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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_and_commercialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tourism and commercialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_and_commercialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicts_over_creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_over_creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Conflicts over creation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conflicts_over_creation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conflicts over creation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_over_creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resource_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Resource development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resource_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Human conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shifting_value_behind_park_creation_and_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shifting_value_behind_park_creation_and_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Shifting value behind park creation and management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Shifting_value_behind_park_creation_and_management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Shifting value behind park creation and management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Shifting_value_behind_park_creation_and_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservation_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Conservation movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_integrity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_integrity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ecological integrity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_integrity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Co-management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Co-management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Co-management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Co-management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adding_to_the_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adding_to_the_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Adding to the system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adding_to_the_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adding to the system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adding_to_the_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proposed_national_parks_and_national_park_reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_national_parks_and_national_park_reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Proposed national parks and national park reserves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_national_parks_and_national_park_reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NMCA_and_NMCA_Reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NMCA_and_NMCA_Reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>NMCA and NMCA Reserves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NMCA_and_NMCA_Reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>National landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Nasional_ring_Kanada" title="Taman Nasional ring Kanada – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Taman Nasional ring Kanada" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Национални паркове на Канада – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Национални паркове на Канада" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_parky_v_Kanad%C4%9B" title="Národní parky v Kanadě – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Národní parky v Kanadě" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parques_nacionales_de_Canad%C3%A1" title="Parques nacionales de Canadá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parques nacionales de Canadá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naciaj_Parkoj_de_Kanado" title="Naciaj Parkoj de Kanado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Naciaj Parkoj de Kanado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcs_nationaux_du_Canada" title="Parcs nationaux du Canada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parcs nationaux du Canada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%92%A5%E1%95%90%E1%96%91%E1%90%83%E1%96%85%E1%93%AF%E1%95%90%E1%95%95%E1%92%83%E1%93%B4%E1%96%85" title="ᒥᕐᖑᐃᖅᓯᕐᕕᒃᓴᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᒥᕐᖑᐃᖅᓯᕐᕕᒃᓴᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80%E3%81%AE%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" title="カナダの国立公園 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カナダの国立公園" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95" title="ਕੈਨੇਡਾ ਦੇ ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀ ਪਾਰਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਨੇਡਾ ਦੇ ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀ ਪਾਰਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%92_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="کینیڈا دے نیشنل پارک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کینیڈا دے نیشنل پارک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Национальные парки Канады – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальные парки Канады" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Национални паркови Канаде – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Национални паркови Канаде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadan_kansallispuistot" title="Kanadan kansallispuistot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kanadan kansallispuistot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadas_nationalparker" title="Kanadas nationalparker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kanadas nationalparker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD" title="加拿大国家公园 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加拿大国家公园" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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style="font-size:85%;"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Parcs Nationaux du Canada</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banff_National_Park_-_Lake_Herbert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banff_National_Park_-_Lake_Herbert.jpg/260px-Banff_National_Park_-_Lake_Herbert.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banff_National_Park_-_Lake_Herbert.jpg/390px-Banff_National_Park_-_Lake_Herbert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banff_National_Park_-_Lake_Herbert.jpg/520px-Banff_National_Park_-_Lake_Herbert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span> <br /><small>Herbert Lake in</small> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>First park</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff National Park</a>, 1885 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Smallest park</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Bay_Islands_National_Park" title="Georgian Bay Islands National Park">Georgian Bay Islands National Park</a>, 13.5 km<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Largest park</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wood_Buffalo_National_Park" title="Wood Buffalo National Park">Wood Buffalo National Park</a>, 44,807 km<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Governing body</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_National_Parks.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Canadian_National_Parks.png/260px-Canadian_National_Parks.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Canadian_National_Parks.png/390px-Canadian_National_Parks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Canadian_National_Parks.png/520px-Canadian_National_Parks.png 2x" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="2300" /></a></span> <br /><small>Distribution and location of national parks in Canada</small> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>National parks of Canada</b> are vast natural spaces located throughout the country that are protected by <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a>, a government agency. Parks Canada manages the National Parks and Reserves in order to protect and preserve the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_wildlife" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian wildlife">Canadian wildlife</a> and habitat that fall within the ecosystems of the park, keep them safe, educate visitors, and ensure public enjoyment in ways that do not compromise the area for future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The areas that fall within Parks Canada's governance include a wide range of protected areas, encompassing <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Conservation_Area" title="National Marine Conservation Area">National Marine Conservation Areas</a> (NMCA), and National Park Reserves. Canada established its first national park in Banff in 1885, and has since expanded its national park system to include 37 national parks and 11 national park reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_History_of_Canada's_National_Parks"><span id="Early_History_of_Canada.27s_National_Parks"></span>Early History of Canada's National Parks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_parks_of_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early History of Canada's National Parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canada's first <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national park</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff</a>, was established in 1885. Tourism and commercialization dominated early park development, followed closely by resource extraction. Commodifying the parks to profit Canada's national economy as well as conserving the natural areas for public and future use became an integrated method of park creation. The process of establishing national parks has often forced the displacement of Indigenous and non-Indigenous residents of areas within the proposed park boundaries. Conflicts between the creation of parks and the residents of the area have been negotiated through co-management practices, as Parks Canada acknowledged the importance of community involvement in order to sustain a healthy ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_2011_p._2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2011_p.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The transition towards developing parks as a place of preservation began with the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Parks_Act_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Parks Act (Canada)">National Parks Act</a></i> of 1930. This event marked a shift in park management practices. Revised in 1979 under the National Parks Policy, the Act placed greater emphasis on preserving the natural areas in an unimpaired state through ecological integrity and restoration, moving away from development based heavily on profit. Acting as national symbols, Canada's national parks exist in every province and territory representing a variety of landscapes that mark Canada's natural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_2011_p._2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2011_p.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_parks_of_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1885 – <a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff National Park</a> is established as the first national park in Canada. Originally this park was called <a href="/wiki/Cave_and_Basin_National_Historic_Site" title="Cave and Basin National Historic Site">Banff Hot Springs Reserve</a> and later the Rocky Mountains National Park.</li> <li>1908–1912 – Four national parks are established in Alberta and Saskatchewan with a mission akin to national wildlife refuges. All would be abolished by 1947 once their goals were achieved.</li> <li>1911 – Dominion Parks Branch creates the world's first national park service. This branch was overseen by the Department of the Interior, which is now known as <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a>, the governing body of Canada's national parks.</li> <li>1930 – Canada's parliament passes the first <a href="/wiki/National_Parks_Act_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Parks Act (Canada)"><i>National Parks Act</i></a>, regulating protection of the parks.</li> <li>1930 – Transfer of Resources agreement is signed.</li> <li>1964 – First National Parks Policy is implemented.</li> <li>1970s – National Parks System Plan is devised with an aim to protect a representative sample of each of Canada's 39 natural spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1979 – National Parks policy is revised to make preserving ecological integrity the priority in Canadian Parks, ending the so-called dual-mandate with recreational uses.</li> <li>1984 – First national park is established through a land claim agreement.</li> <li>1988 – <i>National Parks Act</i> is amended, formalizing the principle of ecological integrity in the park system.</li> <li>1989 – The Endangered Spaces campaign is launched by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Parks_and_Wilderness_Society" title="Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society">Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Canada</a> to encourage the completion of the national parks system. The goal of the campaign is to have parks and protected areas that represent each of the country's natural regions.</li> <li>1998 – The Parks Canada Agency Act is implemented.</li> <li>2011 – To mark the 100th anniversary of the creation of the national parks system, Parks Canada, Primitive Entertainment and <a href="/wiki/Discovery_World_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery World HD">Discovery World HD</a> commissioned the <a href="/wiki/National_Parks_Project" title="National Parks Project">National Parks Project</a> to create a series of documentary films about various parks in the system.<sup id="cite_ref-dixon_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dixon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2017 – Free admission for the whole year - In celebration of Canada's 150th birthday on July 1, 2017, <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offers free admission to national parks and national historic sites for the entire year.</li> <li>2019 – <a href="/wiki/Thaidene_N%C3%ABn%C3%A9_National_Park_Reserve" title="Thaidene Nëné National Park Reserve">Thaidene Nëné National Park Reserve</a> is established.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2024 - <a href="/wiki/Pituamkek_National_Park_Reserve" title="Pituamkek National Park Reserve">Pituamkek National Park Reserve</a> is established, and is Canada's newest national park.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visiting_Sable_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A visitor views an area of Sable Island National Park Reserve from a helicopter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Visiting_Sable_Island.jpg/220px-Visiting_Sable_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Visiting_Sable_Island.jpg/330px-Visiting_Sable_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Visiting_Sable_Island.jpg/440px-Visiting_Sable_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption>A visitor views an area of <a href="/wiki/Sable_Island_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Sable Island National Park">Sable Island National Park Reserve</a> from a helicopter</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation_and_development">Creation and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_parks_of_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creation and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Parks_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Parks of Canada">List of National Parks of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rockies_in_the_morning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rockies_in_the_morning.jpg/220px-Rockies_in_the_morning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rockies_in_the_morning.jpg/330px-Rockies_in_the_morning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rockies_in_the_morning.jpg/440px-Rockies_in_the_morning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>A view of <a href="/wiki/The_Rockies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rockies">the Rockies</a> from <a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On July 20, 1871, the Crown Colony of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> committed to Confederation with Canada. Under the union's terms, Canada was to begin construction of a transcontinental railway to connect the Pacific Coast to the eastern provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> surveyors began to study the land in 1875, the location of the country's natural resources sprouted further interest. Evidence of minerals quickly introduced the construction of mines and resource exploitation in Canada's previously untouched wilderness. Exploration led to the discovery of hot springs near <a href="/wiki/Banff,_Alberta" title="Banff, Alberta">Banff, Alberta</a>, and in November 1885, the Canadian Government made the springs public property, protecting them from possible private ownership and exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event brought about the beginning of Canada's movement towards preserving land and setting it aside for public usage as national parks. By the late 1880s, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_White_(Canadian_politician)" title="Thomas White (Canadian politician)">Thomas White</a>, Canada's Minister of the Interior, responsible for federal land management, Indian affairs, and natural resources extraction, began establishing a legislative motion towards establishing Canada's first national park in Banff.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>May 1911 marked one of the most significant events in the administration and development of national parks in Canada as the <i>Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act</i> received royal assent.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This law saw the creation of the first administrative body, the Dominion Parks Branch, now known as <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a>, to administer national parks in Canada. With the Branch in place, the parks system expanded from Banff eastward, combining both use and protection as the foundation to national park management.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trees_during_the_sunset_in_Gulf_Islands_National_Park_Reserve,_Sidney_Island,_BC,_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Arbutus trees at sunset on Sidney Island in Gulf Islands National Park Reserve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Trees_during_the_sunset_in_Gulf_Islands_National_Park_Reserve%2C_Sidney_Island%2C_BC%2C_Canada.jpg/220px-Trees_during_the_sunset_in_Gulf_Islands_National_Park_Reserve%2C_Sidney_Island%2C_BC%2C_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Trees_during_the_sunset_in_Gulf_Islands_National_Park_Reserve%2C_Sidney_Island%2C_BC%2C_Canada.jpg/330px-Trees_during_the_sunset_in_Gulf_Islands_National_Park_Reserve%2C_Sidney_Island%2C_BC%2C_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Trees_during_the_sunset_in_Gulf_Islands_National_Park_Reserve%2C_Sidney_Island%2C_BC%2C_Canada.jpg/440px-Trees_during_the_sunset_in_Gulf_Islands_National_Park_Reserve%2C_Sidney_Island%2C_BC%2C_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5471" data-file-height="3647" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arbutus_menziesii" title="Arbutus menziesii">Arbutus</a> trees at sunset on <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Island" title="Sidney Island">Sidney Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Islands_National_Park_Reserve" title="Gulf Islands National Park Reserve">Gulf Islands National Park Reserve</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The major motives behind the creation of national parks in Canada were profit and preservation. Inspired by the establishment and success of <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> in the United States, Canada blended the conflicting ideas of preservation and commercialism in order to satisfy its natural resource needs, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservationist</a> views of modern management, a growing public interest in the outdoors and the new popularity of getting back to nature.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This growing interest to escape the hustle and bustle of the city brought about ideas of conserving Canada's unspoiled wildernesses by creating public parks. As a country dependent on natural resources, Canada's national parks represent a compromise between the demand for profit from the land's resources and tourism and the need for <a href="/wiki/Conservation_(ethic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation (ethic)">preservation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>. </p><p>While conservationist ideas and a Canadian desire towards getting back to nature were evident in the early development of national parks in Canada, a greater role was played by chambers of commerce, local governments, promoters of tourism, and recreational groups who advocated for profit-driven commercial development, while incorporating wildlife preservation when possible.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada's national parks allowed the public an avenue into nature, while also integrating ideas of preserving Canada's scenic landscape and wildlife populations in an era of development and major resource extraction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_and_commercialization">Tourism and commercialization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_parks_of_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tourism and commercialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Louise,_Banff_National_Park_(7800643266).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Lake_Louise%2C_Banff_National_Park_%287800643266%29.jpg/220px-Lake_Louise%2C_Banff_National_Park_%287800643266%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Lake_Louise%2C_Banff_National_Park_%287800643266%29.jpg/330px-Lake_Louise%2C_Banff_National_Park_%287800643266%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Lake_Louise%2C_Banff_National_Park_%287800643266%29.jpg/440px-Lake_Louise%2C_Banff_National_Park_%287800643266%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="957" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Louise_(Alberta)" title="Lake Louise (Alberta)">Lake Louise</a>, Banff National Park</figcaption></figure> <p>The integration of public visitation for national parks in Canada heavily contributed to the beginnings of public constituencies for certain parks. The parks who mobilized with a public constituency tended to prosper at a faster rate.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a tactic to increase the number of people travelling to and through national parks, members of each constituency surrounding national parks began to advocate for the construction of well-built roads, including the development of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway" title="Trans-Canada Highway">Trans-Canada Highway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the main highway travelling through the Canadian Rockies, the Trans-Canada Highway has provided accessible visitation and commerce to the area. The highway is designed to provide a heavy flow of traffic, while also including many accessible pull-offs and picnic areas. With a high frequency of travelers and many destinations to stop, tourism boomed after the Trans-Canada Highway was established. As the highway travels through Banff and the Bow Valley area, it includes scenic views of most of the mountains, and an environment rich with wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With an increase in tourism to Rocky Mountain Park, growth and prosperity came to the town of Banff. The Banff hot springs were made more accessible after a tunnel was blasted in 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horse-drawn carriages were replaced by buses and taxis, and by the 1960s small cabins had been largely replaced by hotels and motels as the community became geared towards building the national park as a tourist destination. In 1964, the first visitor service centre was established at Lake Louise Station, which included the development of a campground, trailer park, and other attractions. Cave and Basin Springs were forced to rebuild their bathing pools in 1904 and then again in 1912, because of growing public interest in the hot springs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1927, campground accommodations at Tunnel Mountain were adapting to include room for trailers as well as tents. Due to increased demand, the campground was extended, and by 1969 it was the biggest campground in the national park system. Banff became a year-round recreational centre as the growth of winter sport activities provided added incentive for tourism. The implementation of T-bars and chairlifts on Banff's ski hills helped develop Banff into a ski and winter sports destination.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflicts_over_creation">Conflicts over creation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_parks_of_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conflicts over creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resource_development">Resource development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_parks_of_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Resource development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the inception of Canada's national parks, business and profit has been a major element to their creation and development. Although tourism was the first source of profit in the national parks, the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">exploitation of natural resources</a> such as coal, lumber, and other minerals became another major area of revenue. These resources were found in abundance in the Rocky Mountains and were interpreted as being inexhaustible. </p><p>Coal was the most plentiful and profitable of all the minerals and therefore its mining in parks was accepted by politicians and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> officials.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was demonstrated by the creation of Bankhead, a <a href="/wiki/Coal_town" title="Coal town">coal town</a> on the road to Lake Minnewanka. This coal town was not viewed as a detriment to the overall scenery of Banff National Park, but was instead an added attraction for visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this case, resource exploitation and tourism worked in conjunction with each other to create a more profitable national park. Although tourism and resource development could work together, it was clear from policy making that tourism became secondary to resource exploitation. </p><p>The resources that were exploited from the national parks were essential to the CPR's income as it freighted these resources across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1887, the <i><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains_Park_Act" title="Rocky Mountains Park Act">Rocky Mountains Park Act</a></i> was established under the Macdonald government and it reflected the importance of resource exploitation for Canada's economy. Under this regulation, national parks were not fully preserved in their natural states as mining, logging and grazing continued to be permitted.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Rocky Mountains Park Bill was proposed, it elicited various criticisms at the time, one being the implicit contradiction between the exploitation of resources within this national reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the overarching nineteenth century ideology that lumbering and mining would contribute to the usefulness of the reserve as opposed to depreciating the park overshadowed the concerns of resource exploitation. The natural resources within the parks were seen as being unlimited and therefore should be used as it was economically beneficial for the nation. </p><p>By 1911, as Canadians became aware of the depletion occurring within America's natural resources, a debate focused on the extent of resource exploitation in Canada's national parks erupted. This debate began as early as 1906 at the Forestry Convention in Ottawa as it stimulated a new interest in conservation which spoke to the governmental, academic, and public level.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada's national parks were no longer places of unlimited natural resources, but were now considered a place where resources needed to be conserved through regulation to ensure future and continued use. </p><p><a href="/wiki/J.B._Harkin" class="mw-redirect" title="J.B. Harkin">J.B. Harkin</a>, the Parks Commissioner in 1911, advocated the complete eradication of coal and mineral extraction in the parks.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Harkin's vision did not come to fruition until 1930 when the <i>National Parks Act</i> was established. Under this act, mineral exploration and development were banned and only limited use of timber was permitted within the parks.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Canada to continue its economic success through resource development, the boundaries of Canada's national parks were altered prior to the 1930 Act in order to exclude resource rich land from park areas.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exclusion of resource development in Canada's national parks marked a minor shift towards preservationist attitudes over Canada's parks as recreational use and development was still permitted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_conflict">Human conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_parks_of_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Human conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:012_035_Ile_Mingan_Niapiscau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/012_035_Ile_Mingan_Niapiscau.jpg/220px-012_035_Ile_Mingan_Niapiscau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/012_035_Ile_Mingan_Niapiscau.jpg/330px-012_035_Ile_Mingan_Niapiscau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/012_035_Ile_Mingan_Niapiscau.jpg/440px-012_035_Ile_Mingan_Niapiscau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2698" data-file-height="4149" /></a><figcaption>Niapiskau island, <a href="/wiki/Monolith" title="Monolith">limestone monoliths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mingan_Archipelago_National_Park_Reserve" title="Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve">Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morning_at_Spirit_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Morning_at_Spirit_Island.jpg/220px-Morning_at_Spirit_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Morning_at_Spirit_Island.jpg/330px-Morning_at_Spirit_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Morning_at_Spirit_Island.jpg/440px-Morning_at_Spirit_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maligne_Lake" title="Maligne Lake">Maligne Lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jasper_National_Park" title="Jasper National Park">Jasper National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The initial ideal of national parks was to create uninhabited wilderness. Creating this required the displacement of Indigenous and non-Indigenous residents who lived within the intended park boundaries, and restrictions on how these residents had previously used the land and resources within parks for subsistence. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kluane_National_Park_and_Reserve_of_Canada,_Canada_(Unsplash).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view in Kluane National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kluane_National_Park_and_Reserve_of_Canada%2C_Canada_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/220px-Kluane_National_Park_and_Reserve_of_Canada%2C_Canada_%28Unsplash%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kluane_National_Park_and_Reserve_of_Canada%2C_Canada_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/330px-Kluane_National_Park_and_Reserve_of_Canada%2C_Canada_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kluane_National_Park_and_Reserve_of_Canada%2C_Canada_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/440px-Kluane_National_Park_and_Reserve_of_Canada%2C_Canada_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5334" data-file-height="3556" /></a><figcaption>A view in <a href="/wiki/Kluane_National_Park_and_Reserve" title="Kluane National Park and Reserve">Kluane National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jasper_National_Park" title="Jasper National Park">Jasper National Park</a>, established in 1907, restricted income-generating activities such as hunting, along with culturally valuable practices of the Aboriginal groups who had used the region.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jasper is a large park in the southern, frequently visited portion of Canada, and one of many parks geared towards tourism more than preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most parks are designed to have the appeal of uninhabited wilderness while also having amenities and roads to facilitate visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human activity within the park was allowed, but primarily only those activities that generated revenue, such as snowboarding and lodging for tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have claimed that the selection of which activities to allow had non-native bias, as it precluded traditional sources of subsistence such as hunting and trapping.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tundra_landscape_with_mountains_and_small_pond,_Ivvavik_National_Park,_YT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tundra landscape and a pond near the confluence of Wolf Creek and Firth River, with mountains in the background, in Ivvavik National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tundra_landscape_with_mountains_and_small_pond%2C_Ivvavik_National_Park%2C_YT.jpg/220px-Tundra_landscape_with_mountains_and_small_pond%2C_Ivvavik_National_Park%2C_YT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tundra_landscape_with_mountains_and_small_pond%2C_Ivvavik_National_Park%2C_YT.jpg/330px-Tundra_landscape_with_mountains_and_small_pond%2C_Ivvavik_National_Park%2C_YT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tundra_landscape_with_mountains_and_small_pond%2C_Ivvavik_National_Park%2C_YT.jpg/440px-Tundra_landscape_with_mountains_and_small_pond%2C_Ivvavik_National_Park%2C_YT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5940" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a> landscape and a pond near the confluence of Wolf Creek and <a href="/wiki/Firth_River" title="Firth River">Firth River</a>, with mountains in the background, in <a href="/wiki/Ivvavik_National_Park" title="Ivvavik National Park">Ivvavik National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Parks in less frequently visited, northern parts of Canada were created with more consideration of Aboriginal usage. <a href="/wiki/Kluane_National_Park_and_Reserve" title="Kluane National Park and Reserve">Kluane National Park and Reserve</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Yukon_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukon Territory">Yukon</a> initially had restrictions on hunting in order to preserve the presence of wildlife in the park, as did <a href="/wiki/Ivvavik_National_Park" title="Ivvavik National Park">Ivvavik National Park</a> in the Northern Yukon. Through grassroots organizations and political lobbying, Indigenous residents of these areas were able to have greater influence over the process of park creation. For both Kluane and Ivvavik parks, Indigenous organizations protested and testified to Parliamentary Committees, describing how these restrictions infringed on their ability to provide for themselves through traditional fishing, hunting, and trapping.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivvavik National Park, established in 1984,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the first in Canada to be created through a comprehensive land claim settlement, and set a precedent for collaboration and co-management in future parks.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1984, the <a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit" title="Inuvialuit">Inuvialuit</a> Final Agreement was signed, which deviated from past parks by committing to a more extensive inclusion of Aboriginal interests and gave the Inuvialuit exclusive rights to hunting and harvesting game within the park. This agreement was an example of and the beginning of co-management, which ensured that Indigenous voices would be heard and given equal representatives on parks boards.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kouchibouguac_National_Park_(36429403124).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sunset seen from a beach at Kouchibouguac National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kouchibouguac_National_Park_%2836429403124%29.jpg/220px-Kouchibouguac_National_Park_%2836429403124%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kouchibouguac_National_Park_%2836429403124%29.jpg/330px-Kouchibouguac_National_Park_%2836429403124%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kouchibouguac_National_Park_%2836429403124%29.jpg/440px-Kouchibouguac_National_Park_%2836429403124%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Sunset seen from a beach at <a href="/wiki/Kouchibouguac_National_Park" title="Kouchibouguac National Park">Kouchibouguac National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Non-Indigenous groups were also dispossessed from their land during the creation of national parks, such as the <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kouchibouguac_National_Park" title="Kouchibouguac National Park">Kouchibouguac National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>. This park was created in 1969 and included recognition of the Aboriginal groups who had once resided there but no recognition of the Acadians who comprised approximately 85 percent of the over 1,500 people who were displaced to create the park.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many inhabits dispossessed of their land by Parks Canada resisted, and the Acadian residents' resistance of eviction was extensive enough to delay the official opening of the park until 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through protest and civil disobedience, they won greater compensation from the government to address the loss of fishing within the park that had previously been their main source of income.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resistance of the Acadians impacted future park creation, as in 1979 Parks Canada announced that it would no longer use forced relocation in new parks.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An advisory committee was created by Parks Canada in 2008 to reflect on the Kouchibouguac process and address outstanding grievances.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shifting_value_behind_park_creation_and_management">Shifting value behind park creation and management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_parks_of_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shifting value behind park creation and management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation_movements">Conservation movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_parks_of_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conservation movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 19th century, Canadians changed their view of nature and resources as opinions started to focus on conservationist ideas. They were transitioning from a worldview of ecology and abundance to one where the environment acted as a limited resource. </p><p>Created in 1909, the Commission of Conservation became the Canadian forum for conservation issues, acting as an advisory and consultative body used to answer questions related to conservation and better utilization of Canada's natural and human resources. The Commission focused on a concept that maximized future profits through good management in the present.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than preserving through non-use, the commission was concerned with managing resources for long-term gain. </p><p>Other conservation-minded organizations, like the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine Club">Alpine Club</a>, had different ideas that focused on the preservation of natural wilderness and opposed any type of development or construction. This movement was successful as the creation of parks solely for preservation purposes, like the bird sanctuary in Point Pelee, began developing.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to push their views further, this movement, headed by <a href="/wiki/James_B._Harkin" class="mw-redirect" title="James B. Harkin">James B. Harkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oliver_Wheeler" title="Arthur Oliver Wheeler">Arthur Oliver Wheeler</a>, was forced to argue that divine scenery was itself a source of profit – tourism – in order to push aside what they saw as a far greater avenue of exploitation: resource extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1930, even the conservation movements within Canada came to understand that the country's national parks had an entrenched system of profit-based motives. </p><p>The Parks Canada Agency Act came into action in 1998 to ensure the protection of parks for further generations' use and national interest as places of cultural and historical importance.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_integrity">Ecological integrity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_parks_of_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ecological integrity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Parks Canada, ecological integrity is a state with three elements: non-living elements, living elements, and a series of ecological functions. By having all three elements, a healthy <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> exists.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystems</a> in national parks have often been damaged due to the exploitation of resources, the expansion of tourism, and external land use practices outside national parks. Through <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a> realizing the necessity of managing national parks by human hands to maintain <a href="/wiki/Biotic_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotic component">biotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiotic">abiotic</a> components, Parks Canada placed an emphasis on ecological integrity within the national parks that marked a shift from profit to preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The change in values is derived from the establishment of 1930 <i>National Parks Act</i> that limited use of resource for park management, and in 1979, under revised National Parks Policy, the maintenance of ecological integrity was prioritized for the preservation of national parks of Canada. In 1988, the <i>National Parks Act</i> was amended and the regulation of ecological integrity was embodied. However, due to the conflicting interests of profit and preservation, the maintenance of ecological integrity has progressed slowly.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newfoundland_2005_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newfoundland_2005-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The big movement on maintenance of ecological integrity has happened since 2001. <i>Canada National Parks Act</i> of 2001 reinforced the necessity of maintenance and restorations of ecological integrity by saving natural resources and ecosystem. It sets new principles for park management plans. Wilderness areas in the Banff, Jasper, Yoho and Kootenay National Parks have been officially designated land as wilderness in national parks.<sup id="cite_ref-Newfoundland_2005_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newfoundland_2005-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boundaries of all communities in national parks are changed and the developments of commerce in their communities are restricted. Profit no longer became priority and initiative for preservation through ecological integrity increased. </p><p>To maintain or restore ecological integrity, ecosystem restorations are implemented in many parks, attempting to bring back damaged ecosystems to their original healthy state and making them sustainable. For example, <a href="/wiki/Grasslands_National_Park" title="Grasslands National Park">Grasslands National Park</a> brought back Bison bison for a prairie restoration. The bison grazing patterns help to maintain a variety of prairie biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Gwaii_Haanas_National_Park_Reserve_and_Haida_Heritage_Site" title="Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site">Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site</a>, removing Norway rats which were accidentally introduced to the area, is conducted because they eat eggs, as well as juvenile and adult seabirds, and reduce the seabird population. Staff monitor for the return of rats by trapping and poison baits for recovering native seabird populations.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Co-management">Co-management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_parks_of_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Co-management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through parks policies and operation practices, Parks Canada has recognized the importance of working together with Indigenous peoples and other communities to manage parks' healthy ecosystem within and around national parks.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Ivvavik_National_Park" title="Ivvavik National Park">Ivvavik National Park</a> was established as a result of an Aboriginal land claim agreement. Now, Ivvavik is managed co-operatively by Parks Canada and the Inuvialuit. Their mutual goals are to protect <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wild life</a>, keep the ecosystem healthy and protect their cultural resources. In addition, they ensure the preservation of the Inuvialuit traditional way of living, including trapping, hunting and fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nachvak_Fjord_Labrador_2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nachvak Fiord in Torngat Mountains National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nachvak_Fjord_Labrador_2008.JPG/220px-Nachvak_Fjord_Labrador_2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nachvak_Fjord_Labrador_2008.JPG/330px-Nachvak_Fjord_Labrador_2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nachvak_Fjord_Labrador_2008.JPG/440px-Nachvak_Fjord_Labrador_2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nachvak_Fiord" title="Nachvak Fiord">Nachvak Fiord</a> in <a href="/wiki/Torngat_Mountains_National_Park" title="Torngat Mountains National Park">Torngat Mountains National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Another example is <a href="/wiki/Torngat_Mountains_National_Park" title="Torngat Mountains National Park">Torngat Mountains National Park</a>. In 2005, it was established as a result of the Labrador Inuit Land Claims Agreement. It preserves the aboriginal rights of the Labrador Inuit in Canada, which are land, resources and self-government rights. The federal government also signed the Labrador Inuit Park Impacts and Benefits Agreement with Inuit Association. As with the Ivvavik agreement, it ensures that Inuit can continue to use land and resources as their traditional activities and keep their exclusive relationship with the land and ecosystems. In addition, they agreed to manage the park cooperatively. A seven-member co-operative management board will be established to advise the federal minister of Environment for the matters of parks eco-management.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parks Canada recognized Indigenous knowledge and their unique historical and cultural relationship with the lands, and thus, Parks Canada started to cooperate with Indigenous people for park management. Following 1985, began the creation of new national parks or national park reserves, including Aulavik, Nááts’ihch’oh, Tuktut Nogait and Thaidene Nëné, in the Northwest Territories. Qausuittuq, Quttinirpaaq, Sirmilik and Ukkusiksalik, in Nunvut. Akami-Uapishkᵁ-KakKasuak-Mealy Mountains and Torngat Mountains in Newfoundland and Labrador. Sable Island, Nova Scotia. The Bruce Peninsula and Rouge in Ontario. Wapusk, Manitoba, and Gwaii Haanas and Gulf Islands in British Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adding_to_the_system">Adding to the system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_parks_of_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Adding to the system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NP-Natural-Regions-EN-11x17-04Feb2020-High-Res-FINAL-DIR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/NP-Natural-Regions-EN-11x17-04Feb2020-High-Res-FINAL-DIR.jpg/300px-NP-Natural-Regions-EN-11x17-04Feb2020-High-Res-FINAL-DIR.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/NP-Natural-Regions-EN-11x17-04Feb2020-High-Res-FINAL-DIR.jpg/450px-NP-Natural-Regions-EN-11x17-04Feb2020-High-Res-FINAL-DIR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/NP-Natural-Regions-EN-11x17-04Feb2020-High-Res-FINAL-DIR.jpg/600px-NP-Natural-Regions-EN-11x17-04Feb2020-High-Res-FINAL-DIR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>Locations of proposed national parks within the various natural regions outlined by <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_national_parks_and_national_park_reserves">Proposed national parks and national park reserves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_parks_of_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Proposed national parks and national park reserves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A national park reserve is an area administered and protected like a national park but subject to Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_claims_in_Canada" title="Indigenous land claims in Canada">land claims</a>. It is expected that park reserves will become national parks under the <i>National Parks Act</i> when the land claims are resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwaii_Haanas_National_Park_Reserve_and_Haida_Heritage_Site" title="Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site">Gwaii Haanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Islands_National_Park_Reserve" title="Gulf Islands National Park Reserve">Gulf Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluane_National_Park_and_Reserve" title="Kluane National Park and Reserve">Kluane</a> (a portion of the park is designated as a Reserve)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mealy_Mountains_National_Park_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Mealy Mountains National Park Reserve">Mealy Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingan_Archipelago_National_Park_Reserve" title="Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve">Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naats%27ihch%27oh_National_Park_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Naats'ihch'oh National Park Reserve">Naats'ihch'oh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanni_National_Park_Reserve" title="Nahanni National Park Reserve">Nahanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim_National_Park_Reserve" title="Pacific Rim National Park Reserve">Pacific Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituamkek_National_Park_Reserve" title="Pituamkek National Park Reserve">Pituamkek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable_Island_National_Park_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Sable Island National Park Reserve">Sable Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaidene_N%C3%ABn%C3%A9_National_Park_Reserve" title="Thaidene Nëné National Park Reserve">Thaidene Nëné</a></li></ul> <p>The following areas have been proposed as Parks or Reserves, studied, and discussed among stakeholders: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seal_River_Watershed_National_Park_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal River Watershed National Park Reserve">Seal River Watershed</a> in northern Manitoba (as a national park reserve).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Okanagan%E2%80%94Similkameen_National_Park_Reserve" title="South Okanagan—Similkameen National Park Reserve">South Okanagan-Similkameen</a> in the southern interior of British Columbia (as a national park reserve).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a> is considering other areas for future national parks:<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Expanding Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta into the Flathead Valley in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> (as a national park reserve)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NMCA_and_NMCA_Reserves">NMCA and NMCA Reserves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_parks_of_Canada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: NMCA and NMCA Reserves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Conservation_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="National Marine Conservation Areas">National Marine Conservation Areas</a> (NMCAs) are a relatively new creation within the park system. There are currently three NMCAs: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathom_Five_National_Marine_Park" title="Fathom Five National Marine Park">Fathom Five National Marine Park</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior_National_Marine_Conservation_Area" title="Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area">Lake Superior NMCA</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguenay%E2%80%93St._Lawrence_Marine_Park" title="Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park">Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park</a>, Quebec</li></ul> <p>Fathom Five National Marine Park and Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park were created prior to the NMCA concept, and subsequently classified as an NMCA without changing their legal names. NMCAs have a different mandate than their terrestrial counterparts. They are designed for sustainable use, although they usually also contain areas designed to protect <a href="/wiki/Ecological_integrity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological integrity">ecological integrity</a>. </p><p>Similar to national park reserves, National Marine Conservation Area Reserves are intended to become full NMCAs once claims are resolved. There is currently one NMCA Reserve: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwaii_Haanas_National_Marine_Conservation_Area_Reserve_and_Haida_Heritage_Site" title="Gwaii Haanas National Marine Conservation Area Reserve and Haida Heritage Site">Gwaii Haanas National Marine Conservation Area Reserve and Haida Heritage Site</a>, adjacent to the national park reserve of the same name, in British Columbia</li></ul> <p>Two areas are under consideration as a National Marine Conservation Area or NMCA Reserve: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Georgia" title="Strait of Georgia">Southern Strait of Georgia NMCA Reserve</a>, in British Columbia, surrounding <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Islands_National_Park_Reserve" title="Gulf Islands National Park Reserve">Gulf Islands National Park Reserve</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—a feasibility study is underway<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallurutiup_Imanga_National_Marine_Conservation_Area" title="Tallurutiup Imanga National Marine Conservation Area">Tallurutiup Imanga NMCA</a>, in Nunavut<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_landmarks">National landmarks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_parks_of_Canada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: National landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibyuk_-_Canada%27s_Tallest_Pingo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view of Ibyuk Pingo, Canada's tallest pingo, and one of eight protected by the Pingo Canadian Landmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ibyuk_-_Canada%27s_Tallest_Pingo.jpg/220px-Ibyuk_-_Canada%27s_Tallest_Pingo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ibyuk_-_Canada%27s_Tallest_Pingo.jpg/330px-Ibyuk_-_Canada%27s_Tallest_Pingo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ibyuk_-_Canada%27s_Tallest_Pingo.jpg/440px-Ibyuk_-_Canada%27s_Tallest_Pingo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3606" data-file-height="2623" /></a><figcaption>A view of Ibyuk Pingo, Canada's tallest <a href="/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo">pingo</a>, and one of eight protected by the <a href="/wiki/Pingo_Canadian_Landmark" title="Pingo Canadian Landmark">Pingo Canadian Landmark</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to national parks, a <a href="/wiki/National_Landmarks_(Canada)" title="National Landmarks (Canada)">National Landmarks</a> program was foreseen in the 1970s and 1980s, but has not been established beyond a single property. Landmarks were intended to protect specific natural features considered "outstanding, exceptional, unique, or rare to this country. These natural features would typically be isolated entities and of scientific interest."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To date, only one Landmark has been established—<b><a href="/wiki/Pingo_Canadian_Landmark" title="Pingo Canadian Landmark">Pingo National Landmark</a></b>—in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>. Another was proposed at the same time (1984)—<b>Nelson Head National Landmark</b>—on the southern tip of <a href="/wiki/Banks_Island" title="Banks Island">Banks Island</a>, also in the Northwest Territories. It was to include some 180 km<sup>2</sup> (70 sq mi), 40 km (25 mi) of coastline, and protect the sea cliffs at Nelson Head and Cape Lambton. Durham Heights were to be included, which reach an elevation of 747 m (2,450 ft). The legislation providing for the Landmark required a formal request be made by the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Environment">Minister of the Environment</a> within 10 years (until 1994).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None was ever made. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_parks_of_Canada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Parks_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Parks of Canada">List of national parks of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Canada" title="Protected areas of Canada">Protected areas of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_parks_of_Canada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParks_Canada_Agency2023" class="citation web cs1">Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (November 30, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parks.canada.ca/pn-np">"National parks - Parks Canada - National parks"</a>. <i>parks.canada.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parks.canada.ca&rft.atitle=National+parks+-+Parks+Canada+-+National+parks&rft.date=2023-11-30&rft.aulast=Parks+Canada+Agency&rft.aufirst=Government+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparks.canada.ca%2Fpn-np&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+parks+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell_2011_p.-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2011_p._2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2011_p._2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2011" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, C.E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uGBAYgEACAAJ"><i>A Century of Parks Canada, 1911-2011</i></a>. Canadian history and environment series. University of Calgary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55238-526-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55238-526-5"><bdi>978-1-55238-526-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Parks+Canada%2C+1911-2011&rft.series=Canadian+history+and+environment+series&rft.pub=University+of+Calgary+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-55238-526-5&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuGBAYgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+parks+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/v-g/nation/nation2.aspx/">"National Parks System Plan, 3rd Edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130208212140/http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/v-g/nation/nation2.aspx">Archived</a> February 8, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dixon-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dixon_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/arts/movies/the-national-parks-project-wildlife-and-wild-music/article2028806/">"The National Parks Project: Wildlife and wild music"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>, May 20, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170308125301/http://www.commandesparcs-parksorders.ca/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?storeId=22953&urlLangId=-1&productId=524528">"Free Park Canada passes"</a>. <i>commandesparcs-parksorders.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commandesparcs-parksorders.ca/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?storeId=22953&urlLangId=-1&productId=524528">the original</a> on March 8, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commandesparcs-parksorders.ca&rft.atitle=Free+Park+Canada+passes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commandesparcs-parksorders.ca%2Fwebapp%2Fwcs%2Fstores%2Fservlet%2FProductDisplay%3FstoreId%3D22953%26urlLangId%3D-1%26productId%3D524528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+parks+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://parks.canada.ca/pn-np/nt/thaidene-nene#:~:text=At%20its%20core%20is%20Thaidene,Reserve%2C%20Canada%27s%20newest%20national%20park.">[1]</a> | Government of Canada</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parks.canada.ca/pn-np/cnpn-cnnp/pituamkek/visit">"Establishment of the 48th National Park in Canada Pituamkek National Park Reserve"</a>. <i>Parks Canada</i>. August 6, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parks+Canada&rft.atitle=Establishment+of+the+48th+National+Park+in+Canada+Pituamkek+National+Park+Reserve&rft.date=2024-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparks.canada.ca%2Fpn-np%2Fcnpn-cnnp%2Fpituamkek%2Fvisit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+parks+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lothian, W.F. "A Brief History of Canada's National Parks." (Ottawa, Ontario: Environment Canada, 1987), p.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lothian, p.17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lothian, p.22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, Claire Elizabeth. "A Century of Parks Canada, 1911–2011." (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2011), p.58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, p.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, p.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, p.59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul F. J. Eagles, Stephen F. McCool. Tourism in National Parks and protected areas: planning and management. CABI, 2002. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leslie Bella Parks for Profit. Harvest House, 1987. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patton, Brian. <i>Parkways of the Canadian Rockies.</i> Summerthought Publishing. 2008. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patton, Brian. <i>Parkways of the Canadian Rockies.</i> Summerthought Publishing. 2008. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W.F. Lothian. Brief History of Canada's National Parks. Environment Canada, Parks, 1987. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W.F. Lothian. Brief History of Canada's National Parks. Environment Canada, Parks, 1987. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bella, Leslie. <i>Parks for Profit.</i> (Montreal: Harvest House, 1987), p.26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Robert. 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Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2011. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maclaren, 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Brad. “Negotiating a Partnership of Interests: Inuvialuit Land Claims and the Establishment of Northern Yukon (Ivvavik) National Park” A Century of Parks Canada, 1911–2001. Edited by Claire Campbell. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2011. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maclaren, 338, 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maclaren, 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neufeld, David. “Kluane National Park Reserve, 1923–1974: Modernity and Pluralism” A Century of Parks Canada, 1911–2001. Edited by Claire Campbell. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2011. 245–247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudin, Ronald. “Kouchibouguac: Representations of a Park in Acadian Popular Culture” A Century of Parks Canada, 1911–2001. Edited by Claire Campbell. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2011. 206, 207, 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudin, 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudin, 212, 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudin, 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudin, 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bella, Leslie. "Parks for Profit." 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Oxford: Oxford University Press p117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodley, p126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks_Canada2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a> (February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022095725/http://www.pc.gc.ca/apprendre-learn/prof/itm2-crp-trc/htm/evolution_e.asp">"Completing Canada's National Parks System"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/apprendre-learn/prof/itm2-crp-trc/htm/evolution_e.asp">the original</a> on October 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Pc.gc.ca. July 14, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/progs/amnc-nmca/cnamnc-cnnmca/dgs-ssg/index_e.asp">the original</a> on February 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Canada: CBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CBC+News+%E2%80%93+Feds+to+fund+Northwest+Passage+marine+park+study&rft.place=Canada&rft.pub=CBC&rft.date=2009-12-09&rft.au=The+Canadian+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnorth%2Ffeds-to-fund-northwest-passage-marine-park-study-1.801711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+parks+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120530092339/http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/v-g/pingo/sec6/index_e.asp">"Pingo National Landmark management—Parks Canada"</a>. Pc.gc.ca. September 7, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/v-g/pingo/sec6/index_e.asp">the original</a> on May 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pingo+National+Landmark+management%E2%80%94Parks+Canada&rft.pub=Pc.gc.ca&rft.date=2010-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc.gc.ca%2Fdocs%2Fv-g%2Fpingo%2Fsec6%2Findex_e.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+parks+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/pr/agr/inu/wesar_e.pdf">The Inuvialuit Final Agreement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030804100633/http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/pr/agr/inu/wesar_e.pdf">Archived</a> August 4, 2003, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Sec. 7 (77–81))</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_parks_of_Canada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Campbell, Claire Elizabeth (ed.). <i>A Century of Parks in Canada, 1911-2011</i>. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2011.</li> <li>MacEachern, Alan. <i>Natural Selections: National Parks in Atlantic Canada, 1935-1970</i>. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001.</li> <li>Reichwein, PearlAnn. <i><a href="/wiki/Climber%27s_Paradise:_Making_Canada%27s_Mountain_National_Parks,_1906-1974" class="mw-redirect" title="Climber's Paradise: Making Canada's Mountain National Parks, 1906-1974">Climber's Paradise: Making Canada's Mountain National Parks, 1906-1974</a></i>. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2014.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_parks_of_Canada&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" 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class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031006042946/http://www.wwfcanada.org/">Archived</a> October 6, 2003, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parkwardens.ca/">National Park Warden Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_Canada" title="Atlas of Canada">Atlas of Canada</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070608001251/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/parks.html">National Parks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfb.ca/film/Enduring_Wilderness/"><i>The Enduring Wilderness</i>, a tour of Canada's National Parks</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:National_parks_of_Canada" title="Template:National parks of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_parks_of_Canada" title="Template talk:National parks of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_parks_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National parks of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_parks_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National parks of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Canada" title="List of national parks of Canada">National parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akami%E2%88%92Uapishk%E1%B5%98%E2%88%92KakKasuak%E2%88%92Mealy_Mountains_National_Park_Reserve" title="Akami−Uapishkᵘ−KakKasuak−Mealy Mountains National Park Reserve">Akami−Uapishkᵘ−KakKasuak−Mealy Mountains</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulavik_National_Park" title="Aulavik National Park">Aulavik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auyuittuq_National_Park" title="Auyuittuq National Park">Auyuittuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Peninsula_National_Park" title="Bruce Peninsula National Park">Bruce Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park" title="Cape Breton Highlands National Park">Cape Breton Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk_Island_National_Park" title="Elk Island National Park">Elk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forillon_National_Park" title="Forillon National Park">Forillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundy_National_Park" title="Fundy National Park">Fundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Bay_Islands_National_Park" title="Georgian Bay Islands National Park">Georgian Bay Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(Canada)" title="Glacier National Park (Canada)">Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasslands_National_Park" title="Grasslands National Park">Grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gros_Morne_National_Park" title="Gros Morne National Park">Gros Morne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Islands_National_Park_Reserve" title="Gulf Islands National Park Reserve">Gulf Islands</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwaii_Haanas_National_Park_Reserve_and_Haida_Heritage_Site" title="Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site">Gwaii Haanas and Haida</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivvavik_National_Park" title="Ivvavik National Park">Ivvavik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_National_Park" title="Jasper National Park">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejimkujik_National_Park" title="Kejimkujik National Park">Kejimkujik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluane_National_Park_and_Reserve" title="Kluane National Park and Reserve">Kluane</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kootenay_National_Park" title="Kootenay National Park">Kootenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouchibouguac_National_Park" title="Kouchibouguac National Park">Kouchibouguac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mauricie_National_Park" title="La Mauricie National Park">La Mauricie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingan_Archipelago_National_Park_Reserve" title="Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve">Mingan Archipelago</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Revelstoke_National_Park" title="Mount Revelstoke National Park">Mount Revelstoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1%C3%A1ts%27ihch%27oh_National_Park_Reserve" title="Nááts'ihch'oh National Park Reserve">Nááts'ihch'oh</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanni_National_Park_Reserve" title="Nahanni National Park Reserve">Nahanni</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim_National_Park_Reserve" title="Pacific Rim National Park Reserve">Pacific Rim</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituamkek_National_Park_Reserve" title="Pituamkek National Park Reserve">Pituamkek</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Pelee_National_Park" title="Point Pelee National Park">Point Pelee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_National_Park" title="Prince Albert National Park">Prince Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island_National_Park" title="Prince Edward Island National Park">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukaskwa_National_Park" title="Pukaskwa National Park">Pukaskwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qausuittuq_National_Park" title="Qausuittuq National Park">Qausuittuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quttinirpaaq_National_Park" title="Quttinirpaaq National Park">Quttinirpaaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_Mountain_National_Park" title="Riding Mountain National Park">Riding Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouge_National_Urban_Park" title="Rouge National Urban Park">Rouge</a><sup>U</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable_Island_National_Park_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Sable Island National Park Reserve">Sable Island</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmilik_National_Park" title="Sirmilik National Park">Sirmilik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Okanagan%E2%80%94Similkameen_National_Park_Reserve" title="South Okanagan—Similkameen National Park Reserve">South Okanagan—Similkameen</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_National_Park" title="Terra Nova National Park">Terra Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaidene_N%C3%ABn%C3%A9_National_Park_Reserve" title="Thaidene Nëné National Park Reserve">Thaidene Nëné</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands_National_Park" title="Thousand Islands National Park">Thousand Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torngat_Mountains_National_Park" title="Torngat Mountains National Park">Torngat Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuktut_Nogait_National_Park" title="Tuktut Nogait National Park">Tuktut Nogait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukkusiksalik_National_Park" title="Ukkusiksalik National Park">Ukkusiksalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuntut_National_Park" title="Vuntut National Park">Vuntut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapusk_National_Park" title="Wapusk National Park">Wapusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterton_Lakes_National_Park" title="Waterton Lakes National Park">Waterton Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_Buffalo_National_Park" title="Wood Buffalo National Park">Wood Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoho_National_Park" title="Yoho National Park">Yoho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Conservation_Area" title="National Marine Conservation Area">Marine Conservation Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathom_Five_National_Marine_Park" title="Fathom Five National Marine Park">Fathom Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwaii_Haanas_National_Marine_Conservation_Area_Reserve_and_Haida_Heritage_Site" title="Gwaii Haanas National Marine Conservation Area Reserve and Haida Heritage Site">Gwaii Haanas and Haida</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior_National_Marine_Conservation_Area" title="Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area">Lake Superior</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_Islands" title="Magdalen Islands">Magdalen Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguenay%E2%80%93St._Lawrence_Marine_Park" title="Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park">Saguenay-St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Georgia" title="Strait of Georgia">Strait of Georgia</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tallurutiup_Imanga_National_Marine_Conservation_Area" title="Tallurutiup Imanga National Marine Conservation Area">Tallurutiup Imanga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Landmarks_(Canada)" title="National Landmarks (Canada)">National Landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pingo_Canadian_Landmark" title="Pingo Canadian Landmark">Pingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Proposed</i></li> <li><sup>†</sup> Reserve</li> <li><sup>U</sup> Urban</li> <li><sup>‡</sup> Park and Reserve</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a></b> <br />(<b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces<br />and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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