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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ekonomi buruh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 48 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84" title="اقتصاديات العمل – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اقتصاديات العمل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE" title="শ্ৰম – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শ্ৰম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_llaboral" title="Economía llaboral – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Economía llaboral" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fm%C9%99k_bazar%C4%B1" title="Əmək bazarı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əmək bazarı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D2%99%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82_%D0%B8%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Хеҙмәт иҡтисады – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хеҙмәт иҡтисады" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Эканоміка працы – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эканоміка працы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Икономика на труда – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Икономика на труда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="শ্রম অর্থশাস্ত্র – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্রম অর্থশাস্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_laboral" title="Economia laboral – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Economia laboral" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomie_pr%C3%A1ce" title="Ekonomie práce – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ekonomie práce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbejdsmarkeds%C3%B8konomi" title="Arbejdsmarkedsøkonomi – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arbejdsmarkedsøkonomi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeitsmarkt%C3%B6konomik" title="Arbeitsmarktökonomik – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arbeitsmarktökonomik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Οικονομική της εργασίας – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οικονομική της εργασίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Labour economics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laborekonomiko" title="Laborekonomiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laborekonomiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_laboral" title="Economía laboral – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Economía laboral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6%C3%B6turg" title="Tööturg – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tööturg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan-ekonomia" title="Lan-ekonomia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lan-ekonomia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اقتصاد کار – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقتصاد کار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty%C3%B6n_taloustiede" title="Työn taloustiede – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Työn taloustiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_du_travail" title="Économie du travail – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Économie du travail" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_do_traballo" title="Economía do traballo – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Economía do traballo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munkagazdas%C3%A1gtan" title="Munkagazdaságtan – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Munkagazdaságtan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աշխատուժի տնտեսագիտություն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աշխատուժի տնտեսագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_del_lavoro" title="Economia del lavoro – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Economia del lavoro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E5%AD%A6" title="労働経済学 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="労働経済学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%99%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="노동경제학 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노동경제학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darba_ekonomika" title="Darba ekonomika – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Darba ekonomika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Трудова економија – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трудова економија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%B4%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Хөдөлмөрийн эдийн засаг – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хөдөлмөрийн эдийн засаг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeidseconomie" title="Arbeidseconomie – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arbeidseconomie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeidsmarkeds%C3%B8konomi" title="Arbeidsmarkedsøkonomi – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arbeidsmarkedsøkonomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomika_pracy" title="Ekonomika pracy – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ekonomika pracy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_do_trabalho" title="Economia do trabalho – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Economia do trabalho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Экономика труда – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экономика труда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomija_rada" title="Ekonomija rada – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ekonomija rada" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trg_dela" title="Trg dela – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trg dela" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomia_e_pun%C3%ABs" title="Ekonomia e punës – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekonomia e punës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Економија рада – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Економија рада" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbetsmarknadsekonomi" title="Arbetsmarknadsekonomi – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arbetsmarknadsekonomi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="உழைப்பு (பொருளியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உழைப்பு (பொருளியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomika_ng_paggawa" title="Ekonomika ng paggawa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ekonomika ng paggawa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87al%C4%B1%C5%9Fma_ekonomisi" title="Çalışma ekonomisi – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çalışma ekonomisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96" title="Економіка праці – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Економіка праці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehnat_iqtisodiyoti" title="Mehnat iqtisodiyoti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mehnat iqtisodiyoti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_t%E1%BA%BF_h%E1%BB%8Dc_lao_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng" title="Kinh tế học lao động – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kinh tế học lao động" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="勞動經濟學 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="勞動經濟學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="勞動經濟學 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="勞動經濟學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28161#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_buruh" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Ekonomi_buruh" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_buruh"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_buruh&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_buruh&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_buruh&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_buruh"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_buruh&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_buruh&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_buruh&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Ekonomi_buruh" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Ekonomi_buruh" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_buruh&oldid=25346666" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_buruh&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Ekonomi_buruh&id=25346666&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEkonomi_buruh"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEkonomi_buruh"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Ekonomi+buruh"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ekonomi_buruh&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_buruh&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Labour_economics" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28161" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:%22Emergency_-_Your_help_is_Needed_to_Can_the_Crops%22_-_NARA_-_513835.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%22Emergency_-_Your_help_is_Needed_to_Can_the_Crops%22_-_NARA_-_513835.tif/lossy-page1-200px-%22Emergency_-_Your_help_is_Needed_to_Can_the_Crops%22_-_NARA_-_513835.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%22Emergency_-_Your_help_is_Needed_to_Can_the_Crops%22_-_NARA_-_513835.tif/lossy-page1-300px-%22Emergency_-_Your_help_is_Needed_to_Can_the_Crops%22_-_NARA_-_513835.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%22Emergency_-_Your_help_is_Needed_to_Can_the_Crops%22_-_NARA_-_513835.tif/lossy-page1-400px-%22Emergency_-_Your_help_is_Needed_to_Can_the_Crops%22_-_NARA_-_513835.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2054" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption> Tanda "dibutuhkan bantuan" -- merekrut buruh yang tersedia untuk pekerjaan.</figcaption></figure> <table style="line-height:140%; font-size: 95%; margin: 0.3em 0 0.6em 0.6em; border: 1px solid #BEBEBE; background-color:#f9f9f9; clear:right; float:right;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 75%; background:#ccccdd; border-bottom: 1px solid #BEBEBE; padding: 5px 5px 3px 5px;" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi" title="Ekonomi">Ekonomi</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#FFFFFF;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:GDP_PPP_Per_Capita_IMF_2008.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GDP_PPP_Per_Capita_IMF_2008.svg/200px-GDP_PPP_Per_Capita_IMF_2008.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GDP_PPP_Per_Capita_IMF_2008.svg/300px-GDP_PPP_Per_Capita_IMF_2008.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GDP_PPP_Per_Capita_IMF_2008.svg/400px-GDP_PPP_Per_Capita_IMF_2008.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="820" /></a></span><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="NavFrame" style="border-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: center; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; border-bottom: 0px;"><div class="NavHead" style="border-style: none; padding: 0px; background:#FFFFFF; text-align: left; font-size: 11px; height:1.9em;">  <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_bangsa_dan_negara_saat_ini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi bangsa dan negara saat ini (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekonomi menurut kawasan</a></b> </div><div class="NavContent" style="border-style: none; padding: 0px; background-color:transparent; font-size: 90%; text-align: center; display:none; border-top: 1px solid #BEBEBE;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Afrika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Afrika (halaman belum tersedia)">Afrika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Amerika_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Amerika Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Amerika</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Amerika_Selatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Amerika Selatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Amerika Selatan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Asia (halaman belum tersedia)">Asia</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Eropa (halaman belum tersedia)">Eropa</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Oseania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Oseania (halaman belum tersedia)">Oseania</a><br /> </p> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddddee; font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid #BEBEBE; border-bottom: 1px solid #BEBEBE; padding: 0 3px 0 3px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_Besar_ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis Besar ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Kategori umum</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 3px 0 3px;"><center> <p><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_mikro" title="Ekonomi mikro">Ekonomi mikro</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_makro" title="Ekonomi makro">Ekonomi makro</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_pemikiran_ekonomi" title="Sejarah pemikiran ekonomi">Sejarah pemikiran ekonomi</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Metodologi_ekonomi" title="Metodologi ekonomi">Metodologi</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_heterodoks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi heterodoks (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendekatan heterodoks</a> </p> </center></td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddddee; font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid #BEBEBE; border-bottom: 1px solid #BEBEBE; padding: 0 3px 0 3px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kode_klasifikasi_menurut_Journal_of_Economic_Literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kode klasifikasi menurut Journal of Economic Literature (halaman belum tersedia)">Bidang dan subbidang</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 3px 0 3px;"> <center> <p><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_perilaku" title="Ekonomi perilaku">Perilaku</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Budaya_ekonomi" title="Budaya ekonomi">Budaya</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Evolusi</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Pertumbuhan_ekonomi" title="Pertumbuhan ekonomi">Pertumbuhan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengembangan_ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengembangan ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengembangan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_ekonomi" title="Sejarah ekonomi">Sejarah</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Internasional" title="Ekonomi Internasional">Internasional</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sistem_ekonomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem ekonomi">Sistem ekonomi</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moneter_ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moneter ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Keuangan</a> <span style="color:blue"> dan </span> <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_keuangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekonomi keuangan">Ekonomi keuangan</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_masyarakat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi masyarakat (halaman belum tersedia)">Masyarakat</a> <span style="color:blue"> dan </span> <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_kesejahteraan" title="Ekonomi kesejahteraan">Ekonomi kesejahteraan</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_kesehatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekonomi kesehatan">Kesehatan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buruh</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_manajerial" title="Ekonomi manajerial">Manajerial</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_bisnis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi bisnis (halaman belum tersedia)">Bisnis Informasi</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_informasi" title="Ekonomi informasi">Informasi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Teori_permainan" title="Teori permainan">Teori permainan</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisasi_Industri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisasi Industri (halaman belum tersedia)">Organisasi Industri</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_dan_Ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum dan Ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Hukum</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_pertanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekonomi pertanian">Pertanian</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_sumber_daya_alam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi sumber daya alam (halaman belum tersedia)">Sumber daya alam</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_lingkungan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekonomi lingkungan">Lingkungan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_ekologis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekonomi ekologis">Ekologis</a> <br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografi_Ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geografi Ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Geografi Ekonomi</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_perkotaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi perkotaan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kota</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_pedesaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi pedesaan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pedesaan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilmu_kawasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilmu kawasan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peta_ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peta ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Peta ekonomi</a> </p> </center></td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddddee; font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid #BEBEBE; border-bottom: 1px solid #BEBEBE; padding: 0 3px 0 3px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JEL classification codes (halaman belum tersedia)">Teknik</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 3px 0 3px;"> <center> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_matematika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi matematika (halaman belum tersedia)">Matematika</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ekonometrika" title="Ekonometrika">Ekonometrika</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_eksperimental" title="Ekonomi eksperimental">Eksperimental</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Neraca_nasional" title="Neraca nasional">Neraca nasional</a> </p> </center></td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ddddee; font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid #BEBEBE; border-bottom: 1px solid #BEBEBE; padding: 0 3px 0 3px;" align="center"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Daftar_Ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Daftar Ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 3px 0 3px;" align="center"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_jurnal_ilmiah_dalam_ilmu_ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar jurnal ilmiah dalam ilmu ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Jurnal</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_publikasi_penting_dalam_ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar publikasi penting dalam ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Publikasi</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Ekonomi" title="Kategori:Ekonomi">Kategori</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_topik_ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar topik ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Topik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Daftar_ekonom" title="Daftar ekonom">Ekonom</a> <br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="NavFrame" style="border-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: center; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; border-bottom: 0px;"><div class="NavHead" style="border-style: none; padding: 0px; background:#ddddee; border-top: 1px solid #BEBEBE; text-align: center; font-size: 11px; height:1.9em;"><b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideologi_ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ideologi ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Ideologi ekonomi</a></b>  </div><div class="NavContent" style="border-style: none; padding: 0px; background-color:transparent; font-size: 90%; text-align: center; display:none; border-top: 1px solid #BEBEBE;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Anarkis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Anarkis (halaman belum tersedia)">Anarkisme</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme">Kapitalisme</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Komunisme" title="Komunisme">Komunisme</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Korporatisme" title="Korporatisme">Korporatisme</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_fasisme" title="Ekonomi fasisme">Fasisme</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Georgisme" title="Georgisme">Georgisme</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_ekonomi_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum ekonomi Islam (halaman belum tersedia)">Islam</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi_Ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalisasi Ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Globalisasi Ekonomi</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasar_sosialisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasar sosialisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Pasar sosialisme</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Merkantilisme" title="Merkantilisme">Merkantilisme</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteksionis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteksionis (halaman belum tersedia)">Proteksionis</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_sosialis" title="Ekonomi sosialis">Sosialisme</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Sindikalisme" title="Sindikalisme">Sindikalisme</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalan_Ketiga_(sentrisme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalan Ketiga (sentrisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">Jalan Ketiga</a> <br /> </p> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="NavHead" style="border-style: none; padding: 0px; background:#ddddee; border-top: 1px solid #BEBEBE; text-align: center; font-size: 11px; height:1.9em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Perekonomian" class="mw-redirect" title="Perekonomian">Perekonomian: Konsep dan Sejarah</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ccccdd; line-height:120%; font-size: 90%; border-top: 1px solid #BEBEBE; padding: 0 3px 0 3px;" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/15px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/23px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/30px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bisnis_dan_ekonomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Bisnis dan ekonomi">Portal Bisnis dan ekonomi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccccdd; line-height:110%; font-size: 80%; padding: 0 3px 0 3px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>Kotak ini: </span><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Ekonomi" title="Templat:Ekonomi"><span title="Lihat templat ini">lihat</span></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Ekonomi" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Ekonomi"><span title="Diskusikan templat ini">bicara</span></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Ekonomi&action=edit"><span title="Sunting templat ini">sunting</span></a></li></ul></div> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ekonomi buruh</b> atau <b>ekonomi ketenagakerjaan</b>, berupaya memahami fungsionalitas dan cara kerja <a href="/wiki/Pasar" title="Pasar">pasar</a> tenaga kerja upahan . <a href="/wiki/Pekerjaan_(aktivitas_manusia)" title="Pekerjaan (aktivitas manusia)">Tenaga kerja</a> adalah komoditas yang dipasok <a href="/wiki/Buruh" title="Buruh">pekerja buruh</a>, biasanya dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Upah" title="Upah">upah</a> yang dibayarkan perusahaan yang pemberi kerja.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karena para pekerja ini hadir sebagai bagian dari sistem sosial, kelembagaan, atau politik, ekonomi buruh juga harus mempertimbangkan aspek sosial, budaya, dan politik.<sup id="cite_ref-tarling_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tarling-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Pasar tenaga kerja</b> atau <b>pasar kerja</b> berperan melalui intervensi antara pekerja dan pemberi kerja. Ekonomi tenaga kerja melihat penyedia jasa tenaga kerja (pekerja) dan peminat jasa tenaga kerja (pemberi kerja), dan berupaya memahami pola upah, pekerjaan, dan pendapatan yang dihasilkan. Pola-pola ini ada karena setiap orang di pasar dianggap membuat pilihan rasional berdasarkan informasi yang mereka tahu mengenai upah, keinginan untuk memberikan tenaga kerja, dan keinginan untuk rekreasi. Pasar tenaga kerja secara umum dibatasi secara geografis, namun dengan munculnya internet, pasar tenaga kerja di beberapa bidang menjadi 'pasar tenaga kerja dunia'.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tenaga kerja adalah indikator pekerjaan dimana orang melakoninya. Secara umum, tenaga kerja diidentikkan dengan <a href="/wiki/Faktor_produksi" title="Faktor produksi">faktor produksi</a> lainnya, seperti <a href="/wiki/Lahan" title="Lahan">lahan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Modal" title="Modal">modal</a>. Sejumlah teori menekankan pada <a href="/wiki/Sumber_daya_manusia" title="Sumber daya manusia">sumber daya manusia</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Kewiraswastaan" title="Kewiraswastaan">kewirausahaan</a>, (yang merujuk pada keahlian yang dimiliki pekerja dan bukan pada hasil kerja yang dihasilkan). Tenaga kerja merupakan hal yang khas untuk dipelajari karena ia merupakan jenis barang khusus yang tak dapat dipisahkan dari pemiliknya (misalnya, pekerjaan tak dapat dipisahkan dari orang yang mengerjakannya). Pasar tenaga kerja juga berbeda dengan pasar lain karena pekerja adalah pemasok dan perusahaan adalah peminat.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_buruh&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_buruh&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:04-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Borjas, George J. (14 January 2015). <i>Labor economics</i> (edisi ke-Seventh). New York, NY. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-07-802188-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-07-802188-6">978-0-07-802188-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/889577338">889577338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labor+economics&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.date=2015-01-14&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F889577338&rft.isbn=978-0-07-802188-6&rft.au=Borjas%2C+George+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkonomi+buruh" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/labor">"Definition of LABOR"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+LABOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Flabor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkonomi+buruh" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tarling-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tarling_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Tarling, R. (1987). "Labour Markets". Dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Eatwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Eatwell (halaman belum tersedia)">Eatwell, John</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Milgate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murray Milgate (halaman belum tersedia)">Milgate, Murray</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kenneth_Newman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Kenneth Newman (halaman belum tersedia)">Newman, Peter</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (halaman belum tersedia)">The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</a></i> (edisi ke-1st). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. hlm. 1–4. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_1213-1">10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1213-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-349-95121-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-349-95121-5">978-1-349-95121-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Labour+Markets&rft.btitle=The+New+Palgrave%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Economics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-4&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_1213-1&rft.isbn=978-1-349-95121-5&rft.aulast=Tarling&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkonomi+buruh" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Graham, Mark; Anwar, Mohammad Amir (2019-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/9913">"The global gig economy: Towards a planetary labour market?"</a>. <i>First Monday</i>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v24i4.9913">10.5210/fm.v24i4.9913</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1396-0466">1396-0466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Monday&rft.atitle=The+global+gig+economy%3A+Towards+a+planetary+labour+market%3F&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5210%2Ffm.v24i4.9913&rft.issn=1396-0466&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Anwar%2C+Mohammad+Amir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uic.edu%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Ffm%2Farticle%2Fview%2F9913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkonomi+buruh" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18342415">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:ThreeCoins.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ikon rintisan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/ThreeCoins.svg/40px-ThreeCoins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/ThreeCoins.svg/60px-ThreeCoins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/ThreeCoins.svg/80px-ThreeCoins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">Artikel bertopik ekonomi ini adalah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rintisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Rintisan">rintisan</a>. 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