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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_dioxide_sequestration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_dioxide_sequestration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Carbon dioxide sequestration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_dioxide_sequestration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">North Sea oil</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimal_d%C9%99nizinin_neftli-qazl%C4%B1_h%C3%B6vz%C9%99si" title="Şimal dənizinin neftli-qazlı hövzəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şimal dənizinin neftli-qazlı hövzəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severomo%C5%99sk%C3%A1_ropa" title="Severomořská ropa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Severomořská ropa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nords%C3%B8olie" title="Nordsøolie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nordsøolie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordsee%C3%B6l" title="Nordseeöl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nordseeöl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="نفت دریای شمال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نفت دریای شمال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gions_p%C3%A9trolif%C3%A8res_en_Europe" title="Régions pétrolifères en 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href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%AB_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A9" title="Հյուսիսային ծովի նավթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հյուսիսային ծովի նավթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ursj%C3%A1varol%C3%ADa" title="Norðursjávarolía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Norðursjávarolía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordzee-olievelden" title="Noordzee-olievelden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noordzee-olievelden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" 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href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nords%C3%B8olie" class="extiw" title="da:Nordsøolie">the corresponding article</a> in Danish</b>.  <i><small>(May 2024)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fda.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNords%C3%B8olie&sl=da&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Danish article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Danish Wikipedia article at [[:da:Nordsøolie]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|da|Nordsøolie}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:North_Sea_oil" title="Talk:North Sea oil">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Sea_oil_and_gas_fields.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/North_Sea_oil_and_gas_fields.svg/220px-North_Sea_oil_and_gas_fields.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/North_Sea_oil_and_gas_fields.svg/330px-North_Sea_oil_and_gas_fields.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/North_Sea_oil_and_gas_fields.svg/440px-North_Sea_oil_and_gas_fields.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>North Sea Oil and Gas Fields</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11-09-fotofluege-cux-allg-25a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/11-09-fotofluege-cux-allg-25a.jpg/220px-11-09-fotofluege-cux-allg-25a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/11-09-fotofluege-cux-allg-25a.jpg/330px-11-09-fotofluege-cux-allg-25a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/11-09-fotofluege-cux-allg-25a.jpg/440px-11-09-fotofluege-cux-allg-25a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>An oil platform in <a href="/wiki/Mittelplate" title="Mittelplate">Mittelplate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>North Sea oil</b> is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>, comprising liquid <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, produced from <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir" title="Petroleum reservoir">petroleum reservoirs</a> beneath the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">petroleum industry</a>, the term "North Sea" often includes areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a> and the area known as "West of Shetland", "the Atlantic Frontier" or "the Atlantic Margin" that is not geographically part of the North Sea. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brent_crude" class="mw-redirect" title="Brent crude">Brent crude</a> is still used today as a standard <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(crude_oil)" title="Benchmark (crude oil)">benchmark</a> for pricing oil, although the contract now refers to a blend of oils from fields in the northern North Sea. </p><p>From the 1960s to 2014 it was reported that 42 billion barrels of oil equivalent (BOE) had been extracted from the North Sea since when production began. As there is still an estimated 24 billion BOE potentially remaining in the reservoir (equivalent to about 35 years worth of production), the North Sea will remain as an important petroleum reservoir for years to come.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is the upper end of a range of estimates provided by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Wood_(businessman)" title="Ian Wood (businessman)">Sir Ian Wood</a> (commissioned by the UK government to carry out a review of the oil industry in the United Kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ); the lower end was 12 billion barrels. Wood, upset with how his figures were being used, said the most likely amount to be found would be between 15 billion and 16 billion barrels.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_oil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1851–1963"><span id="1851.E2.80.931963"></span>1851–1963</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_oil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1851–1963"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commercial extraction of oil on the shores of the North Sea dates back to 1851, when <a href="/wiki/James_Young_(Scottish_chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Young (Scottish chemist)">James Young</a> <a href="/wiki/Retort" title="Retort">retorted</a> oil from <a href="/wiki/Torbanite" title="Torbanite">torbanite</a> (boghead coal, or oil shale) mined in the Midland Valley of Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-Glennie_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glennie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across the sea in Germany, oil was found in the Wietze field near Hanover in 1859, leading to the discovery of seventy more fields, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Cretaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Cretaceous">Lower Cretaceous</a> and Jurassic reservoirs, producing a combined total of around 1340 m³ (8,400 barrels) per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Glennie_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glennie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gas was found by chance in a water well near Hamburg in 1910, leading to minor gas discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Zechstein" title="Zechstein">Zechstein</a> dolomites elsewhere in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Glennie_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glennie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> discovered gas in similar reservoirs in the <a href="/wiki/Eskdale_Anticline" title="Eskdale Anticline">Eskdale anticline</a> in 1938, and in 1939 they found commercial oil in <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> rocks at <a href="/wiki/Eakring" title="Eakring">Eakring</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Glennie_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glennie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discoveries elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a> lifted production to 400 m³ (2,500 barrels) per day, and a second wave of exploration from 1953 to 1961 found the <a href="/wiki/Gainsborough,_Lincolnshire" title="Gainsborough, Lincolnshire">Gainsborough</a> field and ten smaller fields.<sup id="cite_ref-Glennie_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glennie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Netherlands' first oil shows were seen in a drilling demonstration at De Mient during the 1938 <a href="/wiki/World_Petroleum_Council#World_Petroleum_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="World Petroleum Council">World Petroleum Congress</a> at The Hague.<sup id="cite_ref-Glennie_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glennie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent exploration led to the 1943 discovery by Exploratie Nederland, part of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch/Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch/Shell">Royal Dutch/Shell</a> company Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij, of oil under the Dutch village of <a href="/wiki/Schoonebeek" title="Schoonebeek">Schoonebeek</a>, near the German border.<sup id="cite_ref-NAM_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NAM found the Netherlands' first gas in Zechstein carbonates at Coevorden in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-NAM_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1952 saw the first exploration well in the province of Groningen, Haren-1, which was the first to penetrate the Lower Permian <a href="/wiki/Rotliegendes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotliegendes">Rotliegendes</a> sandstone that is the main reservoir for the gas fields of the southern North Sea, although in Haren-1 it contained only water.<sup id="cite_ref-Stauble_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stauble-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ten Boer well failed to reach target depth for technical reasons, but was completed as a minor gas producer from the Zechstein carbonates.<sup id="cite_ref-Stauble_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stauble-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Slochteren-1 well found gas in the Rotliegendes in 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-Stauble_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stauble-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the full extent of what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Groningen_gas_field" title="Groningen gas field">Groningen gas field</a> was not appreciated until 1963—it is currently estimated at ≈96<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>12</sup> cu ft (2,700 km<sup>3</sup>) recoverable gas reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-NAM_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller discoveries to the west of Groningen followed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1964–present"><span id="1964.E2.80.93present"></span>1964–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_oil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1964–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UK Continental Shelf Act came into force in May 1964. Seismic exploration and the first well followed later that year. It and a second well on the Mid North Sea High were dry, as the Rotliegendes was absent, but BP's <i><a href="/wiki/Sea_Gem" title="Sea Gem">Sea Gem</a></i> rig struck gas in the West Sole Field in September 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-BP_history_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP_history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The celebrations were short-lived since the <i>Sea Gem</i> sank, with the loss of 13 lives, after part of the rig collapsed as it was moved away from the discovery well.<sup id="cite_ref-BP_history_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP_history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Viking Gas Field was discovered in December 1965 with the <a href="/wiki/Conoco" title="Conoco">Conoco</a>/National Coal Board well 49/17-1, finding the gas-bearing <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> <a href="/wiki/Rotliegend" title="Rotliegend">Rotliegend</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a> at a depth of 2,756 m subsea.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">Helicopters</a> were first used to transport workers.<sup id="cite_ref-vert2015-04_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vert2015-04-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger gas finds followed in 1966 – Leman Bank, Indefatigable and Hewett – but by 1968 companies had lost interest in further exploration of the British sector, a result of a ban on gas exports and low prices offered by the only buyer, <a href="/wiki/British_Gas" title="British Gas">British Gas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BP_history_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP_history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Sole came onstream in May 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-BP_history_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP_history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Licensing regulations for Dutch waters were not finalised until 1967. </p><p>The situation was transformed in December 1969, when <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillips Petroleum">Phillips Petroleum</a> discovered oil in <a href="/wiki/Chalk_Formation#Chalk_petroleum_reservoirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalk Formation">Chalk</a> of <a href="/wiki/Danian" title="Danian">Danian</a> age at <a href="/wiki/Ekofisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekofisk">Ekofisk</a>, in Norwegian waters in the central North Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-BP_history_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP_history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same month, Amoco discovered the <a href="/wiki/Montrose_oil_field" title="Montrose oil field">Montrose Field</a> about 217 km (135 mi) east of <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BP_history_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP_history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original objective of the well had been to drill for gas to test the idea that the southern North Sea gas province extended to the north. Amoco were astonished when the well discovered oil.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BP had been awarded several licences in the area in the second licensing round late in 1965, but had been reluctant to work on them.<sup id="cite_ref-BP_history_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP_history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of Ekofisk prompted them to drill what turned out to be a dry hole in May 1970, followed by the discovery of the giant <a href="/wiki/Forties_Oil_Field" title="Forties Oil Field">Forties Oil Field</a> in October 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-BP_history_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP_history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, Shell Expro discovered the giant <a href="/wiki/Brent_oilfield" title="Brent oilfield">Brent oilfield</a> in the northern North Sea east of Shetland in Scotland and the Petronord Group discovered the <a href="/wiki/Frigg_gas_field" title="Frigg gas field">Frigg gas field</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Piper_oilfield" title="Piper oilfield">Piper oilfield</a> was discovered in 1973 and the <a href="/wiki/Statfjord_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Statfjord Field">Statfjord Field</a> and the Ninian Field<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1974, with the Ninian reservoir consisting of Middle <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> sandstones at a depth of 3000 m subsea in a "westward tilted <a href="/wiki/Horst_(geology)" title="Horst (geology)">horst</a> block". </p><p>Offshore production, like that of the North Sea, became more economical after the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a> caused the world oil price to quadruple, followed by the <a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a>, which caused another tripling in the oil price. Oil production started from the Argyll & Duncan Oilfields (now the Ardmore) in June 1975<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by Forties Oil Field in November of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inner <a href="/wiki/Moray_Firth" title="Moray Firth">Moray Firth</a> Beatrice Field, a <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a> reservoir 1829 m deep in a "<a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault-bounded</a> <a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">anticlinal</a> trap", was discovered in 1976 with well 11/30-1, drilled by the Mesa Petroleum Group (named after T. Boone Pickens' wife Bea, "the only oil field in the North Sea named for a woman")<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 49 m of water.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_platform_Norway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Oil_platform_Norway.jpg/170px-Oil_platform_Norway.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Oil_platform_Norway.jpg/255px-Oil_platform_Norway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Oil_platform_Norway.jpg/340px-Oil_platform_Norway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1289" /></a><figcaption>A 'Statfjord' <a href="/wiki/Gravity-based_structure" title="Gravity-based structure">gravity-based structure</a> under construction in Norway. Almost all of the structure was submerged.</figcaption></figure> <p>Volatile weather conditions in Europe's North Sea have made drilling particularly hazardous, claiming many lives (see <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">Oil platform</a>). The conditions also make extraction a costly process; by the 1980s, costs for developing new methods and technologies to make the process both efficient and safe far exceeded <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s budget to land a man on the moon.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exploration of the North Sea has continually pushed the edges of the technology of exploitation (in terms of what can be produced) and later the technologies of discovery and evaluation (2-D seismic, followed by <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">3-D</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">4-D seismic</a>; sub-salt seismic; <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">immersive display</a> and analysis suites and supercomputing to handle the flood of computation required).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gullfaks_oil_field" title="Gullfaks oil field">Gullfaks oil field</a> was discovered in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Snorre Field was discovered in 1979, producing from the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> Lunde Formation and the Triassic-Jurassic Statfjord Formation, both <a href="/wiki/Fluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">fluvial</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandstones" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandstones">sandstones</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstone</a> matrix.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Oseberg_oil_field" title="Oseberg oil field">Oseberg oil field</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Troll_gas_field" title="Troll gas field">Troll gas field</a> were also discovered in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Miller_oilfield" title="Miller oilfield">Miller oilfield</a> was discovered in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Alba Field produces from sandstones in the middle <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> Alba Formation at 1860 m subsea and was discovered in 1984 in UKCS Block 16/26.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Smørbukk Field was discovered in 1984 in 250–300 m of water that produces from Lower to Middle <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> sandstone formations within a fault block.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%B8hvit" title="Snøhvit">Snøhvit</a> Gas Field<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Draugen_oil_field" title="Draugen oil field">Draugen oil field</a> were discovered in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Heidrun_oil_field" title="Heidrun oil field">Heidrun oil field</a> was discovered in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest UK field discovered in the past twenty-five years is <a href="/wiki/Buzzard_oil_field" title="Buzzard oil field">Buzzard</a>, also located off Scotland, found in June 2001 with producible reserves of almost 64×10<sup>6</sup> m³ (400m bbl) and an average output of 28,600 m<sup>3</sup> to 30,200 m<sup>3</sup> (180,000–220,000 bbl) per day.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest field found in the past five years on the Norwegian part of the North Sea is the <a href="/wiki/Johan_Sverdrup_oil_field" title="Johan Sverdrup oil field">Johan Sverdrup oil field</a>, which was discovered in 2010. It is one of the largest discoveries made in the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Continental_Shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Continental Shelf">Norwegian Continental Shelf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total reserves of the field are estimated at 1.7 to 3.3 billion barrels of gross recoverable oil, and Johan Sverdrup is expected to produce 120,000 to 200,000 barrels of oil per day. Production started on 5 October 2019. </p><p>As of January 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_oil&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the North Sea was the world's most active offshore drilling region, with 173 active rigs drilling.<sup id="cite_ref-vert2015-04_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vert2015-04-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By May 2016, the North Sea oil and gas industry was financially stressed by the <a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil#2015-16_Prices:_The_lows_of_January_2016" title="Price of oil">reduced oil prices</a>, and called for government support.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The distances, number of workplaces, and fierce weather in the 750,000 square kilometre (290,000 square mile) North Sea area require the world's largest fleet of heavy <a href="/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules" title="Instrument flight rules">instrument flight rules</a> (IFR) helicopters, some specifically developed for the North Sea. They carry about two million passengers per year from sixteen onshore bases, of which <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Airport" title="Aberdeen Airport">Aberdeen Airport</a> is the world's busiest, with 500,000 passengers per year.<sup id="cite_ref-vert2015-04_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vert2015-04-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing">Licensing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_oil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Licensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_sea_eez.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/North_sea_eez.PNG/220px-North_sea_eez.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/North_sea_eez.PNG/330px-North_sea_eez.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/North_sea_eez.PNG/440px-North_sea_eez.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive Economic Zone">Exclusive Economic Zones</a> in the North Sea</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the 1958 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Continental_Shelf" title="Convention on the Continental Shelf">Convention on the Continental Shelf</a> and after some disputes on the rights to natural resource exploitation<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the national limits of the <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zones</a> were ratified. Five countries are involved in oil production in the North Sea. All operate a tax and <a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalty</a> licensing regime. The respective sectors are divided by median lines agreed in the late 1960s: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> – Oljedirektoratet (the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Petroleum_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Petroleum Directorate">Norwegian Petroleum Directorate</a> grants licences. The NCS is also divided into quads of 1 degree by 1 degree. Norwegian licence blocks are larger than British blocks, being 15 minutes of latitude by 20 minutes of longitude (12 blocks in a quad). Like in Britain, there are numerous part blocks formed by re-licensing relinquished areas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> – Exploration and production licences are regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_Gas_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and Gas Authority">Oil and Gas Authority</a> following the 2014 Wood Review on maximising UKCS (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Continental_Shelf" title="United Kingdom Continental Shelf">United Kingdom Continental Shelf</a>) oil and gas recovery. Licences were formerly granted by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change" title="Department of Energy and Climate Change">Department of Energy and Climate Change</a> (DECC – formerly the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)">Department of Trade and Industry</a>). The UKCS is divided into quadrants of 1 degree latitude and one degree longitude. Each quadrant is divided into 30 blocks measuring 10 minutes of latitude and 12 minutes of longitude. Some blocks are divided further into part blocks where some areas are relinquished by previous licensees. For example, block 13/24a is located in quad 13 and is the 24th block and is the 'a' part block. The UK government has traditionally issued licences via periodic (now annual) licensing rounds. Blocks are awarded on the basis of the work programme bid by the participants. The UK government has actively solicited new entrants to the UKCS via "promote" licensing rounds with less demanding terms and the fallow acreage initiative, where non-active licences have to be relinquished.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> – Energistyrelsen (the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Energy_Agency" title="Danish Energy Agency">Danish Energy Agency</a>) administers the Danish sector. The Danes also divide their sector of the North Sea into 1 degree by 1 degree quadrants. Their blocks, however, are 10 minutes latitude by 15 minutes longitude. Part blocks exist where partial relinquishment has taken place.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> – Germany and the Netherlands share a quadrant and block grid—quadrants are given letters rather than numbers. The blocks are 10 minutes latitude by 20 minutes longitude.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> – The Dutch sector is located in the Southern Gas Basin and shares a grid pattern with Germany.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reserves_and_production">Reserves and production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_oil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reserves and production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Norwegian and British sectors hold most of the large oil reserves. It is estimated that the Norwegian sector alone contains 54% of the sea's oil reserves and 45% of its gas reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2019)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> More than half of the North Sea oil reserves have been extracted, according to official sources in both Norway and the UK. For Norway, Oljedirektoratet<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gives a figure of 4,601 million cubic metres of oil (corresponding to 29 billion barrels) for the Norwegian North Sea alone (excluding smaller reserves in Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea) of which 2,778 million cubic metres (60%) has already been produced prior to January 2007. UK sources give a range of estimates of reserves, but even using the most optimistic "maximum" estimate of ultimate recovery, 76% had been recovered as of the end of 2010.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Note the UK figure includes fields which are not in the North Sea (onshore, West of Shetland). </p><p>United Kingdom Continental Shelf production was 137 million tonnes of oil and 105 billion m³ of gas in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-Trewin_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trewin-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1 tonne of crude oil converts to 7.5 barrels).<sup id="cite_ref-Trewin_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trewin-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KeyFacts_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KeyFacts-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morton_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Danish explorations of Cenozoic stratigraphy, undertaken in the 1990s, showed petroleum-rich reserves in the northern Danish sector, especially the Central Graben area.<sup id="cite_ref-Konradi_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konradi-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch area of the North Sea followed through with onshore and offshore gas exploration, and well creation.<sup id="cite_ref-Ascent_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ascent-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hanze_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanze-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exact figures are debatable, because methods of estimating reserves vary and it is often difficult to forecast future discoveries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peaking_and_decline">Peaking and decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_oil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Peaking and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Official production data from 1995 to 2020 is published by the UK government.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Table 3.10 lists annual production, import and exports over that period. When it <a href="/wiki/Oil_peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil peak">peaked</a> in 1999, production of North Sea oil was 128 million tonnes per year, approx, 950,000 m³ (6 million <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" title="Barrel (unit)">barrels</a>) per day, having risen by ~ 5% from the early 1990s. However, by 2010 this had halved to under 60 million tonnes/year, and continued declining further, and between 2015 and 2020 has hovered between 40 and 50 million tonnes/year, at around 35% of the 1999 peak. From 2005 the UK became a net importer of crude oil, and as production declined, the amount imported has slowly risen to ~ 20 million tonnes per year by 2020. </p><p>Similar historical data is available for gas.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a> production peaked at nearly 10 trillion cubic feet (280×10<sup>9</sup> m³) in 2001 representing some 1.2GWhr of energy; by 2018 UK production had declined to 1.4 trillion cubic feet, (41×10<sup>9</sup> m³).<sup id="cite_ref-lreda_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lreda-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over a similar period energy from gas imports have risen by a factor of approximately 10, from 60GWh in 2001 to just over 500GWh in 2019. </p><p>UK oil production has seen two peaks, in the mid-1980s and the late 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-vert2015-04_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vert2015-04-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a decline to around 300×10<sup>3</sup> m³ (1.9 million barrels) per day in the early 1990s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Monthly oil production peaked at 13.5×10<sup>6</sup> m³ (84.9 million barrels) in January 1985<sup id="cite_ref-BERR_monthly_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BERR_monthly-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the highest annual production was seen in 1999, with offshore oil production in that year of 407×10<sup>6</sup> m³ (398 million barrels) and had declined to 231×10<sup>6</sup> m³ (220 million barrels) in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-BERR_annual_production_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BERR_annual_production-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the largest decrease of any oil-exporting nation in the world, and has led to Britain becoming a net importer of crude for the first time in decades, as recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy policy of the United Kingdom">energy policy of the United Kingdom</a>. Norwegian crude oil production as of 2013 is 1.4 mbpd. This is a more than 50% decline since the peak in 2001 of 3.2 mbpd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_oil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The geological disposition of the UK's oil and gas fields is outlined in the following table.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>North Sea oil and gas fields – Geology </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Geological Era </th> <th>Geological Epoch </th> <th>Age, million years </th> <th>Fields </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">Tertiary </td> <td>Pliocene </td> <td>2–5 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Miocene </td> <td>5–23 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oligocene </td> <td>23–34 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eocene </td> <td>34–56 </td> <td>Frigg, Gannet, Alba </td></tr> <tr> <td>Palaeocene </td> <td>56–66 </td> <td>Arbroath, Balmoral, Everest, Forties, Heimdal, Maureen, Montrose, Nelson </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Mesozoic </td> <td>Cretaceous </td> <td>66–145 </td> <td>Lower: Britannia, Scapa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jurassic </td> <td>145–201 </td> <td>Upper: Moray Firth fields, Brae, Buzzard, Claymore, Fulmar, Magnus, Piper, Scott, Tiffany <p>Kittiwake, Gannet </p><p>Middle: Brent, Bruce, Eider, Heather, Hutton, Ninian, Tern </p><p>Lower to Middle: Beatrice </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Triassic </td> <td>201–252 </td> <td>Upper: Beryl <p>Dotty, Douglas, Esmond, Hamilton, J-Block, Morecambe Bay </p><p>Lower: Hewett </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">Palaeozoic </td> <td>Permian </td> <td>252–299 </td> <td>Upper Permian (Zechstein): Argyll, Auk <p>Lower Permian (Rotliegend): Camelot, Indefatigable, Leman, Viking, West Sole </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carboniferous </td> <td>299–359 </td> <td>Caister, Murdoch </td></tr> <tr> <td>Devonian </td> <td>359–419 </td> <td>Buchan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Silurian </td> <td>419–444 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ordovician </td> <td>444–485 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cambrian </td> <td>485–541 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carbon_dioxide_sequestration">Carbon dioxide sequestration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_oil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Carbon dioxide sequestration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, Norway's <a href="/wiki/Equinor" title="Equinor">Equinor</a> natural-gas platform <a href="/wiki/Sleipner_gas_field" title="Sleipner gas field">Sleipner</a> strips carbon dioxide out of the natural gas with amine solvents and disposes of this carbon dioxide by geological sequestration ("<a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a>") while keeping up gas production pressure. Sleipner reduces emissions of carbon dioxide by approximately one million tonnes a year; that is about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">9000th</span></span> of global emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of geological sequestration is minor relative to the overall running costs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_oil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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title="Category:Oil fields in Norway">Category of Oil fields in Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diving" title="Commercial offshore diving">Commercial offshore diving in the North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_disease" title="Dutch disease">Dutch disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_use_and_conservation_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom">Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_industry_in_Scotland" title="Oil industry in Scotland">Oil industry in Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Scotland%27s_oil" title="It's Scotland's oil">It's Scotland's oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_and_gas_fields_of_the_North_Sea" title="List of oil and gas fields of the North Sea">List of oil and gas fields of the North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom">Oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">Oil platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_France" title="Oil reserves in France">Oil reserves in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsea" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsea">Subsea</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_oil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peoplewithenergy.co.uk/news/how-much-oil-is-left-in-the-north-sea">"How Much Oil is Left in the North Sea?"</a>. <i>People With Energy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People+With+Energy&rft.atitle=How+Much+Oil+is+Left+in+the+North+Sea%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peoplewithenergy.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fhow-much-oil-is-left-in-the-north-sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-26326117">"North Sea oil: Facts and figures"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 24 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=North+Sea+oil%3A+Facts+and+figures&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-scotland-politics-26326117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-26326117">"North Sea oil: Facts and figures"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC. 24 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=North+Sea+oil%3A+Facts+and+figures&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-scotland-politics-26326117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMufson2021" class="citation news cs1">Mufson, Steven (25 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/09/18/just-how-oil-rich-is-scotland/">"Just how oil rich is Scotland?"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Just+how+oil+rich+is+Scotland%3F&rft.date=2021-11-25&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Mufson&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fwonk%2Fwp%2F2014%2F09%2F18%2Fjust-how-oil-rich-is-scotland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glennie-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glennie_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glennie_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glennie_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glennie_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glennie_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glennie_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlennie1998" class="citation book cs1">Glennie, KW (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BRoJwOzO3NUC&pg=PA11"><i>Petroleum Geology of the North Sea: Basic Concepts and Recent Advances</i></a>. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-03845-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-03845-9"><bdi>978-0-632-03845-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petroleum+Geology+of+the+North+Sea%3A+Basic+Concepts+and+Recent+Advances&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-632-03845-9&rft.aulast=Glennie&rft.aufirst=KW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBRoJwOzO3NUC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAM-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAM_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAM_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAM_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shell.com/home/Framework?siteId=nam-en&FC2=/nam-en/html/iwgen/leftnavs/zzz_lhn3_1_0.html&FC3=/nam-en/html/iwgen/algemeen/over_de_nam.html">"About NAM"</a>. NAM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+NAM&rft.pub=NAM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shell.com%2Fhome%2FFramework%3FsiteId%3Dnam-en%26FC2%3D%2Fnam-en%2Fhtml%2Fiwgen%2Fleftnavs%2Fzzz_lhn3_1_0.html%26FC3%3D%2Fnam-en%2Fhtml%2Fiwgen%2Falgemeen%2Fover_de_nam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stauble-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stauble_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stauble_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stauble_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaubleMilius1970" class="citation news cs1">Stauble, AJ; Milius, G (1970). "Geology of Groningen Gas Field, Netherlands". <i>M 14: Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oil+%26+Gas+UK+-+Education+-+Key+Dates&rft.pub=The+United+Kingdom+Offshore+Oil+and+Gas+Industry+Association+trading+as+Oil+%26+Gas+UK&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukooa.co.uk%2Feducation%2Fdates%2Fv0000091.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea+oil" class="Z3988"></span>"Oil and gas production peaked at a record 125 million tonnes of oil and 105 billion cubic metres of gas."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morton-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morton_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton" class="citation web cs1">Morton, Glenn R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218121538/http://home.entouch.net/dmd/northsea.htm">"An Analysis of the UK North Sea Production"</a>. 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(February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.njgonline.nl/publish/articles/000248/article.pdf">"Cenozoic stratigraphy in the Danish North Sea Basin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland</i>. <b>84</b> (2). Netherlands Journal of Geosciences — Geologie en Mijnbouw: 109–111<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascentresources.co.uk/assets/holland_project_1.php">the original</a> on 16 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gas+exploration+in+Dutch+sector+North+Sea+%E2%80%93+Ascent+Resources+plc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascentresources.co.uk%2Fassets%2Fholland_project_1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanze-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanze_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/hanze/">"Hanze F2A, Dutch North Sea, Netherlands"</a>. <i>offshore-technology.com is a product of SPG Media Limited</i>. SPG Media Limited, a subsidiary of SPG Media Group PLC. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=offshore-technology.com+is+a+product+of+SPG+Media+Limited&rft.atitle=Hanze+F2A%2C+Dutch+North+Sea%2C+Netherlands&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.offshore-technology.com%2Fprojects%2Fhanze%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1021959/ET_3.10_SEP_21.xlsx">Production data</a> gov.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1005769/Gas_since_1882.xls">Gas data since 1882</a> gov.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lreda-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lreda_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Gas-Production-from-the-UK-Continental-Shelf-NG-148.pdf">"Gas Production from the UK Continental Shelf:An Assessment of Resources, Economics and Regulatory Reform"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford University. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gas+Production+from+the+UK+Continental+Shelf%3AAn+Assessment+of+Resources%2C+Economics+and+Regulatory+Reform&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordenergy.org%2Fwpcms%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F07%2FGas-Production-from-the-UK-Continental-Shelf-NG-148.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BERR_monthly-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BERR_monthly_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703152112/https://www.og.berr.gov.uk/pprs/full_production/monthly+oil+production/0.htm">"UK Oil Production(m³)"</a>. BERR. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.og.berr.gov.uk/pprs/full_production/monthly+oil+production/0.htm">the original</a> on 3 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Oil+Production%28m%C2%B3%29&rft.pub=BERR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.og.berr.gov.uk%2Fpprs%2Ffull_production%2Fmonthly%2Boil%2Bproduction%2F0.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Sea+oil" class="Z3988"></span> (multiply figures by 0.98 to convert cubic metres to barrels)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BERR_annual_production-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BERR_annual_production_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/naa1-rd/united-kingdom-national-accounts/2011-edition/bod---blue-book-2011.pdf">"UK National Accounts 2011 edition (The Blue Book), section 13.1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Volume I: The Growing Dominance of the State; Volume 2: Moderating the State’s Role</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Official-History-North-Sea-Oil/dp/0415570948/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Kemp, Alexander G., C. Paul Hallwood, and Peter Woods Wood. "The benefits of North Sea oil." <i>Energy Policy</i> 11.2 (1983): 119–130.</li> <li>Nelsen, Brent F., <i>The State Offshore: Petroleum, Politics, and State Intervention on the British and Norwegian Continental Shelves (1991).</i></li> <li>Noreng, Oystein. <i>The oil industry and government strategy in the North Sea</i> (1980)</li> <li>Page, S. A. B. "The Value and Distribution of the Benefits of North Sea Oil and Gas, 1970—1985." <i>National Institute Economic Review</i> 82.1 (1977): 41–58.</li> <li>Shepherd, Mike. <i>Oil Strike North Sea: A first-hand history of North Sea oil.</i> Luath Press (2015).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toye,_Richard" class="mw-redirect" title="Toye, Richard">Toye, Richard</a>. "The New Commanding Height: Labour Party Policy on North Sea Oil and Gas, 1964–74." <i>Contemporary British History</i> 16.1 (2002): 89–118.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_oil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energyvoice.com/category/oilandgas/north-sea/">Energy Voice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=23372">Norway 2015 North Sea oil at the (US) Energy Information Administration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121223222141/https://www.og.berr.gov.uk/information/index.htm">UK Department for Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pse-operator.pl/index.php?lang_id=2">Danish North Sea oil and gas production</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060907152142/http://www.pse-operator.pl/index.php?lang_id=2">Archived</a> 2006-09-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Danish Energy Authority</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olf.no/english/">OLF Norwegian Operators association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oilandgasuk.co.uk/">Oil & Gas UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pesgb.org.uk/">Petroleum Exploration Society of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oilcity.co.uk/">The OilCity Project</a>, stories and anecdotes from people involved in the North Sea Oil & Gas industry.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080918193112/http://www.aftenbladet.no/energi/energymap/">Interactive Map over the Norwegian Continental Shelf</a>, live information, facts, pictures and videos.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oilandthecity.org.uk/">Oil and the City</a> Aberdeen's relationship with the oil industry.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oilandgasinfrastructure.com/home/oilandgaseurope/oilandgasdenmark">map of oil and gas infrastructure in the Danish sector</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oilandgasinfrastructure.com/home/oilandgaseurope/oilandgasunitedkingdom">map of oil and gas infrastructure in the British Sector</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_in_Scotland" title="Template:Energy in Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_in_Scotland" title="Template talk:Energy in Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_in_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy in Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Energy_in_Scotland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Scotland" title="Nuclear power in Scotland">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Scotland" title="Wind power in Scotland">Wind power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies and<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_Energy_Scotland" title="Community Energy Scotland">Community Energy Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDF_Energy" title="EDF Energy">EDF Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Marine_Energy_Centre" title="European Marine Energy Centre">European Marine Energy Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_Renewable_Energy_Development_in_Scotland" title="Forum for Renewable Energy Development in Scotland">FREDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Nuclear_Regulation" title="Office for Nuclear Regulation">Office for Nuclear Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Gas" title="British Gas">Scottish Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_Directorates" title="Economy Directorates">Scottish Government (Energy Directorate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower" title="ScottishPower">ScottishPower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGN_(company)" title="SGN (company)">SGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc" title="SSE plc">SSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">John Wood Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_Power" title="Aquamarine Power">Aquamarine Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Energy" title="British Energy">British Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_of_Scotland_Hydro-Electric_Board" title="North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board">North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelamis_Wave_Power" title="Pelamis Wave Power">Pelamis Wave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Hydro_Electric" title="Scottish Hydro Electric">Scottish Hydro Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Nuclear" title="Scottish Nuclear">Scottish Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_of_Scotland_Electricity_Board" title="South of Scotland Electricity Board">South of Scotland Electricity Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavegen" title="Wavegen">Wavegen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Scotland" title="List of power stations in Scotland">Active power<br />stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hydro" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hydro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affric-Beauly_hydro-electric_power_scheme" title="Affric-Beauly hydro-electric power scheme">Affric-Beauly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Hydro-Electric_Schemes" title="Arran Hydro-Electric Schemes">Arran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe_Hydro-Electric_Scheme" title="Awe Hydro-Electric Scheme">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadalbane_Hydro-Electric_Scheme" title="Breadalbane Hydro-Electric Scheme">Breadalbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chliostair_Hydro-Electric_Scheme" title="Chliostair Hydro-Electric Scheme">Chliostair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Conon" title="River Conon">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruachan_Power_Station" title="Cruachan Power Station">Cruachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_of_Foyers" title="Falls of Foyers">Foyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galloway_hydro-electric_power_scheme" title="Galloway hydro-electric power scheme">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Garry,_Inverness-shire" title="River Garry, Inverness-shire">Garry (Great Glen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gisla_Hydro-Electric_Scheme" title="Gisla Hydro-Electric Scheme">Gisla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendoe_Hydro_Scheme" title="Glendoe Hydro Scheme">Glendoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inver_Hydro-Electric_Scheme" title="Inver Hydro-Electric Scheme">Inver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Falls_Hydro-Electric_Scheme" title="Kerry Falls Hydro-Electric Scheme">Kerry Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilmelfort_Hydro-Electric_Scheme" title="Kilmelfort Hydro-Electric Scheme">Kilmelfort</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinlochewe-Talladale_hydro-electric_power_scheme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinlochewe-Talladale hydro-electric power scheme (page does not exist)">Kinlochewe-Talladale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanark_Hydro_Electric_Scheme" title="Lanark Hydro Electric Scheme">Lanark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Dubh_Hydro-Electric_Scheme" title="Loch Dubh Hydro-Electric Scheme">Loch Dubh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Gair_Hydro-Electric_Scheme" title="Loch Gair Hydro-Electric Scheme">Loch Gair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochaber_hydroelectric_scheme" title="Lochaber hydroelectric scheme">Lochaber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lussa_Hydro-Electric_Scheme" title="Lussa Hydro-Electric Scheme">Lussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Morar" title="River Morar">Morar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Moriston" title="River Moriston">Moriston (Great Glen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucomir_Hydro-Electric_Scheme" title="Mucomir Hydro-Electric Scheme">Mucomir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostie" title="Nostie">Nostie Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Shin" title="River Shin">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shira_Hydro-Electric_Scheme" title="Shira Hydro-Electric Scheme">Shira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Sloy_Hydro-Electric_Scheme" title="Loch Sloy Hydro-Electric Scheme">Sloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storr_Lochs_Hydro-Electric_Scheme" title="Storr Lochs Hydro-Electric Scheme">Storr Lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striven_Hydro-Electric_Scheme" title="Striven Hydro-Electric Scheme">Striven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tummel_hydro-electric_power_scheme" title="Tummel hydro-electric power scheme">Tummel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torness_nuclear_power_station" title="Torness nuclear power station">Torness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oil and gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lerwick_Power_Station" title="Lerwick Power Station">Lerwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhead_Power_Station" title="Peterhead Power Station">Peterhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stornoway_power_station" title="Stornoway power station">Stornoway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wave</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islay_LIMPET" title="Islay LIMPET">Islay LIMPET</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wind</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardrossan_Wind_Farm" title="Ardrossan Wind Farm">Ardrossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecleoch_Wind_Farm" title="Arecleoch Wind Farm">Arecleoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Wind_Farm" title="Beatrice Wind Farm">Beatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beinn_an_Tuirc_windfarm" title="Beinn an Tuirc windfarm">Beinn an Tuirc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Law_Wind_Farm" title="Black Law Wind Farm">Black Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braes_of_Doune_Wind_Farm" title="Braes of Doune Wind Farm">Braes of Doune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Wind_Farm" title="Clyde Wind Farm">Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cruach_Mh%C3%B2r_Windfarm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cruach Mhòr Windfarm (page does not exist)">Cruach Mhòr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Rig_Wind_Farm" title="Crystal Rig Wind Farm">Crystal Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Offshore_Wind_Deployment_Centre" title="European Offshore Wind Deployment Centre">European Offshore Wind Deployment Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farr_Wind_Farm" title="Farr Wind Farm">Farr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadyard_Hill_Wind_Farm" title="Hadyard Hill Wind Farm">Hadyard Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hare_Hill_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hare Hill Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Hare Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hywind_Scotland" title="Hywind Scotland">Hywind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilgallioch" title="Kilgallioch">Kilgallioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pates_Hill_Wind_Farm" title="Pates Hill Wind Farm">Pates Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagreen_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seagreen Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Seagreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitelee_Wind_Farm" title="Whitelee Wind Farm">Whitelee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dundee_Incinerator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dundee Incinerator (page does not exist)">Dundee Incinerator</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greengairs_power_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greengairs power station (page does not exist)">Greengairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerwick_District_Heating_and_Energy_Recovery_Plant" title="Lerwick District Heating and Energy Recovery Plant">Lerwick District Heating and Energy Recovery Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven%27s_Croft_power_station" title="Steven's Croft power station">Steven's Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westfield_power_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westfield power station (page does not exist)">Westfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deactivated<br />stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_Dundas#Pinkston_Power_Station" title="Port Dundas">Pinkston</a> (1960s)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoker_power_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoker power station (page does not exist)">Yoker</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portobello_Power_Station" title="Portobello Power Station">Portobello</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methil_power_station" title="Methil power station">Barony</a> (1980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braehead#Braehead_power_station" title="Braehead">Braehead</a> (1980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincardine_power_station" title="Kincardine power station">Kincardine</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methil_power_station" title="Methil power station">Methil</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockenzie_power_station" title="Cockenzie power station">Cockenzie</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longannet_power_station" title="Longannet power station">Longannet</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunterston_A_nuclear_power_station" title="Hunterston A nuclear power station">Hunterston A</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dounreay" title="Dounreay">Dounreay</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapelcross_nuclear_power_station" title="Chapelcross nuclear power station">Chapelcross</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunterston_B_nuclear_power_station" title="Hunterston B nuclear power station">Hunterston B</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oil and gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inverkip_power_station" title="Inverkip power station">Inverkip</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fife_power_station" title="Fife power station">Fife</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Scotland" title="Energy policy of Scotland">Energy policy of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development_in_Scotland" title="Sustainable development in Scotland">Sustainable development in Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_Scotland" title="Category:Energy in Scotland"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Energy_in_Scotland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Energy in Scotland"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Scotland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Scotland" title="Template:Economy of Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Scotland" title="Template talk:Economy of Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Scotland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy of Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Scotland" title="Economic history of Scotland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Scotland" title="List of companies of Scotland">List of companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="State-owned enterprises of the United Kingdom">State-owned companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Scotland" title="Taxation in Scotland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_rates_in_Scotland" title="Business rates in Scotland">Business rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Services_District" title="International Financial Services District">International Financial Services District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Banking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scotland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland" title="Bank of Scotland">Bank of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland" title="Royal Bank of Scotland">Royal Bank of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clydesdale_Bank" title="Clydesdale Bank">Clydesdale Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Scotland">Banking and finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Scotland" title="List of banks in Scotland">List of banks in Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK-wide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">Other commercial banks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK-wide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Governor of the Bank of England">Governor of the Bank of England</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">UK-wide Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnett_formula" title="Barnett formula">Barnett formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">UK Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_company_law" title="United Kingdom company law">Company law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_and_Markets_Authority" title="Competition and Markets Authority">Competition and Markets Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Department for Business and Trade">Department for Business and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority" title="Financial Conduct Authority">Financial Conduct Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-edged_securities" title="Gilt-edged securities">Gilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs" title="HM Revenue and Customs">HM Revenue and Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_Management_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Debt Management Office (United Kingdom)">Debt Management Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)">Monetary Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility" title="Office for Budget Responsibility">Office for Budget Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Statistics_Authority" title="UK Statistics Authority">UK Statistics Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Trade_%26_Investment" title="UK Trade & Investment">UK Trade & Investment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scotland-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_for_Finance_and_Local_Government" title="Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Local Government">Cabinet Secretary for Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Scotland" title="Revenue Scotland">Revenue Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Expenditure_and_Revenue_Scotland" title="Government Expenditure and Revenue Scotland">Government Expenditure and Revenue Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Committees of the Scottish Parliament">Committees of the Scottish Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_the_Scottish_Parliament#Current_committees" title="Committees of the Scottish Parliament">Finance and Public Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_the_Scottish_Parliament#Current_committees" title="Committees of the Scottish Parliament">Public Audit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scots law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_Scotland" title="Audit Scotland">Audit Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditor_General_for_Scotland" title="Auditor General for Scotland">Auditor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enterprise" title="Scottish Enterprise">Scottish Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Council_for_Development_and_Industry" title="Scottish Council for Development and Industry">Scottish Council for Development and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers_(Scotland)" title="Council of Economic Advisers (Scotland)">Council of Economic Advisers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers_(Scotland)" title="Council of Economic Advisers (Scotland)">Advisory Council for Economic Transformation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Localised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland" title="Transport in Scotland">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Aberdeen" title="Economy of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Edinburgh" title="Economy of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Glasgow" title="Economy of Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">People<br />and labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_billionaires" title="Category:Scottish billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_businesspeople" title="Category:Scottish businesspeople">Businesspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Scottish inventions and discoveries">Inventors</a></li> <li>Business schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith_School_of_Economics_and_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Smith School of Economics and Finance">Adam Smith School of Economics and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Business_School" title="Edinburgh Business School">Edinburgh Business School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_School_for_Business_and_Society" title="Glasgow School for Business and Society">Glasgow School for Business and Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathclyde_Business_School" title="Strathclyde Business School">Strathclyde Business School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh_Business_School" title="University of Edinburgh Business School">University of Edinburgh Business School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland" title="Demographics of Scotland">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_labour_law" title="United Kingdom labour law">UK Labour law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_employment_equality_law" title="United Kingdom employment equality law">UK equality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Minimum_Wage_Act_1998" title="National Minimum Wage Act 1998">UK Minimum wage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pensions in the United Kingdom">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">Trades unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Trades_Union_Congress" title="Scottish Trades Union Congress">Scottish Trades Union Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Scotland" title="Unemployment in Scotland">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_brands" title="Category:Scottish brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Scottish inventions and discoveries">Innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower" title="ScottishPower">ScottishPower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Scotland" title="Energy policy of Scotland">Energy policy of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Energy_Scotland" title="Local Energy Scotland">Local Energy Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_Energy_Scotland" title="Wave Energy Scotland">Wave Energy Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_industry_in_Scotland" title="Oil industry in Scotland">Oil industry</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Sea oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Food and drink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Scotland" title="Beer in Scotland">Beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Scotland" title="Water supply and sanitation in Scotland">Water supply and sanitation in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland#Heavy_industry" title="Economy of Scotland">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Scotland" title="Forestry in Scotland">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland#Science,_technology_and_energy" title="Scotland">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Scotland" title="Media of Scotland">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Scotland" title="Cinema of Scotland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Scotland" title="Healthcare in Scotland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Scotland" title="Housing in Scotland">Housing and construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland" title="Architecture of Scotland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom">Supermarkets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VisitScotland" title="VisitScotland">VisitScotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland" title="Transport in Scotland">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Scotland" title="Space industry of Scotland">Space industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Economic impacts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit" title="Economic effects of Brexit">Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recessions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of recessions in the United Kingdom">Recessions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Economic proposals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_fiscal_autonomy_for_Scotland_and_Wales" title="Full fiscal autonomy for Scotland and Wales">Full fiscal autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence#Fiscal_balance" title="Scottish independence">Full independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_dividend" title="Union dividend">Union dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_business_theorists" title="Category:Scottish business theorists">Theorists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland portal</a></b> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Scotland" title="Category:Economy of Scotland">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Scotland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Economy of Scotland">Commons</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Energy in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Energy in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Energy companies of the United Kingdom">Companies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal companies of the United Kingdom">Coal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Natural_Resources_Corporation" title="Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation">ENRC</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GCM_Resources" title="GCM Resources">GCM Resources</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Coal" title="UK Coal">UK Coal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_and_gas_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil and gas companies of the United Kingdom">Oil and <br />gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Integrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Exploration<br />and production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afren" title="Afren">Afren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capricorn_Energy" title="Capricorn Energy">Capricorn Energy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Petroleum" title="Dana Petroleum">Dana Petroleum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desire_Petroleum" title="Desire Petroleum">Desire Petroleum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Energy" title="Emerald Energy">Emerald Energy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnQuest" title="EnQuest">EnQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essar_Energy" title="Essar Energy">Essar Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbour_Energy" title="Harbour Energy">Harbour Energy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hardy_Oil_and_Gas" title="Hardy Oil and Gas">Hardy Oil and Gas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/JKX_Oil_%26_Gas" title="JKX Oil & Gas">JKX Oil & Gas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melrose_Resources" title="Melrose Resources">Melrose Resources</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ophir_Energy" title="Ophir Energy">Ophir Energy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perenco" title="Perenco">Perenco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pharos_Energy" title="Pharos Energy">Pharos Energy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regal_Petroleum" title="Regal Petroleum">Regal Petroleum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rockhopper_Exploration" title="Rockhopper Exploration">Rockhopper Exploration</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Energy" title="Star Energy">Star Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenergy" title="Greenergy">Greenergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murco_Petroleum" title="Murco Petroleum">Murco Petroleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot_Group" title="Abbot Group">Abbot Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amec_Foster_Wheeler" title="Amec Foster Wheeler">Amec Foster Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expro" title="Expro">Expro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_plc" title="Hunting plc">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">John Wood Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofac" title="Petrofac">Petrofac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qserv" title="Qserv">Qserv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weir_Group" title="Weir Group">Weir Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WesternGeco" title="WesternGeco">WesternGeco</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Electric power companies of the United Kingdom">Utilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Integrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.ON_UK" title="E.ON UK">E.ON UK</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDF_Energy" title="EDF Energy">EDF Energy</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Npower_(United_Kingdom)" title="Npower (United Kingdom)">Npower</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower" title="ScottishPower">ScottishPower</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc" title="SSE plc">SSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Generation<br />and supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drax_Group" title="Drax Group">Drax Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engie_Energy_International" title="Engie Energy International">Engie Energy International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_Nuclear_Power" title="Horizon Nuclear Power">Horizon Nuclear Power</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renantis" title="Renantis">Renantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattenfall_UK" title="Vattenfall UK">Vattenfall UK</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Resources" title="Vedanta Resources">Vedanta Resources</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_supply" title="Energy supply">Supply</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100Green" title="100Green">100Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Energy" title="Bristol Energy">Bristol Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-op_Energy" title="Co-op Energy">Co-op Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotricity" title="Ecotricity">Ecotricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESB_Group" title="ESB Group">ESB Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmus_Energy" title="Firmus Energy">Firmus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Energy" title="Good Energy">Good Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_Energy" title="Octopus Energy">Octopus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Energy" title="Opus Energy">Opus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outfox_the_Market" title="Outfox the Market">Outfox the Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OVO_Energy" title="OVO Energy">OVO Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Natural_Gas" title="Phoenix Natural Gas">Phoenix Natural Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_Energy" title="Shell Energy">Shell Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies_Gas_%26_Power" title="TotalEnergies Gas & Power">TotalEnergies Gas & Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilita_Energy" title="Utilita Energy">Utilita Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_Warehouse" title="Utility Warehouse">Utility Warehouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Distribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Distribution_network_operator" title="Distribution network operator">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_North_West" title="Electricity North West">Electricity North West</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Powergrid" title="Northern Powergrid">Northern Powergrid</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower#Energy_Networks" title="ScottishPower">SP Energy Networks</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc#Operations" title="SSE plc">SSE Power Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Power_Networks" title="UK Power Networks">UK Power Networks</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Power_Distribution" title="Western Power Distribution">Western Power Distribution</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadent_Gas" title="Cadent Gas">Cadent Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmus_Energy" title="Firmus Energy">Firmus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Gas_Networks" title="Northern Gas Networks">Northern Gas Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Natural_Gas" title="Phoenix Natural Gas">Phoenix Natural Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGN_(company)" title="SGN (company)">SGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_%26_West_Utilities" title="Wales & West Utilities">Wales & West Utilities</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc#Operations" title="SSE plc">Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower#Energy_Networks" title="ScottishPower">SP Energy Networks</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/National_Transmission_System" title="National Transmission System">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggreko" title="Aggreko">Aggreko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APX_Group" title="APX Group">APX Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_Power" title="Aquamarine Power">Aquamarine Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnServe" title="EnServe">EnServe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-Gen_Power" title="Hi-Gen Power">Hi-Gen Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Group" title="Mark Group">Mark Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Downs_Deep_Geothermal_Power" title="United Downs Deep Geothermal Power">United Downs Deep Geothermal Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavegen" title="Wavegen">Wavegen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>Companies with headquarters and/or registered office in the UK but no applicable energy operations within the country shown in <i>italics</i> <sup>1</sup>Ultimate parent company is not UK-based <sup>2</sup>Integrated in the United States, no generation or supply activities in the UK</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy_sources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Energy sources</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">Coal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Authority" title="Coal Authority">Coal Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Coal-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mines_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal mines in the United Kingdom">Coal mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mining_regions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal mining regions in the United Kingdom">Coal mining regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_UK_Coal_Producers" title="Confederation of UK Coal Producers">Confederation of UK Coal Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike" title="1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike">miners' strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-pit_coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Open-pit coal mining in the United Kingdom">Open-pit coal mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity sector in the United Kingdom">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Electricity_Producers" title="Association of Electricity Producers">Association of Electricity Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BritNed" title="BritNed">BritNed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Interconnector" title="East–West Interconnector">East–West Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_7" title="Economy 7">Economy 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_10" title="Economy 10">Economy 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_billing_in_the_UK" title="Electricity billing in the UK">Electricity billing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_switching_services_in_the_UK" title="Energy switching services in the UK">Energy switching services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_electricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Green electricity in the United Kingdom">Green electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_Trade_Master_Agreement" title="Grid Trade Master Agreement">Grid Trade Master Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridlink_Interconnector" title="Gridlink Interconnector">Gridlink Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVDC_Cross-Channel" title="HVDC Cross-Channel">HVDC Cross-Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_to_England_Interconnector" title="Isle of Man to England Interconnector">Isle of Man to England Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyle_Interconnector" title="Moyle Interconnector">Moyle Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">National Grid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_the_National_Grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Control of the National Grid">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_Reserve_Service" title="National Grid Reserve Service">Reserve Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Electricity_Trading_Arrangements" title="New Electricity Trading Arrangements">New Electricity Trading Arrangements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Link" title="North Sea Link">North Sea Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Power stations in the United Kingdom">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_UK_electricity_supply_industry" title="Timeline of the UK electricity supply industry">Timeline of the electricity supply industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">Nuclear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gas-cooled_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor">Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Nuclear_Forum" title="Franco-British Nuclear Forum">Franco-British Nuclear Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nuclear_Laboratory" title="National Nuclear Laboratory">National Nuclear Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority" title="Nuclear Decommissioning Authority">Nuclear Decommissioning Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Liabilities_Fund" title="Nuclear Liabilities Fund">Nuclear Liabilities Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Nuclear power stations in the United Kingdom">Nuclear power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Nuclear_Regulation" title="Office for Nuclear Regulation">Office for Nuclear Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Atomic_Energy_Authority" title="United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority">United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom">Oil and gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBL_Pipeline" title="BBL Pipeline">BBL Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dash_for_Gas" title="Dash for Gas">Dash for Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forties_pipeline_system" title="Forties pipeline system">Forties pipeline system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fuel protests in the United Kingdom">Fuel protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_infrastructure_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas infrastructure in the United Kingdom">Gas infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_Oil_Duty" title="Hydrocarbon Oil Duty">Hydrocarbon Oil Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transmission_System" title="National Transmission System">National Transmission System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_fields_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas fields in the United Kingdom">Natural gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Natural gas-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Transition_Authority" title="North Sea Transition Authority">North Sea Transition Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_Energies_UK" title="Offshore Energies UK">Offshore Energies UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil fields of the United Kingdom">Oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Oil-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroleum_infrastructure_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Petroleum infrastructure in the United Kingdom">Oil infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_refineries_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil refineries in the United Kingdom">Oil refineries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Revenue_Tax" title="Petroleum Revenue Tax">Petroleum Revenue Tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewables</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Biofuel in the United Kingdom">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biofuel_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Biofuel power stations in the United Kingdom">Biofuel power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNFCC" title="NNFCC">NNFCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Fuels_Agency" title="Renewable Fuels Agency">Renewable Fuels Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Transport_Fuel_Obligation" title="Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation">Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">Geothermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geothermal_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Geothermal power stations in the United Kingdom">Geothermal power stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectric_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Hydroelectric power stations in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectric power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersey_Barrage" title="Mersey Barrage">Mersey Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severn_Barrage" title="Severn Barrage">Severn Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wave_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Wave farms in the United Kingdom">Wave farms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">Solar power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">Wind power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Offshore wind power in the United Kingdom">Offshore wind power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">List of offshore wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_onshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of onshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">List of onshore wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Seas_Energy_Cooperation" title="North Seas Energy Cooperation">North Seas Energy Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Scotland" title="Wind power in Scotland">Wind power in Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Government_and_regulation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government and regulation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Trust" title="Carbon Trust">Carbon Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenex" title="Cenex">Cenex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Committee" title="Climate Change Committee">Climate Change Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Energy_Security_and_Net_Zero" title="Department for Energy Security and Net Zero">Department for Energy Security and Net Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust" title="Energy Saving Trust">Energy Saving Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_Agency" title="Environment Agency">Environment Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Gas_and_Electricity_Markets" title="Office of Gas and Electricity Markets">Office of Gas and Electricity Markets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy policy of the United Kingdom">Legislation and<br />initiatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Emission_Reduction_Target" title="Carbon Emission Reduction Target">Carbon Emission Reduction Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Act_2008" title="Climate Change Act 2008">Climate Change Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Agreement_(UK)" title="Climate Change Agreement (UK)">Climate Change Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_and_Sustainable_Energy_Act_2006" title="Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006">Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Levy" title="Climate Change Levy">Climate Change Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRC_Energy_Efficiency_Scheme" title="CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme">CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decarbonisation_measures_in_proposed_UK_electricity_market_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform">Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_Energy_Certificate" title="Display Energy Certificate">Display Energy Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Act_2013" title="Energy Act 2013">Energy Act 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_performance_certificate" title="Energy performance certificate">Energy performance certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Fuel_Levy" title="Fossil Fuel Levy">Fossil Fuel Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Carbon_Building_Programme" title="Low Carbon Building Programme">Low Carbon Building Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Fossil_Fuel_Obligation" title="Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation">Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Act_2008" title="Planning Act 2008">Planning Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Heat_Incentive" title="Renewable Heat Incentive">Renewable Heat Incentive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewables_Obligation_(United_Kingdom)" title="Renewables Obligation (United Kingdom)">Renewables Obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Climate_Change_Programme" title="United Kingdom Climate Change Programme">United Kingdom Climate Change Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-governmental_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-governmental organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Charities and<br />pressure groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashden_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashden Award">Ashden Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioregional" title="Bioregional">Bioregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_against_Climate_Change" title="Campaign against Climate Change">Campaign against Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Alternative_Technology" title="Centre for Alternative Technology">Centre for Alternative Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Action" title="National Energy Action">National Energy Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Climate_Chaos" title="Stop Climate Chaos">Stop Climate Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndall_Centre" title="Tyndall Centre">Tyndall Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Industry bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Decentralised_Energy" title="Association for Decentralised Energy">Association for Decentralised Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Institute" title="Energy Institute">Energy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Networks_Association_(United_Kingdom)" title="Energy Networks Association (United Kingdom)">Energy Networks Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Retail_Association" title="Energy Retail Association">Energy Retail Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Power_Forum" title="Green Power Forum">Green Power Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RenewableUK" title="RenewableUK">RenewableUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilities_Intermediaries_Association" title="Utilities Intermediaries Association">Utilities Intermediaries Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Renewable_Energy_Systems_Technology" title="Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology">Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Technologies_Institute" title="Energy Technologies Institute">Energy Technologies Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met_Office_Hadley_Centre" title="Met Office Hadley Centre">Met Office Hadley Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narec" title="Narec">Narec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Depletion_Analysis_Centre" title="Oil Depletion Analysis Centre">Oil Depletion Analysis Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbury_Research_Centre" title="Sunbury Research Centre">Sunbury Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Energy_Research_Centre" title="UK Energy Research Centre">UK Energy Research Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy_conservation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy conservation in the United Kingdom">Energy conservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Conservation_of_Energy" title="Association for the Conservation of Energy">Association for the Conservation of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Energy_Efficiency_Federation" title="British Energy Efficiency Federation">British Energy Efficiency Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_the_Door_campaign" title="Close the Door campaign">Close the Door campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_for_Sustainable_Homes" title="Code for Sustainable Homes">Code for Sustainable Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Glazing_%26_Conservatory_Ombudsman_Scheme" title="Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme">Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EcoHomes" title="EcoHomes">EcoHomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_British_housing" title="Energy efficiency in British housing">Energy efficiency in British housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust" title="Energy Saving Trust">Energy Saving Trust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust_Recommended" title="Energy Saving Trust Recommended">Energy Saving Trust Recommended</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_loss_due_to_linear_thermal_bridging" title="Heat loss due to linear thermal bridging">HTB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Home_Energy_Rating" title="National Home Energy Rating">National Home Energy Rating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Energy in the United Kingdom"><b>Category</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Economy of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Economy of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_co-operative_movement" title="British co-operative movement">Co-operatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Employee-owned_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Employee-owned companies of the United Kingdom">Employee-owned companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_100_Index" title="FTSE 100 Index">FTSE 100 Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_250_Index" title="FTSE 250 Index">FTSE 250 Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_Fledgling_Index" title="FTSE Fledgling Index">FTSE Fledgling Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_SmallCap_Index" title="FTSE SmallCap Index">FTSE SmallCap Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government-owned_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Government-owned companies of the United Kingdom">Government-owned companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Currency,<br />governance,<br />regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Governor of the Bank of England">Governor of the Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)">Monetary Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_company_law" title="United Kingdom company law">Company law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_and_Markets_Authority" title="Competition and Markets Authority">Competition and Markets Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Department for Business and Trade">Department for Business and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority" title="Financial Conduct Authority">Financial Conduct Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-edged_securities" title="Gilt-edged securities">Gilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_%26_Customs" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Revenue & Customs">HM Revenue & Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_Management_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Debt Management Office (United Kingdom)">Debt Management Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility" title="Office for Budget Responsibility">Office for Budget Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Coins of the pound sterling">Coinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Statistics_Authority" title="UK Statistics Authority">UK Statistics Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Trade_%26_Investment" title="UK Trade & Investment">UK Trade & Investment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Chronological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">1659–1849 Navigation Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%9397" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic of 1796–97">Panic of 1796–97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">1815–46 Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism 1830s–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">1873–79 Long Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">1926 general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">1929–39 Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">1948–52 Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-Day_Week" title="Three-Day Week">1974 Three-Day Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent" title="Winter of Discontent">1979 Winter of Discontent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_(financial_markets)" title="Big Bang (financial markets)">1986 Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">1992 Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#United_Kingdom" title="Great Recession in Europe">Late-2000s recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_Kingdom_bank_rescue_package" title="2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package">2008 bank rescue package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_United_Kingdom_bank_rescue_package" title="2009 United Kingdom bank rescue package">2009 bank rescue package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">2020 Withdrawal from the European Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Growth_deal" title="Growth deal">Growth deal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom%27s_financial_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United Kingdom's financial response to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">Impact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%93present_United_Kingdom_cost-of-living_crisis" title="2021–present United Kingdom cost-of-living crisis">Cost-of-living crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Recurrent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recessions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of recessions in the United Kingdom">Recessions and recoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_champions" title="National champions">National champions policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization#United_Kingdom" title="Nationalization">Nationalisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Nations,<br />regions,<br />cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Gateway_(North_West_England)" title="Atlantic Gateway (North West England)">Atlantic Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Birmingham" title="Economy of Birmingham">Birmingham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_City_Plan" title="Big City Plan">Big City Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bristol" title="Economy of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cornwall" title="Economy of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_London_Borough_of_Croydon" title="Economy of the London Borough of Croydon">Croydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Devon" title="Economy of Devon">Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dorset" title="Economy of Dorset">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_plans_for_Milton_Keynes" title="Expansion plans for Milton Keynes">Expansion plans for Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Leeds" title="Economy of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_in_England_by_GDP" title="List of ceremonial counties in England by GDP">List of counties by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_in_England_by_gross_value_added" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties in England by gross value added">List of counties by GVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liverpool" title="Economy of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_London" title="Economy of London">London</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_London_Tech_City" title="East London Tech City">East London Tech City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Plan" title="London Plan">London Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_corridor" title="M4 corridor">M4 corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M11_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="M11 Corridor">M11 Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Manchester" title="Economy of Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Reading,_Berkshire" title="Economy of Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sheffield" title="Economy of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Fen" title="Silicon Fen">Silicon Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Somerset" title="Economy of Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Gateway" title="Thames Gateway">Thames Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_England" title="Transport in England">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wiltshire" title="Economy of Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Northern<br />Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belfast" title="Economy of Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Aberdeen" title="Economy of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Edinburgh" title="Economy of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Industrial Revolution in Scotland">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Scotland" title="Economic history of Scotland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Scotland" title="Category:Oil and gas industry in Scotland">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland" title="Transport in Scotland">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Whisky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cardiff" title="Economy of Cardiff">Cardiff</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Bay" title="Cardiff Bay">Cardiff Bay</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Wales" title="Economic history of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Wales" title="Industrial Revolution in Wales">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Wales" title="Renewable energy in Wales">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Swansea" title="Economy of Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">People<br />and labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_billionaires" title="Category:British billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_businesspeople" title="Category:British businesspeople">Businesspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_labour_law" title="United Kingdom labour law">Labour law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_employment_equality_law" title="United Kingdom employment equality law">Equal opportunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Minimum_Wage_Act_1998" title="National Minimum Wage Act 1998">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Time_Directive_2003" title="Working Time Directive 2003">Working Time Directive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pensions in the United Kingdom">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">Trades unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unemployment in the United Kingdom">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resource and<br />production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">Fracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Marine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cider#United_Kingdom" title="Cider">Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Beer in the United Kingdom">Beer</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">Mining</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Financial services in the United Kingdom">Financial<br />services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Exchange" title="Baltic Exchange">Baltic Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Banking in the United Kingdom">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">List of banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_building_societies#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of building societies">List of UK building societies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">The City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext#Euronext.liffe" title="Euronext">Euronext.liffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Services_District" title="International Financial Services District">Glasgow International Financial Services District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Insurance in the United Kingdom">Insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's of London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCH_(clearing_house)" title="LCH (clearing house)">LCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libor" title="Libor">London Interbank Offered Rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Metal_Exchange" title="London Metal Exchange">London Metal Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Platinum_and_Palladium_Market" title="London Platinum and Palladium Market">London Platinum and Palladium Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Investment_Market" title="Alternative Investment Market">Alternative Investment Market</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_students_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="International students in the United Kingdom">International students</a></li></ul></li> <li>Entertainment & <a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the United Kingdom">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gambling in the United Kingdom">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_circulation" title="List of newspapers in the United Kingdom by circulation">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Radio in the United Kingdom">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Television in the United Kingdom">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in the United Kingdom">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Legal services in the United Kingdom">Legal services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of exports of the United Kingdom">Exports</a></li></ul></li> <li>Property <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Architecture of the United Kingdom">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affordability_of_housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Real estate in the United Kingdom">Real estate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Internet in the United Kingdom">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom">Supermarkets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_rail_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Structure of the rail industry in the United Kingdom">Rail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Inter-city rail in the United Kingdom">Inter-city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-speed rail in the United Kingdom">High-speed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Trade and<br />business<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Business_organisations_based_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Business organisations based in the United Kingdom">Business organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bankers%27_Association" title="British Bankers' Association">British Bankers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chambers_of_Commerce" title="British Chambers of Commerce">British Chambers of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_British_Industry" title="Confederation of British Industry">Confederation of British Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operatives_UK" title="Co-operatives UK">Co-operatives UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Small_Businesses" title="Federation of Small Businesses">Federation of Small Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_associations_based_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Trade associations based in the United Kingdom">Industry trade groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Directors" title="Institute of Directors">Institute of Directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_UK" title="Make UK">Make UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Payments_Administration" title="UK Payments Administration">UK Payments Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Economy of the United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Economy of the United Kingdom">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Kingdom_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template talk:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Kingdom_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history" title="Timeline of British history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_England_and_Scotland_Act_1603" title="Union of England and Scotland Act 1603">Union of England and Scotland Act 1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Scotland_(Amendment)_Act_1707" title="Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707">Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar</a></li> <li>Second World War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">civilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">military</a></li></ul></li> <li>Postwar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">social</a></li></ul></li> <li>Since 1979 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Maritime history of the United Kingdom">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_surveillance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of mass surveillance in the United Kingdom">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">Women's history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Counties of the United Kingdom">Counties of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of towns in the United Kingdom">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">Former colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate of the United Kingdom">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coastline of the United Kingdom">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Great_Britain" title="Geology of Great Britain">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_and_lochs_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of lakes and lochs of the United Kingdom">Lakes and lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of rivers of the United Kingdom">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of volcanoes in the United Kingdom">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">hydraulic frac.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">marine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">wind</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">Hunting</a></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wildlife <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Great_Britain" title="Fauna of Great Britain">fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Flora of Great Britain and Ireland">flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Corruption in the United Kingdom">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_parliamentary_by-elections" title="UK parliamentary by-elections">By-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Human rights in the United Kingdom">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Kingdom">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_leaders_of_British_political_parties" title="List of female leaders of British political parties">Female party leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scandals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political scandals in the United Kingdom">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_governments" title="List of British governments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunak_ministry" title="Sunak ministry">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of government ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service" title="His Majesty's Naval Service">His Majesty's Naval Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges_in_the_United_Kingdom,_the_British_Crown_Dependencies_and_United_Kingdom_Overseas_Territories" title="List of stock exchanges in the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies and United Kingdom Overseas Territories">Stock exchanges</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Exchange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Air transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus transport">Bus transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Driving in the United Kingdom">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the United Kingdom">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Society of the United Kingdom">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cannabis in the United Kingdom">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crime in the United Kingdom">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom">Environmental inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental issues in the United Kingdom">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Health in the United Kingdom">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Homelessness in the United Kingdom">Homelessness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunger in the United Kingdom">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of British regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mental health in the United Kingdom">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prostitution in the United Kingdom">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social care in the United Kingdom">Social care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universal basic income in the United Kingdom">Universal basic income (UBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_national_identity" title="British national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass media in the United Kingdom">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of national symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_the_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of the British">Stereotypes of the British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_England" title="Healthcare in England">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Geography_and_climate" title="Northern Ireland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Symbols" title="Northern Ireland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Scotland" title="Healthcare in Scotland">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Outline of the United Kingdom">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_United_Kingdom%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of United Kingdom–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom" title="Category:United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Petroleum_industry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Petroleum_industry" title="Template:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Petroleum_industry" title="Template talk:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Petroleum_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Petroleum_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Petroleum industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">Primary energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(crude_oil)" title="Benchmark (crude oil)">Benchmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argus_Sour_Crude_Index" title="Argus Sour Crude Index">Argus Sour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonny_Light_oil" title="Bonny Light oil">Bonny Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Crude" title="Brent Crude">Brent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Crude" title="Dubai Crude">Dubai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Basket" title="Indian Basket">Indian Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Crude_Price" title="Indonesian Crude Price">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus-34_Light" title="Isthmus-34 Light">Isthmus-34 Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Crude_Cocktail" title="Japan Crude Cocktail">Japan Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC_Reference_Basket" title="OPEC Reference Basket">OPEC Reference Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapis_crude" title="Tapis crude">Tapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urals_oil" title="Urals oil">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Texas_Intermediate" title="West Texas Intermediate">West Texas Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Select" title="Western Canadian Select">Western Canadian Select</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Natural gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_consumption" title="List of countries by natural gas consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_production" title="List of countries by natural gas production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_imports" title="List of countries by natural gas imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_prices" title="Natural gas prices">Price</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Petroleum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_consumption" title="List of countries by oil consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_imports" title="List of countries by oil imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posted_oil_price" title="Posted oil price">Posted oil price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">Price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_and_diesel_usage_and_pricing" title="Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing">of gasoline and diesel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Core_sample" title="Core sample">Core sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_asset_modelling" title="Integrated asset modelling">Integrated asset modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_simulation" title="Reservoir simulation">Reservoir simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_modeling" title="Reservoir modeling">Reservoir modeling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_geology" title="Petroleum geology">Petroleum geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrophysics" title="Petrophysics">Petrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflection_seismology" title="Reflection seismology">Reflection seismology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_inversion" title="Seismic inversion">Seismic inversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_source" title="Seismic source">Seismic source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">Drilling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowout_(well_drilling)" title="Blowout (well drilling)">Blowout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Completion_(oil_and_gas_wells)" title="Completion (oil and gas wells)">Completion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_job" title="Squeeze job">Squeeze job</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_sticking" title="Differential sticking">Differential sticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directional_drilling" title="Directional drilling">Directional drilling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geosteering" title="Geosteering">Geosteering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_stem_test" title="Drill stem test">Drill stem test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_engineering" title="Drilling engineering">Drilling engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">Drilling fluid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid_invasion" title="Drilling fluid invasion">invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_circulation" title="Lost circulation">Lost circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_while_drilling" title="Measurement while drilling">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_oil_extraction" title="Shale oil extraction">Shale oil extraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Ljungstr%C3%B6m#Shale_oil_extraction" title="Fredrik Ljungström">Ljungström method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracer_use_in_the_oil_industry" title="Tracer use in the oil industry">Tracers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underbalanced_drilling" title="Underbalanced drilling">Underbalanced drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_logging" title="Well logging">Well logging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_fiscal_regime" title="Petroleum fiscal regime">Petroleum fiscal regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_licensing" title="Petroleum licensing">Concessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_sharing_agreement" title="Production sharing agreement">Production sharing agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_lift" title="Artificial lift">Artificial lift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lift" title="Gas lift">Gas lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpjack" title="Pumpjack">Pumpjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">Submersible pump (ESP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Downstream (petroleum industry)">Downstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery" title="Enhanced oil recovery">Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_reinjection" title="Gas reinjection">Gas reinjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_injection_(oil_industry)" title="Steam injection (oil industry)">Steam injection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midstream" title="Midstream">Midstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_product" title="Petroleum product">Petroleum product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline" title="Pipeline">Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">Refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Upstream (petroleum industry)">Upstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_injection_(oil_production)" title="Water injection (oil production)">Water injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_intervention" title="Well intervention">Well intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_(oil_well)" title="Christmas tree (oil well)">XT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry" title="History of the petroleum industry">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Oil_Embargo" title="1967 Oil Embargo">1967 Oil Embargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_oil_price_shock" title="1990 oil price shock">1990 oil price shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">2010s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_oil_supplies" title="Nationalization of oil supplies">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum" title="Gas Exporting Countries Forum">GECF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(oil_companies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sisters (oil companies)">Seven Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_France" title="History of the petroleum industry in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_India" title="History of the oil industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Norway" title="History of the petroleum industry in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the petroleum industry in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Venezuelan_oil_industry" title="History of the Venezuelan oil industry">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Provinces<br />and fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_gas_fields" title="List of natural gas fields">List of natural gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_fields" title="List of oil fields">List of oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Oil_Province" title="East Midlands Oil Province">East Midlands Oil Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Texas_Oil_Field" title="East Texas Oil Field">East Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta#Nigerian_oil" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay_Oil_Field" title="Prudhoe Bay Oil Field">Prudhoe Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Russia" title="Oil reserves in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Venezuela" title="Oil reserves in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Sedimentary_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin">Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_in_oil_and_gas_exploration_and_production" title="List of abbreviations in oil and gas exploration and production">Abbreviations</a></li> <li>Classification <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_crude_oil" title="Sweet crude oil">sweet oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_crude_oil" title="Sour crude oil">sour oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_gas" title="Oil shale gas">Oil shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_wells" title="Orphan wells">Orphan wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicting_the_timing_of_peak_oil" title="Predicting the timing of peak oil">timing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocurrency" title="Petrocurrency">Petrocurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrodollar_recycling" title="Petrodollar recycling">Petrodollar recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofiction" title="Petrofiction">Petrofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_band" title="Shale band">Shale band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_gas" title="Shale gas">Shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_producer" title="Swing producer">Swing producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_(oil_and_gas)_reservoir" title="Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir">Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil" title="Heavy crude oil">heavy crude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tight_oil" title="Tight oil">tight oil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Companies and<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_exploration_and_production_companies" title="List of oil exploration and production companies">petroleum<br />companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">Supermajors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">National oil<br />companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_National_Oil_Company" title="Abu Dhabi National Oil Company">Abu Dhabi National Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANCAP_(Uruguay)" title="ANCAP (Uruguay)">ANCAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Petroleum" title="Bharat Petroleum">Bharat Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Offshore_Oil_Corporation" title="China National Offshore Oil Corporation">China National Offshore Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopetrol" title="Ecopetrol">Ecopetrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinor" title="Equinor">Equinor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Petroleum" title="Hindustan Petroleum">Hindustan Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Oil_Corporation" title="Indian Oil Corporation">Indian Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_National_Oil_Company" title="Iraq National Oil Company">Iraq National Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KazMunayGas" title="KazMunayGas">KazMunayGas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Petroleum_Corporation" title="Kuwait Petroleum Corporation">Kuwait Petroleum Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupa_Lotos" title="Grupa Lotos">Lotos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftogaz" title="Naftogaz">Naftogaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_South_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian South Oil Company">National Iranian South Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNPC_Limited" title="NNPC Limited">NNPC Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_%26_Gas_Development_Company" title="Oil & Gas Development Company">Oil & Gas Development Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation" title="Oil and Natural Gas Corporation">Oil and Natural Gas Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlen" title="Orlen">Orlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertamina" title="Pertamina">Pertamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobangla" title="Petrobangla">Petrobangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PetroChina" title="PetroChina">PetroChina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovietnam" title="Petrovietnam">Petrovietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited" title="PTT Public Company Limited">PTT Public Company Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QatarEnergy" title="QatarEnergy">QatarEnergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosneft" title="Rosneft">Rosneft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopec" title="Sinopec">Sinopec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOCAR" title="SOCAR">SOCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonangol_Group" title="Sonangol Group">Sonangol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPAO" title="TPAO">TPAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YPF" title="YPF">YPF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy trading">Energy trading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunvor" title="Gunvor">Gunvor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercuria" title="Mercuria">Mercuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafigura" title="Trafigura">Trafigura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitol" title="Vitol">Vitol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APA_Corporation" title="APA Corporation">APA Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenovus_Energy" title="Cenovus Energy">Cenovus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cepsa" title="Cepsa">Cepsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Energy" title="Devon Energy">Devon Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eneos_Holdings" title="Eneos Holdings">Eneos Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galp_Energia" title="Galp Energia">Galp Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hess_Corporation" title="Hess Corporation">Hess Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husky_Energy" title="Husky Energy">Husky Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Oil" title="Imperial Oil">Imperial Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Oil" title="Marathon Oil">Marathon Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Petroleum" title="Marathon Petroleum">Marathon Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum">Occidental Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMV" title="OMV">OMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_66" title="Phillips 66">Phillips 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt_Refining_Company" title="Port Harcourt Refining Company">Port Harcourt Refining Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">Reliance Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repsol" title="Repsol">Repsol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suncor_Energy" title="Suncor Energy">Suncor Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunoco" title="Sunoco">Sunoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgutneftegas" title="Surgutneftegas">Surgutneftegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TechnipFMC" title="TechnipFMC">TechnipFMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNK-BP" title="TNK-BP">TNK-BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCpra%C5%9F" title="Tüpraş">Tüpraş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valero_Energy" title="Valero Energy">Valero Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_oilfield_service_companies" title="List of oilfield service companies">services<br />companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amec_Foster_Wheeler" title="Amec Foster Wheeler">Amec Foster Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Hughes" title="Baker Hughes">Baker Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_International" title="Cameron International">Cameron International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGG_(company)" title="CGG (company)">CGG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH2M" title="CH2M">CH2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bridge_%26_Iron_Company" title="Chicago Bridge & Iron Company">Chicago Bridge & Iron Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Oilfield_Services" title="China Oilfield Services">China Oilfield Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge" title="Enbridge">Enbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Power" title="GE Power">GE Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halliburton" title="Halliburton">Halliburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabors_Industries" title="Nabors Industries">Nabors Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOV_Inc." title="NOV Inc.">NOV Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofac" title="Petrofac">Petrofac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saipem" title="Saipem">Saipem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlumberger" title="Schlumberger">Schlumberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snam" title="Snam">Snam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsea_7" title="Subsea 7">Subsea 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC_Energy" title="TC Energy">TC Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transocean" title="Transocean">Transocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaris_Limited" title="Valaris Limited">Valaris Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatherford_International" title="Weatherford International">Weatherford International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">John Wood Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_petroleum_companies" title="Canadian petroleum companies">Canadian petroleum companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Exchange_Futures" title="Intercontinental Exchange Futures">Intercontinental Exchange Futures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Oil_%26_Gas_Producers" title="International Association of Oil & Gas Producers">International Association of Oil & Gas Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Petroleum_Engineers" title="Society of Petroleum Engineers">Society of Petroleum Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Petroleum_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="World Petroleum Council">World Petroleum Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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