyrian <a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulanti</a> were a powerful Illyrian tribe that were among the earliest recorded tribes in the area. They lived in an area that corresponds much of present-day Albania. Together with the Dardanian ruler <a href="/wiki/Cleitus_(son_of_Bardylis)" title="Cleitus (son of Bardylis)">Cleitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glaucias_of_Taulantii" title="Glaucias of Taulantii">Glaucias</a>, the ruler of the Taulantian kingdom, fought against <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pelium" title="Siege of Pelium">Battle of Pelium</a> in 335 BC. As the time passed, the ruler of Ancient Macedonia, <a href="/wiki/Cassander" title="Cassander">Cassander of Macedon</a> captured Apollonia and crossed the river <a href="/wiki/Shkumbin" title="Shkumbin">Genusus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: Shkumbin) in 314 BC. A few years later Glaucias laid siege to Apollonia and captured the Greek colony of <a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> The Illyrian <a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a> tribe, centred in Montenegro, ruled over most of the territory of northern Albania. Their <a href="/wiki/Ardiaean_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardiaean Kingdom">Ardiaean Kingdom</a> reached its greatest extent under <a href="/wiki/Agron_of_Illyria" title="Agron of Illyria">King Agron</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Pleuratus_II" title="Pleuratus II">Pleuratus II</a>. Agron extended his rule over other neighbouring tribes as well.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> Following Agron's death in 230 BC, his wife, <a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a>, inherited the Ardiaean kingdom. Teuta's forces extended their operations further southwards to the Ionian Sea.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> In 229 BC, Rome declared war<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> on the kingdom for extensively plundering Roman ships. The war ended in Illyrian defeat in 227 BC. Teuta was eventually succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Gentius" title="Gentius">Gentius</a> in 181 BC.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Gentius clashed with the Romans in 168 BC, initiating the <a href="/wiki/Third_Illyrian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Illyrian War">Third Illyrian War</a>. The conflict resulted in Roman conquest of the region by 167 BC. The Romans split the region into three administrative divisions.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albania_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Albania in the Middle Ages">Albania in the Middle Ages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kruj%C3%AB-KrujaAlbania_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kruj%C3%AB-KrujaAlbania_2016.jpg/220px-Kruj%C3%AB-KrujaAlbania_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kruj%C3%AB-KrujaAlbania_2016.jpg/330px-Kruj%C3%AB-KrujaAlbania_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kruj%C3%AB-KrujaAlbania_2016.jpg/440px-Kruj%C3%AB-KrujaAlbania_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The town of <a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB" title="Krujë">Krujë</a> was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbanon</a> in the Middle Ages</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> was split in 395 upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> into an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> in part because of the increasing pressure from threats during the <a href="/wiki/Barbarian_Invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarian Invasions">Barbarian Invasions</a>. From the 6th century into the 7th century, the <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">Slavs</a> crossed the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and largely absorbed the indigenous Greeks, Illyrians and Thracians in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>; thus, the Illyrians were mentioned for the last time in historical records in the 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-BideleuxJeffries2007-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schaefer2008-43">[41]</a> In the 11th century, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Schism_of_1054" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Schism of 1054">Great Schism</a> formalised the break of communion between the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Catholic Church">Western Catholic Church</a> that is reflected in Albania through the emergence of a Catholic north and Orthodox south. The Albanian people inhabited the west of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ochrida" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Ochrida">Lake Ochrida</a> and the upper valley of <a href="/wiki/Shkumbin" title="Shkumbin">River Shkumbin</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbanon</a> in 1190 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Progon_of_Kruja" class="mw-redirect" title="Progon of Kruja">Progon of Kruja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> The realm was succeeded by his sons <a href="/wiki/Gjin_Progoni" title="Gjin Progoni">Gjin</a> and Dhimitri. Upon the death of Dhimiter, the territory came under the rule of the Albanian-Greek <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Kamonas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Kamonas">Gregory Kamonas</a> and subsequently under the <a href="/wiki/Golem_of_Kruja" title="Golem of Kruja">Golem of Kruja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abulafia-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Genealogist-47">[45]</a> In the 13th century, the principality was dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-Clements31-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-PickardÇeliku2008-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norris1993-50">[48]</a> Arbanon is considered to be the first sketch of an Albanian state, that retained a <a href="/wiki/Semi-autonomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-autonomous">semi-autonomous</a> status as the western extremity of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, under the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Doukas" title="Doukas">Doukai</a> of <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Laskaris" title="Laskaris">Laskarids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezia_-_Ex_Scola_degli_albanesi_(sec._XV)_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_12-Aug-2007_-_11_-_Maometto_II_assedia_Scutari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Venezia_-_Ex_Scola_degli_albanesi_%28sec._XV%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_12-Aug-2007_-_11_-_Maometto_II_assedia_Scutari.jpg/220px-Venezia_-_Ex_Scola_degli_albanesi_%28sec._XV%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_12-Aug-2007_-_11_-_Maometto_II_assedia_Scutari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Venezia_-_Ex_Scola_degli_albanesi_%28sec._XV%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_12-Aug-2007_-_11_-_Maometto_II_assedia_Scutari.jpg/330px-Venezia_-_Ex_Scola_degli_albanesi_%28sec._XV%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_12-Aug-2007_-_11_-_Maometto_II_assedia_Scutari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Venezia_-_Ex_Scola_degli_albanesi_%28sec._XV%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_12-Aug-2007_-_11_-_Maometto_II_assedia_Scutari.jpg/440px-Venezia_-_Ex_Scola_degli_albanesi_%28sec._XV%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_12-Aug-2007_-_11_-_Maometto_II_assedia_Scutari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A relief of the <a href="/wiki/Scuola_degli_Albanesi" title="Scuola degli Albanesi">Scuola degli Albanesi</a> commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra" title="Siege of Shkodra">siege of Shkodra</a>. It illustrates <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet II">Mehmet II</a> laying siege to the Albanian town of Scutari, then part of <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Empire">Venetian Empire</a></figcaption></figure> Towards the end of the 12th and beginning of the 13th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Empire">Venetians</a> started to take possession over the territory.<a href="#cite_note-Barbarian_Invasions-52">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a> of the Albanians is uncertain; however, the first undisputed mention of Albanians dates back in historical records from 1079 or 1080 in a work by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Attaliates" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Attaliates">Michael Attaliates</a>, who referred to the <a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a> as having taken part in a revolt against <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> At this point the Albanians were fully Christianised. After the dissolution of Arbanon, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Naples">Charles of Anjou</a> concluded an agreement with the Albanian rulers, promising to protect them and their ancient liberties. In 1272, he established the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a> and conquered regions back from the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a>. The kingdom claimed all of central Albania territory from <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyrrhachium">Dyrrhachium</a> along the Adriatic Sea coast down to <a href="/wiki/Butrint" title="Butrint">Butrint</a>. A Catholic political structure was a basis for the papal plans of spreading <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> in the Balkan Peninsula. This plan found also the support of <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen of Anjou">Helen of Anjou</a>, a cousin of Charles of Anjou. Around 30 Catholic churches and monasteries were built during her rule mainly in northern Albania.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Internal power struggles within the Byzantine Empire in the 14th century enabled Serbs' most powerful medieval ruler, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Dusan" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Dusan">Stefan Dusan</a>, to establish a <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">short-lived empire</a> that included all of Albania except Durrës.<a href="#cite_note-Barbarian_Invasions-52">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian_Principalities,_ca._1390_(modern_Albania).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Albanian_Principalities%2C_ca._1390_%28modern_Albania%29.png/220px-Albanian_Principalities%2C_ca._1390_%28modern_Albania%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="419" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Albanian_Principalities%2C_ca._1390_%28modern_Albania%29.png/330px-Albanian_Principalities%2C_ca._1390_%28modern_Albania%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Albanian_Principalities%2C_ca._1390_%28modern_Albania%29.png/440px-Albanian_Principalities%2C_ca._1390_%28modern_Albania%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3378" data-file-height="6441" /></a><figcaption>Albanian principalities, ca. 1390, excluding the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Arta" title="Despotate of Arta">Despotate of Arta</a></figcaption></figure> In 1367, Albanian rulers established the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Arta" title="Despotate of Arta">Despotate of Arta</a>. During that time, several <a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Albanian principalities</a> were created, notably the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Principality of Albania (medieval)">Principality of Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kastrioti" title="Principality of Kastrioti">Principality of Kastrioti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Berat" class="mw-redirect" title="Lordship of Berat">Lordship of Berat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Dukagjini" title="Principality of Dukagjini">Principality of Dukagjini</a>. In the first half of the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> invaded most of Albania, and the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a> was held under <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a> as a ruler, who became the national hero of the Albanian medieval history. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">Albania under the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg#Rebellion_against_the_Ottomans" title="Skanderbeg">Albanian rebellion against the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Skanderbeg_by_Antonio_Maria_Crespi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Skanderbeg_by_Antonio_Maria_Crespi.jpg/116px-Skanderbeg_by_Antonio_Maria_Crespi.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Skanderbeg_by_Antonio_Maria_Crespi.jpg/174px-Skanderbeg_by_Antonio_Maria_Crespi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Skanderbeg_by_Antonio_Maria_Crespi.jpg/232px-Skanderbeg_by_Antonio_Maria_Crespi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="936" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">After serving the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> for nearly 20 years, <a href="/wiki/Gjergj_Kastrioti_Skanderbeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg">Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg</a> deserted and began a successful <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">rebellion against the empire</a> that halted Ottoman advance into Europe for 25 years</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Monvoisin,_Raymond_-_Ali_Pacha_y_Vasiliki_-1832_ost_345x272_PalCous_frg1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ali Pasha Tepelena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Monvoisin%2C_Raymond_-_Ali_Pacha_y_Vasiliki_-1832_ost_345x272_PalCous_frg1.jpg/120px-Monvoisin%2C_Raymond_-_Ali_Pacha_y_Vasiliki_-1832_ost_345x272_PalCous_frg1.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Monvoisin%2C_Raymond_-_Ali_Pacha_y_Vasiliki_-1832_ost_345x272_PalCous_frg1.jpg/250px-Monvoisin%2C_Raymond_-_Ali_Pacha_y_Vasiliki_-1832_ost_345x272_PalCous_frg1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5092" data-file-height="7014" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_Tepelena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Pasha Tepelena">Ali Pasha Tepelena</a> was a powerful autonomous Ottoman-Albanian ruler, governing over the <a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Yanina" title="Pashalik of Yanina">Pashalik of Yanina</a></div></div></div></div></div> With the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a>, the Ottoman Empire continued an extended period of conquest and expansion with its borders going deep into <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman conquest of the Balkans">Southeast Europe</a>. They reached the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Ionian Sea Coast">Albanian Ionian Sea Coast</a> in 1385 and erected their garrisons across <a href="/wiki/Southern_Albania" title="Southern Albania">Southern Albania</a> in 1415 and then occupied most of Albania in 1431.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hupchich110-56">[54]</a> Thousands of Albanians consequently fled to Western Europe, particularly to <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, whereby others sought protection at the often inaccessible <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Mountains of Albania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> The Albanians, as Christians, were considered an <a href="/wiki/Rayah" title="Rayah">inferior class</a> of people, and as such they were subjected to heavy <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">taxes</a> among others by the <a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a> system that allowed the <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> to collect a requisite percentage of Christian adolescents from their families to compose the <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> The Ottoman conquest was also accompanied with the gradual process of <a href="/wiki/Islamisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamisation">Islamisation</a> and the rapid construction of mosques. A prosperous and longstanding revolution erupted after the formation of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra" title="Siege of Shkodra">fall of Shkodër</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Gjergj_Kastrioti_Skanderbeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg">Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg</a>, who consistently defeated major Ottoman armies led by <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultans</a> <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>. Skanderbeg managed to unite several of the Albanian principalities, amongst them the <a href="/wiki/Arianiti_family" title="Arianiti family">Arianitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dukagjini_family" title="Dukagjini family">Dukagjinis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaharia_family" title="Zaharia family">Zaharias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thopia_family" title="Thopia family">Thopias</a>, and establish a centralised authority over most of the non-conquered territories, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Lord of Albania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-League_of_Lezhë-60">[58]</a> The Ottoman Empire's expansion ground to a halt during the time that Skanderbeg's forces resisted, and he has been credited with being one of the main reasons for the delay of Ottoman expansion into <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, giving the Italian principalities more time to better prepare for the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Otranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Otranto">Ottoman arrival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005240-61">[59]</a> However, the failure of most European nations, with the exception of Naples, in giving him support, along with the failure of Pope Pius II's plans to organise a promised crusade against the Ottomans meant that none of Skanderbeg's victories permanently hindered the Ottomans from invading the Western Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005xii-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pitcher1968-63">[61]</a> Despite his brilliance as a military leader, Skanderbeg's victories were only delaying the final conquests. The constant Ottoman invasions caused enormous destruction to Albania, greatly reducing the population and destroying flocks of livestock and crops. Besides surrender, there was no possible way Skanderbeg would be able to halt the Ottoman invasions despite his successes against them. His manpower and resources were insufficient, preventing him from expanding the war efforts and driving the Turks from the Albanian borders. Albania was therefore doomed to face an unending series of Ottoman attacks until it eventually fell years after his death.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> When the Ottomans were gaining a firm foothold in the region, Albanian towns were organised into four principal <a href="/wiki/Sanjaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjaks">sanjaks</a>. The government fostered trade by settling a sizeable Jewish colony of refugees fleeing persecution in Spain. The city of <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a> saw passing through its ports imported merchandise from Europe such as velvets, cotton goods, mohairs, carpets, spices and leather from <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Some citizens of Vlorë even had business associates throughout Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Arnawutlu-65">[63]</a> The phenomenon of Islamisation among the Albanians became primarily widespread from the 17th century and continued into the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-referenceworks.brillonline-66">[64]</a> Islam offered them equal opportunities and advancement within the Ottoman Empire. However, motives for conversion were, according to some scholars, diverse depending on the context though the lack of source material does not help when investigating such issues.<a href="#cite_note-referenceworks.brillonline-66">[64]</a> Because of increasing suppression of Catholicism, most Catholic Albanians converted in the 17th century, while Orthodox Albanians followed suit mainly in the following century. Since the Albanians were seen as strategically important, they made up a significant proportion of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman military">Ottoman military</a> and bureaucracy. Many Muslim Albanians attained important political and military positions and culturally contributed to the broader <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-referenceworks.brillonline-66">[64]</a> Enjoying this privileged position, they held various high administrative positions with over two dozen Albanian <a href="/wiki/Grand_Viziers" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Viziers">Grand Viziers</a>. Others included members of the prominent <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_family" title="Köprülü family">Köprülü family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zagan_Pasha" title="Zagan Pasha">Zagan Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_of_Tepelena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Pasha of Tepelena">Ali Pasha of Tepelena</a>. Furthermore, two sultans, <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_III" title="Mehmed III">Mehmed III</a>, both had mothers of Albanian origin.<a href="#cite_note-Arnawutlu-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rilindja">Rilindja</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Renaissance">Albanian Renaissance</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:148px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:NaumVeqilharxhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Naum Veqilharxhi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NaumVeqilharxhi.jpg/106px-NaumVeqilharxhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NaumVeqilharxhi.jpg/159px-NaumVeqilharxhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NaumVeqilharxhi.jpg/212px-NaumVeqilharxhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="967" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Naum_Veqilharxhi" title="Naum Veqilharxhi">Naum Veqilharxhi</a> was among the most important figures of the early <a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian Renaissance</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:148px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dora_d%27Istria_(drawing).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dora d'Istria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Dora_d%27Istria_%28drawing%29.jpg/108px-Dora_d%27Istria_%28drawing%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Dora_d%27Istria_%28drawing%29.jpg/162px-Dora_d%27Istria_%28drawing%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Dora_d%27Istria_%28drawing%29.jpg/216px-Dora_d%27Istria_%28drawing%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="694" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Dora_d%27Istria" title="Dora d'Istria">Dora d'Istria</a> was among the main advocates in Europe for the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Renaissance">Albanian cause</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a></div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Renaissance">Albanian Renaissance</a> was a period with its roots in the late 18th century and continuing into the 19th century, during which the Albanian people gathered spiritual and intellectual strength for an independent cultural and political life within an <a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">independent nation</a>. Modern <a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Albanian culture</a> flourished too, especially <a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Albanian literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">arts</a>, and was frequently linked to the influences of the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> principles.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">rise of nationalism</a>, Ottoman authorities suppressed any expression of national unity or conscience by the Albanian people. The victory of Russia over the Ottoman Empire following the <a href="/wiki/Russian-Ottoman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-Ottoman War">Russian-Ottoman Wars</a> resulted the execution of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a> which assigned Albanian-populated lands to their Slavic and Greek neighbours. However, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> consequently blocked the arrangement and caused the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a>. From this point, Albanians started to organise themselves with the goal to protect and unite the Albanian-populated lands into a unitary nation, leading to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a>. The league had initially the assistance of the Ottoman authorities whose position was based on the religious solidarity of Muslim people and landlords connected with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Porte">Ottoman administration</a>. They favoured and protected the Muslim solidarity and called for defence of Muslim lands simultaneously constituting the reason for titling the league <a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren#Formation" title="League of Prizren">Committee of the Real Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Approximately 300 Muslims participated in the assembly composed by delegates from Bosnia, the <a href="/wiki/Sanjakbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjakbey">administrator</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Prizren" title="Sanjak of Prizren">Sanjak of Prizren</a> as representatives of the central authorities and no delegates from <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Scutari" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Scutari">Vilayet of Scutari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Signed by only 47 Muslim deputies, the league issued the <a href="/wiki/Kararname_(League_of_Prizren)" title="Kararname (League of Prizren)">Kararname</a> that contained a proclamation that the people from northern Albania, <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> are willing to defend the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_integrity" title="Territorial integrity">territorial integrity</a> of the Ottoman Empire by all possible means against the troops of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-albanianhistory.net-73">[71]</a> Ottomans authorities cancelled their assistance when the league, under <a href="/wiki/Abdyl_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Abdyl Frashëri">Abdyl Frashëri</a>, became focused on working towards Albanian autonomy and requested merging four <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman vilayet">vilayets</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scutari_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutari Vilayet">Shkodër</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monastir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastir Vilayet">Monastir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janina_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janina Vilayet">Ioannina</a>, into a unified vilayet, the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Vilayet" title="Albanian Vilayet">Albanian Vilayet</a>. The league used military force to prevent the annexing areas of <a href="/wiki/Plav_Municipality" title="Plav Municipality">Plav</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusinje" title="Gusinje">Gusinje</a> assigned to Montenegro. After several successful battles with Montenegrin troops, such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nov%C5%A1i%C4%87e" title="Battle of Novšiće">Battle of Novšiće</a>, the league was forced to retreat from their contested regions. The league was later defeated by the Ottoman army sent by the sultan.<a href="#cite_note-League_of_Prizren-74">[72]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independence">Independence</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Independent Albania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Albanian Declaration of Independence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ismail_Qemali_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ismail_Qemali_%28portrait%29.jpg/250px-Ismail_Qemali_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ismail_Qemali_%28portrait%29.jpg/330px-Ismail_Qemali_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ismail_Qemali_%28portrait%29.jpg/350px-Ismail_Qemali_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Qemali" title="Ismail Qemali">Ismail Qemali</a> is regarded as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_founders#Albania" title="List of national founders">founding father</a> of the modern Albanian nation</figcaption></figure> Albania <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">declared independence</a> from the Ottoman Empire on 28 November 1912, accompanied by the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Albania">Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Albania" title="Provisional Government of Albania">Government</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Vlor%C3%AB" title="Assembly of Vlorë">Assembly of Vlorë</a> on 4 December 1912.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Its sovereignty was recognised by the <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1912%E2%80%931913" title="London Conference of 1912–1913">Conference of London</a>. On 29 July 1913, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a> delineated the borders of the country and its neighbors, leaving many Albanians outside Albania, predominantly <a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">partitioned</a> between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> Headquartered in Vlorë, the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_of_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="International Commission of Control">International Commission of Control</a> was established on 15 October 1913 to take care of the administration of Albania until its own political institutions were in order.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Gendarmerie" title="International Gendarmerie">International Gendarmerie</a> was established as the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality of Albania</a>'s first law enforcement agency. In November, the first gendarmerie members arrived in the country. Prince of Albania <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_of_Wied" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm of Wied">Wilhelm of Wied</a> (Princ Vilhelm Vidi) was selected as the first prince of the principality.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> On 7 March, he arrived in the provisional capital of <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a> and began to organise his government, appointing <a href="/wiki/Turhan_Pasha_P%C3%ABrmeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Turhan Pasha Përmeti">Turhan Pasha Përmeti</a> to form the first Albanian cabinet. In November 1913, the Albanian pro-Ottoman forces had offered the throne of Albania to the Ottoman war minister of Albanian origin, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Izzet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Izzet Pasha">Ahmed Izzet Pasha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> The pro-Ottoman peasants believed that the new regime was a tool of the six Christian <a href="/wiki/Great_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Power">Great Powers</a> and local landowners, who owned half of the arable land.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> In February 1914, the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus</a> was proclaimed in <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a> by the local <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Albania" title="Greeks in Albania">Greek population</a> against incorporation to Albania. This initiative was short-lived, and in 1921 the southern provinces were incorporated into the Albanian Principality.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Peasant_Revolt_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasant Revolt in Albania">revolt of Albanian peasants</a> against the new regime erupted under the leadership of the group of Muslim clerics gathered around <a href="/wiki/Essad_Pasha_Toptani" class="mw-redirect" title="Essad Pasha Toptani">Essad Pasha Toptani</a>, who proclaimed himself the savior of Albania and Islam.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> To gain the support of the <a href="/wiki/Mirdita" title="Mirdita">Mirdita</a> Catholic volunteers from northern Albania, Prince <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_of_Wied" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm of Wied">Wied</a> appointed their leader, <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%AAnk_Bib%C3%AB_Doda" class="mw-redirect" title="Prênk Bibë Doda">Prênk Bibë Doda</a>, foreign minister of the Principality of Albania. In May and June 1914, the International Gendarmerie was joined by <a href="/wiki/Isa_Boletini" title="Isa Boletini">Isa Boletini</a> and his men, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> and the rebels defeated northern <a href="/wiki/Mirdita" title="Mirdita">Mirdita</a> Catholics, capturing most of Central Albania by the end of August 1914.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> Prince Wied's regime collapsed, and he left the country on 3 September 1914.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Republic">First Republic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931928)" title="Albanian Republic (1925–1928)">First Republic of Albania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_Albania" title="World War I in Albania">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">World War II in Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fan_Stilian_Noli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fan_Stilian_Noli.jpg/170px-Fan_Stilian_Noli.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fan_Stilian_Noli.jpg/255px-Fan_Stilian_Noli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fan_Stilian_Noli.jpg/340px-Fan_Stilian_Noli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fan_Noli" title="Fan Noli">Fan Noli</a> played a significant role in the 20th century, advocating for Albanian independence and cultural revival, while also serving as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister</a> in 1924 and later as the head of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albanian Orthodox Church</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> in Albania was marked by persistent economic and social difficulties, political instability and foreign interventions.<a href="#cite_note-Zickel/Iwaskiw-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vickers-93">[91]</a> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Albania lacked an established government and internationally recognised borders, rendering it vulnerable to neighboring entities such as Greece, Italy, and Yugoslavia, all of which sought to expand their influence.<a href="#cite_note-Zickel/Iwaskiw-92">[90]</a> This led to political uncertainty, highlighted in 1918 when the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Durr%C3%ABs" title="Congress of Durrës">Congress of Durrës</a> sought <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> protection but was denied, further complicating Albania's position on the international stage. Territorial tensions escalated as Yugoslavia, particularly Serbia, sought control of northern Albania, while Greece aimed dominance in southern Albania. The situation deteriorated in 1919 when the Serbs launched attacks on Albanian inhabitants, among others in <a href="/wiki/Gusinje" title="Gusinje">Gusinje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plav,_Montenegro" title="Plav, Montenegro">Plav</a>, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Plav%E2%80%93Gusinje_massacres_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Plav–Gusinje massacres (1912–1913)">massacres and large-scale displacement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zickel/Iwaskiw-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Meanwhile, Italian influence continued to expand during this time, driven by economic interests and political ambitions.<a href="#cite_note-Vickers-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gerwarth-96">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fan_Noli" title="Fan Noli">Fan Noli</a>, renowned for his <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealism</a>, became prime minister in 1924, with a vision to institute a Western-style constitutional government, abolish feudalism, counter Italian influence, and enhance critical sectors, including infrastructure, education and healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-Zickel/Iwaskiw-92">[90]</a> He faced resistance from former allies, who had assisted in the removal of <a href="/wiki/Zog_I_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Zog I of Albania">Zog</a> from power, and struggled to secure foreign aid to implement his agenda. Noli's decision to establish diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union, an adversary of the Serbian elite, ignited allegations of <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">bolshevism</a> from Belgrade.<a href="#cite_note-Zickel/Iwaskiw-92">[90]</a> This in turn led to increased pressure from Italy and culminated in Zog's restoration to authority. In 1928, Zog transitioned Albania from a republic to a monarchy that garnered backing from <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a>, with Zog assuming the title of King Zog I. Key constitutional changes dissolved the Senate and established a unicameral National Assembly while preserving Zog's authoritative powers.<a href="#cite_note-Zickel/Iwaskiw-92">[90]</a> In 1939, Italy under <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> launched a military invasion of Albania, resulting to the exile of Zog and the creation of an <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Italian protectorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8240-7029-1-98">[96]</a> As <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> progressed, Italy aimed to expand its territorial dominion in the Balkans, including territorial claims on regions of Greece (<a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a>), Macedonia, Montenegro and Kosovo. These ambitions laid the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Greater Albania</a>, which aimed to unite all areas with Albanian-majority populations into a single country.<a href="#cite_note-BogdaniLoughlin2007-99">[97]</a> In 1943, as Italy's control declined, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> assumed control of Albania, subjecting Albanians to forced labour, economic exploitation and repression under <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">German rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morrock2010-100">[98]</a> The tide shifted in 1944 when Albanian partisan forces, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> and other communist leaders, successfully liberated Albania from German occupation.<a href="#cite_note-Albanian_Nationalism-101">[99]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communism">Communism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Albania">Communism in Albania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Cham_Albanians" title="Expulsion of Cham Albanians">Expulsion of Cham Albanians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enver_Hoxha_(portret).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Enver_Hoxha_%28portret%29.jpg/170px-Enver_Hoxha_%28portret%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Enver_Hoxha_%28portret%29.jpg/255px-Enver_Hoxha_%28portret%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Enver_Hoxha_%28portret%29.jpg/340px-Enver_Hoxha_%28portret%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1327" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> was the founding leader of communist Albania and its ruler for over four decades, implementing a regime marked by <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a></figcaption></figure> The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Republic of Albania</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> was a significant epoch in modern Albanian history.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Hoxha's regime embraced <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist ideologies</a> and implemented <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> policies, including prohibition of religious practices, severe restrictions on travel, and abolition of private property rights.<a href="#cite_note-HRW_C-103">[101]</a> It was also defined by a persistent pattern of purges, extensive repression, instances of betrayal, and hostility to external influences.<a href="#cite_note-HRW_C-103">[101]</a> Any form of opposition or resistance to his rule was met with expeditious and severe consequences, such as internal exile, extended imprisonment, and execution.<a href="#cite_note-HRW_C-103">[101]</a> The regime confronted a multitude of challenges, including widespread poverty, illiteracy, health crises and gender inequality.<a href="#cite_note-Albanian_Nationalism-101">[99]</a> In response, Hoxha initiated a modernisation initiative aimed at attaining economic and social liberation and transforming Albania into an industrial society.<a href="#cite_note-Albanian_Nationalism-101">[99]</a> The regime placed a high priority on the diversification of the economy through Soviet-style industrialisation, comprehensive infrastructure development such as the introduction of a transformative <a href="/wiki/Hekurudha_Shqiptare" title="Hekurudha Shqiptare">railway system</a>, expansion of education and healthcare services, elimination of adult illiteracy, and targeted advancements in areas such as women's rights.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunker_in_Albanian_Alps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bunker_in_Albanian_Alps.jpg/220px-Bunker_in_Albanian_Alps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bunker_in_Albanian_Alps.jpg/330px-Bunker_in_Albanian_Alps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bunker_in_Albanian_Alps.jpg/440px-Bunker_in_Albanian_Alps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bunkers_in_Albania" title="Bunkers in Albania">Bunkers in Albania</a> were constructed to prevent potential external invasions. By 1983, approximately 173,371 bunkers were scattered throughout its territory<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a></figcaption></figure> Albania's diplomatic history under Hoxha was characterised by notable conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-Zickel/Iwaskiw-92">[90]</a> Initially aligned with Yugoslavia as a satellite state, the relationship deteriorated as Yugoslavia aimed to incorporate Albania within its territory.<a href="#cite_note-Zickel/Iwaskiw-92">[90]</a> Subsequently, Albania established relations with the Soviet Union and engaged trade agreements with other Eastern European countries, but experienced disagreements over Soviet policies, leading to strained ties with Moscow and diplomatic separation in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-Zickel/Iwaskiw-92">[90]</a> Simultaneously, tensions with the West heightened due to Albania's refusal to hold free elections and allegations of Western support for <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist uprisings</a>. Albania's enduring partnership was with China; it sided with Beijing during the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet conflict</a>, resulting in severed ties with the Soviet Union and withdrawal from the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> in response to the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. But their relations stagnated in 1970, prompting both to reassess their commitment, and Albania actively reduced its dependence on China.<a href="#cite_note-Zickel/Iwaskiw-92">[90]</a> Under Hoxha's regime, Albania underwent a widespread campaign targeting religious clergy of various faiths, resulting in public persecution and executions, particularly targeting Muslims, Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox adherents.<a href="#cite_note-Zickel/Iwaskiw-92">[90]</a> In 1946, religious estates underwent nationalisation, coinciding with the closure or transformation of religious institutions into various other purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Zickel/Iwaskiw-92">[90]</a> This culminated in 1976, when Albania became the world's first constitutionally atheist state.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie_p27-109">[107]</a> Under this regime, citizens were forced to renounce their religious beliefs, adopt a secular way of life, and embrace socialist ideology.<a href="#cite_note-Zickel/Iwaskiw-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elsie_p27-109">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_Republic">Fourth Republic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_schemes_in_Albania" title="Pyramid schemes in Albania">Pyramid schemes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_civil_war_of_1997" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian civil war of 1997">civil war of 1997</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirana_Square_1988.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Tirana_Square_1988.jpg/220px-Tirana_Square_1988.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Tirana_Square_1988.jpg/330px-Tirana_Square_1988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Tirana_Square_1988.jpg/440px-Tirana_Square_1988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>In 1988, the first foreigners were allowed to walk into the car-free <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg_Square" title="Skanderbeg Square">Skanderbeg Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></figcaption></figure> After four decades of communism paired with the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">revolutions of 1989</a>, Albania witnessed a notable rise in political activism, particularly among students, which led to a transformation in the prevailing order. After the first <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-party elections">multi-party elections</a> of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_parliamentary_election,_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian parliamentary election, 1991">1991</a>, the communist party maintained a stronghold in the parliament until its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_parliamentary_election,_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian parliamentary election, 1992">parliamentary elections of 1992</a> directed by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democratic Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Considerable economic and financial resources were devoted to <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_schemes_in_Albania" title="Pyramid schemes in Albania">pyramid schemes</a> that were widely supported by the government. The schemes swept up somewhere between one sixth and one third of the population of the country.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Despite the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>'s warnings, <a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a> defended the schemes as large investment firms, leading more people to redirect their remittances and sell their homes and cattle for cash to deposit in the schemes.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> The schemes began to collapse in late 1996, leading many of the investors to join initially peaceful protests against the government, requesting their money back. The protests turned violent in February 1997 as government forces responded by firing on the demonstrators. In March, the Police and Republican Guard deserted, leaving their armories open. These were promptly emptied by militias and criminal gangs. The resulting <a href="/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest" title="1997 Albanian civil unrest">civil war</a> caused a wave of evacuations of foreign nationals and refugees.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> The crisis led both <a href="/wiki/Aleksand%C3%ABr_Meksi" title="Aleksandër Meksi">Aleksandër Meksi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a> to resign from office in the wake of the general election. In April 1997, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Alba" title="Operation Alba">Operation Alba</a>, a U.N. peacekeeping force led by Italy, entered Albania with two goals: to assist with the evacuation of expatriates and secure the ground for international organisations. The main international organisation involved was the <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Albanian_civil_war_of_1997#International_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian civil war of 1997">multinational</a> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Police">Albanian Police</a> element, which worked with the government to restructure the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Albania">judicial system</a> and simultaneously the Albanian police. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">Accession of Albania to the EU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Albania–NATO relations">NATO</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2019_Albania_earthquake" title="2019 Albania earthquake">2019 Albania earthquake</a> and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Albania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Albania">COVID-19 pandemic in Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019-11-26_Mamurras,_Albania_M6.4_earthquake_shakemap_(USGS).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2019-11-26_Mamurras%2C_Albania_M6.4_earthquake_shakemap_%28USGS%29.jpg/220px-2019-11-26_Mamurras%2C_Albania_M6.4_earthquake_shakemap_%28USGS%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2019-11-26_Mamurras%2C_Albania_M6.4_earthquake_shakemap_%28USGS%29.jpg/330px-2019-11-26_Mamurras%2C_Albania_M6.4_earthquake_shakemap_%28USGS%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2019-11-26_Mamurras%2C_Albania_M6.4_earthquake_shakemap_%28USGS%29.jpg/440px-2019-11-26_Mamurras%2C_Albania_M6.4_earthquake_shakemap_%28USGS%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/2019_Albania_earthquake" title="2019 Albania earthquake">earthquake of November 2019</a> was the strongest to hit Albania in more than four decades<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a></figcaption></figure> After its <a href="/wiki/Communist_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Albania">communist system</a> disintegrated, Albania embarked on an active path towards <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernisation</a> with the ambition to obtain membership in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) and the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation</a> (NATO).<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> A notable milestone was reached in 2009, when the country attained <a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Albania–NATO relations">membership</a> in NATO, marking a pioneering achievement among the nations of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> In adherence to its vision for further integration into the EU, it <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">formally applied</a> for membership on 28 April 2009.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> Another milestone was reached on 24 June 2014, when the country was granted <a href="/wiki/Future_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Future enlargement of the European Union">official candidate status</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EU_CS-120">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edi_Rama" title="Edi Rama">Edi Rama</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Albania" title="Socialist Party of Albania">Socialist Party</a> won both the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_parliamentary_election,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian parliamentary election, 2013">2013</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_parliamentary_election,_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian parliamentary election, 2017">2017 parliamentary elections</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">prime minister</a>, he implemented numerous reforms focused on <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernising</a> the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">economy</a>, as well as democratising state institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Albania" title="Judiciary of Albania">judiciary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Albania" title="Law enforcement in Albania">law enforcement</a>. Unemployment has steadily declined, with Albania achieving the 4th-lowest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of countries by unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a> in the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> Rama has also placed <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a> at the centre of his agenda; since 2017 almost 50% of the ministers have been female, the largest number of women serving in the country's history.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2021_Albanian_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Albanian parliamentary election">2021 parliamentary elections</a>, the ruling Socialist Party led by Rama secured its third consecutive victory, winning nearly half of votes and enough seats in parliament to govern alone.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> On 26 November 2019, a 6.4 <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">magnitude</a> <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> ravaged Albania, with the <a href="/wiki/Epicentre" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicentre">epicentre</a> about 16 km (10 mi) southwest of the town of <a href="/wiki/Mamurras" title="Mamurras">Mamurras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> The tremor was felt in <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> and in places as far away as <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>, Italy, and <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, Serbia, while the most affected areas were the coastal city of <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a> and the village of <a href="/wiki/Kod%C3%ABr-Thuman%C3%AB" title="Kodër-Thumanë">Kodër-Thumanë</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Comprehensive response to the earthquake included substantial humanitarian aid from the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Albanian diaspora</a> and various countries <a href="/wiki/2019_Albania_earthquake#International_assistance" title="2019 Albania earthquake">around the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> On 9 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Albania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Albania">COVID-19</a> was confirmed to have spread to Albania.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> From March to June 2020, the government declared a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> as a measure to limit the virus's spread.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> The country's COVID-19 <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Albania" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Albania">vaccination campaign</a> started on 11 January 2021, but as of 11 August 2021, the total number of vaccines administered in Albania was 1,280,239 doses.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> On 21 September 2024, it was reported that Prime Minister Rama was planning to create the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_State_of_the_Bektashi_Order" title="Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order">Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order</a>, a sovereign <a href="/wiki/Microstate" title="Microstate">microstate</a> for the Order within Tirana.<a href="#cite_note-nyt_article-135">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Geography of Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valbona_nga_Kukaj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Valbona_nga_Kukaj.jpg/330px-Valbona_nga_Kukaj.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Valbona_nga_Kukaj.jpg/500px-Valbona_nga_Kukaj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Valbona_nga_Kukaj.jpg/960px-Valbona_nga_Kukaj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6460" data-file-height="2377" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Alps">Albanian Alps</a> are an extension and simultaneously the highest section of the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a>.</figcaption></figure> Albania lies along the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>, and has an area of 28,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-Albania_pdf-136">[134]</a> It is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> to the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a> to the southwest. It is between latitudes <a href="/wiki/42nd_parallel_north" title="42nd parallel north">42°</a> and <a href="/wiki/39th_parallel_north" title="39th parallel north">39° N</a> and longitudes <a href="/wiki/21st_meridian_east" title="21st meridian east">21°</a> and <a href="/wiki/19th_meridian_east" title="19th meridian east">19° E</a>. Geographic coordinates include <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ABrmosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vërmosh">Vërmosh</a> at 42° 35' 34" northern latitude as the northernmost point, <a href="/wiki/Konispol" title="Konispol">Konispol</a> at 39° 40' 0" northern latitude as the southernmost, <a href="/wiki/Sazan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sazan Island">Sazan</a> at 19° 16' 50" eastern longitude as the westernmost, and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ABrnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Vërnik">Vërnik</a> at 21° 1' 26" eastern longitude as the easternmost.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Korab" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Korab">Mount Korab</a>, rising at 2,764 m (9,068.24 ft) <a href="/wiki/Metres_above_the_Adriatic" title="Metres above the Adriatic">above the Adriatic</a>, is the highest point, while the Mediterranean Sea, at 0 m (0.00 ft), is the lowest. The country extends 148 km (92 mi) from east to west and around 340 km (211 mi) from north to south. Albania has a diverse and varied landscape with mountains and hills that traverse its territory in various directions. The country is home to extensive mountain ranges, including the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Alps">Albanian Alps</a> in the north, the <a href="/wiki/Korab" title="Korab">Korab Mountains</a> in the east, the <a href="/wiki/Pindus_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Pindus Mountains">Pindus Mountains</a> in the southeast, the <a href="/wiki/Ceraunian_Mountains" title="Ceraunian Mountains">Ceraunian Mountains</a> in the southwest, and the <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg_Mountains" title="Skanderbeg Mountains">Skanderbeg Mountains</a> in the centre. In the northwest is the <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_Shkod%C3%ABr" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake of Shkodër">Lake of Shkodër</a>, Southern Europe's largest lake.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Towards the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Ohrid_Lake_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Ohrid Lake Coast">southeast</a> emerges the <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake of Ohrid">Lake of Ohrid</a>, one of the world's oldest continuously existing lakes.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Farther south, the expanse includes the <a href="/wiki/Prespa_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Prespa Lake">Large</a> and <a href="/wiki/Small_Prespa_Lake" title="Small Prespa Lake">Small Lake of Prespa</a>, some of the Balkans' highest lakes. Rivers rise mostly in the east and discharge into the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. The country's longest river, measured from mouth to source, is the <a href="/wiki/Drin_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Drin River">Drin</a>, which starts at the confluence of its two headwaters, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Drin" title="Black Drin">Black</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Drin" title="White Drin">White Drin</a>. Of particular concern is the <a href="/wiki/Vjos%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vjosë">Vjosë</a>, one of Europe's last intact large river systems. In Albania <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 29.% of the total land area, equivalent to 788,900 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 788,800 hectares (ha) in 1990. Of the naturally regenerating forest 11% was reported to be <a href="/wiki/Primary_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary forest">primary forest</a> (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 0% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 97% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a>, 3% <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private ownership</a> and 0% with ownership listed as other or unknown.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Albania" title="Climate of Albania">Climate of Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gjipe_beach,_Albania.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gjipe_beach%2C_Albania.JPG/250px-Gjipe_beach%2C_Albania.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gjipe_beach%2C_Albania.JPG/330px-Gjipe_beach%2C_Albania.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gjipe_beach%2C_Albania.JPG/500px-Gjipe_beach%2C_Albania.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gjipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjipe">Gjipe</a> is located on the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Riviera" title="Albanian Riviera">Albanian Riviera</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Albania" title="Climate of Albania">climate of Albania</a> exhibits a distinguished level of variability and diversity due to the differences in latitude, longitude and altitude.<a href="#cite_note-climate-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-climate2-143">[141]</a> Albania experiences a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">Continental climate</a>, characterised by the presence of four distinct seasons.<a href="#cite_note-climate1-144">[142]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen classification</a>, Albania encompasses five primary climatic types, spanning from Mediterranean and <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">subtropical</a> in the western half to <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">continental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic</a> in the eastern half of the country.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> The coastal regions along the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast">Adriatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Ionian Sea Coast">Ionian Seas</a> in Albania are acknowledged as the warmest areas, while the northern and eastern regions encompassing the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Alps">Albanian Alps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Korab_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Korab Mountains">Korab Mountains</a> are recognised as the coldest areas in the country.<a href="#cite_note-climate3-146">[144]</a> Throughout the year, the average monthly temperatures fluctuate, ranging from −1 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (30 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>) during the winter months to 21.8 °C (71.2 °F) in the summer months. Notably, the highest recorded temperature of 43.9 °C (111.0 °F) was observed in <a href="/wiki/Ku%C3%A7ov%C3%AB" title="Kuçovë">Kuçovë</a> on 18 July 1973, while the lowest temperature of −29 °C (−20 °F) was recorded in Shtyllë, <a href="/wiki/Librazhd" title="Librazhd">Librazhd</a> on 9 January 2017.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> Albania receives most of the <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> in winter months and less in summer months.<a href="#cite_note-climate2-143">[141]</a> The average precipitation is about 1,485 millimetres (58.5 inches).<a href="#cite_note-climate3-146">[144]</a> The mean annual precipitation ranges between 600 and 3,000 millimetres (24 and 118 inches) depending on geographical location.<a href="#cite_note-climate1-144">[142]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mountain_Range_(Albania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mountain Range (Albania)">northwestern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Mountain_Range_(Albania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Mountain Range (Albania)">southeastern highlands</a> receive the intenser amount of precipitation, whilst the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mountain_Range_(Albania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mountain Range (Albania)">northeastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Mountain_Range_(Albania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Mountain Range (Albania)">southwestern highlands</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Lowlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lowlands">Western Lowlands</a> the more limited amount.<a href="#cite_note-climate3-146">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Alps">Albanian Alps</a> in the far north of the country are considered to be among the most humid regions of Europe, receiving at least 3,100 mm (122.0 in) of rain annually.<a href="#cite_note-climate3-146">[144]</a> Four <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> within these mountains were discovered at a relatively low altitude of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), which is extremely rare for such a southerly latitude.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Albania" title="Biodiversity of Albania">Biodiversity of Albania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Albania" title="List of ecoregions in Albania">Ecoregions in Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_eagle_(13434882845).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Golden_eagle_%2813434882845%29.jpg/220px-Golden_eagle_%2813434882845%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Golden_eagle_%2813434882845%29.jpg/330px-Golden_eagle_%2813434882845%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Golden_eagle_%2813434882845%29.jpg/440px-Golden_eagle_%2813434882845%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a> is the national symbol and animal of Albania</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspot</a>, Albania possesses an exceptionally rich and contrasting <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> on account of its geographical location at the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and the great diversity in its <a href="/wiki/Climatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Climatic">climatic</a>, geological and <a href="/wiki/Hydrological" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrological">hydrological</a> conditions.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Because of remoteness, the mountains and hills of Albania are endowed with forests, trees and grasses that are essential to the lives for a wide variety of animals, among others for two of the most <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a> of the country, the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_lynx" title="Balkan lynx">lynx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Wildcat" title="Wildcat">wildcat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey wolf">grey wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_vulture" title="Egyptian vulture">Egyptian vulture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a>, the latter constituting the national animal of the country.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> The estuaries, wetlands and lakes are extraordinarily important for the <a href="/wiki/Greater_flamingo" title="Greater flamingo">greater flamingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_cormorant" title="Pygmy cormorant">pygmy cormorant</a> and the extremely rare and perhaps the most iconic bird of the country, the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_pelican" title="Dalmatian pelican">dalmatian pelican</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> Of particular importance are the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle" title="Loggerhead sea turtle">loggerhead sea turtle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">green sea turtle</a> that use to nest on the country's coastal waters and shores. In terms of <a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">phytogeography</a>, Albania is part of the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal Kingdom">Boreal Kingdom</a> and stretches specifically within the <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyrian</a> province of the <a href="/wiki/Circumboreal_Region" title="Circumboreal Region">Circumboreal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Region</a>. Its territory can be subdivided into four terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic realm</a> namely within the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_deciduous_forests" title="Illyrian deciduous forests">Illyrian deciduous forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkan_mixed_forests" title="Balkan mixed forests">Balkan mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pindus_Mountains_mixed_forests" title="Pindus Mountains mixed forests">Pindus Mountains mixed forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Mountains_mixed_forests" title="Dinaric Mountains mixed forests">Dinaric Mountains mixed forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Approximately 3,500 different species of plants can be found in Albania which refers principally to a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> character. The country maintains a vibrant tradition of herbal and medicinal practices. At the minimum 300 plants growing locally are used in the preparation of herbs and medicines.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> The trees within the forests are primarily <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ksamill-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ksamill-1.jpg/220px-Ksamill-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ksamill-1.jpg/330px-Ksamill-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ksamill-1.jpg/440px-Ksamill-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Islets_of_Ksamil" title="Islets of Ksamil">islets of Ksamil</a> lie in the <a href="/wiki/Butrint_National_Park" title="Butrint National Park">Butrint National Park</a></figcaption></figure> Albania has been an active participant in numerous international agreements and conventions aimed at strengthing its commitment to the preservation and sustainable management of biological diversity. Since 1994, the country is a party to the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> (CBD) and its associated <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_Protocol_on_Biosafety" title="Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety">Cartagena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Protocol" title="Nagoya Protocol">Nagoya Protocols</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CBD-160">[158]</a> To uphold these commitments, it has developed and implemented a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_action_plan" title="Biodiversity action plan">National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan</a> (NBSAP).<a href="#cite_note-CBD-160">[158]</a> Furthermore, Albania has established a partnership with the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN), advancing its conservation efforts on both national and international scales. Guided by the IUCN, the country has made substantial progress in the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected areas</a> within its boundaries, encompassing 12 <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a> among others <a href="/wiki/Butrint_National_Park" title="Butrint National Park">Butrint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaburun-Sazan_Marine_Park" title="Karaburun-Sazan Marine Park">Karaburun-Sazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llogara_National_Park" title="Llogara National Park">Llogara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prespa_National_Park_(Albania)" title="Prespa National Park (Albania)">Prespa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vjosa_Wild_River_National_Park" title="Vjosa Wild River National Park">Vjosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New_NP-161">[159]</a> As a signatory to the <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a>, Albania has granted special recognition upon four wetlands, designating them as Wetlands of International Importance, including <a href="/wiki/Buna_(Adriatic_Sea)" title="Buna (Adriatic Sea)">Buna</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lake_Skadar" title="Lake Skadar">Shkodër</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butrint_Lagoon" title="Butrint Lagoon">Butrint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karavasta_Lagoon" title="Karavasta Lagoon">Karavasta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Prespa" title="Lake Prespa">Prespa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> The country's dedication to protection extends further into the sphere of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves">World Network of Biosphere Reserves</a>, operating within the framework of the <a href="/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme" title="Man and the Biosphere Programme">Man and the Biosphere Programme</a>, evidenced by its engagement in the <a href="/wiki/Ohrid-Prespa_Transboundary_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Ohrid-Prespa Transboundary Biosphere Reserve">Ohrid-Prespa Transboundary Biosphere Reserve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> Furthermore, Albania is host to two natural <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>, which encompass the Ohrid region and both the <a href="/wiki/Gashi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Gashi River">Gashi River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rrajce" class="mw-redirect" title="Rrajce">Rrajca</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe" title="Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe">Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Primeval_Beech_Forests-165">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protected_areas">Protected areas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Albania" title="Protected areas of Albania">Protected areas of Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_fishermen_house_in_Karavasta_Lagoon_(Divjak%C3%AB-Karavasta_National_Park).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/A_fishermen_house_in_Karavasta_Lagoon_%28Divjak%C3%AB-Karavasta_National_Park%29.jpg/220px-A_fishermen_house_in_Karavasta_Lagoon_%28Divjak%C3%AB-Karavasta_National_Park%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/A_fishermen_house_in_Karavasta_Lagoon_%28Divjak%C3%AB-Karavasta_National_Park%29.jpg/330px-A_fishermen_house_in_Karavasta_Lagoon_%28Divjak%C3%AB-Karavasta_National_Park%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/A_fishermen_house_in_Karavasta_Lagoon_%28Divjak%C3%AB-Karavasta_National_Park%29.jpg/440px-A_fishermen_house_in_Karavasta_Lagoon_%28Divjak%C3%AB-Karavasta_National_Park%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5160" data-file-height="3440" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lagoon_of_Karavasta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagoon of Karavasta">lagoon of Karavasta</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Divjak%C3%AB-Karavasta_National_Park" title="Divjakë-Karavasta National Park">Divjakë-Karavasta National Park</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Albania" title="Protected areas of Albania">protected areas of Albania</a> are areas designated and managed by the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian government">Albanian government</a>. There are 12 <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a>, 4 <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">ramsar sites</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosphere reserve">biosphere reserve</a> and 786 other types of conservation reserves in Albania.<a href="#cite_note-New_NP-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> Located in the north, the Albanian Alps National Park, comprising the former <a href="/wiki/Theth_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Theth National Park">Theth National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valbon%C3%AB_Valley_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Valbonë Valley National Park">Valbonë Valley National Park</a>, is surrounded amidst the towering peaks of the <a href="/wiki/Accursed_Mountains" title="Accursed Mountains">Albanian Alps</a>. In the east, portions of the rugged <a href="/wiki/Korab" title="Korab">Korab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nem%C3%ABr%C3%A7ka" title="Nemërçka">Nemërçka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shebenik" title="Shebenik">Shebenik</a> Mountains are conserved within the boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Fir_of_Hotov%C3%AB-Dang%C3%ABlli_National_Park" title="Fir of Hotovë-Dangëlli National Park">Fir of Hotovë-Dangëlli National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shebenik_National_Park" title="Shebenik National Park">Shebenik National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prespa_National_Park_(Albania)" title="Prespa National Park (Albania)">Prespa National Park</a>, with the latter encompassing Albania's share of the <a href="/wiki/Prespa_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Prespa Lake">Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Small_Prespa_Lake" title="Small Prespa Lake">Small Lakes of Prespa</a>. To the south, the <a href="/wiki/Ceraunian_Mountains" title="Ceraunian Mountains">Ceraunian Mountains</a> define the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Ionian Sea Coast">Albanian Ionian Sea Coast</a>, shaping the landscape of <a href="/wiki/Llogara_National_Park" title="Llogara National Park">Llogara National Park</a>, which extends into the <a href="/wiki/Karaburun_Peninsula,_Albania" title="Karaburun Peninsula, Albania">Karaburun Peninsula</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Karaburun-Sazan_Marine_Park" title="Karaburun-Sazan Marine Park">Karaburun-Sazan Marine Park</a>. Further southward lies <a href="/wiki/Butrint_National_Park" title="Butrint National Park">Butrint National Park</a>, occupying a peninsula surrounded by the Lake of Butrint and the <a href="/wiki/Channel_of_Vivari" title="Channel of Vivari">Channel of Vivari</a>. In the west, stretching along the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast">Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Divjak%C3%AB-Karavasta_National_Park" title="Divjakë-Karavasta National Park">Divjakë-Karavasta National Park</a> boasts the extensive <a href="/wiki/Lagoon_of_Karavasta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagoon of Karavasta">Lagoon of Karavasta</a>, one of the largest lagoon systems in the Mediterranean Sea. Notably, Europe's first wild river national park, <a href="/wiki/Vjosa_Wild_River_National_Park" title="Vjosa Wild River National Park">Vjosa National Park</a>, safeguards the <a href="/wiki/Vjosa" title="Vjosa">Vjosa River</a> and its primary tributaries, which originates in the <a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a> Mountains and flows to the Adriatic Sea. <a href="/wiki/Dajti_Mountain_National_Park" title="Dajti Mountain National Park">Dajti Mountain National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lur%C3%AB-Dej%C3%AB_Mountain_National_Park" title="Lurë-Dejë Mountain National Park">Lurë-Dejë Mountain National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomorr_Mountain_National_Park" title="Tomorr Mountain National Park">Tomorr Mountain National Park</a> protect the mountainous terrain of the centre of Albania, including the <a href="/wiki/Tomorr" title="Tomorr">Tomorr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg_Mountains" title="Skanderbeg Mountains">Skanderbeg Mountains</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Albania" title="Environmental issues in Albania">Environmental issues in Albania</a></div> Environmental issues in Albania notably encompass <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in Albania">climate change</a> impacts, <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a> shortcomings, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">biodiversity loss</a> and imperative for <a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">nature conservation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> Climate change is predicted to exert significant impacts on the quality of life in Albania.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> Albania is one of the European countries most at risk and vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> Natural disasters, such as <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">forest fires</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a>, are increasing in Albania due to climate change, causing significant damage.<a href="#cite_note-:12-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> Rising sea levels are anticipated to negatively impact coastal communities and the tourism industry.<a href="#cite_note-:13-173">[171]</a> In 2023 Albania emitted 7.67 million tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>,<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> equivalent to 2.73 tonnes per person,<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> making it a relatively low emitting country. Albania has pledged a 20.9% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030, and <a href="/wiki/Net-zero_emissions" title="Net-zero emissions">net zero</a> by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> The country has a moderate and improving performance in the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a> with an overall ranking of 62 out of 180 countries in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> However, Albania's ranking has decreased since its highest placement at position 15 in the Environmental Performance Index of 2012.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1026px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Prespa_and_Prespa_National_Park_Albania_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Prespa National Park in southeastern Albania is part of the European Green Belt and Ohrid-Prespa Biosphere Reserve."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Prespa_and_Prespa_National_Park_Albania_2017.jpg/1016px-Prespa_and_Prespa_National_Park_Albania_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="1016" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Prespa_and_Prespa_National_Park_Albania_2017.jpg/1524px-Prespa_and_Prespa_National_Park_Albania_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Prespa_and_Prespa_National_Park_Albania_2017.jpg/2032px-Prespa_and_Prespa_National_Park_Albania_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12331" data-file-height="2548" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Prespa_and_Prespa_National_Park_Albania_2017.jpg" title="File:Prespa and Prespa National Park Albania 2017.jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The <a href="/wiki/Prespa_National_Park_(Albania)" title="Prespa National Park (Albania)">Prespa National Park</a> in southeastern Albania is part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Belt" title="European Green Belt">European Green Belt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohrid-Prespa_Transboundary_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Ohrid-Prespa Transboundary Biosphere Reserve">Ohrid-Prespa Biosphere Reserve</a>.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Politics of Albania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Albania">Government of Albania</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:right; margin-right:9px; margin-left:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bajram_Begaj_(infobox_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bajram_Begaj_%28infobox_crop%29.jpg/108px-Bajram_Begaj_%28infobox_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bajram_Begaj_%28infobox_crop%29.jpg/162px-Bajram_Begaj_%28infobox_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bajram_Begaj_%28infobox_crop%29.jpg/216px-Bajram_Begaj_%28infobox_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="1114" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/File:Edi_Rama_(2024-02-29).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Edi_Rama_%282024-02-29%29.jpg/120px-Edi_Rama_%282024-02-29%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Edi_Rama_%282024-02-29%29.jpg/180px-Edi_Rama_%282024-02-29%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Edi_Rama_%282024-02-29%29.jpg/240px-Edi_Rama_%282024-02-29%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="1442" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bajram_Begaj" title="Bajram Begaj">Bajram Begaj</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">President</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Edi_Rama" title="Edi Rama">Edi Rama</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Since declaring independence in 1912, Albania has experienced a significant political transformation, traversing through distinct periods that included a monarchical rule, a communist regime and the eventual establishment of a democratic order.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> In 1998, Albania transitioned into a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional republic">constitutional republic</a>, marking a fundamental milestone in its political evolution.<a href="#cite_note-Kushtetuta-180">[178]</a> Its governance structure operates under a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">constitution</a> that serves as the principal document of the country.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> The constitution is grounded in the principle of the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>, with three arms of government that encompass the legislative embodied in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Parliament</a>, the executive led by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">President</a> as the ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister</a> as the functional <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, and the judiciary with a hierarchy of courts, including the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Albania" title="Constitutional Court of Albania">constitutional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Albania" title="Supreme Court of Albania">supreme courts</a> as well as multiple <a href="/wiki/Appeals_courts_of_Albania" title="Appeals courts of Albania">appeal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Courts_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative Courts in Albania">administrative courts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kushtetuta-180">[178]</a> Albania's legal system is structured to protect its people's political rights, regardless of their ethnic, linguistic, racial, or religious affiliations.<a href="#cite_note-Kushtetuta-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FH2023-182">[180]</a> Despite these principles, there are significant human rights concerns in Albania that demand attention.<a href="#cite_note-USDS_Politics-183">[181]</a> These concerns include issues related to the independence of the judiciary, the absence of a free media sector and the enduring problem of corruption within various governmental bodies, law enforcement agencies and other institutions.<a href="#cite_note-USDS_Politics-183">[181]</a> As Albania pursues its path towards EU membership, active efforts are being made to achieve substantial improvements in these areas to align with EU criteria and standards.<a href="#cite_note-FH2023-182">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Albania" title="Foreign relations of Albania">Foreign relations of Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artigianato_Arberesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Artigianato_Arberesh.jpg/220px-Artigianato_Arberesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Artigianato_Arberesh.jpg/330px-Artigianato_Arberesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Artigianato_Arberesh.jpg/440px-Artigianato_Arberesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Assisted by the governments of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and Albania, an official application for the inclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë people</a> in the list of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a> is being prepared.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a></figcaption></figure> Emerging from decades of isolation during the communism, Albania has adopted a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Albania" title="Foreign relations of Albania">foreign policy</a> orientation centred on active cooperation and engagement in international affairs. At the core of Albania's foreign policies lie a set of objectives, which encompass the commitment to protect its sovereignty and territorial integrity, the cultivation of diplomatic ties with other countries, advocating for <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">international recognition of Kosovo</a>, addressing the concerns related to the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Cham_Albanians" title="Expulsion of Cham Albanians">expulsion of Cham Albanians</a>, pursuing Euro-Atlantic integration and protecting the rights of the Albanians in <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Montenegro" title="Albanians in Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_south_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in south Serbia">Serbia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> The external affairs of Albania underscore the country's dedication to regional stability and integration into major international institutions.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> Albania became a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) in 1955, shortly after emerging from a period of isolation during the communist era.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> The country reached a major achievement in its foreign policy by securing NATO membership in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> Since obtaining candidate status in 2014, the country has also embarked on a comprehensive reform agenda to align itself with European Union (EU) accession standards, with the objective of becoming an EU member state.<a href="#cite_note-EU_CS-120">[118]</a> Albania and Kosovo maintain a fraternal relationship strengthened by their substantial cultural, ethnical and historical ties.<a href="#cite_note-AlbKosRelation-190">[188]</a> Both countries foster enduring diplomatic ties, with Albania actively supporting Kosovo's development and international integration efforts.<a href="#cite_note-AlbKosRelation-190">[188]</a> Its fundamental contribution to <a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">Kosovo's path to independence</a> is underscored by its early <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">recognition of Kosovo's sovereignty</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> Furthermore, both governments hold annual joint meetings, displayed by the inaugural meeting in 2014, which serves as an official platform to enhance bilateral cooperation and reinforce their joint commitment to policies that promote the stability and prosperity of the broader Albanian region.<a href="#cite_note-AlbKosRelation-190">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of Albania">Armed Forces of Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian_special_operations_forces,_provide_security_as_Afghan_Border_Police_(ABP)_break_ground_on_a_new_checkpoint_in_the_district_of_Spin_Boldak,_Kandahar_province,_Afghanistan,_March_25,_2013_130325-A-MX357-127.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Albanian_special_operations_forces%2C_provide_security_as_Afghan_Border_Police_%28ABP%29_break_ground_on_a_new_checkpoint_in_the_district_of_Spin_Boldak%2C_Kandahar_province%2C_Afghanistan%2C_March_25%2C_2013_130325-A-MX357-127.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Albanian_special_operations_forces%2C_provide_security_as_Afghan_Border_Police_%28ABP%29_break_ground_on_a_new_checkpoint_in_the_district_of_Spin_Boldak%2C_Kandahar_province%2C_Afghanistan%2C_March_25%2C_2013_130325-A-MX357-127.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Albanian_special_operations_forces%2C_provide_security_as_Afghan_Border_Police_%28ABP%29_break_ground_on_a_new_checkpoint_in_the_district_of_Spin_Boldak%2C_Kandahar_province%2C_Afghanistan%2C_March_25%2C_2013_130325-A-MX357-127.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3332" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Land_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Land Force">Albanian soldiers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Province" title="Kandahar Province">Province of Kandahar</a>, Afghanistan</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Albanian Armed Forces</a> consist of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Land_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Land Force">Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Air_Force" title="Albanian Air Force">Air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Naval_Force" title="Albanian Naval Force">Naval Forces</a> and constitute the military and paramilitary forces of the country. They are led by a <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Albania)" title="Ministry of Defence (Albania)">Ministry of Defence</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">President</a> as the supreme commander during wartime. However, in times of peace its powers are executed through the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Albania)" title="Ministry of Defence (Albania)">Defence Minister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-constitution-192">[190]</a> The chief purpose of the armed forces of Albania is the defence of the independence, the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_integrity" title="Territorial integrity">territorial integrity</a> of the country, as well as the participation in humanitarian, combat, non-combat and peace support operations.<a href="#cite_note-constitution-192">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Military service</a> is voluntary since 2010 with the age of 19 being the legal minimum age for the duty.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> Albania has committed to increase the participations in multinational operations.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> Since the fall of communism, the country has participated in six international missions but only one United Nations mission in <a href="/wiki/UNOMIG" class="mw-redirect" title="UNOMIG">Georgia</a>, where it sent three military observers. Since February 2008, Albania has participated officially in NATO's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Active_Endeavor" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Active Endeavor">Operation Active Endeavor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> It was invited to join NATO on 3 April 2008, and it became a full member on 2 April 2009.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> Albania reduced the number of active troops from 65,000 in 1988 to 14,500 in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> The military now consists mainly of a small fleet of aircraft and sea vessels. Increasing the military budget was one of the most important conditions for <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> integration. As of 1996 military spending was an estimated 1.5% of the country's GDP, only to peak in 2009 at 2% and fall again to 1.5%.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Albania" title="Administrative divisions of Albania">Administrative divisions of Albania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Albania" title="Counties of Albania">Counties of Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Albania" title="Regions of Albania">Regions of Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Albania" title="Municipalities of Albania">Municipalities of Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Albania" title="Communes of Albania">Communes of Albania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Albania" title="Villages of Albania">Villages of Albania</a></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 450px; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:Albania_(location_map).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Albania_%28location_map%29.svg/500px-Albania_%28location_map%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="658" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Albania_%28location_map%29.svg/675px-Albania_%28location_map%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Albania_%28location_map%29.svg/900px-Albania_%28location_map%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1169" /></a> <div style="position:absolute; left:238px; top:408px"><a href="/wiki/Berat_County" title="Berat County">Berat</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:258px; top:232px"><a href="/wiki/Dib%C3%ABr_County" title="Dibër County">Dibër</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:174px; top:248px"><a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs_County" title="Durrës County">Durrës</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:242.4px; top:332px"><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_County" title="Elbasan County">Elbasan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:384px"><a href="/wiki/Fier_County" title="Fier County">Fier</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:238px; top:484px"><a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr_County" title="Gjirokastër County">Gjirokastër</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:198px; top:199.2px"><a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB_County" title="Lezhë County">Lezhë</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:326px; top:408px"><a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB_County" title="Korçë County">Korçë</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:274px; top:136px"><a href="/wiki/Kuk%C3%ABs_County" title="Kukës County">Kukës</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:178px; top:140px"><a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr_County" title="Shkodër County">Shkodër</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:198px; top:292px"><a href="/wiki/Tirana_County" title="Tirana County">Tirana</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:174px; top:472px"><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB_County" title="Vlorë County">Vlorë</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:59.6px; top:246.8px"><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:94px; top:516px"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></div> </div></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Albania" title="Counties of Albania">counties of Albania</a> are the first-level administrative units in Albania.</div></div></div> Albania is defined within a territorial area of 28,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi) in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</a>. It is informally divided into three regions, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Albania" title="Northern Albania">Northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Albania" title="Central Albania">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Albania" title="Southern Albania">Southern Regions</a>. Since <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">its Declaration of Independence</a> in 1912, Albania has reformed <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Albania#History" title="Administrative divisions of Albania">its internal organisation</a> 21 times. Presently, the primary <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Albania" title="Administrative divisions of Albania">administrative units</a> are the twelve constituent <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Albania" title="Counties of Albania">counties</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/qarqe#Albanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:qarqe">qarqe</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/qarqet#Albanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:qarqet">qarqet</a>), which hold equal status under the law.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> Counties had previously been used in the 1950s and were recreated on 31 July 2000 to unify the 36 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Albania" title="Districts of Albania">districts</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rrath%C3%AB#Albanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:rrathë">rrathë</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rrath%C3%ABt#Albanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:rrathët">rrathët</a>) of that time.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-terref-203">[201]</a> The largest county in Albania by population is <a href="/wiki/Tirana_County" title="Tirana County">Tirana County</a> with over 800,000 people. The smallest county, by population, is <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr_County" title="Gjirokastër County">Gjirokastër County</a> with over 70,000 people. The largest county, by area, is <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB_County" title="Korçë County">Korçë County</a> encompassing 3,711 square kilometres (1,433 sq mi) of the southeast of Albania. The smallest county, by area, is <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs_County" title="Durrës County">Durrës County</a> with an area of 766 square kilometres (296 sq mi) in the west of Albania. The counties are made up of 61 second-level divisions known as <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Albania" title="Municipalities of Albania">municipalities</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bashki#Albanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:bashki">bashki</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bashkia#Albanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:bashkia">bashkia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> The municipalities are the first level of local governance, responsible for local needs and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Albania" title="Law enforcement in Albania">law enforcement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> They unified and simplified the previous system of <a href="/wiki/Urban_municipalities_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban municipalities of Albania">urban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rural_municipalities_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural municipalities of Albania">rural municipalities</a> or <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Albania" title="Communes of Albania">communes</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/komuna#Albanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:komuna">komuna</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/komunat#Albanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:komunat">komunat</a>) in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> For smaller issues of <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local government</a>, the municipalities are organised into 373 <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative units of Albania">administrative units</a> (njësia/njësitë administrative). There are also 2980 villages (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fshatra#Albanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:fshatra">fshatra</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fshatrat#Albanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:fshatrat">fshatrat</a>), neighborhoods or wards (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lagje#Albanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:lagje">lagje</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lagjet#Albanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:lagjet">lagjet</a>), and localities (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lokalitete#Albanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:lokalitete">lokalitete</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lokalitetet#Albanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:lokalitetet">lokalitetet</a>) previously used as administrative units. <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:85%; margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;"> <th style="width:25px;"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Emblem</a></th> <th style="width:100px;"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Albania" title="Counties of Albania">County</a></th> <th style="width:87px;">Capital</th> <th style="width:75px;">Area (km2)</th> <th style="width:70px;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_of_Albania_by_population" title="List of counties of Albania by population">Population</a> (2020)</th> <th style="width:70px;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_of_Albania_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of counties of Albania by Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2019) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Stema_e_Qarkut_Berat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emblem of Berat County" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stema_e_Qarkut_Berat.svg/17px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Berat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stema_e_Qarkut_Berat.svg/26px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Berat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Stema_e_Qarkut_Berat.svg/34px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Berat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="444" /></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Berat_County" title="Berat County">Berat</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,798</td> <td style="text-align:right">122,003</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.782 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:ALB_Qarku_i_Dibr%C3%ABs_COA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emblem of Dibër County" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/ALB_Qarku_i_Dibr%C3%ABs_COA.png/17px-ALB_Qarku_i_Dibr%C3%ABs_COA.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/ALB_Qarku_i_Dibr%C3%ABs_COA.png/26px-ALB_Qarku_i_Dibr%C3%ABs_COA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/ALB_Qarku_i_Dibr%C3%ABs_COA.png/34px-ALB_Qarku_i_Dibr%C3%ABs_COA.png 2x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="308" /></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Dib%C3%ABr_County" title="Dibër County">Dibër</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peshkopi" title="Peshkopi">Peshkopi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,586</td> <td style="text-align:right">115,857</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.754 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Stema_e_Qarkut_Durr%C3%ABs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emblem of Durrës County" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Stema_e_Qarkut_Durr%C3%ABs.svg/17px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Durr%C3%ABs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Stema_e_Qarkut_Durr%C3%ABs.svg/26px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Durr%C3%ABs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Stema_e_Qarkut_Durr%C3%ABs.svg/34px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Durr%C3%ABs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="444" /></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs_County" title="Durrës County">Durrës</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">766</td> <td style="text-align:right">290,697</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.802 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Stema_e_Qarkut_Elbasan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emblem of Elbasan County" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Stema_e_Qarkut_Elbasan.svg/17px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Elbasan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Stema_e_Qarkut_Elbasan.svg/26px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Elbasan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Stema_e_Qarkut_Elbasan.svg/34px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Elbasan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="444" /></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_County" title="Elbasan County">Elbasan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">3,199</td> <td style="text-align:right">270,074</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.784 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Stema_e_Qarkut_Fier.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emblem of Fier County" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Stema_e_Qarkut_Fier.svg/17px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Fier.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Stema_e_Qarkut_Fier.svg/26px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Fier.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Stema_e_Qarkut_Fier.svg/34px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Fier.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="251" /></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Fier_County" title="Fier County">Fier</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">Fier</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,890</td> <td style="text-align:right">289,889</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.767 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Stema_e_Qarkut_Gjirokast%C3%ABr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emblem of Gjirokastër County" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Stema_e_Qarkut_Gjirokast%C3%ABr.svg/20px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Gjirokast%C3%ABr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Stema_e_Qarkut_Gjirokast%C3%ABr.svg/40px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Gjirokast%C3%ABr.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="443" /></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr_County" title="Gjirokastër County">Gjirokastër</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,884</td> <td style="text-align:right">59,381</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.794 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Stema_e_Qarkut_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emblem of Korçë County" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Stema_e_Qarkut_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB.svg/20px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Stema_e_Qarkut_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB.svg/40px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="443" /></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB_County" title="Korçë County">Korçë</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Korçë">Korçë</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">3,711</td> <td style="text-align:right">204,831</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.790 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Stema_e_Qarkut_Kuk%C3%ABs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emblem of Kukës County" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stema_e_Qarkut_Kuk%C3%ABs.svg/17px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Kuk%C3%ABs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stema_e_Qarkut_Kuk%C3%ABs.svg/26px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Kuk%C3%ABs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stema_e_Qarkut_Kuk%C3%ABs.svg/34px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Kuk%C3%ABs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="354" /></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuk%C3%ABs_County" title="Kukës County">Kukës</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuk%C3%ABs" title="Kukës">Kukës</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,374</td> <td style="text-align:right">75,428</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.749 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Stema_e_Qarkut_Lezh%C3%AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emblem of Lezhë County" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stema_e_Qarkut_Lezh%C3%AB.svg/20px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Lezh%C3%AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stema_e_Qarkut_Lezh%C3%AB.svg/40px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Lezh%C3%AB.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="444" /></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB_County" title="Lezhë County">Lezhë</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lezhë</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,620</td> <td style="text-align:right">122,700</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.769 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Stema_e_Qarkut_Shkod%C3%ABr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emblem of Shkodër County" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Stema_e_Qarkut_Shkod%C3%ABr.svg/17px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Shkod%C3%ABr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Stema_e_Qarkut_Shkod%C3%ABr.svg/26px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Shkod%C3%ABr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Stema_e_Qarkut_Shkod%C3%ABr.svg/34px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Shkod%C3%ABr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="583" /></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr_County" title="Shkodër County">Shkodër</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">3,562</td> <td style="text-align:right">200,007</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.784 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Stema_e_Qarkut_Tiran%C3%AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emblem of Tirana County" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stema_e_Qarkut_Tiran%C3%AB.svg/17px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Tiran%C3%AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stema_e_Qarkut_Tiran%C3%AB.svg/26px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Tiran%C3%AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stema_e_Qarkut_Tiran%C3%AB.svg/34px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Tiran%C3%AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="443" /></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirana_County" title="Tirana County">Tirana</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,652</td> <td style="text-align:right">906,166</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.820 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Stema_e_Qarkut_Vlor%C3%AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emblem of Vlorë County" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stema_e_Qarkut_Vlor%C3%AB.svg/17px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Vlor%C3%AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stema_e_Qarkut_Vlor%C3%AB.svg/26px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Vlor%C3%AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stema_e_Qarkut_Vlor%C3%AB.svg/34px-Stema_e_Qarkut_Vlor%C3%AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="444" /></a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB_County" title="Vlorë County">Vlorë</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,706</td> <td style="text-align:right">188,922</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.802 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="20" align="left">References:<a href="#cite_note-Population_INSTAT-210">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Economy of Albania</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toptani_Shopping_Mall_Tirana_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Toptani_Shopping_Mall_Tirana_2016.jpg/220px-Toptani_Shopping_Mall_Tirana_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Toptani_Shopping_Mall_Tirana_2016.jpg/330px-Toptani_Shopping_Mall_Tirana_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Toptani_Shopping_Mall_Tirana_2016.jpg/440px-Toptani_Shopping_Mall_Tirana_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5871" data-file-height="3914" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> is the economic hub of the country. It is home to major domestic and foreign companies operating in the country.</figcaption></figure> Albania's transition from a socialist <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> to a capitalist <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> has been largely successful.<a href="#cite_note-worlddiplomacy-212">[210]</a> The country has a <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing</a> mixed economy classified by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> as an <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(nominal,_Atlas_method)_per_capita#Upper-middle-income_group" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by GNI (nominal, Atlas method) per capita">upper-middle income economy</a>. In 2016, it had the fourth-lowest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of countries by unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> with an estimated value of 14.7%. Its largest trading partners are Italy, Greece, China, Spain, Kosovo and the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_lek" title="Albanian lek">lek</a> (ALL) is the country's currency and is <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed exchange rate">pegged</a> at approximately 132.51 lek per euro. The cities of <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a> constitute the economic and financial heart of Albania due to their high population, modern infrastructure and strategic geographical location. The country's most important infrastructure facilities take course through both of the cities, connecting the north to the south as well as the west to the east. Among the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Albania" title="List of companies of Albania">companies</a> are the energy distribution public company <a href="/wiki/Operatori_i_Shp%C3%ABrndarjes_s%C3%AB_Energjis%C3%AB_Elektrike" title="Operatori i Shpërndarjes së Energjisë Elektrike">OSHEE</a>, steel producer Kurum, oil cdompanies like Kastrati, <a href="/wiki/Albpetrol" title="Albpetrol">Albpetrol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ARMO_oil_refiner" title="ARMO oil refiner">ARMO</a>, the mineral <a href="/wiki/AlbChrome" title="AlbChrome">AlbChrome</a>, the investment <a href="/wiki/Samir_Mane" title="Samir Mane">BALFIN Group</a> and the telecommunications companies <a href="/wiki/Albtelecom" class="mw-redirect" title="Albtelecom">One Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Albania" title="Vodafone Albania">Vodafone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> In 2012, Albania's <a href="/wiki/GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a> stood at 30% of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> average, while <a href="/wiki/GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP (PPP) per capita">GDP (PPP) per capita</a> was 35%.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> In the first quarter of 2010, after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, Albania was one of three countries in Europe to record economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> predicted 2.6% growth for Albania in 2010 and 3.2% in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>, as of December 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albania&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product_(GDP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product (GDP)">Gross Domestic Product (GDP)</a> was growing at 2.8%. The country had a <a href="/wiki/Trade_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade balance">trade balance</a> of −9.7% and <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a> of 14.7%.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">Foreign direct investment</a> has increased significantly in recent years as the government has embarked on an ambitious programme to improve the business climate through fiscal and legislative reforms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sector">Primary sector</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Albania" title="Agriculture in Albania">Agriculture in Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berat_kale_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Berat_kale_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-Berat_kale_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Berat_kale_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Berat_kale_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Berat_kale_-_panoramio.jpg/500px-Berat_kale_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Grapes in <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a>. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citrus_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus fruit">citrus fruits</a> are mostly produced in Southern Albania.</figcaption></figure> Agriculture in the country is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. It remains a significant sector of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">economy of Albania</a>. It employs 41%<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> of the population, and about 24.31% of the land is used for agricultural purposes. One of the earliest farming sites in Europe has been found in the southeast of the country.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> As part of the pre-accession process of Albania to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, farmers are being aided through <a href="/wiki/Instrument_for_Pre-Accession_Assistance" title="Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance">IPA</a> funds to improve Albanian agriculture standards.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> Albania produces significant amounts of fruits (apples, <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a>, grapes, oranges, lemons, <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Figs" class="mw-redirect" title="Figs">figs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prunus_cerasus" title="Prunus cerasus">sour cherries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberries</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetables</a> (potatoes, tomatoes, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, onions, and wheat), <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a>, tobacco, meat, <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a>, traditional medicine and <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">aromatic plants</a>. Further, the country is a worldwide significant producer of <a href="/wiki/Salvia" title="Salvia">salvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">rosemary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gentiana_lutea" title="Gentiana lutea">yellow gentian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> The country's proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> give the underdeveloped fishing industry great potential. The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> economists report that, Albania's fishing industry has good potential to generate export earnings because prices in the nearby Greek and Italian markets are many times higher than those in the Albanian market. The fish available off the coasts of the country are <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_bream" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea bream">sea bream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>. Albania has one of Europe's longest histories of <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-winealbania1-223">[221]</a> Today's region was one of the few places where vine was naturally grown during the ice age. The oldest found seeds in the region are 4,000 to 6,000 years old.<a href="#cite_note-Stevenson2011-224">[222]</a> In 2009, the nation produced an estimated 17,500 tonnes of wine.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sector">Secondary sector</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Mines_in_Albania" title="Category:Mines in Albania">Category:Mines in Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cement_factory_in_Fush%C3%AB-Kruj%C3%AB,_Albania_(10759257413).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cement_factory_in_Fush%C3%AB-Kruj%C3%AB%2C_Albania_%2810759257413%29.jpg/220px-Cement_factory_in_Fush%C3%AB-Kruj%C3%AB%2C_Albania_%2810759257413%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cement_factory_in_Fush%C3%AB-Kruj%C3%AB%2C_Albania_%2810759257413%29.jpg/330px-Cement_factory_in_Fush%C3%AB-Kruj%C3%AB%2C_Albania_%2810759257413%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cement_factory_in_Fush%C3%AB-Kruj%C3%AB%2C_Albania_%2810759257413%29.jpg/440px-Cement_factory_in_Fush%C3%AB-Kruj%C3%AB%2C_Albania_%2810759257413%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Antea_Cement" title="Antea Cement">Antea</a> factory in <a href="/wiki/Fush%C3%AB-Kruj%C3%AB" title="Fushë-Krujë">Fushë-Krujë</a></figcaption></figure> Albania's secondary sector has undergone many changes and diversification since the communist regime collapsed. It is very diversified, from <a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing industries">manufacturing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textiles</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cement_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cement industry">cement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining industry">mining</a>,<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_industry" title="Energy industry">energy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Antea_Cement" title="Antea Cement">Antea Cement</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Fush%C3%AB-Kruj%C3%AB" title="Fushë-Krujë">Fushë-Krujë</a> is considered one of the nation's largest industrial greenfield investments.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> Albanian oil and gas is one of the most promising, albeit strictly regulated, sectors of its economy. Albania has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">second-largest oil deposits</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan peninsula">Balkan peninsula</a> after <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, and the largest <a href="/wiki/Patos-Marinza_Oil_Field" title="Patos-Marinza Oil Field">oil reserves</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> in Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Albpetrol" title="Albpetrol">Albpetrol</a> company is owned by the Albanian state and monitors the state petroleum agreements in the country. The textile industry has seen an extensive expansion by approaching companies from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) in Albania. According to the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Statistics_(Albania)" title="Institute of Statistics (Albania)">Instituti i Statistikës (INSTAT)</a>, as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albania&action=edit">[update]</a>, textile production had an annual growth of 5.3% and an annual turnover of around 1.5 billion euros.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> Albania is a significant minerals producer and ranks among the world's leading <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> producers and exporters.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> The nation is also a notable producer of copper, nickel, and coal.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Batra_mine" title="Batra mine">Batra mine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulqiz%C3%AB_mine" title="Bulqizë mine">Bulqizë mine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thekna_mine" title="Thekna mine">Thekna mine</a> are among the most recognised Albanian mines still in operation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_sector">Tertiary sector</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Albania" title="Banking in Albania">Banking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Telecommunications</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Albania" title="Tourism in Albania">Tourism in Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ksamil_Albania_._Albanian_Riviera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ksamil_Albania_._Albanian_Riviera.jpg/220px-Ksamil_Albania_._Albanian_Riviera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ksamil_Albania_._Albanian_Riviera.jpg/330px-Ksamil_Albania_._Albanian_Riviera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ksamil_Albania_._Albanian_Riviera.jpg/440px-Ksamil_Albania_._Albanian_Riviera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Islets_of_Ksamil" title="Islets of Ksamil">Islets of Ksamil</a>, in the south of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Ionian Sea Coast">Albanian Ionian Sea Coast</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary sector">tertiary sector</a> represents the fastest growing sector of the country's economy. 36% of the population work in the service sector which contributes to 65% of the country's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-DSSA-233">[231]</a> Ever since the end of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Banking_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking industry">banking industry</a> is a major component of the tertiary sector and remains in good conditions overall due to <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</a> and the commendable <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-DSSA-233">[231]</a> Previously one of the most <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolated</a> and controlled countries in the world, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication industry">telecommunication industry</a> represents nowadays another major contributor to the sector. It developed largely through privatisation and subsequent investment by both domestic and foreign investors.<a href="#cite_note-DSSA-233">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle Mobile">Eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Albania" title="Vodafone Albania">Vodafone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telekom_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Telekom Albania">Telekom Albania</a> are the leading <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_service_provider" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications service provider">telecommunications service providers</a> in the country. Tourism is recognised as an industry of national importance and has been steadily increasing since the beginnings of the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> It directly accounted for 8.4% of GDP in 2016 though including indirect contributions pushes the proportion to 26%.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> In the same year, the country received approximately 4.74 million visitors mostly from across Europe and the United States as well.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> The increase of foreign visitors has been dramatic. Albania had only 500,000 visitors in 2005, and an estimated 4.2 million in 2012, an increase of 740 percent. In 2015, summer tourism increased by 25 percent from 2014, according to the country's tourism agency.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a> named Albania as a top travel destination,<a href="#cite_note-Lonely_Planet's_top_10-240">[238]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] while <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> placed Albania as number 4 global tourist destination in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> The bulk of the tourist industry is concentrated along the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a> in the west of the country. But the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Riviera" title="Albanian Riviera">Albanian Riviera</a> in the southwest has the most scenic and pristine beaches; its coastline has a considerable length of 446 kilometres (277 miles).<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> The coast has a distinctive character, rich in varieties of virgin beaches, capes, coves, covered bays, lagoons, small gravel beaches, sea caves, and many landforms. Some parts of this seaside are very clean ecologically, including unexplored areas, which are very rare within the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> Other attractions include the mountainous areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Alps">Albanian Alps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceraunian_Mountains" title="Ceraunian Mountains">Ceraunian Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korab" title="Korab">Korab</a> Mountains but also the historical cities of <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarand%C3%AB" title="Sarandë">Sarandë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Korçë">Korçë</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Albania" title="Transport in Albania">Transport in Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autostrada_Durr%C3%ABs-Morina-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Autostrada_Durr%C3%ABs-Morina-05.jpg/220px-Autostrada_Durr%C3%ABs-Morina-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Autostrada_Durr%C3%ABs-Morina-05.jpg/330px-Autostrada_Durr%C3%ABs-Morina-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Autostrada_Durr%C3%ABs-Morina-05.jpg/440px-Autostrada_Durr%C3%ABs-Morina-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs-Kuk%C3%ABs_Highway" title="Durrës-Kukës Highway">Rruga e Kombit</a> connects the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Western_Lowlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lowlands">Western Lowlands</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Alps">Albanian Alps</a>.</figcaption></figure> Transportation in Albania is managed within the functions of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Infrastructure_and_Energy_(Albania)" title="Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy (Albania)">Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy</a> and entities such as the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Road_Authority" title="Albanian Road Authority">Albanian Road Authority</a> (ARRSH), responsible for the construction and maintenance of the <a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Albania" title="Highways in Albania">highways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_Albania" title="Motorways in Albania">motorways</a> in Albania, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_(Albania)" title="Civil Aviation Authority (Albania)">Albanian Aviation Authority</a> (AAC), with the responsibility of coordinating civil aviation and airports in the country. The <a href="/wiki/Tirana_International_Airport_N%C3%ABn%C3%AB_Tereza" title="Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza">international airport</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> is the premier air gateway to the country, and is also the principal hub for Albania's national <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a> airline, <a href="/wiki/Air_Albania" title="Air Albania">Air Albania</a>. The airport carried more than 3.3 million passengers in 2019 with connections to many destinations in other countries around <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> The country plans to progressively increase the number of airports especially in the south with possible locations in <a href="/wiki/Sarand%C3%AB" title="Sarandë">Sarandë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlorë International Airport">Vlorë</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Albania" title="Highways in Albania">highways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_Albania" title="Motorways in Albania">motorways in Albania</a> are properly maintained and often still under construction and renovation. The <a href="/wiki/A1_motorway_(Albania)" class="mw-redirect" title="A1 motorway (Albania)">Autostrada 1</a> (A1) is an integral transportation corridor and the country's longest motorway. It is planned to link <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a> on the Adriatic Sea across <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> in Kosovo with the <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Corridor_X" title="Pan-European Corridor X">Pan-European Corridor X</a> in Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-SEETO-246">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> The <a href="/wiki/A2_motorway_(Albania)" class="mw-redirect" title="A2 motorway (Albania)">Autostrada 2</a> (A2) is part of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic%E2%80%93Ionian_motorway" title="Adriatic–Ionian motorway">Adriatic–Ionian Corridor</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Corridor_VIII" title="Pan-European Corridor VIII">Pan-European Corridor VIII</a> and connects <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">Fier</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SEETO-246">[244]</a> The <a href="/wiki/A3_motorway_(Albania)" class="mw-redirect" title="A3 motorway (Albania)">Autostrada 3</a> (A3) is under construction and after its completion will connect <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a> with the Pan-European Corridor VIII. When all three corridors are completed, Albania will have an estimated 759 kilometres (472 mi) of highway, linking it with all neighboring countries. <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Durr%C3%ABs" title="Port of Durrës">Durrës</a> is the busiest and largest <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaport</a> in the country, followed by <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Vlor%C3%AB" title="Port of Vlorë">Vlorë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Sh%C3%ABngjin" title="Port of Shëngjin">Shëngjin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Sarand%C3%AB" title="Port of Sarandë">Sarandë</a>. As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albania&action=edit">[update]</a>, it is as one of the largest passenger ports on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, with annual passenger volume of about 1.5 million. The principal ports serve a system of ferries connecting Albania with islands and coastal cities in Croatia, Greece, and Italy. The rail network is administered by the national railway company <a href="/wiki/Hekurudha_Shqiptare" title="Hekurudha Shqiptare">Hekurudha Shqiptare</a>, which was extensively promoted by Hoxha. There has been considerable increase in private car ownership and bus usage while rail use decreased since the end of communism. A new railway line from Tirana and its airport to Durrës is planned. The location of this railway, connecting Albania's most populated urban areas, makes it an important economic development project.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Education in Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akademia_e_arteve_Ergys_Veliu_Photography.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Akademia_e_arteve_Ergys_Veliu_Photography.jpg/250px-Akademia_e_arteve_Ergys_Veliu_Photography.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Akademia_e_arteve_Ergys_Veliu_Photography.jpg/330px-Akademia_e_arteve_Ergys_Veliu_Photography.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Akademia_e_arteve_Ergys_Veliu_Photography.jpg/500px-Akademia_e_arteve_Ergys_Veliu_Photography.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2227" data-file-height="1479" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arts_(Albania)" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Arts (Albania)">University of Arts</a> is the largest higher education institute dedicated to the study of arts</figcaption></figure> In Albania, education is secular, free, <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory</a>, and based on three levels.<a href="#cite_note-Official-250">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-Epnuffic-251">[249]</a> The academic year is apportioned into two semesters, beginning in September or October and ending in June or July. <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Primary_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary language">primary language</a> of instruction in the country's <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">academic institutions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Epnuffic-251">[249]</a> The study of a first <a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">foreign language</a> is mandatory and taught most often at elementary and bilingual schools.<a href="#cite_note-foreign_languages-252">[250]</a> Languages taught in schools are English, Italian, French and German.<a href="#cite_note-foreign_languages-252">[250]</a> Albania has a <a href="/wiki/School_life_expectancy" title="School life expectancy">school life expectancy</a> of 16 years and a <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> of 98.7%, with 99.2% for men and 98.3% for women.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-cia_fb2013-254">[252]</a> Compulsory primary education is divided into two levels, elementary and secondary school, from grade one to five and six to nine, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Official-250">[248]</a> Pupils are required to attend school from the age six until they turn 16. Upon successful completion of primary education, all pupils are entitled to attend high schools, specialising in any field, including arts, sports, languages, sciences, and technology.<a href="#cite_note-Official-250">[248]</a> Tertiary education is optional and has undergone a thorough reformation and restructuring in compliance with the principles of the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a>. There are a significant number of private and public <a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutions of higher education">institutions of higher education</a> in Albania's major cities.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-Epnuffic-251">[249]</a> Tertiary education is organised into three successive levels, the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doctorate_Degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorate Degree">doctorate</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Albania" title="Health in Albania">Health in Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olive-oil-1412361_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Olive-oil-1412361_1920.jpg/250px-Olive-oil-1412361_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Olive-oil-1412361_1920.jpg/330px-Olive-oil-1412361_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Olive-oil-1412361_1920.jpg/500px-Olive-oil-1412361_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1271" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian cuisine</a> from the Mediterranean, which is characterised by the use of fruits, vegetables and <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, contributes to the good nutrition of the country's population<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">constitution of Albania</a> guarantees its citizens equal, free, and <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> The health care system is organised into <a href="/wiki/Primary_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary healthcare">primary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secondary_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary care">secondary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary healthcare">tertiary healthcare</a>, and is in a process of modernisation and development.<a href="#cite_note-cod-258">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-hospitals-259">[257]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> at birth in Albania is 77.8 years, ranking <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">37th</a> in the world and surpassing several <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> The average <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy#Healthy_life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">healthy life expectancy</a> is 68.8 years, ranking 37th in the world.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> The country's <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant mortality rate">infant mortality rate</a> was estimated at 12 per 1,000 live births in 2015. In 2000, the country had the world's 55th-best healthcare performance, as defined by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organisation</a> (WHO).<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a> is the principal cause of death in Albania, accounting for 52% of deaths.<a href="#cite_note-cod-258">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/Accident" title="Accident">Accidents</a>, injuries, <a href="/wiki/Malignant_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant disease">malignant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory diseases</a> are other primary causes of death.<a href="#cite_note-cod-258">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatric_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropsychiatric disorders">Neuropsychiatric disease</a> has also increased due to recent demographic, social, and economic changes in the country.<a href="#cite_note-cod-258">[256]</a> In 2009, Albania had a fruit and vegetable supply of 886 grams per capita per day, the fifth-highest supply in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> Compared to other developed and developing countries, Albania has a relatively low rate of <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, probably thanks to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Body_Mass_Index_(BMI)#WHO_Data_on_Prevalence_of_Obesity_(BMI_above_30)_(2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by Body Mass Index (BMI)">2016 WHO data</a>, 21.7% of adults in the country are clinically <a href="/wiki/Overweight" title="Overweight">overweight</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">Body mass index</a> (BMI) score of 25 or more.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Renewable energy in Albania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Albania" title="List of power stations in Albania">Power stations</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_and_gas_fields_in_Albania" title="List of oil and gas fields in Albania">Oil fields in Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albania_electricity_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Albania_electricity_production.svg/250px-Albania_electricity_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Albania_electricity_production.svg/330px-Albania_electricity_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Albania_electricity_production.svg/500px-Albania_electricity_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Electricity production in Albania from 1980 to 2019</figcaption></figure> Due to its location and natural resources, Albania has a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Energy_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy resource">energy resources</a>, ranging from gas, oil, and coal to <a href="/wiki/Wind_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind energy">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">water</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable</a> sources.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>'s 2023 Energy Transition Index (ETI), the country ranked 21st globally, highlighting the progress in its energy transition agenda.<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> Currently, Albania's electricity generation sector depends on <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>, ranking fifth in the world in percentage terms.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> Increasing risks of river floods and droughts due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> is expected to put electricity generation at risk.<a href="#cite_note-:1-273">[271]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Drin_(river)" title="Drin (river)">Drin</a>, in the north, hosts four <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power station">hydroelectric power stations</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Fierza_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Fierza Hydroelectric Power Station">Fierza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koman_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Koman Hydroelectric Power Station">Koman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skavica_Hydro_Power_Plant" title="Skavica Hydro Power Plant">Skavica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vau_i_Dej%C3%ABs_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Vau i Dejës Hydroelectric Power Station">Vau i Dejës</a>. Two other power stations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Banj%C3%AB_Hydro_Power_Plant" title="Banjë Hydro Power Plant">Banjë</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moglic%C3%AB_Hydro_Power_Plant" title="Moglicë Hydro Power Plant">Moglicë</a>, are along the <a href="/wiki/Devoll_(river)" title="Devoll (river)">Devoll</a> in the south.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> Albania has considerable oil deposits. It has the 10th-largest oil reserves in Europe and the 58th in the world.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> The country's main petroleum deposits are located around the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast">Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myzeqe" title="Myzeqe">Myzeqe</a> Plain within the <a href="/wiki/Western_Lowlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lowlands">Western Lowlands</a>, where the country's largest reserve is located. <a href="/wiki/Patos-Marinza_Oil_Field" title="Patos-Marinza Oil Field">Patos-Marinza</a>, also located within the area, is the largest onshore <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil field</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Trans_Adriatic_Pipeline" title="Trans Adriatic Pipeline">Trans Adriatic Pipeline</a> (TAP), part of the planned <a href="/wiki/Southern_Gas_Corridor" title="Southern Gas Corridor">Southern Gas Corridor</a>, runs for 215 kilometres (134 miles) across Albania's territory before entering the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast">Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast</a> approximately 17 kilometres (11 miles) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">Fier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> Albania's <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resources</a> are particularly abundant in all the regions of the country and comprise <a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakes of Albania">lakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivers of Albania">rivers</a>, springs, and groundwater aquifers.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> The country's available average quantity of <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> is estimated at 129.7 cubic metres (4,580 cubic feet) per inhabitant per year, one of the highest rates in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> According to data presented by the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation" title="Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation">Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</a> (JMP) in 2015, about 93% of the country's total population had access to <a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved sanitation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Albania">Media in Albania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Cinema of Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_of_the_former_Radio_Tirana_(03).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Villa_of_the_former_Radio_Tirana_%2803%29.jpg/220px-Villa_of_the_former_Radio_Tirana_%2803%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Villa_of_the_former_Radio_Tirana_%2803%29.jpg/330px-Villa_of_the_former_Radio_Tirana_%2803%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Villa_of_the_former_Radio_Tirana_%2803%29.jpg/440px-Villa_of_the_former_Radio_Tirana_%2803%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5604" data-file-height="3172" /></a><figcaption>The former grounds of the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Radio_Tirana" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Tirana">Radio Tirana</a> in the capital of <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Televizioni_Shqiptar" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Televizioni Shqiptar">Radio Televizioni Shqiptar</a> (RTSH) was initially inaugurated as Radio Tirana in 1938 prior to the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of press">freedom of press</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">speech</a>, and the right to free expression is guaranteed in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">constitution of Albania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> Albania was ranked 84th on the <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> of 2020 compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>, with its score steadily declining since 2003.<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> Nevertheless, in the 2020 report of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> classified the freedoms of press and speech in Albania as partly free from political interference and manipulation.<a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_Televizioni_Shqiptar" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Televizioni Shqiptar">Radio Televizioni Shqiptar</a> (RTSH) is the <a href="/wiki/National_broadcaster" class="mw-redirect" title="National broadcaster">national broadcaster</a> corporation of Albania operating numerous television and radio stations in the country.<a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a> The three major private broadcaster corporations are <a href="/wiki/Top_Channel" title="Top Channel">Top Channel</a>, <a href="/wiki/TV_Klan" class="mw-redirect" title="TV Klan">Televizioni Klan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vizion_Plus" title="Vizion Plus">Vizion Plus</a> whose content are distributed throughout Albania and beyond its territory in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian-speaking</a> territories. Albanian cinema has its roots in the 20th century and developed after the country's <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">declaration of independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cinema-285">[283]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theater</a> exclusively devoted to showing <a href="/wiki/Motion_pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion pictures">motion pictures</a> was built in 1912 in <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cinema-285">[283]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Albania">People's Republic of Albania</a>, Albanian cinema developed rapidly with the inauguration of the <a href="/wiki/Kinostudio_Shqip%C3%ABria_e_Re" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinostudio Shqipëria e Re">Kinostudio Shqipëria e Re</a> in Tirana.<a href="#cite_note-Cinema-285">[283]</a> In 1953, the Albanian-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">epic film</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Warrior_Skanderbeg" title="The Great Warrior Skanderbeg">Great Warrior Skanderbeg</a>, was released chronicling the life and fight of the medieval Albanian hero <a href="/wiki/Gjergj_Kastriot_Skanderbeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjergj Kastriot Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a>. It went on to win the international prize at the <a href="/wiki/1954_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1954 Cannes Film Festival">1954 Cannes Film Festival</a>. In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Tirana_International_Film_Festival" title="Tirana International Film Festival">Tirana International Film Festival</a> was established, the largest film festival in the country. The <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs_Amphitheatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Durrës Amphitheatre">Durrës Amphitheatre</a> is host to the <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Durrës International Film Festival">Durrës International Film Festival</a>, the second largest film festival. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Albania" title="Science and technology in Albania">Technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Telecommunications in Albania</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">fall of communism</a> in 1991, human resources in sciences and technology in Albania have drastically decreased. As of various reports, during 1991 to 2005 approximately 50% of the professors and scientists of the universities and science institutions in the country have left Albania.<a href="#cite_note-dfid-286">[284]</a> In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Albania">government</a> approved the National Strategy for Science, Technology and Innovation in Albania covering the period 2009 to 2015.<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> It aims to triple public spending on <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> to 0.6% of GDP and augment the share of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_expenditure_on_R%26D" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross domestic expenditure on R&D">GDE</a> from foreign sources, including the framework programmes for research of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, to the point where it covers 40% of research spending, among others. Albania was ranked 84th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> Telecommunication represents one of the fastest growing and dynamic sectors in Albania.<a href="#cite_note-National_Plan-289">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Albania" title="Vodafone Albania">Vodafone Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telekom_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Telekom Albania">Telekom Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albtelecom" class="mw-redirect" title="Albtelecom">Albtelecom</a> are the three large providers of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">mobile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> in Albania.<a href="#cite_note-National_Plan-289">[287]</a> As of the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_and_Postal_Communications_Authority_(Albania)" title="Electronic and Postal Communications Authority (Albania)">Electronic and Postal Communications Authority</a> (AKEP) in 2018, the country had approximately 2.7 million active mobile users with almost 1.8 million active broadband subscribers.<a href="#cite_note-AKEP-291">[289]</a> Vodafone Albania alone served more than 931,000 mobile users, Telekom Albania had about 605,000 users and Albtelecom had more than 272,000 users.<a href="#cite_note-AKEP-291">[289]</a> In <a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_January%E2%80%93June_2023" title="List of spaceflight launches in January–June 2023">January 2023</a>, Albania launched its <a href="/wiki/List_of_first_satellites_by_country" title="List of first satellites by country">first two satellites</a>, Albania 1 and Albania 2, into <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a>, in what was regarded as a milestone effort in monitoring the country's territory and identifying illegal activities.<a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a> Albanian-American engineer <a href="/wiki/Mira_Murati" title="Mira Murati">Mira Murati</a>, the Chief Technology Officer of research organisation <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a>, played a substantial role in the development and launch of artificial intelligence services such as <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Codex" title="OpenAI Codex">Codex</a> and <a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a> In December 2023, Prime Minister Edi Rama announced plans for collaboration between the Albanian government and ChatGPT, facilitated by discussions with Murati.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-297">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> Rama emphasised the intention to streamline the alignment of Albanian laws with the regulations of the European Union, aiming to reduce costs associated with translation and legal services.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-297">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Albania" title="Demographics of Albania">Demography of Albania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian people">Albanian people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origin of the Albanians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albania_demography.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Albania_demography.svg/250px-Albania_demography.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Albania_demography.svg/330px-Albania_demography.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Albania_demography.svg/500px-Albania_demography.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Development of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Albania" title="Demographics of Albania">population of Albania</a> over the last sixty years</figcaption></figure> The demographic statistics of Albania, as revealed by the 2023 census conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Statistics_(Albania)" title="Institute of Statistics (Albania)">Instituti i Statistikave</a> (INSTAT), indicated a population of 2,402,113, with a notable decline from the 2,821,977 recorded in the 2011 census.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census2024105-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE2011_Albanian_census20127-299">[297]</a> The decrease in inhabitants began after the disintegration of the communist regime in Albania and is associated with significant shifts within the political, economic, and social structure of Albania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopulation_Dynamics201425-300">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census2024114-301">[299]</a> A principal factor in this transition incorporates a decline in fertility rates coupled with an increase in emigration, both contributing to persistent demographic changes and challenges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopulation_Dynamics201439-302">[300]</a> It is forecast that the population will continue shrinking for the next decade at least, depending on the actual rates and the level of migration.<a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a> Currently, the population density of Albania is measured at 83.6 inhabitants per square kilometer with a varied distribution of inhabitants across different regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census2024105-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a> The counties of <a href="/wiki/Tirana_County" title="Tirana County">Tirana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs_County" title="Durrës County">Durrës</a> showcase substantial concentrations of people, accounting for about 41% of the overall demographic of Albania, with 32% residing in Tirana and 9% in Durrës.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census2024117-305">[303]</a> Conversely, more peripheral and rural counties such as <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr_County" title="Gjirokastër County">Gjirokastër</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuk%C3%ABs_County" title="Kukës County">Kukës</a> present significantly lower population densities, with each aiding 3% to the overall population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census2024117-305">[303]</a> Historically, the Albanian people have established several communities in many regions throughout Southern Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Albanian diaspora</a> has been formed since the late Middle Ages, when they emigrated to escape either various socio-political difficulties or the Ottoman conquest of Albania.<a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a> Following the fall of communism, large numbers of Albanians have migrated to countries such as Australia, Canada, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. Albanian <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minorities</a> are present in the neighbouring territories such as the west of North Macedonia, the southeast of Montenegro, Kosovo in its entirety and parts of southern Serbia. Altogether, the number of ethnic Albanians living abroad is estimated to be higher than the total population inside Albania. As much as a third of those born in the country's borders now live outside of it, making Albania one of the countries with the highest rate of outmigration relative to its population in the world.<a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a> In 2022 the birth rate was 20% lower than in 2021, largely due to emigration of people of childbearing age.<a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanisation">Urbanisation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Albania" title="List of cities and towns in Albania">List of cities and towns in Albania</a></div> Subsequent to the collapse of communism in 1991, Albania has undergone a remarkable transformation in its urban landscape, emerging as one of the fastest urbanising countries in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternal_Migration_Albania201412-310">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a> At the forefront of this transformation is the <a href="/wiki/Tirana_County" title="Tirana County">Tirana</a>-<a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs_County" title="Durrës County">Durrës</a> agglomeration, a densely populated urban corridor situated along the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Coastal_Lowlands" title="Albanian Coastal Lowlands">western coast of Albania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIEACA_2-313">[311]</a> This corridor has become the primary locus of population growth and settlement development, attracting a significant influx of internal migrants from the country's peripheral areas.<a href="#cite_note-CIEACA_2-313">[311]</a> Despite an overall decline of the country's total population, the proportion of the urban demographic has consistently progressed from 47% in 2001 to 65% in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census2024114-301">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE2011_Albanian_census201210-314">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a> This sustained increase, coupled with the concentration in the Tirana-Durrës region, has led to a spread of regional imbalances, with the peripheral areas, particularly <a href="/wiki/Dib%C3%ABr_County" title="Dibër County">Dibër</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuk%C3%ABs_County" title="Kukës County">Kukës</a>, experiencing severe depopulation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternal_Migration_Albania201412_&_18-316">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternal_Migration_Albania201415-317">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census2024117-305">[303]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Albania">cities and towns</a> in Albania <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to the 2011 census conducted by <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Statistics_(Albania)" title="Institute of Statistics (Albania)">Instituti i Statistikave</a> (INSTAT)<a href="#cite_note-fn1-329">[c]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Albania">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Albania" title="Counties of Albania">County</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Albania">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Albania" title="Counties of Albania">County</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirana_from_South.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tirana"><img alt="Tirana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tirana_from_South.jpg/120px-Tirana_from_South.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tirana_from_South.jpg/180px-Tirana_from_South.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tirana_from_South.jpg/240px-Tirana_from_South.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4774" data-file-height="3077" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Amphitheatre_of_durres_albania_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Durrës"><img alt="Durrës" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Amphitheatre_of_durres_albania_2016.jpg/120px-Amphitheatre_of_durres_albania_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Amphitheatre_of_durres_albania_2016.jpg/180px-Amphitheatre_of_durres_albania_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Amphitheatre_of_durres_albania_2016.jpg/240px-Amphitheatre_of_durres_albania_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tirana_County" title="Tirana County">Tirana</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">418,495</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kavaj%C3%AB" title="Kavajë">Kavajë</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tirana_County" title="Tirana County">Tirana</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,192 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Promenade_of_Vlor%C3%AB_along_the_Adriatic_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlorë"><img alt="Vlorë" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Promenade_of_Vlor%C3%AB_along_the_Adriatic_Sea.jpg/120px-Promenade_of_Vlor%C3%AB_along_the_Adriatic_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Promenade_of_Vlor%C3%AB_along_the_Adriatic_Sea.jpg/250px-Promenade_of_Vlor%C3%AB_along_the_Adriatic_Sea.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Elbasan_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elbasan"><img alt="Elbasan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Elbasan_1.jpg/120px-Elbasan_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Elbasan_1.jpg/250px-Elbasan_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs_County" title="Durrës County">Durrës</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">113,249</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr_County" title="Gjirokastër County">Gjirokastër</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,836 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB_County" title="Vlorë County">Vlorë</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">79,513</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sarand%C3%AB" title="Sarandë">Sarandë</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB_County" title="Vlorë County">Vlorë</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,233 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_County" title="Elbasan County">Elbasan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">78,703</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/La%C3%A7" title="Laç">Laç</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB_County" title="Lezhë County">Lezhë</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,086 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr_County" title="Shkodër County">Shkodër</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">77,075</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kuk%C3%ABs" title="Kukës">Kukës</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kuk%C3%ABs_County" title="Kukës County">Kukës</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">16,719 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">Fier</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fier_County" title="Fier County">Fier</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">55,845</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Patos,_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Patos, Albania">Patos</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fier_County" title="Fier County">Fier</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,937 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Korçë">Korçë</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB_County" title="Korçë County">Korçë</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">51,152</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lezhë</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB_County" title="Lezhë County">Lezhë</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,510 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Berat_County" title="Berat County">Berat</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">32,606</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Peshkopi" title="Peshkopi">Peshkopi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dib%C3%ABr_County" title="Dibër County">Dibër</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,251 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lushnj%C3%AB" title="Lushnjë">Lushnjë</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fier_County" title="Fier County">Fier</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">31,105</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ku%C3%A7ov%C3%AB" title="Kuçovë">Kuçovë</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Berat_County" title="Berat County">Berat</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,654 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pogradec" title="Pogradec">Pogradec</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB_County" title="Korçë County">Korçë</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,848</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB" title="Krujë">Krujë</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs_County" title="Durrës County">Durrës</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,721 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Albania" title="Languages of Albania">Languages of Albania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesonjetorja_e_Pare_Shqipe_ne_Korce.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mesonjetorja_e_Pare_Shqipe_ne_Korce.JPG/250px-Mesonjetorja_e_Pare_Shqipe_ne_Korce.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mesonjetorja_e_Pare_Shqipe_ne_Korce.JPG/330px-Mesonjetorja_e_Pare_Shqipe_ne_Korce.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mesonjetorja_e_Pare_Shqipe_ne_Korce.JPG/500px-Mesonjetorja_e_Pare_Shqipe_ne_Korce.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Founded in 1887, the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ABsonj%C3%ABtorja" title="Mësonjëtorja">Mësonjëtorja</a> was the first secular school to provide education in the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> during the Ottoman Empire.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the country is <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> which is spoken by the vast majority of the country's population.<a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a> Its standard spoken and written form is revised and merged from the two main dialects, <a href="/wiki/Gheg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gheg">Gheg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a>, though it is notably based more on the Tosk dialect. The <a href="/wiki/Shkumbin" title="Shkumbin">Shkumbin</a> river is the rough dividing line between the two dialects. Among minority languages, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> is the second most-spoken language in the country, with 0.5 to 3% of the population speaking it as first language, mainly in the country's south where its speakers are concentrated.<a href="#cite_note-331">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-SecondMostSpokenLanguage-333">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-kathimerini-334">[331]</a> Other languages spoken by ethnic minorities in Albania include <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gora_dialect" title="Gora dialect">Gorani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Roma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-335">[332]</a> Macedonian is official in the Pustec Municipality in East Albania. According to the 2011 population census, 2,765,610 or 98.8% of the population declared <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> as their <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Population_and_Housing_Census_2011-336">[333]</a> Because of large migration flows from Albania, over half of Albanians during their life learn a second language. The main foreign language known is English with 40.0%, followed by Italian with 27.8% and Greek with 22.9%. The English speakers were mostly young people, the knowledge of Italian is stable in every age group, while there is a decrease of the speakers of Greek in the youngest group.<a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a> Among young people aged 25 or less, English, German and Turkish have seen rising interest after 2000. Italian and French have had a stable interest, while Greek has lost much of its previous interest. The trends are linked with cultural and economic factors.<a href="#cite_note-Shkurtaj2017-338">[335]</a> Young people have shown a growing interest in the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> in recent years.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some of them go to Germany for studying or various experiences. Albania and Germany have agreements for cooperating in helping young people of the two countries know both cultures better.<a href="#cite_note-339">[336]</a> Due to a sharp rise in economic relations with Turkey, interest in learning Turkish, in particular among young people, has been growing on a yearly basis.<a href="#cite_note-340">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minorities">Minorities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minorities_of_Albania" title="Minorities of Albania">Minorities of Albania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Designated national and cultural minorities in Albania include Aromanian, Greek, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Serb, Roma, Egyptian, Bosnian and Bulgarian peoples, as well as Gorani and Jews as other minority groups.<a href="#cite_note-341">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[339]</a> The 2023 census recorded the ethnic composition as <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> 2,186,917 (91,04% of the total), <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Albania" title="Greeks in Albania">Greeks</a> 23,485 (0,98%), <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonians of Albania">Macedonians</a> 2,281 (0,09%), <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrins of Albania">Montenegrins</a> 511 (0,02%), <a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Albania" title="Aromanians in Albania">Aromanians</a> 2,459 (0,1%), <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Albania" title="Romani people in Albania">Roma</a> 9,813 (0.4%), <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Egyptians">Balkan Egyptians</a> 12,375 (0,5%), <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Albania" title="Bosniaks in Albania">Bosnians</a> 2,963 (0,12%), <a href="/wiki/Serbs_and_Montenegrins_in_Albania" title="Serbs and Montenegrins in Albania">Serbians</a> 584 (0,02%), <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Albania" title="Bulgarians in Albania">Bulgarians</a> 7,057 (0,29%), mixed ethnicities 770 (0.03%), other ethnicities 3,798 (0.15%), and 134,451 (5.60%) with unspecified ethnicity, out of a total population of 2,402,113.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census202475-343">[340]</a> Contrary to official statistics that show an Albanian majority, the minority groups have frequently disputed the official numbers, asserting a higher percentage of the country's population. The Greek government claimed there were an estimation of 300,000 ethnic Greeks in Albania.<a href="#cite_note-RFE/RL_Research_Report:_Weekly_Analyses_from_the_RFE/RL_Research_Institute-344">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-BideleuxJeffries2006-345">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramet1998-346">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jeffries2002-347">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-Publications2008-348">[345]</a> The <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> estimates the Greek minority to constitute 0.9%<a href="#cite_note-349">[346]</a> of the population. The US State Department estimates that Greeks make up 1.17%, and other minorities 0.23%, of the population.<a href="#cite_note-350">[347]</a> The latter questioned the validity of the 2011 census data about the Greek minority, as measurements had allegedly been affected by boycott.<a href="#cite_note-351">[348]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:257px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Albania_minorities.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Albania_minorities.png/250px-Albania_minorities.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Albania_minorities.png/330px-Albania_minorities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Albania_minorities.png/352px-Albania_minorities.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="680" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Regions with a traditional presence of ethnic groups other than Albanian.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:257px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Albania_majority_ethnicity_2011_census.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Albania_majority_ethnicity_2011_census.PNG/206px-Albania_majority_ethnicity_2011_census.PNG" decoding="async" width="206" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Albania_majority_ethnicity_2011_census.PNG/309px-Albania_majority_ethnicity_2011_census.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Albania_majority_ethnicity_2011_census.PNG/412px-Albania_majority_ethnicity_2011_census.PNG 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="726" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Distribution of ethnic groups within Albania, as of the 2011 census. Districts coloured grey are those where a majority of people did not declare an ethnicity (the question was optional). The census was criticised and boycotted by minorities in Albania.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:257px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:AlbaniaTraditionalCommunitiesByLanguageAndReligion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/AlbaniaTraditionalCommunitiesByLanguageAndReligion.png/198px-AlbaniaTraditionalCommunitiesByLanguageAndReligion.png" decoding="async" width="198" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/AlbaniaTraditionalCommunitiesByLanguageAndReligion.png/297px-AlbaniaTraditionalCommunitiesByLanguageAndReligion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/AlbaniaTraditionalCommunitiesByLanguageAndReligion.png/396px-AlbaniaTraditionalCommunitiesByLanguageAndReligion.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="702" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Traditional locations of linguistic and religious communities in Albania.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Religion in Albania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian paganism</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Religion in Albania</a> as of the 2023 census conducted by the Instituti i Statistikës (INSTAT)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census202476-1">[1]</a></div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> (45.86%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (8.38%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> (7.22%)</li> <li>Evangelical Christians (0.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi">Bektashi</a> (4.81%)</li> <li>Non-affiliated believers (13.82%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> (3.55%)</li> <li>Undeclared (15.76%)</li> <li>Other (0.15%)</li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:#FEFDFD;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Other (0.05%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie25" style="background:DarkGreen;color:#000" title="Sunni Islam (45.86%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:DarkGreen;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.209turn)" title="Sunni Islam (45.86%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:Gold;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.459turn)" title="Roman Catholicism (8.38%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:Gold;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.472turn)" title="Roman Catholicism (8.38%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:Red;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.542turn)" title="Eastern Orthodoxy (7.22%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:Red;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.545turn)" title="Eastern Orthodoxy (7.22%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.615turn); background:Skyblue;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 2.51380343% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Evangelical Christians (0.4%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.619turn); background:Yellowgreen;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 31.10824286% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Bektashi (4.81%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:Grey;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.667turn)" title="Non-affiliated believers (13.82%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:Grey;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.680turn)" title="Non-affiliated believers (13.82%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.805turn); background:Lightgrey;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 23.01329673% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Atheism (3.55%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:black;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.840turn)" title="Undeclared (15.76%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:black;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.873turn)" title="Undeclared (15.76%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.998turn); background:Pink;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 1.25670321% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Other (0.15%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> Albania is a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular</a> and religiously diverse country with no <a href="/wiki/Official_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Official religion">official religion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of belief">belief</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">conscience</a> are guaranteed under the country's <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-352">[349]</a> As of the 2023 Census, there were 1,101,718 (45.86%) <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a>, 201,530 (8.38%) <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholics</a>, 173,645 (7.22%) <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a>, 115,644 (4.81%) <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Muslims</a>, 9,658 (0.4%) <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicals</a>, 3,670 (0.15%) of other religions, 332,155 (13.82%) believers without denomination, 85,311 (3.55%) Atheists and 378,782 (15.76%) did not provide an answer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census202476-1">[1]</a> Albania is nevertheless ranked among the least religious countries in the world.<a href="#cite_note-353">[350]</a> Religion constitute an important role in the lives of only 39% of the country's population.<a href="#cite_note-354">[351]</a> In another report, 56% considered themselves religious, 30% considered themselves non-religious, while 9% defined themselves as convinced atheists. 80% believed in God.<a href="#cite_note-355">[352]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Muslim Albanians</a> are spread throughout the country. <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodoxy in Albania">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bektashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi">Bektashis</a> are mostly found in the south, whereas <a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in Albania">Catholics</a> mainly live in the north.<a href="#cite_note-International_Religious_Freedom_Report_2007-356">[353]</a> In 2008, there were 694 <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> churches and 425 <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">orthodox</a> churches, 568 mosques and 70 <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">bektashi</a> <a href="/wiki/Takya" class="mw-redirect" title="Takya">takyas</a> in the country.<a href="#cite_note-357">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[355]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg/220px-Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg/330px-Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg/440px-Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption>Representatives of the Sunni, Orthodox, Bektashi and Catholic Albanian communities in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">modern times</a>, the Albanian republican, monarchic and later communist regimes followed a systematic policy of separating religion from official functions and cultural life. The country has never had an <a href="/wiki/Official_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Official religion">official religion</a> either as a republic or as a kingdom. In the 20th century, the clergy of all faiths was weakened under the monarchy and ultimately eradicated during the 1950s and 1960s, under the state policy of obliterating all organised religion from the territories of Albania. The <a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Albania">communist regime</a> persecuted and suppressed religious observance and institutions and entirely <a href="/wiki/Anti-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-religious">banned religion</a>. The country was then officially declared to be the world's first <a href="/wiki/Atheist_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist state">atheist state</a>. Religious freedom has returned, however, since the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">end of communism</a>. Islam survived communist era persecution and reemerged in the modern era as a practised religion in Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Merdjanova673940-359">[356]</a> Some smaller Christian sects in Albania include <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicals</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> communities including <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-360">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[360]</a> The first recorded Protestant of Albania was Said Toptani, who travelled around Europe and returned to <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> in 1853, where he preached <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestants">evangelical Protestants</a> appeared in the 19th century and the Evangelical Alliance was founded in 1892. Nowadays, it has 160 member congregations from different Protestant denominations. Following mass emigration to Israel after the fall of communism, there are only 200 Albanian <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Albania">Jews</a> left in the country.<a href="#cite_note-364">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[362]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Albania" title="Culture of Albania">Culture of Albania</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Albania" title="National symbols of Albania">National symbols of Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casque_Skanderbeg_Vienne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Casque_Skanderbeg_Vienne.jpg/220px-Casque_Skanderbeg_Vienne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Casque_Skanderbeg_Vienne.jpg/330px-Casque_Skanderbeg_Vienne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Casque_Skanderbeg_Vienne.jpg/440px-Casque_Skanderbeg_Vienne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2743" data-file-height="2092" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Skanderbeg" title="Arms of Skanderbeg">helmet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg</a> stands as an emblem of Albanian independence</figcaption></figure> The red and black <a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">national colours</a> are displayed on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Albania" title="Flag of Albania">flag of Albania</a> that is adorned with a <a href="/wiki/Double-headed_eagle" title="Double-headed eagle">double-headed eagle</a> as the foremost recognised <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Albania" title="National symbols of Albania">national symbol of Albania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Flamuri-366">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flag_Elsie-367">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-Minahan-368">[365]</a> With the black eagle portraying bravery and strength, the red field symbolises the fortitude and sacrifices of the Albanian people.<a href="#cite_note-Flamuri-366">[363]</a> The eagle is linked with the legacy of the national hero <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Gjergj Kastrioti</a>, renowned as Skanderbeg, who led a prosperous <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">resistance movement</a> against Ottoman rule.<a href="#cite_note-369">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-Minahan-368">[365]</a> Rooted in the Middle Ages, it emerged as a <a href="/wiki/Albanian_heraldry" title="Albanian heraldry">heraldic</a> <a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Albania" title="Armorial of Albania">symbol</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbër</a> and among notable Albanian dynasties such as the <a href="/wiki/Dukagjini_family" title="Dukagjini family">Dukagjini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastrioti_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Kastrioti family">Kastrioti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaka_family" title="Muzaka family">Muzaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thopia_family" title="Thopia family">Thopia</a> clans.<a href="#cite_note-371">[368]</a> Amid the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian Renaissance</a>, marking the resurgence of Albanian national identity and aspirations for independence, the Albanian eagle regained its prominence.<a href="#cite_note-Flag_Elsie-367">[364]</a> Its importance reached its culmination with <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Albania's declaration of independence</a> in 1912, when <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Qemali" title="Ismail Qemali">Ismail Qemali</a> raised it as the national flag in <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Flag_Elsie-367">[364]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania" title="Coat of arms of Albania">coat of arms of Albania</a> is an adaptation of the flag of Albania and the seal of Skanderbeg.<a href="#cite_note-Flamuri-366">[363]</a> The coat comprises the black double-headed eagle positioned at the centre of a red field.<a href="#cite_note-Flamuri-366">[363]</a> Above the eagle, it carries the <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Skanderbeg" title="Arms of Skanderbeg">helmet of Skanderbeg</a> that is crowned with the head of a golden horned goat.<a href="#cite_note-Minahan-368">[365]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ti_Shqip%C3%ABri,_m%C3%AB_jep_nder,_m%C3%AB_jep_emrin_Shqip%C3%ABtar" title="Ti Shqipëri, më jep nder, më jep emrin Shqipëtar">Ti Shqipëri, më jep nder, më jep emrin Shqipëtar</a>, which translates to "You Albania, give me honour, give me the name Albanian", is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_mottos" title="List of national mottos">national motto of Albania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Flag_Elsie-367">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-Minahan-368">[365]</a> It finds its foundation in the legacy of <a href="/wiki/National_poet" title="National poet">national poet</a> <a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Naim Frashëri</a>, who held a renowned role during the Albanian Renaissance.<a href="#cite_note-Flag_Elsie-367">[364]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem of Albania</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Himni_i_Flamurit" title="Himni i Flamurit">Himni i Flamurit</a>", was composed by <a href="/wiki/Aleksand%C3%ABr_Stavre_Drenova" title="Aleksandër Stavre Drenova">Asdreni</a> and adopted as such following Albania's independence in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-Flamuri-366">[363]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_national_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian national clothing">Albanian traditional clothing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Danseurs_Albanais_by_Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps_(c._1835).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Les_Danseurs_Albanais_by_Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps_%28c._1835%29.jpg/220px-Les_Danseurs_Albanais_by_Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps_%28c._1835%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Les_Danseurs_Albanais_by_Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps_%28c._1835%29.jpg/330px-Les_Danseurs_Albanais_by_Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps_%28c._1835%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Les_Danseurs_Albanais_by_Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps_%28c._1835%29.jpg/440px-Les_Danseurs_Albanais_by_Alexandre-Gabriel_Decamps_%28c._1835%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a> is designated as the <a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="National costume of Albania">national costume of Albania</a> with profound cultural significance within Albanian culture</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_national_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian national clothing">Albanian traditional clothing</a>, with its contrasting variations for the northern <a href="/wiki/Ghegs" title="Ghegs">Gheg</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Tosks" title="Tosks">Tosk Albanians</a>, is a testament to Albania's history, cultural diversity and ethnic identity.<a href="#cite_note-Gjergji-372">[369]</a> Gheg men wear a light-colored shirt paired with wide loose-fitting trousers referred to as the Tirq. These trousers are securely fastened by a wide woven belt, the Brez. An integral component of their costume is the <a href="/wiki/Xhamadan" title="Xhamadan">Xhamadan</a>, a woolen red velvet vest adorned with folkloric motifs and gold patterns.<a href="#cite_note-373">[370]</a> They also wear a distinctive dome-shaped hat known as the <a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a>, crafted from wool, with its origins tracing back to the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-374">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[372]</a> Conversely, Tosk men opt for the <a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a>, a knee-length garment designated as the national costume, typically white with pleats, accompanied by a white shirt. They also wear a beige or dark blue Xhamadan reminiscent of the Gheg attire. To complete their attire, men wear knee-high socks referred to as <a href="/wiki/%C3%87orape" title="Çorape">Çorape</a> and leather shoes known as <a href="/wiki/Opinga" title="Opinga">Opinga</a>. The attire of Gheg and Tosk women is renowned for its rich palette of colors and intricate filigree detailing, displayed across various components including ear ornaments, finger rings, necklaces, belt buckles and buttons. Key components include a long, light-toned shirt paired with an apron, often accompanied by a woolen or felt mantle referred to as the Xhoka. Additional upper garments, such as the Dollama or Mintan, may be layered, along with a headscarf known as Kapica or Shall. A distinctive variation incorporates a pair of aprons, including the Pështjellak at the rear and the Paranik at the front. Integral to the traditional attire of Gheg women is the ancient <a href="/wiki/Xhubleta" title="Xhubleta">Xhubleta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gjergji-372">[369]</a> Dedicated efforts have been undertaken to preserve and promote the dress, acknowledging its significance as an emblem of Albanian heritage.<a href="#cite_note-Xhubleta-376">[373]</a> As a testament to its importance, the Xhubleta has been inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">Intangible Cultural Heritage List</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Xhubleta-376">[373]</a> The distinctive bell-shaped garment is fashioned in black and enriched with embroidered ethnic Albanian motifs, showcasing the remarkable craftsmanship of northern Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Gjergji-372">[369]</a> Its crafting process involves multiple intricate stages, encompassing the preparation of shajak fabric and the precise cutting techniques.<a href="#cite_note-Xhubleta-376">[373]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">Albanian art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian architecture">architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphitheatre_of_Butrint_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Amphitheatre_of_Butrint_2009.jpg/220px-Amphitheatre_of_Butrint_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Amphitheatre_of_Butrint_2009.jpg/330px-Amphitheatre_of_Butrint_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Amphitheatre_of_Butrint_2009.jpg/440px-Amphitheatre_of_Butrint_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Butrint" title="Butrint">Butrint</a> has been included in the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> list of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> since 1992</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">artistic history</a> of Albania has been particularly influenced by a multitude of ancient and medieval <a href="/wiki/Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation">people</a>, traditions and religions. It covers a broad spectrum with mediums and disciplines that include painting, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, sculpture, <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a> and architecture all of them exemplifying a great variety in style and shape, in different regions and period. The rise of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> was accompanied by a corresponding growth in <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> in the lands of Albania which are apparent in examples of architecture and mosaics throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-www.albanianart.net_index_al-377">[374]</a> Centuries later, the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Renaissance">Albanian Renaissance</a> proved crucial to the emancipation of the modern Albanian culture and saw unprecedented developments in all fields of literature and art whereas artists sought to return to the ideals of <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanticism_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanticism (art)">Romanticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-378">[375]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Onufri" title="Onufri">Onufri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kol%C3%AB_Idromeno" title="Kolë Idromeno">Kolë Idromeno</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Selenica" title="David Selenica">David Selenica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kostandin_Shpataraku" title="Kostandin Shpataraku">Kostandin Shpataraku</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zografi_Brothers" title="Zografi Brothers">Zografi Brothers</a> are the most eminent representatives of Albanian art. The <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Albania" title="Architecture of Albania">architecture of Albania</a> reflects the legacy of various civilisations tracing back to the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>. Major cities in Albania have evolved from within the castle to include dwellings, religious and commercial structures, with constant redesigning of town squares and evolution of building techniques. Nowadays, the cities and towns reflect a whole spectrum of various <a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">architectural styles</a>. In the 20th century, many historical as well as <a href="/wiki/Sacred_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred architecture">sacred</a> buildings bearing the ancient influence were demolished during the <a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Albania">communist era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-379">[376]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient architecture">Ancient architecture</a> is found throughout Albania and most visible in <a href="/wiki/Byllis" title="Byllis">Byllis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amantia" title="Amantia">Amantia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenice" title="Phoenice">Phoenice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butrint" title="Butrint">Butrint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigonia_(Chaonia)" title="Antigonia (Chaonia)">Antigonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rozafa_Castle" title="Rozafa Castle">Shkodër</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs_Amphitheatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Durrës Amphitheatre">Durrës</a>. Considering the long period of rule of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, they introduced castles, citadels, churches and monasteries with spectacular wealth of visible <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">murals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a>. Perhaps the best known examples can be found in the southern Albanian cities and surroundings of <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Korçë">Korçë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voskopoj%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voskopojë">Voskopojë</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a>. Involving the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a> there was a development of mosques and other Islamic buildings, particularly seen in Berat and Gjirokastër. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bliss_by_Helidon_Xhixza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bliss_by_Helidon_Xhixza.jpg/220px-Bliss_by_Helidon_Xhixza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bliss_by_Helidon_Xhixza.jpg/330px-Bliss_by_Helidon_Xhixza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bliss_by_Helidon_Xhixza.jpg/440px-Bliss_by_Helidon_Xhixza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Bliss, stainless steel sculpture by contemporary artist <a href="/wiki/Helidon_Xhixha" title="Helidon Xhixha">Helidon Xhixha</a>.</figcaption></figure> A productive period of <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> merged into the 19th century, best exemplified in <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Korçë">Korçë</a>. The 20th century brought new architectural styles such as the modern <a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italian style</a>, which is present in <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg_Square" title="Skanderbeg Square">Skanderbeg Square</a> and Ministries. It is also present in Shkodër, <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarand%C3%AB" title="Sarandë">Sarandë</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>. Moreover, other towns received their present-day Albania-unique appearance through various cultural or economic influences. <a href="/wiki/Socialist_classicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist classicism">Socialist classicism</a> arrived during the <a href="/wiki/Peoples_Republic_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples Republic of Albania">communist era</a> in Albania after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. At this period many socialist-styled complexes, wide roads and factories were constructed, while town squares were redesigned and numerous of historic and important buildings demolished. Notable examples of that style include the <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa_Square_(Tirana)" title="Mother Teresa Square (Tirana)">Mother Teresa Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Tirana" title="Pyramid of Tirana">Pyramid of Tirana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Congresses" title="Palace of Congresses">Palace of Congresses</a> and so on. Three Albanian <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> sites are included in the list of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>. These include the ancient remains of Butrint, the medieval <a href="/wiki/Historic_Centres_of_Berat_and_Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastër">Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastër</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohrid Lake">Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region</a> site shared with <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> since 2019.<a href="#cite_note-380">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[378]</a> Furthermore, the royal <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tombs_of_Selca_e_Poshtme" title="Royal Tombs of Selca e Poshtme">Illyrian tombs</a>, the remains of <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a>, the ancient <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs_Amphitheatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Durrës Amphitheatre">Amphitheatre</a> of Durrës and the <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Bashtov%C3%AB" title="Fortress of Bashtovë">Fortress of Bashtovë</a> has been included on the tentative list of Albania. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buk%C3%AB_kollomoqe,_buk%C3%AB_misri.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Buk%C3%AB_kollomoqe%2C_buk%C3%AB_misri.JPG/220px-Buk%C3%AB_kollomoqe%2C_buk%C3%AB_misri.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Buk%C3%AB_kollomoqe%2C_buk%C3%AB_misri.JPG/330px-Buk%C3%AB_kollomoqe%2C_buk%C3%AB_misri.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Buk%C3%AB_kollomoqe%2C_buk%C3%AB_misri.JPG/440px-Buk%C3%AB_kollomoqe%2C_buk%C3%AB_misri.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Bukë misri (<a href="/wiki/Cornbread" title="Cornbread">cornbread</a>) is a staple on the Albanian table</figcaption></figure> Throughout the centuries, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian cuisine</a> has been widely influenced by <a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Albanian culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">history</a>, and as such, different parts of the country enjoy specific <a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional cuisines</a>. Cooking traditions especially vary between the north and the south, owing to differing <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> that essentially contribute to the excellent growth conditions for a wide array of herbs, fruits, and vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-382">[379]</a> Albanians produce and use many varieties of fruits such as <a href="/wiki/Lemon_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemon (fruit)">lemons</a>, oranges, <a href="/wiki/Figs_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Figs (fruit)">figs</a>, and most notably, <a href="/wiki/Olive_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive (fruit)">olives</a>, which are perhaps the most important element of Albanian cooking. Spices and other herbs such as <a href="/wiki/Basil_(herb)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil (herb)">basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lavender" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender">lavender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spearmint" title="Spearmint">mint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">rosemary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a> are widely used, as are vegetables such as garlic, onions, <a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">peppers</a>, potatoes, tomatoes, as well as <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> of all types. With a coastline along the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast">Adriatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Ionian Sea Coast">Ionian</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, fish, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, and seafood are a popular and an integral part of the Albanian diet. Otherwise, <a href="/wiki/Lamb_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamb (food)">lamb</a> is the traditional meat for different holidays and <a href="/wiki/Religious_festival" title="Religious festival">religious festivals</a> for both <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Albania" title="Christianity in Albania">Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Muslims</a>, although poultry, beef, and pork are also in plentiful supply. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian_cuisine_-_Pite_dhe_Speca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Albanian_cuisine_-_Pite_dhe_Speca.jpg/220px-Albanian_cuisine_-_Pite_dhe_Speca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Albanian_cuisine_-_Pite_dhe_Speca.jpg/330px-Albanian_cuisine_-_Pite_dhe_Speca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Albanian_cuisine_-_Pite_dhe_Speca.jpg/440px-Albanian_cuisine_-_Pite_dhe_Speca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="3314" /></a><figcaption>Speca të fërguar (roasted <a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">peppers</a>) served with <a href="/wiki/Pite_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pite (food)">pite</a>, a traditional and prominent layered Albanian pie</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Tav%C3%AB_kosi" title="Tavë kosi">Tavë kosi</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Soured_milk" title="Soured milk">soured milk</a> <a href="/wiki/Casserole" title="Casserole">casserole</a>") is the <a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">national dish</a> of Albania, consisting of lamb and rice baked under a thick, tart veil of <a href="/wiki/Yoghurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoghurt">yoghurt</a>. <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ABrges%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fërgesë">Fërgesë</a> is another national dish, made up of peppers, tomatoes, and <a href="/wiki/Cottage_cheese" title="Cottage cheese">cottage cheese</a>. Pite is also popular, a baked pastry with a filling of a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a> and gjizë (curd) or mish (<a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">ground meat</a>). Petulla, a traditional fried dough, is also a popular speciality, and is served with <a href="/wiki/Powdered_sugar" title="Powdered sugar">powdered sugar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Feta_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Feta cheese">feta cheese</a> and different sorts of <a href="/wiki/Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">fruit jams</a>. <a href="/wiki/Flia" title="Flia">Flia</a> consists of multiple <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe" title="Crêpe">crêpe</a>-like layers brushed with cream and served with sour cream. <a href="/wiki/Krofne" title="Krofne">Krofne</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Berliner_(doughnut)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berliner (doughnut)">Berliner doughnuts</a>, are filled with jam, or chocolate and often eaten during winter. Coffee is an integral part of the Albanian lifestyle. The country has more coffee houses per capita than any other country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-383">[380]</a> Tea is also enjoyed both at home or outside at cafés, bars, or restaurants. Çaj Mali (<a href="/wiki/Sideritis" title="Sideritis">Sideritis</a> tea) is enormously beloved, and a part of the daily routine for most Albanians. It is cultivated across Southern Albania and noted for its medicinal properties. <a href="/wiki/Black_tea" title="Black tea">Black tea</a> is also popular. <a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Albanian wine</a> is also common throughout the country, and has been cultivated for thousands of years. Albania has a long and ancient history of wine production, and belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World of wine producing countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-384">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[382]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Music of Albania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_war_dances" title="Albanian war dances">Albanian war dances</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_traditional_male_folk_group_from_Skrapar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/A_traditional_male_folk_group_from_Skrapar.JPG/220px-A_traditional_male_folk_group_from_Skrapar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/A_traditional_male_folk_group_from_Skrapar.JPG/330px-A_traditional_male_folk_group_from_Skrapar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/A_traditional_male_folk_group_from_Skrapar.JPG/440px-A_traditional_male_folk_group_from_Skrapar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albanian_iso-polyphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian iso-polyphony">Albanian iso-polyphony</a> is designated as an <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-386">[383]</a></figcaption></figure> Albanian folk music is a prominent part of the national identity, and continues to play a major part in overall <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albanian music</a>. Folk music can be divided into two stylistic groups, mainly the northern <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a> varieties, and southern <a href="/wiki/Lab%C3%ABria" title="Labëria">Lab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a> varieties. Northern and southern traditions are contrasted by a rugged tone from the north, and the more relaxed southern form of music. Many songs concern events from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">Albanian history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Albania" title="Culture of Albania">culture</a>, including traditional themes of honour, hospitality, treachery, and revenge. The first compilation of Albanian folk music was made by two <a href="/wiki/Himara" class="mw-redirect" title="Himara">Himariot</a> musicians, <a href="/wiki/Ne%C3%A7o_Muko" title="Neço Muko">Neço Muka</a> and Koço Çakali, in Paris, during their work with Albanian soprano <a href="/wiki/Tefta_Tashko-Ko%C3%A7o" title="Tefta Tashko-Koço">Tefta Tashko-Koço</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">gramophone</a> compilations were recorded at the time by the three artists, which eventually led to the recognition of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_iso-polyphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian iso-polyphony">Albanian iso-polyphony</a> as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-387">[384]</a> <a href="/wiki/Festivali_i_K%C3%ABng%C3%ABs" title="Festivali i Këngës">Festivali i Këngës</a> is a traditional Albanian song contest organised by the national broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Radio_Televizioni_Shqiptar" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Televizioni Shqiptar">Radio Televizioni Shqiptar</a> (RTSH). The festival is celebrated annually since its inauguration in 1962 and has launched the careers of some of Albania's most successful singers including <a href="/wiki/Va%C3%A7e_Zela" title="Vaçe Zela">Vaçe Zela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parashqevi_Simaku" title="Parashqevi Simaku">Parashqevi Simaku</a>.<a href="#cite_note-388">[385]</a> It is significantly a music competition among Albanian performers presenting unreleased songs in premiere, composed by Albanian authors and voted by juries or by public. Contemporary artists <a href="/wiki/Rita_Ora" title="Rita Ora">Rita Ora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bebe_Rexha" title="Bebe Rexha">Bebe Rexha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Era_Istrefi" title="Era Istrefi">Era Istrefi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dua_Lipa" title="Dua Lipa">Dua Lipa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ava_Max" title="Ava Max">Ava Max</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bleona" title="Bleona">Bleona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elvana_Gjata" title="Elvana Gjata">Elvana Gjata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ermonela_Jaho" title="Ermonela Jaho">Ermonela Jaho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inva_Mula" title="Inva Mula">Inva Mula</a> have achieved international recognition for their music,<a href="#cite_note-389">[386]</a> while soprano <a href="/wiki/Ermonela_Jaho" title="Ermonela Jaho">Ermonela Jaho</a> has been described by some as the "world's most acclaimed soprano".<a href="#cite_note-390">[387]</a> Albanian opera singer <a href="/wiki/Saimir_Pirgu" title="Saimir Pirgu">Saimir Pirgu</a> was nominated for the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-391">[388]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Albania" title="Special:EditPage/Albania">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Albanian literature</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meshari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Meshari.jpg/250px-Meshari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Meshari.jpg/330px-Meshari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Meshari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>An excerpt from the <a href="/wiki/Meshari" title="Meshari">Meshari</a> (The Missal) written by <a href="/wiki/Gjon_Buzuku" title="Gjon Buzuku">Gjon Buzuku</a> (1555)</figcaption></figure> The cultural renaissance was first of all expressed through the development of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> in the area of church texts and publications. The Protestant reforms invigorated hopes for the development of the local language and literary tradition, when cleric <a href="/wiki/Gjon_Buzuku" title="Gjon Buzuku">Gjon Buzuku</a> translated the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a> into Albanian, trying to do for Albanian what <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> had done for German. <a href="/wiki/Meshari" title="Meshari">Meshari</a> (The Missal) written by <a href="/wiki/Gjon_Buzuku" title="Gjon Buzuku">Gjon Buzuku</a> was published in 1555 and is considered one of the first literary work of written Albanian during the Middle Ages. The refined level of the language and the stabilised orthography must be the result of an earlier tradition of written Albanian, a tradition that is not well understood. However, there is some fragmented evidence, pre-dating Buzuku, which indicates that Albanian was written from at least the 14th century. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parashqevi_Qiriazi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Parashqevi_Qiriazi.jpg/170px-Parashqevi_Qiriazi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Parashqevi_Qiriazi.jpg/255px-Parashqevi_Qiriazi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Parashqevi_Qiriazi.jpg/340px-Parashqevi_Qiriazi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parashqevi_Qiriazi" title="Parashqevi Qiriazi">Parashqevi Qiriazi</a> – teacher and feminist (1880–1970)</figcaption></figure> Albanian writings from these centuries must not have been religious texts only, but historical chronicles too. They are mentioned by the humanist <a href="/wiki/Marin_Barleti" title="Marin Barleti">Marin Barleti</a>, who in his book <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra_(1478)#The_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Shkodra (1478)">Siege of Shkodër</a> (Rrethimi i Shkodrës) from 1504, confirms that he leafed through such chronicles written in the language of the people (in vernacula lingua) as well as his famous biography of <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a> <a href="/wiki/Marin_Barleti" title="Marin Barleti">Historia de vita et gestis Scanderbegi Epirotarum principis</a> (History of Skanderbeg) from 1508. The History of Skanderbeg is still the foundation of Skanderbeg studies and is considered an Albanian cultural treasure, vital to the formation of Albanian national self-consciousness. During the 16th and the 17th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a> (E mbësuame krishterë) (Christian Teachings) from 1592 written by <a href="/wiki/Lek%C3%AB_Matr%C3%ABnga" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekë Matrënga">Lekë Matrënga</a>, (Doktrina e krishterë) (The Christian Doctrine) from 1618 and (Rituale romanum) 1621 by <a href="/wiki/Pjet%C3%ABr_Budi" title="Pjetër Budi">Pjetër Budi</a>, the first writer of original Albanian <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> and poetry, an <a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">apology</a> for George Castriot (1636) by <a href="/wiki/Frang_Bardhi" title="Frang Bardhi">Frang Bardhi</a>, who also published a dictionary and <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> creations, the theological-philosophical treaty <a href="/wiki/Cuneus_Prophetarum" title="Cuneus Prophetarum">Cuneus Prophetarum</a> (The Band of Prophets) (1685) by <a href="/wiki/Pjet%C3%ABr_Bogdani" title="Pjetër Bogdani">Pjetër Bogdani</a>, the most universal personality of Albanian <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, were published in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>. The most famous Albanian writer in the 20th and 21st century is probably <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Kadare" title="Ismail Kadare">Ismail Kadare</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albania_at_the_Olympics" title="Albania at the Olympics">Albania at the Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albania_at_the_Mediterranean_Games" title="Albania at the Mediterranean Games">Albania at the Mediterranean Games</a></div> Albania participated at the <a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">Olympic Games in 1972</a> for the first time. The country made their Winter Olympic Games debut in <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympics_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympics 2006">2006</a>. Albania missed the next four games, two of them due to the 1980 and 1984 boycotts, but returned for the 1992 games in <a href="/wiki/1992_Olympic_Winter_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Olympic Winter Games">Barcelona</a>. Since then, Albania have participated in all games. Albania normally competes in events that include swimming, athletics, weightlifting, shooting and wrestling. The country have been represented by the <a href="/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="National Olympic Committee of Albania">National Olympic Committee of Albania</a> since 1972. The nation has participated at the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Games" title="Mediterranean Games">Mediterranean Games</a> since the games of <a href="/wiki/1987_Mediterranean_Games" title="1987 Mediterranean Games">1987</a> in Syria. The Albanian athletes have won a total of 43 (8 gold, 17 silver and 18 bronze) medals from <a href="/wiki/1987_Mediterranean_Games" title="1987 Mediterranean Games">1987</a> to <a href="/wiki/2013_Mediterranean_Games" title="2013 Mediterranean Games">2013</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muzeu_Arkeologjike_Tirane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Muzeu_Arkeologjike_Tirane.jpg/250px-Muzeu_Arkeologjike_Tirane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Muzeu_Arkeologjike_Tirane.jpg/330px-Muzeu_Arkeologjike_Tirane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Muzeu_Arkeologjike_Tirane.jpg/500px-Muzeu_Arkeologjike_Tirane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arena_Komb%C3%ABtare" title="Arena Kombëtare">Arena Kombëtare</a> in central Tirana</figcaption></figure> Popular sports in Albania include <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Albania" title="Football in Albania">football</a>, weightlifting, <a href="/wiki/Albania_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania national basketball team">basketball</a>, volleyball, tennis, swimming, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> and gymnastics. Football is by far the most popular sport in Albania. It is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Football_Association_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Association of Albania">Football Association of Albania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: Federata Shqiptare e Futbollit, F.SH.F.), which has membership in <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> and <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Albania_national_football_team" title="Albania national football team">Albania national football team</a>, ranking 51st in the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFA World Rankings">World</a> in 2017 (highest 22nd on 22 August 2015) have won the <a href="/wiki/1946_Balkan_Cup" title="1946 Balkan Cup">1946 Balkan Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rothmans_International_Tournament_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Rothmans International Tournament 2000">Malta Rothmans International Tournament 2000</a>, but had never participated in any major <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a> or <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> tournament, until <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016" title="UEFA Euro 2016">UEFA Euro 2016</a>, Albania's first ever appearance at the continental tournament and at a major men's football tournament. Albania scored their first ever goal in a major tournament and secured their first ever win in European Championship when they beat <a href="/wiki/Romania_national_football_team" title="Romania national football team">Romania</a> by 1–0 in a <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016" title="UEFA Euro 2016">UEFA Euro 2016</a> match on 19 June 2016.<a href="#cite_note-392">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[390]</a> The most successful football clubs are <a href="/wiki/KF_Sk%C3%ABnderbeu_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="KF Skënderbeu Korçë">Skënderbeu</a>, <a href="/wiki/KF_Tirana" title="KF Tirana">KF Tirana</a>, <a href="/wiki/FK_Dinamo_Tirana" class="mw-redirect" title="FK Dinamo Tirana">Dinamo Tirana</a>, <a href="/wiki/FK_Partizani_Tirana" title="FK Partizani Tirana">Partizani</a> and <a href="/wiki/KF_Vllaznia_Shkod%C3%ABr" title="KF Vllaznia Shkodër">Vllaznia</a>. Weightlifting is one of the most successful individual sport for the Albanians, with the national team winning medals at the <a href="/wiki/European_Weightlifting_Championships" title="European Weightlifting Championships">European Weightlifting Championships</a> and the rest international competitions. Albanian weightlifters have won a total of 16 medals at the <a href="/wiki/European_Weightlifting_Championships" title="European Weightlifting Championships">European Championships</a> with 1 of them being gold, 7 silver and 8 bronze. In the <a href="/wiki/World_Weightlifting_Championships" title="World Weightlifting Championships">World Weightlifting Championships</a>, the Albanian weightlifting team has won in <a href="/wiki/1972_World_Weightlifting_Championships" title="1972 World Weightlifting Championships">1972</a> a gold in <a href="/wiki/2002_World_Weightlifting_Championships" title="2002 World Weightlifting Championships">2002</a> a silver and in <a href="/wiki/2011_World_Weightlifting_Championships" title="2011 World Weightlifting Championships">2011</a> a bronze medal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirana_Gay(P)Ride_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tirana_Gay%28P%29Ride_2016.jpg/250px-Tirana_Gay%28P%29Ride_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tirana_Gay%28P%29Ride_2016.jpg/330px-Tirana_Gay%28P%29Ride_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tirana_Gay%28P%29Ride_2016.jpg/500px-Tirana_Gay%28P%29Ride_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3338" data-file-height="2218" /></a><figcaption>2016 LGBT+ Pride in <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>.</figcaption></figure> Nearly 60% of women in rural areas suffer physical or psychological violence and nearly 8% are victims of sexual violence. Protection orders are often violated. In 2014 the Albanian Helsinki Committee (AHC) reported that the number of female murder victims is still high.<a href="#cite_note-civilRightsDefenders-394">[391]</a> The Commissioner for Protection from Discrimination has raised concerns regarding the family registration law that discriminates against women. As a result, heads of households, who are overwhelmingly men, have the right to change family residency without their partners' permission.<a href="#cite_note-civilRightsDefenders-394">[391]</a> In 2015, the association <a href="/wiki/ILGA-Europe" title="ILGA-Europe">ILGA-Europe</a> ranked Albania 19th in terms of LGBT rights out of 49 observed European countries.<a href="#cite_note-395">[392]</a> Meanwhile, on the latest report in 2022, lack of progress caused Albania to be ranked the 28th country in Europe, among 49 countries observed.<a href="#cite_note-396">[393]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Outline of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Albania" title="Bibliography of Albania">Bibliography of Albania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">[ʃcipəˈɾi(a)]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gheg Albanian language">Gheg Albanian</a>: Shqipni or <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gheg Albanian language">Gheg Albanian</a>: Shqipnia, also <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gheg Albanian language">Gheg Albanian</a>: Shqypni or <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gheg Albanian language">Gheg Albanian</a>: Shqypnia.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" />pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">[ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾisə]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-fn1-329"><a href="#cite_ref-fn1_329-0">^</a> The population figures for each city or town are available in the relevant reference sources for their respective county:<a href="#cite_note-Berat_County-318">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dibër_County-319">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-Durrës_County-320">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elbasan_County-321">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fier_County-322">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gjirokastër_County-323">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-Korçë_County-324">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lezhë_County-325">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shkodër_County-326">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tirana_County-327">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vlorë_County-328">[326]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census202476-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census202476_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census202476_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census202476_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREF2023_Albanian_census2024">2023 Albanian census 2024</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census2024105-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census2024105_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census2024105_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census2024105_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census2024105_2-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREF2023_Albanian_census2024">2023 Albanian census 2024</a>, p. 105. </li> <li 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=914,&s=NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Albania)"</a>. IMF.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2024+Edition.+%28Albania%29&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D914%2C%26s%3DNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2029%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eurogini-4"><a href="#cite_ref-eurogini_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en">"Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey"</a>. ec.europa.eu. <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>. Retrieved 12 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Gini+coefficient+of+equivalised+disposable+income+%E2%80%93+EU-SILC+survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Ftessi190%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-5"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiacomo_Jungg1895" class="citation book cs1">Giacomo Jungg (1 January 1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fialuurivoghels00junggoog">Fialuur i voghel scc...p e ltinisct mle...un prei P. Jak Junkut t' Scocniis ...</a> N'Sckoder t' Scc...pniis. Retrieved 23 July 2016 – via the Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fialuur+i+voghel+scc...p+e+ltinisct+mle...un+prei+P.+Jak+Junkut+t%27+Scocniis+...&rft.pub=N%27Sckoder+t%27+Scc...pniis&rft.date=1895-01-01&rft.au=Giacomo+Jungg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffialuurivoghels00junggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHowe2017" class="citation book cs1">Howe, T. (2017). "Plain tales from the hills: Illyrian influences on Argead military development". In Müller, S.; Howe, Tim; Bowden, H.; Rollinger, R. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3_S_swEACAAJ">The History of the Argeads: New Perspectives</a>. Wiesbaden. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447108515" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447108515"><bdi>978-3447108515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plain+tales+from+the+hills%3A+Illyrian+influences+on+Argead+military+development&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Argeads%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Wiesbaden&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3447108515&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3_S_swEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zolo2002-10"><a href="#cite_ref-zolo2002_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZolo2002" class="citation book cs1">Zolo, D. (27 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t7KNgpZRnM8C&q=Albania+nazi+protectorate&pg=PA181">Invoking Humanity: War, Law and Global Order</a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826456564" title="Special:BookSources/9780826456564"><bdi>9780826456564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invoking+Humanity%3A+War%2C+Law+and+Global+Order&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002-08-27&rft.isbn=9780826456564&rft.aulast=Zolo&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt7KNgpZRnM8C%26q%3DAlbania%2Bnazi%2Bprotectorate%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140921063450/http://data.worldbank.org/country/albania">"Albania"</a>. The World Bank. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/country/albania/">the original</a> on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albania&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Fcountry%2Falbania%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Reports: Poverty Decreases in Albania After Years of Growth. Dow Jones Newswires, 201-938-5500 201-938-5500 201-938-5500.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasdaq.com/aspx/stock-market-news-story.aspx?storyid=200904231403dowjonesdjonline000935&title=reports-poverty-decreases-in-albania-after-years-of-growth">Nasdaq.com</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Madrugearu A, Gordon M. The wars of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</a>. Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Talbert" title="Richard Talbert">Richard Talbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrington_Atlas_of_the_Greek_and_Roman_World" title="Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World">Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World</a>, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-03169-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-03169-X">0-691-03169-X</a>), Map 49 & notes. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19807-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19807-9">978-0-631-19807-9</a>, page 279,"We cannot be certain that the Arbanon of Anna Comnena is the same as Albanopolis of the Albani, a place located on the map of Ptolemy (3.12)" </li> <li id="cite_note-MadgearuGordon25b-16"><a href="#cite_ref-MadgearuGordon25b_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadgearuGordon2008">Madgearu & Gordon 2008</a>, p. 25. "It is still disputed by scholars that those Albanoi from 1042 were Normans from Sicily, [Southern Italy], or if they are in fact the Albanoi [a large clan of that belongs to the many clans of Albanians] found in Albanian lands during this time frame." </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Robert Elsei. The Albanian lexicon of Dion Von Kirkman. Earliest reference to the existence of the Albanian language, pp. 113–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230223257/http://www.pinocacozza.it/">"pinocacozza.it"</a>. pinocacozza.it. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinocacozza.it/">the original</a> on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pinocacozza.it&rft.atitle=pinocacozza.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinocacozza.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matasović-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matasović_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matasović_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatasović2019" class="citation book cs1">Matasović, Ranko (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mudrac.ffzg.unizg.hr/~rmatasov/Albanian.pdf">A Grammatical Sketch of Albanian for Students of Indo European</a> (PDF). Zagreb: Ranko Matasovic. p. 39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://mudrac.ffzg.unizg.hr/~rmatasov/Albanian.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammatical+Sketch+of+Albanian+for+Students+of+Indo+European&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Ranko+Matasovic&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Matasovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ranko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmudrac.ffzg.unizg.hr%2F~rmatasov%2FAlbanian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lloshi-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Lloshi_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLloshi1999" class="citation book cs1">Lloshi, Xhevat (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Phyvk2tPaYQC">"Albanian"</a>. 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(26 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10064553">"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe"</a>. Science. 377 (6609): 29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abm4247">10.1126/science.abm4247</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10064553">10064553</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36007055">36007055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251843620">251843620</a>. <q>: Supplementary Materials</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+genetic+history+of+the+Southern+Arc%3A+A+bridge+between+West+Asia+and+Europe&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=6609&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2022-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10064553%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251843620%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abm4247&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36007055&rft.aulast=Lazaridis&rft.aufirst=Iosif&rft.au=Alpaslan-Roodenberg%2C+Song%C3%BCl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10064553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoriRecchiaTomas2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gori, Maja; Recchia, Giulia; Tomas, Helen (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36936788">"The Cetina phenomenon across the Adriatic during the 2nd half of the 3rd millennium BC: new data and research perspectives"</a>. 38° Convegno Nazionale Sulla Preistoria, Protostoria, Storia della Daunia: 201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=38%C2%B0+Convegno+Nazionale+Sulla+Preistoria%2C+Protostoria%2C+Storia+della+Daunia&rft.atitle=The+Cetina+phenomenon+across+the+Adriatic+during+the+2nd+half+of+the+3rd+millennium+BC%3A+new+data+and+research+perspectives&rft.pages=201&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Gori&rft.aufirst=Maja&rft.au=Recchia%2C+Giulia&rft.au=Tomas%2C+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36936788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> The Illyrians (The Peoples of Europe) by John Wilkes, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19807-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19807-9">978-0-631-19807-9</a>, page 92, "Appian's description of the Illyrian territories records a southern boundary with Chaonia and Thesprotia, where ancient Epirus began south of river Aoous (Vjose)" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C&pg=PR20">also map</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Cambridge University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0qAoqP4g1fEC&pg=PA266">The Cambridge ancient history</a>. 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23447-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23447-6">0-521-23447-6</a>, page 261,"... down to the mouth of Aous" </li> <li id="cite_note-wilkes-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wilkes_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilkes_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilkes_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkes1995" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, John (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C">The Illyrians</a>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 94, 96, 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5"><bdi>0-631-19807-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illyrians&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=94%2C+96%2C+104&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-631-19807-5&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Nv6SPRKqs8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoardmanHammond1982" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, John; Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0qAoqP4g1fEC">The Cambridge Ancient History: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Six Centuries B.C</a>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23447-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23447-6"><bdi>0-521-23447-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+The+Expansion+of+the+Greek+World%2C+Eighth+to+Six+Centuries+B.C&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-521-23447-6&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hammond%2C+Nicholas+Geoffrey+Lempri%C3%A8re&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0qAoqP4g1fEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewisBoardman1994" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, David Malcolm; Boardman, John (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vx251bK988gC">The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC</a>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 430, 434. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23348-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23348-8"><bdi>0-521-23348-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%2C+Volume+6%3A+The+Fourth+Century+BC&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=430%2C+434&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-521-23348-8&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=David+Malcolm&rft.au=Boardman%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvx251bK988gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Nigel Guy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-aFtPdh6-2QC">Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece</a>. New York, New York and Oxford, United Kingdom: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). p. 594. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87396-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87396-3"><bdi>978-0-415-87396-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York+and+Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=594&rft.pub=Routledge+%28Taylor+%26+Francis%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-87396-3&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Nigel+Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-aFtPdh6-2QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChamoux2003" class="citation book cs1">Chamoux, François (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nafU9ADpCwcC">Hellenistic Civilization</a>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22242-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22242-1"><bdi>0-631-22242-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Civilization&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-631-22242-1&rft.aulast=Chamoux&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnafU9ADpCwcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Justin, Epitome, 17.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHammondWalbank1972" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière; Walbank, Frank William (1 January 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qpb3JdwuDQIC">A History of Macedonia: 336–167 B.C.</a> Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814815-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814815-9"><bdi>978-0-19-814815-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Macedonia%3A+336%E2%80%93167+B.C.&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1972-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814815-9&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Geoffrey+Lempri%C3%A8re&rft.au=Walbank%2C+Frank+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqpb3JdwuDQIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson-Laufer1999" class="citation book cs1">Jackson-Laufer, Guida Myrl (1 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791576070917">Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791576070917/page/382">382</a>–383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-091-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-091-8"><bdi>978-1-57607-091-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Rulers+Throughout+the+Ages%3A+An+Illustrated+Guide&rft.pages=382-383&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-091-8&rft.aulast=Jackson-Laufer&rft.aufirst=Guida+Myrl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9791576070917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j74oAAAAYAAJ">The History of Rome</a>. D. Appleton & Company. 1 January 1846. p. 259.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Rome&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+%26+Company&rft.date=1846-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj74oAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkes1996" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, John (9 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C">The Illyrians</a>. Wiley. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19807-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19807-9"><bdi>978-0-631-19807-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illyrians&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1996-01-09&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19807-9&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Nv6SPRKqs8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Marjeta Šašel Kos, "The Illyrian King Ballaeus – Some Historical Aspects", Épire, Illyrie, Macédoine: Mélanges offerts au professeur Pierre Cabanes, ed. Danièle Berranger (Clermont-Ferrand: Presses Universitaires Blaise Pascal, 2007), 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-BideleuxJeffries2007-42"><a href="#cite_ref-BideleuxJeffries2007_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007" class="citation book cs1">Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (24 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanspostcommu0000bide">Balkans: A Post-Communist History</a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanspostcommu0000bide/page/25">25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-58328-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-58328-7"><bdi>978-1-134-58328-7</bdi></a>. <q>From AD 548 onward, the lands now known as Albania began to be overrun from the north by ever-increasing ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkans%3A+A+Post-Communist+History&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-01-24&rft.isbn=978-1-134-58328-7&rft.aulast=Bideleux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalkanspostcommu0000bide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaefer2008-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Schaefer2008_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2008" class="citation cs2">Schaefer, Richard T. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jscZAQAAIAAJ">Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society</a>, SAGE Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2694-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2694-2"><bdi>978-1-4129-2694-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Race%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Society&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-2694-2&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjscZAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicol1986" class="citation book cs1">Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XnKgAAAAMAAJ&q=Alain+Ducellier">Studies in late Byzantine history and prosopography</a>. Variorum Reprints. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860781905" title="Special:BookSources/9780860781905"><bdi>9780860781905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+late+Byzantine+history+and+prosopography&rft.pub=Variorum+Reprints&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780860781905&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Donald+MacGillivray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXnKgAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DAlain%2BDucellier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJirečekThopia1916" class="citation book cs1">Jireček, Konstantin; Thopia (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illyrischalbanis00thaluoft">Illyrisch-albanische Forschungen</a>. Duncker & Humblot. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illyrischalbanis00thaluoft/page/239">239</a>. <q>Griechen Gregorios Kamonas</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illyrisch-albanische+Forschungen&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Jire%C4%8Dek&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rft.au=Thopia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillyrischalbanis00thaluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abulafia-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Abulafia_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbulafiaMcKitterick1999" class="citation book cs1">Abulafia, David; McKitterick (21 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bclfdU_2lesC&pg=PA786">The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 5, C.1198-c.1300</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 786. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36289-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36289-4"><bdi>978-0-521-36289-4</bdi></a>. <q>Greco-Albanian lord Gregorios Kamonas</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+Volume+5%2C+C.1198-c.1300&rft.pages=786&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999-10-21&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36289-4&rft.aulast=Abulafia&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=McKitterick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbclfdU_2lesC%26pg%3DPA786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genealogist-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Genealogist_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J7pnAAAAMAAJ&q=gregorios+kamonas">The Genealogist</a>. 1980. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genealogist&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ7pnAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgregorios%2Bkamonas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clements31-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Clements31_48-0">^</a> Clements, John (1992), Clements encyclopedia of world governments, Vol. 10. Political Research, Inc. p. 31: "By 1190, Byzantium's power had so receded that the archon Progon succeeded in establishing the first Albanian state of the Middle Ages, a principality" </li> <li id="cite_note-PickardÇeliku2008-49"><a href="#cite_ref-PickardÇeliku2008_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPickardÇeliku2008" class="citation book cs1">Pickard, Rob; Çeliku, Florent (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bi8fjENzJacC">Analysis and Reform of Cultural Heritage Policies in South-East Europe</a>. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-871-6265-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-871-6265-6"><bdi>978-92-871-6265-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analysis+and+Reform+of+Cultural+Heritage+Policies+in+South-East+Europe&rft.place=Strasbourg&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-92-871-6265-6&rft.aulast=Pickard&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=%C3%87eliku%2C+Florent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBi8fjENzJacC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris1993-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Norris1993_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorris1993" class="citation book cs1">Norris, H. T. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminbalkansre00norr">Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world</a>. University of South Carolina Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminbalkansre00norr/page/35">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-977-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-977-5"><bdi>978-0-87249-977-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+Balkans%3A+religion+and+society+between+Europe+and+the+Arab+world&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87249-977-5&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=H.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislaminbalkansre00norr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPipaRepishti1984" class="citation book cs1">Pipa, Arshi; Repishti, Sami (1984). Studies on Kosova. 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(1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/albania/15.htm">""The Barbarian Invasions and the Middle Ages," Albania: A Country Study"</a>. Retrieved 9 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+Barbarian+Invasions+and+the+Middle+Ages%2C%22+Albania%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.date=1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Falbania%2F15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadgearuGordon2008" class="citation book cs1">Madgearu, Alexandru; Gordon, Martin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warsofbalkanpeni0000madg">The wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their medieval origins</a>. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warsofbalkanpeni0000madg/page/43">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810858466" title="Special:BookSources/9780810858466"><bdi>9780810858466</bdi></a>. <q>Albanoi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+wars+of+the+Balkan+Peninsula%3A+Their+medieval+origins&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780810858466&rft.aulast=Madgearu&rft.aufirst=Alexandru&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarsofbalkanpeni0000madg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEtleva2008" class="citation book cs1">Etleva, Lala (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2009/mphlae01.pdf">Regnum Albaniae, the Papal Curia, and the Western Visions of a Borderline Nobility</a> (PDF). Cambridge University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2009/mphlae01.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regnum+Albaniae%2C+the+Papal+Curia%2C+and+the+Western+Visions+of+a+Borderline+Nobility&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Etleva&rft.aufirst=Lala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etd.ceu.hu%2F2009%2Fmphlae01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLicursi2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Licursi, Emiddio Pietro (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/72122169/7/Pashko-Vasa">Empire of Nations: The Consolidation of Albanian and Turkish National Identities in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1878–1913</a> (Thesis). New York: Columbia University. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10022%2FAC%3AP%3A10297">10022/AC:P:10297</a>. <q>By 1415, after a chaotic interregnum, Sultan Mehmet I sent the military to erect the first Ottoman garrisons throughout southern Albania, establishing direct military authority in the region ... l jurisdiction over most of Albania ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Empire+of+Nations%3A+The+Consolidation+of+Albanian+and+Turkish+National+Identities+in+the+Late+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1878%E2%80%931913&rft.inst=Columbia+University&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10022%2FAC%3AP%3A10297&rft.aulast=Licursi&rft.aufirst=Emiddio+Pietro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F72122169%2F7%2FPashko-Vasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hupchich110-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Hupchich110_56-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sQGIDAAAQBAJ&q=albania+vassal+serbia&pg=PA120">The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism</a> by D. Hupchick, page 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGjonça,_Arjan2001" class="citation book cs1">Gjonça, Arjan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OKEal7FHClUC&pg=PA7">Communism, Health and Lifestyle: The Paradox of Mortality Transition in Albania, 1950–1990</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31586-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31586-2"><bdi>978-0-313-31586-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism%2C+Health+and+Lifestyle%3A+The+Paradox+of+Mortality+Transition+in+Albania%2C+1950%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31586-2&rft.au=Gjon%C3%A7a%2C+Arjan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOKEal7FHClUC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorris1993" class="citation book cs1">Norris, H. T. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminbalkansre00norr">Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world</a>. University of South Carolina Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminbalkansre00norr/page/196">196</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-977-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-977-5"><bdi>978-0-87249-977-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+Balkans%3A+religion+and+society+between+Europe+and+the+Arab+world&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87249-977-5&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=H.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislaminbalkansre00norr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZickelIwaskiw1994" class="citation web cs1">Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/albania/18.htm">"Albania: A Country Study ("Albanians under Ottoman Rule")"</a>. Retrieved 9 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albania%3A+A+Country+Study+%28%22Albanians+under+Ottoman+Rule%22%29&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Zickel&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Iwaskiw%2C+Walter+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Falbania%2F18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-League_of_Lezhë-60"><a href="#cite_ref-League_of_Lezhë_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRob_Pickard2008" class="citation book cs1">Rob Pickard (2008). Analysis and Reform of Cultural Heritage Policies in South-East Europe (Europarat ed.). Council of Europe. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-871-6265-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-871-6265-6"><bdi>978-92-871-6265-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analysis+and+Reform+of+Cultural+Heritage+Policies+in+South-East+Europe&rft.pages=16&rft.edition=Europarat&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-92-871-6265-6&rft.au=Rob+Pickard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005240-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005240_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHodgkinson2005">Hodgkinson 2005</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005xii-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005xii_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHodgkinson2005">Hodgkinson 2005</a>, p. xii. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitcher1968-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Pitcher1968_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Edgar_Pitcher1968" class="citation book cs1">Donald Edgar Pitcher (1968). An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century. Brill. p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Geography+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%3A+From+Earliest+Times+to+the+End+of+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Donald+Edgar+Pitcher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFine1994" class="citation book cs1">Fine, John V.A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC">The late medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the late twelfth century to the Ottoman conquest</a> (2. print ed.). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. p. 598. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472082605" title="Special:BookSources/9780472082605"><bdi>9780472082605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+late+medieval+Balkans%3A+a+critical+survey+from+the+late+twelfth+century+to+the+Ottoman+conquest&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+MI&rft.pages=598&rft.edition=2.+print&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780472082605&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+V.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvVbRrH1QBgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnawutlu-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arnawutlu_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnawutlu_65-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/arnawutluk-COM_0065">"Arnawutluḳ."</a> in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill Online, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-referenceworks.brillonline-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-referenceworks.brillonline_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-referenceworks.brillonline_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-referenceworks.brillonline_66-2">c</a> Clayer, Nathalie (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/albania-COM_23054">"Albania"</a> in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, Rokovet, John Nawas, Everett Rowson (eds.). Brill Online. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBabinger1992" class="citation book cs1">Babinger, Franz (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&q=Albanian&pg=PA175">Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01078-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01078-1"><bdi>0-691-01078-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mehmed+the+Conqueror+and+His+Time&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-691-01078-1&rft.aulast=Babinger&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPPxC6rO7vvsC%26q%3DAlbanian%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeirce1993" class="citation book cs1">Peirce, Leslie P. (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507673-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507673-7"><bdi>0-19-507673-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Harem%3A+Women+and+Sovereignty+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-507673-7&rft.aulast=Peirce&rft.aufirst=Leslie+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFObservator_Cultural" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Observator_Cultural" title="Observator Cultural">Observator Cultural</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.observatorcultural.ro/articol/dor-de-dunare-si-alte-nostalgii-cosmopolite-2/">"Dor de Dunăre şi alte nostalgii cosmopolite"</a>. observatorcultural.ro (in Romanian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=observatorcultural.ro&rft.atitle=Dor+de+Dun%C4%83re+%C5%9Fi+alte+nostalgii+cosmopolite&rft.au=Observator+Cultural&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.observatorcultural.ro%2Farticol%2Fdor-de-dunare-si-alte-nostalgii-cosmopolite-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Amsler2007" class="citation book cs1">Sarah Amsler (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MzXP_r6oAxwC&pg=PA96">Theorising Social Change in Post-Soviet Countries: Critical Approaches</a> (Balihar Sanghera, Sarah Amsler, Tatiana Yarkova ed.). Peter Lang, 2007. p. 96105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783039103294" title="Special:BookSources/9783039103294"><bdi>9783039103294</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theorising+Social+Change+in+Post-Soviet+Countries%3A+Critical+Approaches&rft.pages=96105&rft.edition=Balihar+Sanghera%2C+Sarah+Amsler%2C+Tatiana+Yarkova&rft.pub=Peter+Lang%2C+2007&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783039103294&rft.au=Sarah+Amsler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMzXP_r6oAxwC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKopecekErsoyGorniKechriotis2006" class="citation cs2">Kopecek, Michal; Ersoy, Ahmed; Gorni, Maciej; Kechriotis, Vangelis; Manchev, Boyan; Trencsenyi, Balazs; Turda, Marius (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k5Vsjg508EYC&pg=PA349">Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945)</a>, vol. 1, Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press, p. 348, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-7326-52-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-7326-52-3"><bdi>978-963-7326-52-3</bdi></a>, <q>The position of the League in the beginning was based on religious solidarity. It was even called Komiteti i Myslimanëve të Vërtetë (The Committee of the Real Muslims) ... decisions are taken and supported mostly by landlords and people closely connected with Ottoman administration and religious authorities..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourses+of+collective+identity+in+Central+and+Southeast+Europe+%281770%E2%80%931945%29&rft.place=Budapest%2C+Hungary&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-963-7326-52-3&rft.aulast=Kopecek&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft.au=Ersoy%2C+Ahmed&rft.au=Gorni%2C+Maciej&rft.au=Kechriotis%2C+Vangelis&rft.au=Manchev%2C+Boyan&rft.au=Trencsenyi%2C+Balazs&rft.au=Turda%2C+Marius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk5Vsjg508EYC%26pg%3DPA349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKopečekErsoyGorniKechriotis2006" class="citation cs2">Kopeček, Michal; Ersoy, Ahmed; Gorni, Maciej; Kechriotis, Vangelis; Manchev, Boyan; Trencsenyi, Balazs; Turda, Marius (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k5Vsjg508EYC&pg=PA349">"Program of the Albanian League of Prizren"</a>, Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945), vol. 1, Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press, p. 347, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-7326-52-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-7326-52-3"><bdi>978-963-7326-52-3</bdi></a>, retrieved 18 January 2011, <q>there were no delegates from Shkodra villayet and a few Bosnian delegates also participated. Present was also mutasarrif (administrator of sandjak) of Prizren as representative of the central authorities</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Program+of+the+Albanian+League+of+Prizren&rft.btitle=Discourses+of+collective+identity+in+Central+and+Southeast+Europe+%281770%E2%80%931945%29&rft.place=Budapest%2C+Hungary&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-963-7326-52-3&rft.aulast=Kope%C4%8Dek&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft.au=Ersoy%2C+Ahmed&rft.au=Gorni%2C+Maciej&rft.au=Kechriotis%2C+Vangelis&rft.au=Manchev%2C+Boyan&rft.au=Trencsenyi%2C+Balazs&rft.au=Turda%2C+Marius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk5Vsjg508EYC%26pg%3DPA349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-albanianhistory.net-73"><a href="#cite_ref-albanianhistory.net_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElsie" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Elsie, Robert</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100908114200/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts19/AH1878_2.html">"1878 The Resolutions of the League of Prizren"</a>. albanianhistory.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts19/AH1878_2.html">the original</a> on 8 September 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2011. <q>On 10 June 1878, ... The League of Prizren, Alb. Lidhja e Prizrenit, ... On 13 June 1878, the League submitted an eighteen-page memorandum to Benjamin Disraeli, the British representative at the Congress of Berlin</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1878+The+Resolutions+of+the+League+of+Prizren&rft.pub=albanianhistory.net&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianhistory.net%2Ftexts19%2FAH1878_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-League_of_Prizren-74"><a href="#cite_ref-League_of_Prizren_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12553/Albanian-League">"Albanian League"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albanian+League&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F12553%2FAlbanian-League&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiaro2007" class="citation book cs1">Giaro, Tomasz (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dmrRCdTQBTcC&q=Provisional%20government%20of%20vlore%20december%204%201912&pg=PA185">"The Albanian legal and constitutional system between the World Wars"</a>. Modernisierung durch Transfer zwischen den Weltkriegen. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Vittorio Klosterman GmbH. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-465-04017-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-465-04017-0"><bdi>978-3-465-04017-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 January 2011. <q>From its own members congress elected a senate (Pleqësi), composed of 18 members, which assumed advisory role to the government.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Albanian+legal+and+constitutional+system+between+the+World+Wars&rft.btitle=Modernisierung+durch+Transfer+zwischen+den+Weltkriegen&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main%2C+Germany&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Vittorio+Klosterman+GmbH&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-465-04017-0&rft.aulast=Giaro&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdmrRCdTQBTcC%26q%3DProvisional%2520government%2520of%2520vlore%2520december%25204%25201912%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQemali" class="citation web cs1">Qemali, Ismail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617232905/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1920.html">"Ismail Kemal bey Vlora: Memoirs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1920.html">the original</a> on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2011. <q>15th–28th November 1912 ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ismail+Kemal+bey+Vlora%3A+Memoirs&rft.aulast=Qemali&rft.aufirst=Ismail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianhistory.net%2Ftexts20_1%2FAH1920.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQemali" class="citation web cs1">Qemali, Ismail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617232905/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1920.html">"Ismail Kemal bey Vlora: Memoirs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1920.html">the original</a> on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2011. <q>On the resumption of the sitting, I was elected President of the Provisional Government, with a mandate to form a Cabinet ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ismail+Kemal+bey+Vlora%3A+Memoirs&rft.aulast=Qemali&rft.aufirst=Ismail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianhistory.net%2Ftexts20_1%2FAH1920.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiaro2007" class="citation book cs1">Giaro, Tomasz (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dmrRCdTQBTcC&q=Provisional%20government%20of%20vlore%20december%204%201912&pg=PA185">"The Albanian legal and constitutional system between the World Wars"</a>. Modernisierung durch Transfer zwischen den Weltkriegen. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Vittorio Klosterman GmbH. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-465-04017-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-465-04017-0"><bdi>978-3-465-04017-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 January 2011. <q>a provisional government, consisting of ten members and led by Vlora, was formed on 4 December.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Albanian+legal+and+constitutional+system+between+the+World+Wars&rft.btitle=Modernisierung+durch+Transfer+zwischen+den+Weltkriegen&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main%2C+Germany&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Vittorio+Klosterman+GmbH&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-465-04017-0&rft.aulast=Giaro&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdmrRCdTQBTcC%26q%3DProvisional%2520government%2520of%2520vlore%2520december%25204%25201912%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElsie" class="citation web cs1">Elsie, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717005551/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_2.html">"1913 The Conference of London"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_2.html">the original</a> on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1913+The+Conference+of+London&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianhistory.net%2Ftexts20_1%2FAH1913_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1999" class="citation cs2">Jelavich, Barbara (1999) [1983], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-or3qtqrsC&pg=PA100">"The end of Ottoman rule in Europe"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbalkans0000jela/page/101">History of the Balkans: Twentieth century</a>, vol. 2, Cambridge, United Kingdom: The Press Syndicate of University of Cambridge, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbalkans0000jela/page/101">101</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27459-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27459-3"><bdi>978-0-521-27459-3</bdi></a>, retrieved 21 January 2011, <q>the International Commission ... had headquarters in Vlorë</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+end+of+Ottoman+rule+in+Europe&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Balkans%3A+Twentieth+century&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=The+Press+Syndicate+of+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27459-3&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHd-or3qtqrsC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZaharia2003" class="citation web cs1">Zaharia, Perikli (24 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616151647/http://www.cecl.gr/RigasNetwork/databank/REPORTS/r23/ZAHARIA.html">"The post – 1989 constitutional course of south east Europe"</a>. Athens: Centre for European Constitutional Law. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cecl.gr/RigasNetwork/databank/REPORTS/r23/ZAHARIA.html">the original</a> on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+post+%E2%80%93+1989+constitutional+course+of+south+east+Europe&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Centre+for+European+Constitutional+Law&rft.date=2003-03-24&rft.aulast=Zaharia&rft.aufirst=Perikli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cecl.gr%2FRigasNetwork%2Fdatabank%2FREPORTS%2Fr23%2FZAHARIA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeton-WatsonWilsonZimmernGreenwood2004" class="citation cs2">Seton-Watson, R.W.; Wilson, J. Dover; Zimmern, Alfred E.; Greenwood, Arthur (10 January 2004) [1915], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113042806/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10668/10668.txt">"III Germany"</a>, The War and Democracy (1st ed.), London: MacMillan, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10668/10668.txt">the original</a> on 13 November 2012, <q>Prince William of Wied, the first Prince of Albania</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III+Germany&rft.btitle=The+War+and+Democracy&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=2004-01-10&rft.aulast=Seton-Watson&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+J.+Dover&rft.au=Zimmern%2C+Alfred+E.&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F10668%2F10668.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElsie" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Elsie, Robert</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717003848/http://www.albanianphotography.net/en/dmm.html">"Albania under prince Wied"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianphotography.net/en/dmm.html">the original</a> on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011. <q>pro-Ottoman forces ... were opposed to the increasing Western influence ... In November 1913, these forces, ... had offered the vacant Albanian throne to General Izzet Pasha ... War Minister who was of Albanian origin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albania+under+prince+Wied&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianphotography.net%2Fen%2Fdmm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1999" class="citation cs2">Jelavich, Barbara (1999) [1983], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-or3qtqrsC&pg=PA100">History of the Balkans: Twentieth century</a>, vol. 2, Cambridge, United Kingdom: The Press Syndicate of University of Cambridge, p. 103, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27459-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27459-3"><bdi>978-0-521-27459-3</bdi></a>, retrieved 25 January 2011, <q>peasants..willing listeners to Ottoman propaganda ... attached the new regime as a tool of the beys and Christian powers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Balkans%3A+Twentieth+century&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=The+Press+Syndicate+of+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27459-3&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHd-or3qtqrsC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowden2003" class="citation book cs1">Bowden, William (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IjsbAAAAYAAJ&q=%22+Autonomous+Republic+of+Northern+Epirus.%22">Epirus Vetus : the archaeology of a late antique province</a>. London: Duckworth. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3116-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3116-4"><bdi>978-0-7156-3116-4</bdi></a>. <q>the Greek Epirote population of the area refused to be incorporated into the new Albanian state and in February 1914 declared the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus ... in 1921 Albania was recognised as an independent sovereign state, with its borders established on their present lines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epirus+Vetus+%3A+the+archaeology+of+a+late+antique+province&rft.place=London&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-3116-4&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIjsbAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522%2BAutonomous%2BRepublic%2Bof%2BNorthern%2BEpirus.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFed1994" class="citation book cs1">ed, Gregory C. Ference (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSLsAAAAMAAJ">Chronology of 20th century eastern European history</a>. Detroit [u.a.]: Gale Research. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-8879-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-8879-6"><bdi>978-0-8103-8879-6</bdi></a>. <q>February 28 George Zographos, a former foreign minister of Greece, proclaims at Gjirokaster the establishment of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus, with Zographos as president. He notifies the International Commission that his government has been established because the Great Powers have not provided the Greeks in southern Albania any guarantees for the protection of the life, property and religious freedom, and ethnic existence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+20th+century+eastern+European+history&rft.place=Detroit+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Gale+Research&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8103-8879-6&rft.aulast=ed&rft.aufirst=Gregory+C.+Ference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRSLsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110601023209/http://albaniainbrief.com/Albanian%20History/Fighting%20for%20amputated%20Albania.htm">"The Efforts to settle amputated Albania state"</a>. albaniainbrief.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albaniainbrief.com/Albanian%20History/Fighting%20for%20amputated%20Albania.htm">the original</a> on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011. <q>Thousands of muslim peasants, ... were exploited by their leaders Haxhi Qamili, Arif Hiqmeti, Musa Qazimi and Mustafa Ndroqi, ... to rebel</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Efforts+to+settle+amputated+Albania+state&rft.pub=albaniainbrief.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albaniainbrief.com%2FAlbanian%2520History%2FFighting%2520for%2520amputated%2520Albania.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVickers1999" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Miranda (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IzI0uOZ2j6gC">The Albanians: a modern history</a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-541-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-541-9"><bdi>978-1-86064-541-9</bdi></a>. <q>He gathered round him a group of discontented Muslim priests ... and proclaimed himself the savior of Albania and the Champion of Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Albanians%3A+a+modern+history&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-541-9&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIzI0uOZ2j6gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElsie" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Elsie, Robert</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717003848/http://www.albanianphotography.net/en/dmm.html">"Albania under prince Wied"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianphotography.net/en/dmm.html">the original</a> on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011. <q>mostly volunteers from Kosova under their leader Isa Boletini</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albania+under+prince+Wied&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianphotography.net%2Fen%2Fdmm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElsie" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Elsie, Robert</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717003848/http://www.albanianphotography.net/en/dmm.html">"Albania under prince Wied"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianphotography.net/en/dmm.html">the original</a> on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011. <q>Panic broke out in Durrës, and the royal family sought refuge on an Italian vessel ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albania+under+prince+Wied&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianphotography.net%2Fen%2Fdmm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpringerKammerhofer1993" class="citation book cs1">Springer, Elisabeth; Kammerhofer, Leopold (1993). Archiv und Forschung. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. p. 346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-55989-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-55989-7"><bdi>978-3-486-55989-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archiv+und+Forschung&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=Oldenbourg+Wissenschaftsverlag&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-486-55989-7&rft.aulast=Springer&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft.au=Kammerhofer%2C+Leopold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zickel/Iwaskiw-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zickel/Iwaskiw_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zickel/Iwaskiw_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zickel/Iwaskiw_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zickel/Iwaskiw_92-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zickel/Iwaskiw_92-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zickel/Iwaskiw_92-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zickel/Iwaskiw_92-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zickel/Iwaskiw_92-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zickel/Iwaskiw_92-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zickel/Iwaskiw_92-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zickel/Iwaskiw_92-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zickel/Iwaskiw_92-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zickel/Iwaskiw_92-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZickelIwaskiw" class="citation book cs1">Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/al/albaniacountryst00zick/albaniacountryst00zick.pdf">Albania country study</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230911125032/https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/al/albaniacountryst00zick/albaniacountryst00zick.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+country+study&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftile.loc.gov%2Fstorage-services%2Fmaster%2Ffrd%2Ffrdcstdy%2Fal%2Falbaniacountryst00zick%2Falbaniacountryst00zick.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickers-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVickers1999" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Miranda (29 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230913115455/https://books.google.com/books?id=IzI0uOZ2j6gC">The Albanians: A Modern History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-541-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-541-9"><bdi>978-1-86064-541-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IzI0uOZ2j6gC">the original</a> on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Albanians%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1999-11-29&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-541-9&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIzI0uOZ2j6gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies2011" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4G_Cz9TF88C&q=Serbian+atrocities&pg=RA4-PR26">Vanished Kingdoms: The History of Half-Forgotten Europe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Books Limited</a>. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196048-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196048-7"><bdi>978-0-14-196048-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230913120242/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4G_Cz9TF88C&q=Serbian+atrocities&pg=RA4-PR26">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vanished+Kingdoms%3A+The+History+of+Half-Forgotten+Europe&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-14-196048-7&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ4G_Cz9TF88C%26q%3DSerbian%2Batrocities%26pg%3DRA4-PR26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPettiferBuchanan2015" class="citation book cs1">Pettifer, James; Buchanan, Tom (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g7eKDwAAQBAJ&q=Gusinye+massacre&pg=PA32">War in the Balkans: Conflict and Diplomacy before World War I</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-641-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-641-4"><bdi>978-0-85772-641-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230913120417/https://books.google.com/books?id=g7eKDwAAQBAJ&q=Gusinye+massacre&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Balkans%3A+Conflict+and+Diplomacy+before+World+War+I&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-85772-641-4&rft.aulast=Pettifer&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Buchanan%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg7eKDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DGusinye%2Bmassacre%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerwarth-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Gerwarth_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerwarth2007" class="citation book cs1">Gerwarth, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ts4SDAAAQBAJ">Twisted Paths: Europe 1914-1945</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 242–261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-8185-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-8185-5"><bdi>978-0-1992-8185-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230913120715/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ts4SDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twisted+Paths%3A+Europe+1914-1945&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E242-%3C%2Fspan%3E261&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-1992-8185-5&rft.aulast=Gerwarth&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTs4SDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeeganChurchill1986" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, John; Churchill, Winston (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e0_3Nrc8D0wC&pg=PA314">The Second World War (Six Volume Boxed Set)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, United States: <a href="/wiki/Mariner_Books" title="Mariner Books">Mariner Books</a>. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-41685-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-41685-X"><bdi>0-395-41685-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230913121029/https://books.google.com/books?id=e0_3Nrc8D0wC&pg=PA314">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War+%28Six+Volume+Boxed+Set%29&rft.place=Boston%2C+United+States&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-395-41685-X&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Churchill%2C+Winston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De0_3Nrc8D0wC%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-8240-7029-1-98"><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-8240-7029-1_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZabecki1999" class="citation book cs1">Zabecki, David T. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gYDN-UfehEEC&q=albania+%22Italian+protectorate%22&pg=PA1353">World War II in Europe: an encyclopedia</a>. New York: Garland Pub. p. 1353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-7029-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-7029-1"><bdi>0-8240-7029-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+in+Europe%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1353&rft.pub=Garland+Pub&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8240-7029-1&rft.aulast=Zabecki&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgYDN-UfehEEC%26q%3Dalbania%2B%2522Italian%2Bprotectorate%2522%26pg%3DPA1353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BogdaniLoughlin2007-99"><a href="#cite_ref-BogdaniLoughlin2007_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBogdaniLoughlin2007" class="citation book cs1">Bogdani, Mirela; Loughlin, John (15 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=32Wu8H7t8MwC&pg=PA230">Albania and the European Union: The Tumultuous Journey Towards Integration and Accession</a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-308-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-308-7"><bdi>978-1-84511-308-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+and+the+European+Union%3A+The+Tumultuous+Journey+Towards+Integration+and+Accession&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007-03-15&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-308-7&rft.aulast=Bogdani&rft.aufirst=Mirela&rft.au=Loughlin%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D32Wu8H7t8MwC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrock2010-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Morrock2010_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorrock2010" class="citation book cs1">Morrock, Richard (11 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CZtnAbKkOmIC&pg=PA55">The Psychology of Genocide and Violent Oppression: A Study of Mass Cruelty from Nazi Germany to Rwanda</a>. McFarland. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5628-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5628-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-5628-4</bdi></a>. <q>The nationalist Balli Kombetar, which had fought against Italy, made a deal with the German invaders, and formed a "neutral" government in Tirana which ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Genocide+and+Violent+Oppression%3A+A+Study+of+Mass+Cruelty+from+Nazi+Germany+to+Rwanda&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010-10-11&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5628-4&rft.aulast=Morrock&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCZtnAbKkOmIC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albanian_Nationalism-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Albanian_Nationalism_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Albanian_Nationalism_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Albanian_Nationalism_101-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Albania/Albanian-nationalism">"Albanian Nationalism"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panorama+of+the+Economic-Social+Development+of+Socialist+Albania&rft.aulast=Pano&rft.aufirst=Aristotel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revolutionarydemocracy.org%2Farchive%2Fpanorama.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> 40 Years of Socialist Albania, Dhimiter Picani </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQori2019" class="citation news cs1">Qori, Arlind (22 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobinmag.com/2019/02/albania-student-movement-higher-education">"From Faculty to Factory"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a>. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A6HEpazarccC&pg=PA150">Balkan Border Crossings: Second Annual of the Konitsa Summer School</a>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643800923" title="Special:BookSources/9783643800923"><bdi>9783643800923</bdi></a>. <q>in the Albanian south... 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instat.gov.al/media/3058/main_results__population_and_housing_census_2011.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+Housing+Census+2011&rft.pub=Instituti+i+Statistik%C3%ABs+%28INSTAT%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instat.gov.al%2Fmedia%2F3058%2Fmain_results__population_and_housing_census_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113506/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/4028/adult-education-survey-2017.pdf">"Press release of the Adult Education Survey"</a> (PDF). Instituti i Statistikës (INSTAT). 10 May 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instat.gov.al/media/4028/adult-education-survey-2017.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Instituti+i+Statistik%C3%ABs+%28INSTAT%29&rft.atitle=Press+release+of+the+Adult+Education+Survey&rft.date=2018-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.instat.gov.al%2Fmedia%2F4028%2Fadult-education-survey-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shkurtaj2017-338"><a href="#cite_ref-Shkurtaj2017_338-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGjovalin_Shkurtaj2017" class="citation book cs1">Gjovalin Shkurtaj (2017). Urgjenca gjuhësore: -huazime të zëvendësueshme me fjalë shqipe- : (fjalorth). Naimi. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789928234049" title="Special:BookSources/9789928234049"><bdi>9789928234049</bdi></a>. <q>Sic u permend me lart, per shkak te shkaqeve kulturore dhe ekonomike, trendet e mesimit te gjuheve nga te rinjte (grupmosha deri ne 25 vjec) ndryshojne. Keto trende jane percaktues i nje sere fenomeneve shoqerore, sic do te shohim me tej. Keshtu nga viti 2000 e ketej, gjuha angleze, gjermane dhe ajo turke kane pasur nje rritje te interest. Gjuha italiane, por edhe ajo franceze kane pasur nje stabilitet, pra as rritje dhe as ulje te interesit te pergjithshem nga ana e grupmoshes te siperpermendur. Vihet re se gjuha greke ka pesuar nje renie te forte te interesit. Ne fakt, shumica e interesit ka rene per kete gjuhe. Arsyet per kete gjuhe specifike do ti trajtojme me tej ne kapitulin e trete.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urgjenca+gjuh%C3%ABsore%3A+-huazime+t%C3%AB+z%C3%ABvend%C3%ABsueshme+me+fjal%C3%AB+shqipe-+%3A+%28fjalorth%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Naimi&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789928234049&rft.au=Gjovalin+Shkurtaj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503235525/https://www.albinfo.ch/gjuha-gjermane-shume-e-kerkuar-ne-shqiperi/">"Gjuha gjermane, shumë e kërkuar në Shqipëri"</a>. albinfo.ch. albinfo. 10 April 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albinfo.ch/gjuha-gjermane-shume-e-kerkuar-ne-shqiperi/">the original</a> on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=albinfo.ch&rft.atitle=Gjuha+gjermane%2C+shum%C3%AB+e+k%C3%ABrkuar+n%C3%AB+Shqip%C3%ABri&rft.date=2014-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albinfo.ch%2Fgjuha-gjermane-shume-e-kerkuar-ne-shqiperi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voal.ch/ne-shqiperi-vazhdon-te-rritet-interesi-per-gjuhen-turke/">"Në Shqipëri vazhdon të rritet interesi për gjuhën turke"</a>. voal.ch. voal. 5 October 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=voal.ch&rft.atitle=N%C3%AB+Shqip%C3%ABri+vazhdon+t%C3%AB+rritet+interesi+p%C3%ABr+gjuh%C3%ABn+turke&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voal.ch%2Fne-shqiperi-vazhdon-te-rritet-interesi-per-gjuhen-turke%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFstaff2017" class="citation news cs1">staff (12 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novinite.com/articles/184224/Albania+has+Recognized+the+Bulgarian+Minority+in+the+Country">"Albania has Recognized the Bulgarian Minority in the Country"</a>. novinite.com. Sofia News Agency. Retrieved 4 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=novinite.com&rft.atitle=Albania+has+Recognized+the+Bulgarian+Minority+in+the+Country&rft.date=2017-10-12&rft.au=staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novinite.com%2Farticles%2F184224%2FAlbania%2Bhas%2BRecognized%2Bthe%2BBulgarian%2BMinority%2Bin%2Bthe%2BCountry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees2005" class="citation web cs1">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (11 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130416035942/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,COUNTRYPROF,ALB,,4954cdfe1a,0.html">"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Albania : Overview"</a>. United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,COUNTRYPROF,ALB,,4954cdfe1a,0.html">the original</a> on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples+%E2%80%93+Albania+%3A+Overview&rft.pub=United+Nations+High+Commission+for+Refugees&rft.date=2005-05-11&rft.au=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Frefworld%2Fcountry%2C%2C%2CCOUNTRYPROF%2CALB%2C%2C4954cdfe1a%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census202475-343"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE2023_Albanian_census202475_343-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF2023_Albanian_census2024">2023 Albanian census 2024</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-RFE/RL_Research_Report:_Weekly_Analyses_from_the_RFE/RL_Research_Institute-344"><a href="#cite_ref-RFE/RL_Research_Report:_Weekly_Analyses_from_the_RFE/RL_Research_Institute_344-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RxgkAQAAIAAJ">RFE/RL Research Report: Weekly Analyses from the RFE/RL Research Institute</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Incorporated. 1993. <q>Albanian officials alleged that the priest was promoting irredentist sentiments among Albania's Greek minority – estimated at between 60,000 and 300,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RFE%2FRL+Research+Report%3A+Weekly+Analyses+from+the+RFE%2FRL+Research+Institute&rft.pub=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRxgkAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BideleuxJeffries2006-345"><a href="#cite_ref-BideleuxJeffries2006_345-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_BideleuxIan_Jeffries2006" class="citation book cs1">Robert Bideleux; Ian Jeffries (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5jrHOKsU9pEC&pg=PA49">The Balkans: A Post-Communist History</a>. Routledge. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96911-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96911-3"><bdi>978-0-203-96911-3</bdi></a>. <q>The Albanian government claimed that there were only 60,000, based on the biased 1989 census, whereas the Greek government claimed that there were upwards of 300,000. Most Western estimates were around the 200,000 mark ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans%3A+A+Post-Communist+History&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-203-96911-3&rft.au=Robert+Bideleux&rft.au=Ian+Jeffries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5jrHOKsU9pEC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet1998-346"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramet1998_346-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSabrina_P._Ramet1998" class="citation book cs1">Sabrina P. Ramet (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvMi6paTOlcC&pg=PA222">Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe and Russia</a>. Duke University Press. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2070-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2070-8"><bdi>978-0-8223-2070-8</bdi></a>. <q>that between 250,000 and 300,000 Orthodox Greeks reside in Albania</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nihil+Obstat%3A+Religion%2C+Politics%2C+and+Social+Change+in+East-Central+Europe+and+Russia&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2070-8&rft.au=Sabrina+P.+Ramet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvMi6paTOlcC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeffries2002-347"><a href="#cite_ref-Jeffries2002_347-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeffries2002" class="citation book cs1">Jeffries, Ian (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L7PBtDujYt0C&pg=PA69">Eastern Europe at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century: A Guide to the Economies in Transition</a>. Routledge. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23671-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23671-3"><bdi>978-0-415-23671-3</bdi></a>. <q>It is difficult to know how many ethnic Greeks there are in Albania. The Greek government, it is typically claimed, says that there are around 300,000 ethnic Greeks in Albania, but most Western estimates are around 200,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+at+the+Turn+of+the+Twenty-first+Century%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Economies+in+Transition&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23671-3&rft.aulast=Jeffries&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL7PBtDujYt0C%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Publications2008-348"><a href="#cite_ref-Publications2008_348-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEuropa_Publications2008" class="citation book cs1">Europa Publications (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oabsu05rJNoC">The Europa World Year Book 2008</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-452-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-452-1"><bdi>978-1-85743-452-1</bdi></a>. <q>and Greece formally annulled claims to North Epirus (southern Albania), where there is a sizeable Greek minority. ... strained by concerns relating to the treatment of ethnic Greeks residing in Albania (numbering an estimated 300,000) ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Europa+World+Year+Book+2008&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-452-1&rft.au=Europa+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOabsu05rJNoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/albania">"Albania"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2025 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Albania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Falbania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2014.zip">(Archived 2014 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3235.htm">"Albania"</a>. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Albania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F3235.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/238560.pdf">"International Religious Freedom Report for 2014: Albania"</a> (PDF). state.gov. United States Department of State. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/238560.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2015. <q>Ethnic Greek minority groups had encouraged their members to boycott the census, affecting measurements of the Greek ethnic minority and membership in the Greek Orthodox Church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=state.gov&rft.atitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+for+2014%3A+Albania&rft.pages=5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F238560.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730220735/https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/3/2/41888.pdf">"1998 Constitution of the Republic of Albania"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/3/2/41888.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1998+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Albania&rft.pub=Organization+for+Security+and+Co-operation+in+Europe+%28OSCE%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Ffiles%2Ff%2Fdocuments%2F3%2F2%2F41888.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014034457/http://www.gallup.com/poll/128210/Gallup-Global-Reports.aspx">"Gallup Global Reports"</a>. Gallup. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/128210/Gallup-Global-Reports.aspx">the original</a> on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gallup+Global+Reports&rft.pub=Gallup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F128210%2FGallup-Global-Reports.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2018" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Oliver (14 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/maps-and-graphics/most-religious-countries-in-the-world/">"Mapped: The world's most (and least) religious countries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816211924/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/maps-and-graphics/most-religious-countries-in-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021. 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Watch Tower Society. p. 178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2015+Yearbook+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3997848,00.html">"1st chief rabbi inaugurated in Albania – Israel Jewish Scene, Ynetnews"</a>. Ynetnews. 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Tirana: <a href="/wiki/Official_Publishing_Center_(Albania)" title="Official Publishing Center (Albania)">Fletorja zyrtare e Republikës së Shqipërisë</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qbz.gov.al/botime/fletore_zyrtare/2002/PDF-2002/48-2002.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P%C3%ABr+form%C3%ABn+dhe+p%C3%ABrmasat+e+Flamurit+komb%C3%ABtar+p%C3%ABrmbajtjen+e+Himnit+komb%C3%ABtar%2C+form%C3%ABn+dhe+p%C3%ABrmasat+e+Stem%C3%ABs+s%C3%AB+Republik%C3%ABs+t%C3%AB+Shqiperis%C3%AB+dhe+m%C3%ABnyr%C3%ABn+e+p%C3%ABrdorimit+t%C3%AB+tyre&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=Fletorja+zyrtare+e+Republik%C3%ABs+s%C3%AB+Shqip%C3%ABris%C3%AB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qbz.gov.al%2Fbotime%2Ffletore_zyrtare%2F2002%2FPDF-2002%2F48-2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flag_Elsie-367">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flag_Elsie_367-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flag_Elsie_367-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flag_Elsie_367-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flag_Elsie_367-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flag_Elsie_367-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert2010" class="citation book cs1">Robert, Elsie (19 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=haFlGXIg8uoC&dq=albanian+flag+eagle&pg=PA140">Historical Dictionary of Albania</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Scarecrow Press</a>. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7380-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7380-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-7380-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230929164542/https://www.google.de/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_Albania/haFlGXIg8uoC?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=albanian+flag+eagle&pg=PA140&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2023. 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ABC-CLIO. pp. 301 –&#32, 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34497-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34497-8"><bdi>978-0-313-34497-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D7rOEAAAQBAJ&dq=albania+The+Complete+Guide+to+National+Symbols+and+Emblems&pg=PA303">the original</a> on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Guide+to+National+Symbols+and+Emblems&rft.pages=301+-%26%2332%2C+304&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009-12-23&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34497-8&rft.au=James+Minahan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7rOEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dalbania%2BThe%2BComplete%2BGuide%2Bto%2BNational%2BSymbols%2Band%2BEmblems%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaulist_Fathers1876" class="citation book cs1">Paulist Fathers (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ybwRAAAAYAAJ&q=skanderbeg+double+headed+eagle&pg=PA235">Catholic World, Band 23</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paulist_Fathers" title="Paulist Fathers">Paulist Fathers</a>. p. 235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+World%2C+Band+23&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Paulist+Fathers&rft.date=1876&rft.au=Paulist+Fathers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DybwRAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dskanderbeg%2Bdouble%2Bheaded%2Beagle%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Tapon2011" class="citation book cs1">Francis Tapon (8 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GlbAmn_cajYC&q=skanderbeg+double+headed+eagle&pg=PA441">The Hidden Europe: What Eastern Europeans Can Teach Us</a>. SonicTrek, Inc. p. 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780976581222" title="Special:BookSources/9780976581222"><bdi>9780976581222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Europe%3A+What+Eastern+Europeans+Can+Teach+Us&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=SonicTrek%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2011-12-08&rft.isbn=9780976581222&rft.au=Francis+Tapon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGlbAmn_cajYC%26q%3Dskanderbeg%2Bdouble%2Bheaded%2Beagle%26pg%3DPA441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Historia e popullit shqiptar (in Albanian) (Instituti i Historisë (Akademia e Shkencave e RSH) ed.). Tirana: Botimet Toena, 2002. pp. 294–298, 433–434.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+e+popullit+shqiptar&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E294-%3C%2Fspan%3E298%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E433-%3C%2Fspan%3E434&rft.edition=Instituti+i+Historis%C3%AB+%28Akademia+e+Shkencave+e+RSH%29&rft.pub=Botimet+Toena%2C+2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gjergji-372">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gjergji_372-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gjergji_372-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gjergji_372-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGjergji2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andromaqi_Gjergji" title="Andromaqi Gjergji">Gjergji, Andromaqi</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vc3fAAAAMAAJ">Albanian Costumes Through the Centuries: Origin, Types, Evolution</a>. Academy of Sciences of Albania. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99943-614-4-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-99943-614-4-1"><bdi>978-99943-614-4-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312175750/https://books.google.com/books?id=vc3fAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanian+Costumes+Through+the+Centuries%3A+Origin%2C+Types%2C+Evolution&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Academy+of+Sciences+of+Albania&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-99943-614-4-1&rft.aulast=Gjergji&rft.aufirst=Andromaqi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvc3fAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlumi2011">Blumi 2011</a>, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStipčević1977">Stipčević 1977</a>, p. 89: "It is generally agreed, and rightly so, that the modern Albanian cap originates directly from the similar cap worn by the Illyrians." </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a6niAAAAMAAJ">Recherches albanologiques: Folklore et ethnologie</a>. Instituti Albanologijik i Prishtinës. 1982. p. 52. Retrieved 14 April 2013. <q>Ne kuadrin e veshjeve me përkime ilire, të dokumentuara gjer më tani hyjnë tirqit, plisi, qeleshja e bardhë gjysmësferike, goxhufi-gëzofi etj</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recherches+albanologiques%3A+Folklore+et+ethnologie&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Instituti+Albanologijik+i+Prishtin%C3%ABs&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da6niAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xhubleta-376">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Xhubleta_376-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xhubleta_376-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xhubleta_376-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/xhubleta-skills-craftsmanship-and-forms-of-usage-01880">"Xhubleta, skills, craftsmanship and forms of usage"</a>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924132319/https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/xhubleta-skills-craftsmanship-and-forms-of-usage-01880">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xhubleta%2C+skills%2C+craftsmanship+and+forms+of+usage&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FUSL%2Fxhubleta-skills-craftsmanship-and-forms-of-usage-01880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.albanianart.net_index_al-377"><a href="#cite_ref-www.albanianart.net_index_al_377-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianart.net/index_al.html">"Robert Elsie: Arti Shqiptar"</a>. albanianart.net. 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Retrieved 13 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cities+in+Europe+and+Central+Asia+%3A+Albania&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2017-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fpublication%2Fdocuments-reports%2Fdocumentdetail%2F338011511933862442%2Fcities-in-europe-and-central-asia-albania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF2023_Albanian_census2024" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instat.gov.al/media/13626/cens-2023-census-botim.pdf">"Censi i Popullsisë dhe Banesave në Shqipëri 2023: Rezultatet Kryesore – Albania Population and Housing Census 2023: Main Results"</a> (PDF). Instituti i Statistikës (INSTAT). 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814174433/https://www.instat.gov.al/media/13626/cens-2023-census-botim.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 August 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Censi+i+Popullsis%C3%AB+dhe+Banesave+n%C3%AB+Shqip%C3%ABri+2023%3A+Rezultatet+Kryesore+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BAlbania+Population+and+Housing+Census+2023%3A+Main+Results&rft.pub=Instituti+i+Statistik%C3%ABs+%28INSTAT%29&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instat.gov.al%2Fmedia%2F13626%2Fcens-2023-census-botim.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>History of the Party of Labor of Albania. Tirana: Institute of Marxist–Leninist Studies, 1971. 691 p.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbrahams2015" class="citation book cs1">Abrahams, Fred (2015). Modern Albania: From Dictatorship to Democracy in Europe. NYU Press. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-0511-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-0511-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-0511-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Albania%3A+From+Dictatorship+to+Democracy+in+Europe&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-0511-7&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbania" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Albania">Wikimedia Atlas of Albania</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://albania.al/">albania.al</a> – (in English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://president.al/">president.al</a> – (in Albanian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kryeministria.al/">kryeministria.al</a> – (in Albanian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parlament.al/">parlament.al</a> – (in Albanian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/albania/">Albania</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> by <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 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title="n:Category:Albania">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albania" class="extiw" title="q:Albania">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Albania_articles634" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albania_topics" title="Template:Albania topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albania_topics" title="Template talk:Albania topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albania_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albania topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Albania_articles634" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)" title="Amantes (tribe)">Amantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantini" title="Amantini">Amantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaites" title="Balaites">Balaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Middle Ages</a> (1190–1385) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Arta" title="Despotate of Arta">Despotate of Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kastrioti" title="House of Kastrioti">House of Kastrioti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman period</a> (1385–1912) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Skanderbeg's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABni_Council" title="Arbëni Council">Arbëni Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Pashaliks" title="Albanian Pashaliks">Albanian Pashaliks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Albanian_Beys" title="Massacre of the Albanian Beys">Massacre of the Albanian Beys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolts_of_1833%E2%80%931839" title="Albanian revolts of 1833–1839">Revolts of 1833–1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara" title="Uprising of Dervish Cara">Uprising of Dervish Cara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Congress of Manastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">Revolt of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Malissori uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_meeting" title="Taksim meeting">Taksim meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimza_Government" title="Kimza Government">Kimza Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Independence</a> (1912–present) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himni_i_Flamurit" title="Himni i Flamurit">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Albania" title="Provisional Government of Albania">Provisional Government of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania during the Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Central_Albania" title="Republic of Central Albania">Republic of Central Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality of Albania (1914–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_Albania" title="World War I in Albania">World War I in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Autonomous Province of Korçë">Autonomous Province of Korçë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate over Albania">Italian protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mirdita" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Mirdita">Republic of Mirdita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931928)" title="Albanian Republic (1925–1928)">Albanian Republic (1925–1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Union with Italian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">German Nazi occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">The Holocaust in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albanian resistance during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Communist Albania (1946–91)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthography_Congress" title="Albanian Orthography Congress">Orthography Congress (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Post-Communist_Albania" title="History of Post-Communist Albania">Post-Communist Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest" title="1997 Albanian civil unrest">1997 Civil Unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Albania–NATO relations">NATO membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">EU Accession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Albanian_history" title="Timeline of Albanian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archives_in_Albania" title="List of archives in Albania">Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="383" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Landscape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Albania" title="List of mountains in Albania">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Albania" title="List of rivers of Albania">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Albania" title="List of lakes of Albania">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Albania" title="List of islands of Albania">Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Albania" title="Environment of Albania">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Albania" title="Climate of Albania">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Albania" title="Biodiversity of Albania">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Albania" title="Category:Fauna of Albania">Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Albania" title="Protected areas of Albania">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Albania)" title="Council of Ministers (Albania)">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Government_agencies_of_Albania" title="Category:Government agencies of Albania">agencies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">Head of state</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Albania" title="List of heads of state of Albania">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Albania" title="Foreign relations of Albania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Albania" title="List of political parties in Albania">Political parties</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Albania" title="Category:Treaties of Albania">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Albania" title="Visa policy of Albania">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Albania" title="Judiciary of Albania">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vetting_Institutions20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Vetting Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Appellate_College_(Albania)" title="Special Appellate College (Albania)">KPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Public_Commissioners_(Albania)" title="Institution of Public Commissioners (Albania)">IKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monitoring_Operation_(Albania)" title="International Monitoring Operation (Albania)">ONM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Qualification_Commission_(Albania)" title="Independent Qualification Commission (Albania)">KPK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Albania" title="Corruption in Albania">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EURALIUS" title="EURALIUS">EURALIUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPAK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPAK">SPAK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_General_(Albania)" title="Prosecutor General (Albania)">Prosecutor General</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Albania" title="Administrative divisions of Albania">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Albania" title="NUTS statistical regions of Albania">NUTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Albania" title="Counties of Albania">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Albania" title="Municipalities of Albania">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Albania" title="List of cities and towns in Albania">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Albania" title="Communes of Albania">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Albania" title="Villages of Albania">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maps of Albania">Maps</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Albania" title="Elections in Albania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Albania">speakers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_members_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Category:Lists of members of the Parliament of Albania">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Albania)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Albania)">Opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Albania" title="Human rights in Albania">Human rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania" title="Abortion in Albania">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Albania" title="Capital punishment in Albania">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_in_Albania" title="List of assassinations in Albania">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Albania">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avokati_i_Popullit" title="Avokati i Popullit">Ombudsman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Police_(Albania)" title="State Police (Albania)">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_mafia" title="Albanian mafia">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Albania" title="Prisons in Albania">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_crossings_of_Albania" title="Border crossings of Albania">Border crossings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Albania" title="Banking in Albania">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_lek" title="Albanian lek">Lek (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Albania" title="Taxation in Albania">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Albania" title="Trade unions in Albania">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Supreme_Audit_(Albania)" title="State Supreme Audit (Albania)">State Supreme Audit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Albania" title="List of shopping malls in Albania">Shopping centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Albania" title="List of supermarket chains in Albania">Supermarkets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Albania" title="Agriculture in Albania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Albania" title="Healthcare in Albania">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Albania" title="List of companies of Albania">Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Operators9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Power_Corporation" title="Albanian Power Corporation">KESH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_System_Operator_(Albania)" title="Transmission System Operator (Albania)">OST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operatori_i_Shp%C3%ABrndarjes_s%C3%AB_Energjis%C3%AB_Elektrike" title="Operatori i Shpërndarjes së Energjisë Elektrike">OSHEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Regulatory_Authority_(Albania)" title="Energy Regulatory Authority (Albania)">ERE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Albania" title="List of power stations in Albania">Hydropower plants</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_and_gas_fields_in_Albania" title="List of oil and gas fields in Albania">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Albania" title="Category:Mining in Albania">Mining</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Albania" title="Highways in Albania">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Albania" title="List of airports in Albania">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Albania" title="List of ports in Albania">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Albania" title="Rail transport in Albania">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Albania" title="List of bridges in Albania">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tunnels_in_Albania" title="List of tunnels in Albania">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Albania" title="List of tallest buildings in Albania">Highrises</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Albania" title="List of tallest structures in Albania">structures</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posta_Shqiptare" title="Posta Shqiptare">Posta Shqiptare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Albania" title="Squatting in Albania">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Albania" title="Tourism in Albania">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monuments9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Albania" title="List of archaeological sites in Albania">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Albania" title="List of castles in Albania">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Albania" title="List of mosques in Albania">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tekkes_in_Albania" title="List of tekkes in Albania">Tekkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Albania" title="List of churches in Albania">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Albania" title="List of lighthouses in Albania">Lighthouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast">Adriatic Sea Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Ionian Sea Coast">Ionian Sea Coast</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_Riviera" title="Albanian Riviera">riviera</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Albania" title="List of beaches in Albania">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:High-contrast-camera-photo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/17px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/26px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/34px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographs_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photographs of Albania">Images of Albania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Albania" title="Category:Society of Albania">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Albania" title="Demographics of Albania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Albania" title="Census in Albania">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">Noble families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Women</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">Art</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_art_galleries_in_Albania" title="List of art galleries in Albania">(galleries)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Albania" title="Architecture of Albania">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Albania" title="List of museums in Albania">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Albania" title="List of theatres in Albania">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_scripts" title="Category:Albanian scripts">scripts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abetare" title="Abetare">Abetare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_Albania" title="Category:Research institutes in Albania">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Albania" title="List of libraries in Albania">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Albania" title="List of universities in Albania">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_publishing_companies_of_Albania" title="List of publishing companies of Albania">Publishers</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albanian_proverbs" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Albanian proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanology" title="Albanology">Albanology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Tradition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Folk beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_(Albania)" title="Oda (Albania)">Oda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Albania" title="Secularism in Albania">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevruz_in_Albania" title="Nevruz in Albania">Nevruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Sworn virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing" title="Traditional Albanian clothing">Costumes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhubleta" title="Xhubleta">Xhubleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brez_(clothing)" title="Brez (clothing)">Brez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinga" title="Opinga">Opinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhamadan" title="Xhamadan">Xhamadan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gjell%C3%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gjellë">Gjellë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav%C3%AB_kosi" title="Tavë kosi">Tavë kosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuni" title="Kabuni">Kabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Raki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer in Albania">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac_Sk%C3%ABnderbeu" title="Cognac Skënderbeu">Cognac Skënderbeu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Football</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania_national_football_team" title="Albania national football team">National team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Albania" title="List of football clubs in Albania">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albania_international_footballers" title="List of Albania international footballers">Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_Albania" title="List of stadiums in Albania">Stadiums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Weightlifting_Federation" title="Albanian Weightlifting Federation">Weightlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Athletics_Federation" title="Albanian Athletics Federation">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Cycling_Federation" title="Albanian Cycling Federation">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Basketball_Federation" title="Albanian Basketball Federation">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Volleyball_Federation" title="Albanian Volleyball Federation">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Swimming_Federation" title="Albanian Swimming Federation">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_at_the_Olympics" title="Albania at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas_in_Albania" title="List of indoor arenas in Albania">Indoor arenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Albania" title="Television in Albania">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Albania" title="List of radio stations in Albania">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Symbols_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Symbols of Albania">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_heraldry" title="Albanian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Albania" title="Flag of Albania">Flag</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_flags" title="List of Albanian flags">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania" title="Coat of arms of Albania">Coat of arms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Albania" title="Armorial of Albania">armorial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitaph_of_Gllavenica" title="Epitaph of Gllavenica">Epitaph of Gllavenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations_and_medals_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations and medals of Albania">Orders, decorations and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_passport" title="Albanian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.al" title=".al">.al</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Albania" title="Public holidays in Albania">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Albania" title="Smoking in Albania">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Albania" title="Copyright law of Albania">Copyright law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Albania" title="Bibliography of Albania">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albania" title="Category:Albania">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_on_the_Balkan_Peninsula147" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Balkan_countries" title="Template:Balkan countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Balkan_countries" title="Template talk:Balkan countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_on_the_Balkan_Peninsula147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries on the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographically fully located</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f6f6f6;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Balkan_topo_en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Balkan_topo_en.jpg/100px-Balkan_topo_en.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Balkan_topo_en.jpg/150px-Balkan_topo_en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Balkan_topo_en.jpg/200px-Balkan_topo_en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="767" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significantly located</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece#Mainland" title="Geography of Greece">mainland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Serbia" title="Central Serbia">Central Serbia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partially located</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f6f6f6;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BiH" class="mw-redirect" title="BiH">BiH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mostly outside the peninsula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinaridi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinaridi (page does not exist)">Dinaridi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenija" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenija">Slovenija</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinaridi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinaridi (page does not exist)">Dinaridi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monfalcone" title="Monfalcone">Monfalcone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f6f6f6;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Balkans" title="Languages of the Balkans">Balkan languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Sprachbund</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkanization" title="Balkanization">Balkanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">History of the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea249" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea249" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> (Spain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marginal_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal seas">Marginal seas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Sardinia" title="Sea of Sardinia">Sea of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe1244" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe1244" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe106" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Enlargement_and_partners_of_the_European_Union575" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Union_candidates" title="Template:European Union candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Union_candidates" title="Template talk:European Union candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Union_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Union candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Enlargement_and_partners_of_the_European_Union575" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">partners</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Historical_enlargements" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Previous enlargements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973</a> (<a href="/wiki/1972_Danish_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1972 Danish European Communities membership referendum">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">United Kingdom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1981 enlargement of the European Communities">1981</a> (Greece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1986 enlargement of the European Communities">1986</a> (Portugal, Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union">1995</a> (<a href="/wiki/1994_Austrian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="1994 Austrian European Union membership referendum">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/1994_Finnish_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="1994 Finnish European Union membership referendum">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/1994_Swedish_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="1994 Swedish European Union membership referendum">Sweden</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">2004</a> (Cyprus, <a href="/wiki/2003_Czech_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Czech European Union membership referendum">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_Estonian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Estonian European Union membership referendum">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_Hungarian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Hungarian European Union membership referendum">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_Latvian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Latvian European Union membership referendum">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_Lithuanian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Lithuanian European Union membership referendum">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_Maltese_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Maltese European Union membership referendum">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_Polish_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Polish European Union membership referendum">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_Slovak_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Slovak European Union membership referendum">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_Slovenian_European_Union_and_NATO_membership_referendum" title="2003 Slovenian European Union and NATO membership referendum">Slovenia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union">2007</a> (Bulgaria, Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">2013</a> (<a href="/wiki/2012_Croatian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2012 Croatian European Union membership referendum">Croatia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_relating_to_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Statistics relating to enlargement of the European Union">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Western_Balkans" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Negotiating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire#Chapters" title="Acquis communautaire">Screened</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Montenegro_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Montenegro to the European Union">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/40px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/60px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Moldova_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Moldova to the European Union">status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Moldova–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_North_Macedonia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Serbia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Serbia to the European Union">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Ukraine to the European Union">status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-negotiations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Georgia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Georgia to the European Union">status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Georgia–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Turkey" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Suspended negotiations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="European Union–Turkey relations">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">status</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Partnerships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Armenia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Armenia to the European Union">status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Armenia–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Azerbaijan–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> (suspended) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Belarus–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dimension" title="Northern Dimension">Northern Dimension</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Russia–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Andorra–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monaco%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Monaco–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="San Marino–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">Free trade agreements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/40px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/60px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other geographically European countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Kazakhstan–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Holy See–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Current membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_criteria" title="Copenhagen criteria">Criteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:6.5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:12.75em;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_Armenia_to_BSEC" title="Permanent Mission of Armenia to BSEC">Armenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:12.75em;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/40px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/60px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:12.75em;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie304" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie304" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Syria and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Syria and OIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations195" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary748" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2917" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2917" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000405103279">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130228708">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1226682/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqqCtcDcw6YhVrpg96tKd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4001028-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83221467">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952716p">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238538t">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952716p">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238538t">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560328">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128651&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450686">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/42gjhs5n14cnffm">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810563431405606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007566917105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/1c69b790-b46b-3e92-b6b4-93b4364badbc">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04543391?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/463344bb-b54b-4139-85c0-bef103e63e98">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/kkrtydT1">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027501302">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003348">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045353">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=43587">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/arnavutluk">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Albania&params=41_N_20_E_type:country_region:AL">41°N 20°E / 41°N 20°E / 41; 20</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albania&oldid=1279760464">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albania&oldid=1279760464</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Albania</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-75687f9f4b-h5cwt","wgBackendResponseTime":539,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.836","walltime":"5.620","ppvisitednodes":{"value":36914,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1333984,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":185212,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":119,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1463574,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4633.474 1 -total"," 44.00% 2038.907 2 Template:Reflist"," 24.54% 1137.115 244 Template:Cite_web"," 15.01% 695.534 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 9.52% 441.177 1 Template:Navboxes"," 7.38% 342.178 75 Template:Cite_book"," 5.71% 264.789 23 Template:Navbox"," 5.64% 261.244 1 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFChamoux2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnanEleziEngelZumberge2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowcroft2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuka2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhimitër_Doka\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhimolea\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald_Edgar_Pitcher1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEftimi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEglantina_Hysa_–_Epoka_University\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsie\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFElsie2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnergy_Information_Administration2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEtleva2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropa_Publications2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis_Tapon2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerwarth2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiacomo_Jungg1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiaro2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGjergji2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGjonaj2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGjonça,_Arjan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGjovalin_Shkurtaj2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoriRecchiaTomas2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovedarica2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammondWalbank1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggens2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgkinson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowe2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternal_Migration_Albania2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_monetary_Fund2022\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFJackson-Laufer1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Minahan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarvis2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffries2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJelavich1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJirečekThopia1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesPetersGasserAndrew2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarin_Myhrberg_–_University_of_Gothenburg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeeganChurchill1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopecekErsoyGorniKechriotis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopečekErsoyGorniKechriotis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisBoardman1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLicursi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloshi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloshi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenc_Gordani2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadgearuGordon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaryLee_Knowlton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatasović2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerdjanova2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetzMickle2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Defence\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Environment\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Environment_of_Albania\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrock2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuharremiMadaniPelari\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuharremiMadaniPelari2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusaraj2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Geophysical_Data_Center_/_World_Data_Service_(NGDC/WDS):_NCEI/WDS_Global_Significant_Earthquake_Database._NOAA_National_Centers_for_Environmental_Information1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaturAL\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicol1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNitsiakos2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorris1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFObservator_Cultural\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPage2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPano\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaulist_Fathers1876\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeirce1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrushevska2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettiferBuchanan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPickardÇeliku2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPipaRepishti1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopulation_Dynamics2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProtection_and_Preservation_of_Natural_Environment_in_Albania\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQemali\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFQori2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabeta\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReyes2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitchieRosadoRoser2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRob_Pickard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_BideleuxIan_Jeffries2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuci2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabrina_P._Ramet1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarah_Amsler2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaefer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheib\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeton-WatsonWilsonZimmernGreenwood2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShqip\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShumka\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouth_East_Europe_Transport_Observatory_(SEETO)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpringerKammerhofer1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStafi_i_Akedemise_se_Shkencave2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStipčević1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTirana_Times2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom_Stevenson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNECE\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNECE_Country_Profile2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVickers1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWHO\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkes1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Travel_\u0026amp;_Tourism_Council\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorldwide_Independent_Network/Gallup_International_Association\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZabecki1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaharia2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZavalani\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZickelIwaskiw\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZickelIwaskiw1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZolo2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFed1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFstaff2017\"] = 1,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n [\"Names\"] = 1,\n [\"Toponymy\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Albania Labelled Map\"] = 1,\n [\"Albania topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Balkan countries\"] = 1,\n [\"Barrington\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite anss\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 75,\n [\"Cite constitution\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 232,\n [\"Clear\"] = 8,\n [\"Convert\"] = 23,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Council of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 5,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"European Union candidates\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 6,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 6,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Image frame\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"La Francophonie\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 25,\n [\"Langx\"] = 8,\n [\"Largest cities of Albania\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 14,\n [\"Main\"] = 40,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Native phrase\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"Panorama\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 17,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 22,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 15,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 2,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 2,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Update section\"] = 3,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","580","18.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","340","10.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","10.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","300","9.4"],["recursiveClone 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Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-04T19:48:25Z","dateModified":"2025-03-10T12:26:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/36\/Flag_of_Albania.svg","headline":"country in southeastern Europe"}</script> </body> </html>