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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Types </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Range_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Range and habitat </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Range_and_habitat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Range and habitat subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Range_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Feeding </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Feeding subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Fish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mammals_and_birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals_and_birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Mammals and birds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals_and_birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Behaviour </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Behaviour subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Social structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocalizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocalizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Vocalizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocalizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Intelligence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Life cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Relationship with humans </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relationship with humans subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Indigenous cultures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_by_wild_orcas_on_humans_and_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_by_wild_orcas_on_humans_and_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Attacks by wild orcas on humans and animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_by_wild_orcas_on_humans_and_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orca_attacks_on_sailboats_and_small_vessels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orca_attacks_on_sailboats_and_small_vessels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Orca attacks on sailboats and small vessels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orca_attacks_on_sailboats_and_small_vessels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_humans_by_captive_orcas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_humans_by_captive_orcas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Attacks on humans by captive orcas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_humans_by_captive_orcas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_attacks_on_orcas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_attacks_on_orcas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Human attacks on orcas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_attacks_on_orcas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Western_attitudes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Western_attitudes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Modern Western attitudes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Western_attitudes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Whaling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cooperation_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperation_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7.1 Cooperation with humans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperation_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whale_watching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whale_watching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.8 Whale watching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whale_watching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Captivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Captivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.9 Captivity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Captivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Orca</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 108 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" > 108 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moordwalvis" title="Moordwalvis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Moordwalvis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miekkiv%C3%A4%C3%A4lis" title="Miekkiväälis – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Miekkiväälis" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84" title="حوت قاتل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حوت قاتل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcinus_orca" title="Orcinus orca – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Orcinus orca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirachuguasu" title="Pirachuguasu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pirachuguasu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%82%D8%A7" title="قاتیل ناققا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قاتیل ناققا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orka" title="Orka – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Orka" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="ঘাতক তিমি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঘাতক তিমি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3%CD%98-keng" title="Hó͘-keng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hó͘-keng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Касатка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Касатка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Касатка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Касатка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orca" title="Orca – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Orca" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Косатка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Косатка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="སྟག་ཆུ་སྲིན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྟག་ཆུ་སྲིན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orka" title="Orka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Orka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoazog" title="Skoazog – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skoazog" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orca" title="Orca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcinus_orca" title="Orcinus orca – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Orcinus orca" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosatka_drav%C3%A1" title="Kosatka dravá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kosatka dravá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleiddiad" title="Lleiddiad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lleiddiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A6khugger" title="Spækhugger – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spækhugger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بران – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بران" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahkon" title="Fahkon – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Fahkon" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwertwal" title="Schwertwal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwertwal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3%C3%B3%CA%BCtsoh_%C5%82izhin_d%C3%B3%C3%B3_%C5%82igaa%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Łóóʼtsoh łizhin dóó łigaaígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Łóóʼtsoh łizhin dóó łigaaígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B5%C3%B5kvaal" title="Mõõkvaal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mõõkvaal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Όρκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όρκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcinus_orca" title="Orcinus orca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orcinus orca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_orcino" title="Granda orcino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Granda orcino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orka" title="Orka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Orka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84" title="نهنگ قاتل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نهنگ قاتل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3ghv%C3%ADtuhvalur" title="Bóghvítuhvalur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bóghvítuhvalur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orque" title="Orque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A1in_dhubh" title="Cráin dhubh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cráin dhubh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madadh-cuain" title="Madadh-cuain – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Madadh-cuain" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candorca" title="Candorca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Candorca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BA-k%C3%AEn" title="Fú-kîn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fú-kîn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%94%EA%B3%A0%EB%9E%98" title="범고래 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="범고래" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Խոյադելֆին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խոյադելֆին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="किलर व्हेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="किलर व्हेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orka" title="Orka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Orka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orko" title="Orko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Orko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguni" title="Seguni – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seguni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8B%E1%95%90%E1%93%97%E1%92%83" title="ᐋᕐᓗᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐋᕐᓗᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aa%C4%A1lu" title="Aaġlu – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Aaġlu" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гайамар – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гайамар" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1hyrningur" title="Háhyrningur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Háhyrningur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcinus_orca" title="Orcinus orca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orcinus orca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="קטלן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קטלן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_pembunuh" title="Paus pembunuh – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paus pembunuh" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarluk" title="Aarluk – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Aarluk" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="ცელნამგალა ვეშაპი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცელნამგალა ვეშაპი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D2%AF%D1%82%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96)" title="Косатка (сүтқоректі) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Косатка (сүтқоректі)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomboo_Muuaji" title="Pomboo Muuaji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pomboo Muuaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binjol_(Orcinus_orca)" title="Binjol (Orcinus orca) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Binjol (Orcinus orca)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orca" title="Orca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Orca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zobenvalis" title="Zobenvalis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zobenvalis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orca" title="Orca – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Orca" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Did%C5%BEioji_orka" title="Didžioji orka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didžioji orka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orka" title="Orka – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Orka" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardsz%C3%A1rny%C3%BA_delfin" title="Kardszárnyú delfin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kardszárnyú delfin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82_%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Кит убиец – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кит убиец" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trozona_mpamono" title="Trozona mpamono – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Trozona mpamono" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="കൊലയാളിത്തിമിംഗലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊലയാളിത്തിമിംഗലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84" title="حوت قاتل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حوت قاتل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_buding" title="Paus buding – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paus buding" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Алуурчин халим – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Алуурчин халим" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC" title="အော်ကာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အော်ကာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orka" title="Orka – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Orka" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%81" title="シャチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spekkhogger" title="Spekkhogger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spekkhogger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spekkhoggar" title="Spekkhoggar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Spekkhoggar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcinus_orca" title="Orcinus orca – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Orcinus orca" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92rca" title="Òrca – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Òrca" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%98%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF" title="ଘାତକ ତିମି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଘାତକ ତିମି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosatka" title="Kosatka – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kosatka" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اورکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اورکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF" title="وژونکی نهنگ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وژونکی نهنگ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orka_oceaniczna" title="Orka oceaniczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Orka oceaniczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orca" title="Orca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Orca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcinus_orca" title="Orcinus orca – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Orcinus orca" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5)" title="Косатка (млекопитающее) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Косатка (млекопитающее)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer" title="Springer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Springer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balena_vras%C3%ABse" title="Balena vrasëse – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Balena vrasëse" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orca" title="Orca – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Orca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_whale" title="Killer whale – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Killer whale" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosatka_drav%C3%A1" title="Kosatka dravá – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kosatka dravá" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orka" title="Orka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Orka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%98" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Largest living species of dolphin</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Orca_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Orca (disambiguation)">Orca (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Killer Whale" redirects here. For The Avengers episode, see <a href="/wiki/Killer_Whale_(The_Avengers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Killer Whale (The Avengers)">Killer Whale (The Avengers)</a>. For 1962 tokusatsu film, see <a href="/wiki/Killer_Whale_(film)" title="Killer Whale (film)">Killer Whale (film)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Orca Killer whale<a href="#cite_note-MSW3-1">[1]</a> <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> to recent<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:216.06369230769px; width:3.9363076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:216.06369230769px; width:3.9363076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:217.06369230769px; width:1.9363076923077px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Killerwhales_jumping.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two killer whales jump above the sea surface, showing their black, white and grey colouration. The closer whale is upright and viewed from the side, while the other whale is arching backward to display its underside." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Killerwhales_jumping.jpg/250px-Killerwhales_jumping.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Killerwhales_jumping.jpg/330px-Killerwhales_jumping.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Killerwhales_jumping.jpg/500px-Killerwhales_jumping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1453" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Transient orcas near <a href="/wiki/Unimak_Island" title="Unimak Island">Unimak Island</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_orca_scale.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing a 5.4 meter (18 foot) female killer whale compared to a 1.8 meter (5 foot 11 inches) human scuba diver." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Female_orca_scale.png/250px-Female_orca_scale.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Female_orca_scale.png/330px-Female_orca_scale.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Female_orca_scale.png/500px-Female_orca_scale.png 2x" data-file-width="2289" data-file-height="1230" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">5.4 meter (18 foot) female killer whale compared to 1.8 meter (5 foot 11 inches) human scuba diver</div> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Status_iucn3.1_blank.svg/250px-Status_iucn3.1_blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Status_iucn3.1_blank.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Status_iucn3.1_blank.svg/500px-Status_iucn3.1_blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /> <a href="/wiki/Data_deficient" title="Data deficient">Data Deficient</a>  (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-3">[3]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> Appendix II (<a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CITES-4">[4]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Orcinus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_dolphin" title="Oceanic dolphin">Delphinidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orcinus" title="Orcinus">Orcinus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">O. orca</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Orcinus orca <div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Orca_range.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A world map shows killer whales are found throughout every ocean, except parts of the Arctic. They are also absent from the Black and Baltic seas." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Orca_range.svg/250px-Orca_range.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Orca_range.svg/330px-Orca_range.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Orca_range.svg/500px-Orca_range.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  Orcinus orca <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">range</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Delphinus orca Linnaeus, 1758</li> <li>Delphinus gladiator Bonnaterre, 1789</li> <li>Orca gladiator (Bonnaterre, 1789)</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> The orca (Orcinus orca), or killer whale, is a <a href="/wiki/Toothed_whale" title="Toothed whale">toothed whale</a> and the largest member of the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_dolphin" title="Oceanic dolphin">oceanic dolphin</a> family. The only <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> species in the genus <a href="/wiki/Orcinus" title="Orcinus">Orcinus</a>, it is recognizable by its black-and-white patterned body. A <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmopolitan species">cosmopolitan species</a>, it inhabits a wide range of marine environments, from <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic regions</a> to tropical seas. Orcas are <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predators</a> with a diverse diet. Individual populations often specialize in particular types of prey, including <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoids">rays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">dolphins, and whales</a>. They are highly <a href="/wiki/Social_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Social animal">social</a>, with some populations forming stable <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> family groups (pods). Their sophisticated hunting techniques and vocal behaviors, often unique to specific groups and passed down through generation to generation, are considered to be manifestations of <a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">animal culture</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN) lists the orca's <a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">conservation status</a> as <a href="/wiki/Data_deficient" title="Data deficient">data deficient</a> as multiple orca types may represent <a href="/wiki/Species_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Species problem">distinct species</a>. Some local populations are <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened</a> or <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a> due to prey depletion, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a>, pollution (by <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a>), captures for <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal_park" title="Marine mammal park">marine parks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing#Environmental_Risk" title="Commercial fishing">conflicts with fisheries</a>. In late 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_resident_killer_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern resident killer whale">southern resident orcas</a> were added on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service_list_of_endangered_species_of_mammals_and_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species of mammals and birds">U.S. Endangered Species list</a>. Orcas rarely pose a threat to humans, and no fatal attack has been recorded in the wild. However, <a href="/wiki/Orca_attacks#Captive_orca_attacks" title="Orca attacks">captive orcas have injured or killed their handlers</a> in marine theme parks. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2></div> Orcas are commonly called 'killer whales' due to a mistranslation of the Spanish phrase 'asesino de ballenas' which means 'whale killer.' This name comes from ancient sailors observing them hunt larger whales.<a href="#cite_note-whales.org-6">[6]</a> Since the 1960s, the term "orca" has increasingly replaced "killer whale" in common usage.<a href="#cite_note-price-7">[7]</a> Although some sources suggests that Orcinus means 'of the kingdom of the dead',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordEllisBalcomb200069-8">[8]</a> the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</a> (ICZN) mentions that the name orca originates from Latin word orca, meaning 'a large-bellied pot.' Orcinus is a derived form created by adding a masculine suffix to it.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Romans</a> originally used orca<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> orcae) for these animals, possibly borrowing <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> ὄρυξ (óryx), which was used for various whale species potentially including the <a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">narwhal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Liddel-11">[11]</a> As members of the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Delphinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphinidae">Delphinidae</a>, orcas are more closely related to other oceanic dolphins than to whales.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> They are sometimes referred to as 'blackfish', a term also used for other cetaceans. Historically, 'grampus' was another name for the species,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> though it is now rarely used. This usage should not be confused with the genus Grampus, which includes only <a href="/wiki/Risso%27s_dolphin" title="Risso's dolphin">Risso's dolphin(Grampus griseus)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Orcinus_citoniensis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Orcinus_citoniensis.JPG/250px-Orcinus_citoniensis.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Orcinus_citoniensis.JPG/330px-Orcinus_citoniensis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Orcinus_citoniensis.JPG/500px-Orcinus_citoniensis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="1632" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Orcinus_citoniensis" title="Orcinus citoniensis">Orcinus citoniensis</a> fossil, an extinct species of the same genus, Museo Capellini in <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Museum_-_Workshop_-_Lecture_hall,_killer_whale_skeleton_suspended_from_ceiling2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Museum_-_Workshop_-_Lecture_hall%2C_killer_whale_skeleton_suspended_from_ceiling2.jpg/250px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Museum_-_Workshop_-_Lecture_hall%2C_killer_whale_skeleton_suspended_from_ceiling2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Museum_-_Workshop_-_Lecture_hall%2C_killer_whale_skeleton_suspended_from_ceiling2.jpg/330px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Museum_-_Workshop_-_Lecture_hall%2C_killer_whale_skeleton_suspended_from_ceiling2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Museum_-_Workshop_-_Lecture_hall%2C_killer_whale_skeleton_suspended_from_ceiling2.jpg/500px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Museum_-_Workshop_-_Lecture_hall%2C_killer_whale_skeleton_suspended_from_ceiling2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="1413" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Modern orca skeleton, <a href="/wiki/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center" title="Naturalis Biodiversity Center">Naturalis</a>, Leiden</div></div></div></div></div> Orcinus orca is the only <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> species recognized in the genus <a href="/wiki/Orcinus" title="Orcinus">Orcinus</a> and one of many species originally described by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in his landmark 1758 <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">10th edition of Systema Naturae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a> wrote the first scientific description of an orca in his Piscium & aquatilium animantium natura of 1558, part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Historia_animalium_(Gessner_book)" title="Historia animalium (Gessner book)">Historia animalium</a>, based on examination of a dead <a href="/wiki/Beached_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Beached whale">stranded</a> animal in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Greifswald" title="Bay of Greifswald">Bay of Greifswald</a> that had attracted a great deal of local interest.<a href="#cite_note-Greifswald_church-16">[16]</a> The orca is one of 35 species in the <a href="/wiki/Delphinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphinidae">oceanic dolphin family</a>, which first appeared about 11 million years ago. The orca lineage probably branched off shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine200119-17">[17]</a> Although it has morphological similarities with the <a href="/wiki/False_killer_whale" title="False killer whale">false killer whale</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_killer_whale" title="Pygmy killer whale">pygmy killer whale</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pilot_whale" title="Pilot whale">pilot whales</a>, a study of cytochrome b gene sequences indicates that its closest extant relatives are the snubfin dolphins of the genus <a href="/wiki/Orcaella" title="Orcaella">Orcaella</a>.<a href="#cite_note-leduc-18">[18]</a> However, a more recent (2018) study places the orca as a <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister taxon</a> to the Lissodelphininae, a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> that includes <a href="/wiki/Lagenorhynchus" title="Lagenorhynchus">Lagenorhynchus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cephalorhynchus" title="Cephalorhynchus">Cephalorhynchus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In contrast, a 2019 phylogenetic study found the orca to be the second most <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> member of the Delphinidae, with only the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_white-sided_dolphin" title="Atlantic white-sided dolphin">Atlantic white-sided dolphin</a> (Leucopleurus acutus) being more basal.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Orca_types_and_populations" title="Orca types and populations">Orca types and populations</a></div> The three to five types of orcas may be distinct enough to be considered different <a href="/wiki/Race_(biology)" title="Race (biology)">races</a>,<a href="#cite_note-baird-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>, or possibly even <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a><a href="#cite_note-Pitman2003-22">[22]</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Species_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Species problem">Species problem</a>). The <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> reported in 2008, "The <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> of this genus is clearly in need of review, and it is likely that O. orca will be split into a number of different species or at least subspecies over the next few years."<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-3">[3]</a> Although large variation in the ecological distinctiveness of different orca groups complicate simple differentiation into types,<a href="#cite_note-de_bruyn_et_al._2013-23">[23]</a> research off the west coast of North America has identified fish-eating "residents", mammal-eating "transients" and "offshores".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordEllisBalcomb200016–21-24">[24]</a> Other populations have not been as well studied, although specialized fish and mammal eating orcas have been distinguished elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-Jefferson_et_al._1991-25">[25]</a> Mammal-eating orcas in different regions were long thought likely to be closely related, but genetic testing has refuted this hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-Schrope-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> A 2024 study supported the elevation of Eastern North American resident and transient orcas as distinct species, O. ater and O. rectipinnus respectively.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Marine_Mammalogy" title="Society for Marine Mammalogy">Society for Marine Mammalogy</a> declined to recognize the two species, citing uncertainty as to whether the types constituted unique species or subspecies. "Pending a more complete global review and revision", the Society provisionally recognized them as subspecies Orcinus orca ater and O. o. rectipinnus, with O. o. orca as the <a href="/wiki/Nominate_subspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominate subspecies">nominate subspecies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SMM-29">[29]</a> Four types have been documented in the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a>, Types A–D. Two dwarf species, named <a href="/wiki/Orca_types_and_populations" title="Orca types and populations">Orcinus nanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orca_types_and_populations" title="Orca types and populations">Orcinus glacialis</a>, were described during the 1980s by Soviet researchers, but most cetacean researchers are skeptical about their status.<a href="#cite_note-Pitman2003-22">[22]</a> Complete <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">mitochondrial sequencing</a> indicates the two Antarctic groups (types B and C) should be recognized as distinct species, as should the North Pacific transients, leaving the others as subspecies pending additional data.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> A 2019 study of Type D orcas also found them to be distinct from other populations and possibly even a unique species.<a href="#cite_note-Pitman_et_al._2010-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Typical_killer_whale_markings.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Typical_killer_whale_markings.png/250px-Typical_killer_whale_markings.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Typical_killer_whale_markings.png/330px-Typical_killer_whale_markings.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Typical_killer_whale_markings.png/500px-Typical_killer_whale_markings.png 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Different angle views of a typical female orca's appearance</figcaption></figure> Orcas are the largest extant members of the dolphin family. Males typically range from 6 to 8 m (20 to 26 ft) long and weigh in excess of 6 t (5.9 long tons; 6.6 short tons). Females are smaller, generally ranging from 5 to 7 m (16 to 23 ft) and weighing about 3 to 4 t (3.0 to 3.9 long tons; 3.3 to 4.4 short tons).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaird2002129-32">[32]</a> Orcas may attain larger sizes as males have been recorded at 9.8 m (32 ft) and females at 8.5 m (28 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Heyning1988-33">[33]</a> Large males can reach a weight of over 10 t (9.8 long tons; 11 short tons).<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Calves at birth weigh about 180 kg (400 lb) and are about 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) long.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The skeleton of the orca is typical for an oceanic dolphin, but more robust.<a href="#cite_note-Heyning1988-33">[33]</a> They can also reach speeds of up to 56 km/h (35 mph)<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> With their distinctive pigmentation,<a href="#cite_note-Heyning1988-33">[33]</a> adult orcas are rarely confused with any other species.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine200120-39">[39]</a> When seen from a distance, juveniles can be confused with <a href="/wiki/False_killer_whale" title="False killer whale">false killer whales</a> or <a href="/wiki/Risso%27s_dolphin" title="Risso's dolphin">Risso's dolphins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The orca is mostly black but with sharply bordered white areas. The entire lower jaw is white and from here, the colouration stretches across the underside to the genital area; narrowing and expanding some, and extending into lateral flank patches close to the end. The tail fluke (fin) is also white on the underside, while the eyes have white oval-shaped patches behind and above them, and a grey or white "saddle patch" exists behind the dorsal fin and across the back.<a href="#cite_note-Heyning1988-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perrin2-41">[41]</a> Males and females also have different patterns of black and white skin in their genital areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordEllisBalcomb200045-42">[42]</a> In newborns, the white areas are yellow or orange coloured.<a href="#cite_note-Heyning1988-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perrin2-41">[41]</a> Antarctic orcas may have pale grey to nearly white backs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine200120-39">[39]</a> Some Antarctic orcas are brown and yellow due to <a href="/wiki/Diatoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatoms">diatoms</a> in the water.<a href="#cite_note-Pitman2003-22">[22]</a> Both <a href="/wiki/Albino" class="mw-redirect" title="Albino">albino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanistic">melanistic</a> orcas have been documented.<a href="#cite_note-Heyning1988-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orca_sexual_dimorphism.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Orca_sexual_dimorphism.png/220px-Orca_sexual_dimorphism.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Orca_sexual_dimorphism.png/330px-Orca_sexual_dimorphism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Orca_sexual_dimorphism.png/440px-Orca_sexual_dimorphism.png 2x" data-file-width="6112" data-file-height="5120" /></a><figcaption>Adult males' pectoral fins, dorsal fin, and flukes are larger than females. Image shows sexual dimorphism between them.</figcaption></figure> Orca <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoral fin">pectoral fins</a> are large and rounded, resembling paddles, with those of males significantly larger than those of females. <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">Dorsal fins</a> also exhibit <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>, with those of males about 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) high, more than twice the size of the female's, with the male's fin more like an elongated <a href="/wiki/Isosceles_triangle" title="Isosceles triangle">isosceles triangle</a>, whereas the female's is more curved.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In the skull, adult males have longer lower jaws than females, as well as larger <a href="/wiki/External_occipital_crest" title="External occipital crest">occipital crests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNasimovichBannikovHoffmann1996681-44">[44]</a> The snout is blunt and lacks the beak of other species.<a href="#cite_note-Heyning1988-33">[33]</a> The orca's teeth are very strong, and its jaws exert a powerful grip; the upper teeth fall into the gaps between the lower teeth when the mouth is closed. The firm middle and back teeth hold prey in place, while the front teeth are inclined slightly forward and outward to protect them from powerful jerking movements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNasimovichBannikovHoffmann1996683-45">[45]</a> Orcas have good eyesight above and below the water, excellent hearing, and a good sense of touch. They have exceptionally sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">echolocation</a> abilities, detecting the location and characteristics of prey and other objects in the water by emitting clicks and listening for echoes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine200130–32-46">[46]</a> as do other members of the dolphin family. The mean body temperature of the orca is 36 to 38 °C (97 to 100 °F).<a href="#cite_note-seaworld1-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Like most marine mammals, orcas have a layer of insulating <a href="/wiki/Blubber" title="Blubber">blubber</a> ranging from 7.6 to 10 cm (3.0 to 3.9 in) thick beneath the skin.<a href="#cite_note-seaworld1-47">[47]</a> The pulse is about 60 heartbeats per minute when the orca is at the surface, dropping to 30 beats/min when submerged.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer,_Gornall_&_Poulter_(1967)-49">[49]</a> An individual orca can often be identified from its dorsal fin and saddle patch. Variations such as nicks, scratches, and tears on the dorsal fin and the pattern of white or grey in the saddle patch are unique. Published directories contain identifying photographs and names for hundreds of North Pacific animals. Photographic identification has enabled the local population of orcas to be counted each year rather than estimated, and has enabled great insight into life cycles and social structures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeeEllis19921–27-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Range_and_habitat">Range and habitat</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Orca_types_and_populations" title="Orca types and populations">Orca types and populations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orca_porpoising.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A killer whale bursts forward out of the water. Its head is just starting to point downward, and is about a body width above the surface." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Orca_porpoising.jpg/220px-Orca_porpoising.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Orca_porpoising.jpg/330px-Orca_porpoising.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Orca_porpoising.jpg/440px-Orca_porpoising.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>An orca leaps out of the water when swimming—a behaviour known as porpoising—in <a href="/wiki/Hood_Canal" title="Hood Canal">Hood Canal</a></figcaption></figure> Orcas are found in all oceans and most seas. Due to their <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">enormous range</a>, numbers, and density, relative distribution is difficult to estimate,<a href="#cite_note-Forney2007-51">[51]</a> but they clearly prefer higher latitudes and coastal areas over <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">pelagic</a> environments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine200121-52">[52]</a> Areas which serve as major study sites for the species include the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, Norway, the <a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%A9s_Peninsula" title="Valdés Peninsula">Valdés Peninsula</a> of Argentina, the <a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a>, New Zealand and parts of the west coast of North America, from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaird2002128-53">[53]</a> Systematic surveys indicate the highest densities of orcas (>0.40 individuals per 100 km2) in the northeast Atlantic around the <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> coast, in the north Pacific along the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> off much of the coast of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. They are considered "common" (0.20–0.40 individuals per 100 km2) in the eastern Pacific along the coasts of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, in the North Atlantic Ocean around <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Forney2007-51">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_Killer_Whale_Types.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Antarctic_Killer_Whale_Types.png/170px-Antarctic_Killer_Whale_Types.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Antarctic_Killer_Whale_Types.png/255px-Antarctic_Killer_Whale_Types.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Antarctic_Killer_Whale_Types.png/340px-Antarctic_Killer_Whale_Types.png 2x" data-file-width="2006" data-file-height="3554" /></a><figcaption>Variations in Antarctic orcas</figcaption></figure> In the Antarctic, orcas range up to the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Pack_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pack ice">pack ice</a> and are believed to venture into the denser pack ice, finding open <a href="/wiki/Lead_(sea_ice)" title="Lead (sea ice)">leads</a> much like <a href="/wiki/Beluga_(whale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beluga (whale)">beluga</a> whales in the Arctic. However, orcas are merely seasonal visitors to Arctic waters, and do not approach the pack ice in the summer. With the rapid <a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic sea ice">Arctic sea ice</a> decline in the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Strait" title="Hudson Strait">Hudson Strait</a>, their range now extends deep into the northwest Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Occasionally, orcas swim into freshwater rivers. They have been documented 100 mi (160 km) up the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaird200210-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> They have also been found in the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a> in Canada and the <a href="/wiki/Horikawa_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Horikawa River">Horikawa River</a> in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaird200210-55">[55]</a> Migration patterns are poorly understood. Each summer, the same individuals appear off the coasts of British Columbia and Washington. Despite decades of research, where these animals go for the rest of the year remains unknown. Transient pods have been sighted from southern Alaska to central California.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENMFS200524–29-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3></div> Worldwide population estimates are uncertain, but recent consensus suggests a minimum of 50,000 (2006).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordEllis2006-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-noaa-59">[59]</a> Local estimates include roughly 25,000 in the Antarctic, 8,500 in the tropical Pacific, 2,250–2,700 off the cooler northeast Pacific and 500–1,500 off Norway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENMFS200546-60">[60]</a> Japan's Fisheries Agency estimated in the 2000s that 2,321 orcas were in the seas around Japan.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feeding">Feeding</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Orcinus_orca_(Vestfjord).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Orcinus_orca_%28Vestfjord%29.jpg/250px-Orcinus_orca_%28Vestfjord%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Orcinus_orca_%28Vestfjord%29.jpg/330px-Orcinus_orca_%28Vestfjord%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Orcinus_orca_%28Vestfjord%29.jpg/500px-Orcinus_orca_%28Vestfjord%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3522" data-file-height="2348" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tail-slapping in <a href="/wiki/Vestfjorden" title="Vestfjorden">Vestfjorden</a>, Norway</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Killer_Whale_chasing_Chinook.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Killer_Whale_chasing_Chinook.jpg/250px-Killer_Whale_chasing_Chinook.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Killer_Whale_chasing_Chinook.jpg/330px-Killer_Whale_chasing_Chinook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Killer_Whale_chasing_Chinook.jpg/500px-Killer_Whale_chasing_Chinook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="901" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Resident orca pursuing a chinook salmon</div></div></div></div></div> Orcas are <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predators</a>, meaning that they themselves have no natural predators. They are sometimes called "wolves of the sea", because they hunt in groups like wolf packs.<a href="#cite_note-marinebio-63">[63]</a> Orcas hunt varied prey including fish, <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>, mammals, <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea turtles">sea turtles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENMFS200517-64">[64]</a> Different populations or ecotypes may specialize, and some can have a dramatic impact on prey species.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> However, whales in tropical areas appear to have more generalized diets due to lower food productivity.<a href="#cite_note-Baird2006-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wier-67">[67]</a> Orcas spend most of their time at shallow depths,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> but occasionally dive several hundred metres depending on their prey.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish">Fish</h3></div> Fish-eating orcas prey on around 30 species of fish. Some populations in the <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> sea specialize in <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a> and follow that fish's autumnal migration to the Norwegian coast. <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a> account for 96% of northeast Pacific residents' diet, including 65% of large, fatty <a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">Chinook</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENMFS200518-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chum_salmon" title="Chum salmon">Chum salmon</a> are also eaten, but smaller <a href="/wiki/Sockeye_salmon" title="Sockeye salmon">sockeye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pink_salmon" title="Pink salmon">pink salmon</a> are not a significant food item. Depletion of specific prey species in an area is, therefore, cause for concern for local populations, despite the high diversity of prey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordEllis2006-58">[58]</a> On average, an orca eats 227 kilograms (500 lb) each day.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> While salmon are usually hunted by an individual whale or a small group, herring are often caught using <a href="/wiki/Carousel_feeding" title="Carousel feeding">carousel feeding</a>: the orcas force the herring into a tight ball by releasing bursts of bubbles or flashing their white undersides. They then slap the ball with their tail flukes, stunning or killing up to 15 fish at a time, then eating them one by one. Carousel feeding has been documented only in the Norwegian orca population, as well as some oceanic dolphin species.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In New Zealand, <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a> appear to be important prey, including <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_eagle_ray" title="New Zealand eagle ray">eagle rays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorntail_stingray" title="Thorntail stingray">long-tail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Short-tail_stingray" title="Short-tail stingray">short-tail stingrays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_thresher" title="Common thresher">common threshers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_hammerhead" title="Smooth hammerhead">smooth hammerheads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_shark" title="Blue shark">blue sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basking_sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Basking sharks">basking sharks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shortfin_mako" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortfin mako">shortfin makos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-orcashark-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> With sharks, orcas may herd them to the surface and strike them with their tail flukes,<a href="#cite_note-orcashark-74">[74]</a> while bottom-dwelling rays are cornered, pinned to the ground and taken to the surface.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In other parts of the world, orcas have preyed on <a href="/wiki/Broadnose_sevengill_shark" title="Broadnose sevengill shark">broadnose sevengill sharks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Engelbrecht-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">whale sharks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">great white sharks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Engelbrecht-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pyle-80">[80]</a> Competition between orcas and white sharks is probable in regions where their diets overlap.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The arrival of orcas in an area can cause white sharks to flee and forage elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Orcas appear to target the liver of sharks.<a href="#cite_note-Engelbrecht-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pyle-80">[80]</a> In one case a single orca was observed killing and eating a great white shark on its own.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammals_and_birds">Mammals and birds</h3></div> Orcas are sophisticated and effective predators of <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a>. They are recorded to prey on other cetacean species, usually smaller dolphins and <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Common_dolphin" title="Common dolphin">common dolphins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin" title="Bottlenose dolphin">bottlenose dolphins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_white-sided_dolphin" title="Pacific white-sided dolphin">Pacific white-sided dolphins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dusky_dolphin" title="Dusky dolphin">dusky dolphins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbour_porpoise" title="Harbour porpoise">harbour porpoises</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dall%27s_porpoise" title="Dall's porpoise">Dall's porpoises</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Perrin-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perrin2-41">[41]</a> While hunting these species, orcas usually have to chase them to exhaustion. For highly social species, orca pods try to separate an individual from its group. Larger groups have a better chance of preventing their prey from escaping, which is killed by being thrown around, rammed and jumped on. Arctic orcas may attack <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">beluga whales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">narwhals</a> stuck in pools enclosed by sea ice, the former are also driven into shallower water where juveniles are grabbed.<a href="#cite_note-Perrin-85">[85]</a> By contrast, orcas appear to be wary of <a href="/wiki/Pilot_whale" title="Pilot whale">pilot whales</a>, which have been recorded to <a href="/wiki/Mobbing_(animal_behavior)" title="Mobbing (animal behavior)">mob</a> and chase them.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Nevertheless, possible predation on <a href="/wiki/Long-finned_pilot_whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-finned pilot whales">long-finned pilot whales</a> has been recorded in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, and one study suggests <a href="/wiki/Short-finned_pilot_whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-finned pilot whales">short-finned pilot whales</a> are among Caribbean Orcas' prey.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Killer whales have been recorded attacking short-finned pilot whales in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KW_attack_STBW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/KW_attack_STBW.jpg/330px-KW_attack_STBW.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/KW_attack_STBW.jpg/500px-KW_attack_STBW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/KW_attack_STBW.jpg/960px-KW_attack_STBW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3189" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>Orca attacking a <a href="/wiki/Strap-toothed_whale" title="Strap-toothed whale">strap-toothed beaked whale</a></figcaption></figure> Orcas also prey on larger species such as <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey whale">grey whales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback whales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minke_whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Minke whales">minke whales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Perrin-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perrin2-41">[41]</a> On three separate occasions in 2019 orcas were recorded to have killed <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whales</a> off the south coast of Western Australia, including an estimated 18–22-meter (59–72 ft) individual.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Large whales require much effort and coordination to kill and orcas often target calves. A hunt begins with a chase followed by a violent attack on the exhausted prey. Large whales often show signs of orca attack via tooth rake marks.<a href="#cite_note-Perrin-85">[85]</a> Pods of female sperm whales sometimes protect themselves by forming a protective circle around their calves with their flukes facing outwards, using them to repel the attackers.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> There is also evidence that humpback whales will defend against or mob orcas who are attacking either humpback calves or juveniles as well as members of other species.<a href="#cite_note-mobbing-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">Prior to the advent of industrial whaling</a>, great whales may have been the major food source for orcas. The introduction of modern whaling techniques may have aided orcas by the sound of <a href="/wiki/Harpoon_cannon" title="Harpoon cannon">exploding harpoons</a> indicating the availability of prey to scavenge, and compressed air inflation of whale carcasses causing them to float, thus exposing them to scavenging. However, the devastation of great whale populations by unfettered whaling has possibly reduced their availability for orcas, and caused them to expand their consumption of smaller marine mammals, thus contributing to the decline of these as well.<a href="#cite_note-EMM2009-93">[93]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Orcas_in_Punta_Norte_Valdes_Peninsula_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Orcas_in_Punta_Norte_Valdes_Peninsula_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-Orcas_in_Punta_Norte_Valdes_Peninsula_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Orcas_in_Punta_Norte_Valdes_Peninsula_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Orcas_in_Punta_Norte_Valdes_Peninsula_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Orcas_in_Punta_Norte_Valdes_Peninsula_-_panoramio.jpg/500px-Orcas_in_Punta_Norte_Valdes_Peninsula_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="484" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Orca beaching to capture sea lion along <a href="/wiki/Valdes_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Valdes Peninsula">Valdes Peninsula</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Killer_Whales_Hunting_a_Crabeater_Seal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Killer_Whales_Hunting_a_Crabeater_Seal.jpg/250px-Killer_Whales_Hunting_a_Crabeater_Seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Killer_Whales_Hunting_a_Crabeater_Seal.jpg/330px-Killer_Whales_Hunting_a_Crabeater_Seal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Killer_Whales_Hunting_a_Crabeater_Seal.jpg/500px-Killer_Whales_Hunting_a_Crabeater_Seal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4942" data-file-height="2668" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Orcas swimming in close synchronization to create a wave to wash the <a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">crabeater seal</a> off the floe</div></div></div></div></div> Other marine mammal prey includes <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seal</a> species such as <a href="/wiki/Harbour_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour seal">harbour seals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">elephant seals</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California sea lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_American_sea_lion" title="South American sea lion">South American sea lions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walruses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Perrin-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perrin2-41">[41]</a> Often, to avoid injury, orcas disable their prey before killing and eating it. This may involve throwing it in the air, slapping it with their tails, ramming it, or breaching and landing on it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeimlichBoran200145-94">[94]</a> In steeply banked beaches off <a href="/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_Vald%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Península Valdés">Península Valdés</a>, Argentina, and the <a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a>, orcas feed on South American sea lions and <a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">southern elephant seals</a> in shallow water, even <a href="/wiki/Beached_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Beached whale">beaching</a> temporarily to grab prey before wriggling back to the sea. Beaching, usually fatal to cetaceans, is not an instinctive behaviour, and can require years of practice for the young.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine200129-95">[95]</a> Orcas can then release the animal near juvenile whales, allowing the younger whales to practice the difficult capture technique on the now-weakened prey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeimlichBoran200145-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaird200261–62-96">[96]</a> In the Antarctic, type B orcas hunt <a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seals</a> and other prey by "wave-hunting". They <a href="/wiki/Cetacean_surfacing_behaviour#Spyhopping" title="Cetacean surfacing behaviour">"spy-hop"</a> to locate them on resting on ice floes, and then swim in groups to create waves that wash over the floe. This washes the prey into the water, where other orcas lie in wait.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>, a decline in <a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">sea otter</a> populations in the 1990s was controversially attributed by some scientists to orca predation, although with no direct evidence.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The decline of sea otters followed a decline in seal populations,<a href="#cite_note-101">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> which in turn may be substitutes for their original prey, now decimated by industrial whaling.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Orcas have been observed preying on <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial mammals</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a> swimming between islands off the northwest coast of North America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaird200223-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-BairdBaird2006-106">[105]</a> Orca <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannibalism (zoology)">cannibalism</a> has also been reported based on analysis of stomach contents, but this is likely to be the result of scavenging remains dumped by whalers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaird2002124-107">[106]</a> One orca was also attacked by its companions after being shot.<a href="#cite_note-Jefferson_et_al._1991-25">[25]</a> Although resident orcas have never been observed to eat other marine mammals, they occasionally harass and kill porpoises and seals for no apparent reason.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordEllisBalcomb200019-108">[107]</a> Some dolphins recognize resident orcas as harmless and remain in the same area.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Orcas do consume <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a> but are more likely to kill and leave them uneaten. <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">Penguin</a> species recorded as prey in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters include <a href="/wiki/Gentoo_penguin" title="Gentoo penguin">gentoo penguins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinstrap_penguin" title="Chinstrap penguin">chinstrap penguins</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_penguin" title="King penguin">king penguins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rockhopper_penguin" title="Rockhopper penguin">rockhopper penguins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Orcas in many areas may prey on <a href="/wiki/Cormorant" title="Cormorant">cormorants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gulls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaird200214-111">[110]</a> A captive orca at <a href="/wiki/Marineland_of_Canada" title="Marineland of Canada">Marineland of Canada</a> discovered it could regurgitate fish onto the surface, attracting sea gulls, and then eat the birds. Four others then learned to copy the behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orca_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A killer whale leaping out of the water is about to land on its back." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Orca_2.jpg/250px-Orca_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Orca_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="187" /></a><figcaption>Orcas, like this one near Alaska, commonly <a href="/wiki/Whale_surfacing_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Whale surfacing behaviour">breach</a>, often lifting their entire bodies out of the water.</figcaption></figure> Day-to-day orca behaviour generally consists of <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">foraging</a>, travelling, resting and socializing. Orcas frequently engage in <a href="/wiki/Whale_surfacing_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Whale surfacing behavior">surface behaviour</a> such as breaching (jumping completely out of the water) and tail-slapping. These activities may have a variety of purposes, such as courtship, communication, dislodging <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Play_(animal_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Play (animal behavior)">play</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spyhopping" class="mw-redirect" title="Spyhopping">Spyhopping</a> is a behaviour in which a whale holds its head above water to view its surroundings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine200164-113">[112]</a> Resident orcas swim alongside <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OCR_11-2019-114">[113]</a> Orcas will engage in <a href="/wiki/Surplus_killing" title="Surplus killing">surplus killing</a>, that is, killing that is not designed to be for food. As an example, a BBC film crew witnessed orca in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> playing with a male <a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lion</a> to exhaustion, but not eating it.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Some orcas have been observed swimming with dead <a href="/wiki/Salmon_hat" title="Salmon hat">salmon on their heads</a>, resembling hats.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_structure">Social structure</h3></div> Orcas are notable for their complex societies. Only <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Higher_primate" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher primate">higher primates</a> live in comparably complex <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeimlichBoran200135-117">[116]</a> Due to orcas' complex social bonds, many marine experts have concerns about how humane it is to keep <a href="/wiki/Captive_killer_whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Captive killer whales">them in captivity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Resident orcas in the eastern North Pacific live in particularly complex and stable social groups. Unlike any other known mammal social structure, resident whales live with their mothers for their entire lives. These family groups are based on <a href="/wiki/Matriline" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriline">matrilines</a> consisting of the eldest female (matriarch) and her sons and daughters, and the descendants of her daughters, etc. The average size of a matriline is 5.5 animals. Because females can reach age 90, as many as four generations travel together. These matrilineal groups are highly stable. Individuals separate for only a few hours at a time, to mate or forage. With one exception, an orca named <a href="/wiki/Luna_(orca)" title="Luna (orca)">Luna</a>, no permanent separation of an individual from a resident matriline has been recorded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENMFS200512-119">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transient_Orcas_(3727711709).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Transient_Orcas_%283727711709%29.jpg/250px-Transient_Orcas_%283727711709%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Transient_Orcas_%283727711709%29.jpg/330px-Transient_Orcas_%283727711709%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Transient_Orcas_%283727711709%29.jpg/500px-Transient_Orcas_%283727711709%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3550" data-file-height="2361" /></a><figcaption>A pair of orcas in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></figcaption></figure> Closely related matrilines form loose aggregations called pods, usually consisting of one to four matrilines. Unlike matrilines, pods may separate for weeks or months at a time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENMFS200512-119">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> testing indicates resident males nearly always mate with females from other pods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENMFS200539-120">[119]</a> Clans, the next level of resident social structure, are composed of pods with similar dialects, and common but older maternal heritage. Clan ranges overlap, mingling pods from different clans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENMFS200512-119">[118]</a> The highest association layer is the community, which consists of pods that regularly associate with each other but share no maternal relations or dialects.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Transient pods are smaller than resident pods, typically consisting of an adult female and one or two of her offspring. Males typically maintain stronger relationships with their mothers than other females. These bonds can extend well into adulthood. Unlike residents, extended or permanent separation of transient offspring from natal matrilines is common, with juveniles and adults of both sexes participating. Some males become "rovers" and do not form long-term associations, occasionally joining groups that contain reproductive females.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENMFS200513-122">[121]</a> As in resident clans, transient community members share an acoustic repertoire, although regional differences in vocalizations have been noted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENMFS200514-123">[122]</a> As with residents and transients, the lifestyle of these whales appears to reflect their diet; fish-eating orcas off Norway have resident-like social structures, while mammal-eating orcas in Argentina and the <a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a> behave more like transients.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordEllisBalcomb200027-124">[123]</a> Orcas of the same sex and age group may engage in physical contact and synchronous surfacing. These behaviours do not occur randomly among individuals in a pod, providing evidence of "friendships".<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocalizations">Vocalizations</h3></div> <div class="no-print"> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left: 1em;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>Multimedia relating to the orca </td></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Killer_whale.ogg" title="File:Killer whale.ogg">Orca calls</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Killer_whale.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Killer_whale.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Killer_whale.ogg/Killer_whale.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Killer_whale_simple.ogg" title="File:Killer whale simple.ogg">Orca calls at a distance</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="Killer_whale_simple.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Killer_whale_simple.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/Killer_whale_simple.ogg/Killer_whale_simple.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Killer_whale_residents_broadband.ogg" title="File:Killer whale residents broadband.ogg">Vocalizations of an orca</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="86" data-mwtitle="Killer_whale_residents_broadband.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Killer_whale_residents_broadband.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/Killer_whale_residents_broadband.ogg/Killer_whale_residents_broadband.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Whale_vocalization" title="Whale vocalization">Whale sound</a></div> Like all <a href="/wiki/Cetaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetaceans">cetaceans</a>, orcas depend heavily on underwater sound for orientation, feeding, and communication. They produce three categories of sounds: clicks, whistles, and pulsed calls. Clicks are believed to be used primarily for navigation and discriminating prey and other objects in the surrounding environment, but are also commonly heard during social interactions.<a href="#cite_note-noaa-59">[59]</a> Northeast Pacific resident groups tend to be much more vocal than transient groups in the same waters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENMFS200520-127">[126]</a> Residents feed primarily on <a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">Chinook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chum_salmon" title="Chum salmon">chum</a> salmon, which are insensitive to orca calls (inferred from the audiogram of Atlantic salmon). In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammal</a> prey of transients hear whale calls well and thus transients are typically silent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENMFS200520-127">[126]</a> Vocal behaviour in these whales is mainly limited to surfacing activities and milling (slow swimming with no apparent direction) after a kill.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> All members of a resident pod use similar calls, known collectively as a <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a>. Dialects are composed of specific numbers and types of discrete, repetitive calls. They are complex and stable over time.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Call patterns and structure are distinctive within matrilines.<a href="#cite_note-vocal-130">[129]</a> Newborns produce calls similar to their mothers, but have a more limited repertoire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENMFS200514-123">[122]</a> Individuals likely learn their dialect through contact with pod members.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Family-specific calls have been observed more frequently in the days following a calf's birth, which may help the calf learn them.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Dialects are probably an important means of maintaining group identity and cohesiveness. Similarity in dialects likely reflects the degree of relatedness between pods, with variation growing over time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENMFS200515–16-133">[132]</a> When pods meet, dominant call types decrease and subset call types increase. The use of both call types is called biphonation. The increased subset call types may be the distinguishing factor between pods and inter-pod relations.<a href="#cite_note-vocal-130">[129]</a> Dialects also distinguish types. Resident dialects contain seven to 17 (mean = 11) distinctive call types. All members of the North American west coast transient community express the same basic dialect, although minor regional variation in call types is evident. Preliminary research indicates offshore orcas have group-specific dialects unlike those of residents and transients.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENMFS200515–16-133">[132]</a> Norwegian and Icelandic <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>-eating orcas appear to have different vocalizations for activities like hunting.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> A population that live in <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> have 28 complex burst-pulse and whistle calls.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence">Intelligence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cetacean_intelligence" title="Cetacean intelligence">Cetacean intelligence</a></div> Orcas have the second-heaviest brains among marine mammals<a href="#cite_note-spear-136">[135]</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whales</a>, which have the largest brain of any animal).<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Orcas have more <a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">gray matter</a> and more cortical neurons than any mammal, including humans.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> They can be <a href="/wiki/Animal_training" title="Animal training">trained</a> in captivity and are often described as intelligent,<a href="#cite_note-cbs2010-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine200167-140">[139]</a> although defining and measuring "intelligence" is difficult in a species whose environment and behavioural strategies are very different from those of humans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine200167-140">[139]</a> Orcas imitate others, and seem to deliberately teach skills to their kin. Off the <a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a>, mothers push their calves onto the beach, waiting to pull the youngster back if needed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeimlichBoran200145-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaird200261–62-96">[96]</a> In March 2023, a female orca was spotted with a newborn <a href="/wiki/Pilot_whale" title="Pilot whale">pilot whale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6fellsnes" title="Snæfellsnes">Snæfellsnes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orca_with_iceball_cropped.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Orca_with_iceball_cropped.JPG/250px-Orca_with_iceball_cropped.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Orca_with_iceball_cropped.JPG/330px-Orca_with_iceball_cropped.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Orca_with_iceball_cropped.JPG/500px-Orca_with_iceball_cropped.JPG 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>An orca plays with a ball of ice, soon after a researcher threw a snowball at the whale.</figcaption></figure> People who have interacted closely with orcas offer numerous <a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">anecdotes</a> demonstrating the whales' curiosity, playfulness, and ability to solve problems. Alaskan orcas have not only learned how to steal fish from <a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">longlines</a>, but have also overcome a variety of techniques designed to stop them, such as the use of unbaited lines as decoys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeeEllis199242-142">[141]</a> Once, fishermen placed their boats several miles apart, taking turns retrieving small amounts of their catch, in the hope that the whales would not have enough time to move between boats to steal the catch as it was being retrieved. The tactic worked initially, but the orcas adapted quickly and split into groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeeEllis199242-142">[141]</a> In other anecdotes, researchers describe incidents in which wild orcas playfully tease humans by repeatedly moving objects the humans are trying to reach,<a href="#cite_note-BF-143">[142]</a> or suddenly start to toss around a chunk of ice after a human throws a snowball.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> The orca's use of dialects and the passing of other learned behaviours from generation to generation have been described as a form of <a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">animal culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The complex and stable vocal and behavioural cultures of <a href="/wiki/Sympatry" title="Sympatry">sympatric</a> groups of killer whales (Orcinus orca) appear to have no parallel outside humans and represent an independent evolution of cultural faculties.<a href="#cite_note-rendell-146">[145]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:091201_south_georgia_orca_5227_(4173390858).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/091201_south_georgia_orca_5227_%284173390858%29.jpg/250px-091201_south_georgia_orca_5227_%284173390858%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/091201_south_georgia_orca_5227_%284173390858%29.jpg/330px-091201_south_georgia_orca_5227_%284173390858%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/091201_south_georgia_orca_5227_%284173390858%29.jpg/500px-091201_south_georgia_orca_5227_%284173390858%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Adult female orca with calf near <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia</a></figcaption></figure> Female orcas begin to mature at around the age of 10–13 and reach peak fertility around 20,<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reproduction-148">[147]</a> experiencing periods of <a href="/wiki/Polyestrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyestrous">polyestrous</a> cycling separated by non-cycling periods of three to 16 months. Females can often breed until age 40, followed by a rapid decrease in fertility.<a href="#cite_note-Reproduction-148">[147]</a> Orcas are among the few <a href="/wiki/Menopause#Other_animals" title="Menopause">animals that undergo menopause</a> and live for decades after they have finished breeding.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> The lifespans of wild females average 50 to 80 years.<a href="#cite_note-nationalgeographic.com-151">[150]</a> Some are claimed to have lived substantially longer: <a href="/wiki/Granny_(orca)" title="Granny (orca)">Granny (J2)</a> was estimated by some researchers to have been as old as 105 years at the time of her death, though a biopsy sample indicated her age as 65 to 80 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine200126-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-King-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Orcazine-154">[153]</a> It is thought that orcas held in captivity tend to have shorter lives than those in the wild, although this is subject to scientific debate.<a href="#cite_note-nationalgeographic.com-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-robeck-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> Males mate with females from other pods, which prevents <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gestation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestation period">Gestation</a> varies from 15 to 18 months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENMFS200533-157">[156]</a> Mothers usually calve a single offspring about once every five years. In resident pods, births occur at any time of year, although winter is the most common. Mortality is extremely high during the first seven months of life, when 37–50% of all calves die.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENMFS200535-158">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Weaning" title="Weaning">Weaning</a> begins at about 12 months of age, and is complete by two years. According to observations in several regions, all male and female pod members participate in the care of the young.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeimlichBoran200135-117">[116]</a> Males sexually mature at the age of 15, but do not typically reproduce until age 21. Wild males live around 29 years on average, with a maximum of about 60 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine200126-152">[151]</a> One male, known as <a href="/wiki/Old_Tom_(killer_whale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tom (killer whale)">Old Tom</a>, was reportedly spotted every winter between the 1840s and 1930 off <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia, which would have made him up to 90 years old. Examination of his teeth indicated he died around age 35,<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> but this method of age determination is now believed to be inaccurate for older animals.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> One male known to researchers in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> (identified as J1) was estimated to have been 59 years old when he died in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Orcas are unique among cetaceans, as their caudal sections elongate with age, making their heads relatively shorter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeptnerNasimovichBannikovHoffmann1996681-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Infanticide_(zoology)" title="Infanticide (zoology)">Infanticide</a>, once thought to occur only in captive orcas, was observed in wild populations by researchers off British Columbia on December 2, 2016. In this incident, an adult male killed the calf of a female within the same pod, with the adult male's mother also joining in the assault. It is theorized that the male killed the young calf in order to mate with its mother (something that <a href="/wiki/Infanticide_in_carnivores" title="Infanticide in carnivores">occurs in other carnivore species</a>), while the male's mother supported the breeding opportunity for her son. The attack ended when the calf's mother struck and injured the attacking male. Such behaviour matches that of many smaller dolphin species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin" title="Bottlenose dolphin">bottlenose dolphin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TypeC_orca_cape.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Killer whale forges through small ice floes. Its back is dark from the head to just behind the dorsal fin, where there is a light grey saddle patch. Behind this, and on its lower side, its skin is an intermediate shade." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/TypeC_orca_cape.JPG/250px-TypeC_orca_cape.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/TypeC_orca_cape.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption>The "type C" orca has two-toned grey colouring, including a dark "dorsal cape", in body areas where most orcas have solid black colouring. Research is ongoing into whether one or more orca types are distinct species in need of protection.</figcaption></figure> In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> (International Union for Conservation of Nature) changed its assessment of the orca's <a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">conservation status</a> from <a href="/wiki/Conservation_dependent" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation dependent">conservation dependent</a> to <a href="/wiki/Data_deficient" title="Data deficient">data deficient</a>, recognizing that one or more orca types may actually be separate, <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Depletion of prey species</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">pollution</a>, large-scale <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(ecology)" title="Disturbance (ecology)">habitat disturbance</a> caused by noise and conflicts with boats are the most significant worldwide threats.<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-3">[3]</a> In January 2020, the first orca in England and Wales since 2001 was found dead with a large fragment of plastic in its stomach.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Like other animals at the highest <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic levels</a>, the orca is particularly at risk of poisoning from <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulation</a> of toxins, including <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">Polychlorinated biphenyls</a> (PCBs).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordEllisBalcomb200099-164">[163]</a> European <a href="/wiki/Harbour_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour seal">harbour seals</a> have problems in reproductive and immune functions associated with high levels of PCBs and related contaminants, and a survey off the <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> coast found PCB levels in orcas were higher than levels that had caused health problems in harbour seals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordEllisBalcomb200099-164">[163]</a> Blubber samples in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic Norway">Norwegian Arctic</a> show higher levels of PCBs, pesticides and <a href="/wiki/Brominated_flame-retardant" class="mw-redirect" title="Brominated flame-retardant">brominated flame-retardants</a> than in <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bears</a>. A 2018 study published in <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> found that global orca populations are poised to dramatically decline due such toxic pollution.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>, wild salmon stocks, a main resident food source, have declined dramatically in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-3">[3]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> region, only 75 whales remain with few births over the last few years.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> On the west coast of Alaska and the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>, seal and sea lion populations have also substantially declined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordEllisBalcomb200098-168">[167]</a> In 2005, the United States government listed the <a href="/wiki/Southern_resident_killer_whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern resident killer whales">southern resident</a> community as an endangered population under the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-noaa-59">[59]</a> This community comprises three pods which live mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Georgia" title="Strait of Georgia">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haro_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Haro Straits">Haro Straits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> and Washington. They do not breed outside of their community, which was once estimated at 200 animals and later shrank to around 90.<a href="#cite_note-Lyke-169">[168]</a> In October 2008, the annual survey revealed seven were missing and presumed dead, reducing the count to 83.<a href="#cite_note-researchers-170">[169]</a> This is potentially the largest decline in the population in the past 10 years. These deaths can be attributed to declines in <a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">Chinook salmon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-researchers-170">[169]</a> Scientist <a href="/wiki/Ken_Balcomb" title="Ken Balcomb">Ken Balcomb</a> has extensively studied orcas since 1976; he is the research biologist responsible for discovering <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar#Naval_sonar-linked_incidents" title="Marine mammals and sonar">U.S. Navy sonar may harm orcas</a>. He studied orcas from the Center for Whale Research, located in <a href="/wiki/Friday_Harbor,_Washington" title="Friday Harbor, Washington">Friday Harbor</a>, Washington.<a href="#cite_note-Pickrell-171">[170]</a> He was also able to study orcas from "his home porch perched above Puget Sound, where the animals hunt and play in summer months".<a href="#cite_note-Pickrell-171">[170]</a> In May 2003, Balcomb (along with other <a href="/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">whale watchers</a> near the Puget Sound coastline) noticed uncharacteristic behaviour displayed by the orcas. The whales seemed "agitated and were moving haphazardly, attempting to lift their heads free of the water" to escape the sound of the sonars.<a href="#cite_note-Pickrell-171">[170]</a> "Balcomb confirmed at the time that strange underwater pinging noises detected with underwater microphones were sonar. The sound originated from a U.S. Navy frigate 12 miles (19 kilometres) distant, Balcomb said."<a href="#cite_note-Pickrell-171">[170]</a> The impact of sonar waves on orcas is potentially life-threatening. Three years prior to Balcomb's discovery, research in the Bahamas showed 14 beaked whales washed up on the shore. These whales were beached on the day U.S. Navy destroyers were activated into sonar exercise.<a href="#cite_note-Pickrell-171">[170]</a> Of the 14 whales beached, six of them died. These six dead whales were studied, and <a href="/wiki/CAT_scan" class="mw-redirect" title="CAT scan">CAT scans</a> of two of the whale heads showed hemorrhaging around the brain and the ears, which is consistent with <a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">decompression sickness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pickrell-171">[170]</a> Another conservation concern was made public in September 2008 when the Canadian government decided it was not necessary to enforce further protections (including the <a href="/wiki/Species_at_Risk_Act" title="Species at Risk Act">Species at Risk Act</a> in place to protect endangered animals along with their habitats) for orcas aside from the laws already in place. In response to this decision, six environmental groups sued the federal government, claiming orcas were facing many threats on the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Coast" title="British Columbia Coast">British Columbia Coast</a> and the federal government did nothing to protect them from these threats.<a href="#cite_note-CBC-172">[171]</a> A legal and scientific nonprofit organization, <a href="/wiki/Ecojustice" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecojustice">Ecojustice</a>, led the lawsuit and represented the <a href="/wiki/David_Suzuki_Foundation" title="David Suzuki Foundation">David Suzuki Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Defence">Environmental Defence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenpeace Canada">Greenpeace Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Animal_Welfare" title="International Fund for Animal Welfare">International Fund for Animal Welfare</a>, the Raincoast Conservation Foundation, and the <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilderness Committee">Wilderness Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CBC-172">[171]</a> Many scientists involved in this lawsuit, including Bill Wareham, a marine scientist with the David Suzuki Foundation, noted increased boat traffic, water toxic wastes, and low salmon population as major threats, putting approximately 87 orcas on the British Columbia Coast in danger.<a href="#cite_note-CBC-172">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater noise</a> from shipping, drilling, and other human activities is a significant concern in some key orca habitats, including <a href="/wiki/Johnstone_Strait" title="Johnstone Strait">Johnstone Strait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haro_Strait" title="Haro Strait">Haro Strait</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordEllisBalcomb2000100-173">[172]</a> In the mid-1990s, loud underwater noises from <a href="/wiki/Salmon_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmon farm">salmon farms</a> were used to deter seals. Orcas also avoided the surrounding waters.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> High-intensity sonar used by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a> disturbs orcas along with other marine mammals.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Orcas are popular with <a href="/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">whale watchers</a>, which may stress the whales and alter their behaviour, particularly if boats approach too closely or block their lines of travel.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill" title="Exxon Valdez oil spill">Exxon Valdez oil spill</a> adversely affected orcas in <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Sound" title="Prince William Sound">Prince William Sound</a> and Alaska's <a href="/wiki/Kenai_Fjords" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenai Fjords">Kenai Fjords</a> region. Eleven members (about half) of one resident pod disappeared in the following year. The spill damaged salmon and other prey populations, which in turn damaged local orcas. By 2009, scientists estimated the AT1 transient population (considered part of a larger population of 346 transients), numbered only seven individuals and had not reproduced since the spill. This population is expected to die out.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Orcas are included in Appendix II of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species</a> (CITES), meaning international trade (including in parts/derivatives) is regulated.<a href="#cite_note-CITES-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_cultures">Indigenous cultures</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Animal_worship" title="Animal worship">Animal worship</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Killer_Whale_by_Bill_Reid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jade carving of a killer whale with exaggerated fins and bared teeth. Its body and fins are engraved with nested ovals and other patterns." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Killer_Whale_by_Bill_Reid.jpg/250px-Killer_Whale_by_Bill_Reid.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Killer_Whale_by_Bill_Reid.jpg/330px-Killer_Whale_by_Bill_Reid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Killer_Whale_by_Bill_Reid.jpg/340px-Killer_Whale_by_Bill_Reid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a> sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Reid" title="Bill Reid">Bill Reid</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast</a> feature orcas throughout <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Coast_art" title="Northwest Coast art">their art</a>, history, spirituality and religion. The <a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a> regarded orcas as the most powerful animals in the ocean, and their mythology tells of orcas living in houses and towns under the sea. According to these stories, they took on human form when submerged, and humans who drowned went to live with them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancisHewlett2007115–120-179">[178]</a> For the <a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%27wakw" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwakwaka'wakw">Kwakwaka'wakw</a>, the orca was regarded as the ruler of the undersea world, with <a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a> for slaves and dolphins for warriors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancisHewlett2007115–120-179">[178]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuu-chah-nulth people">Nuu-chah-nulth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%27wakw_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwakwaka'wakw mythology">Kwakwaka'wakw mythology</a>, orcas may embody the souls of deceased chiefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancisHewlett2007115–120-179">[178]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlingit people">Tlingit</a> of southeastern Alaska regarded the orca as custodian of the sea and a benefactor of humans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordEllisBalcomb200011-180">[179]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lummi_people" title="Lummi people">Lummi</a> consider orca to be people, referring to them as "qwe'lhol'mechen" which means "our relations under the waves".<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a> people of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> also had great respect for orcas, as evidenced by stone carvings found in a 4,000-year-old burial at the <a href="/wiki/Port_au_Choix_Archaeological_Site" title="Port au Choix Archaeological Site">Port au Choix Archaeological Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> In the tales and beliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik" title="Siberian Yupik">Siberian Yupik</a> people, orcas are said to appear as <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a> in winter, and wolves as orcas in summer.<a href="#cite_note-rubow-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-menow-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-ssipr-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-submit-187">[186]</a> Orcas are believed to assist their hunters in driving walrus.<a href="#cite_note-radio-188">[187]</a> Reverence is expressed in several forms: the boat represents the animal, and a wooden carving hung from the hunter's belt.<a href="#cite_note-ssipr-186">[185]</a> Small <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifices</a> such as tobacco or meat are strewn into the sea for them.<a href="#cite_note-radio-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-submit-187">[186]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a> often referred to orcas in their folklore and myth as <a href="/wiki/Repun_Kamuy" class="mw-redirect" title="Repun Kamuy">Repun Kamuy</a> (God of Sea/Offshore) to bring fortunes (whales) to the coasts, and there had been traditional funerals for stranded or deceased orcas akin to funerals for other animals such as <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bears</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_by_wild_orcas_on_humans_and_animals">Attacks by wild orcas on humans and animals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Orca_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Orca attack">Orca attack</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whale_of_Greifswald_from_rear.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Killer whale silhouette, with two projections above shown above the blowhole." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Whale_of_Greifswald_from_rear.JPG/250px-Whale_of_Greifswald_from_rear.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Whale_of_Greifswald_from_rear.JPG/330px-Whale_of_Greifswald_from_rear.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Whale_of_Greifswald_from_rear.JPG/500px-Whale_of_Greifswald_from_rear.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Male orca depicted in St Mary's in <a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a>, Germany, 1545<a href="#cite_note-Greifswald_church-16">[16]</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western cultures</a>, orcas were historically feared as dangerous, savage predators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeeEllis1992Chapter_1-190">[189]</a> The first written description of an orca was given by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> circa AD 70, who wrote, "Orcas (the appearance of which no image can express, other than an enormous mass of savage flesh with teeth) are the enemy of [other kinds of whale]... they charge and pierce them like warships ramming." (see citation in section <a href="#Naming">"Naming"</a>, above).<a href="#cite_note-pliny1-191">[190]</a> Of the very few confirmed attacks on humans by wild orcas, none have been fatal.<a href="#cite_note-3_News_71245-192">[191]</a> In one instance, orcas tried to tip ice floes on which a dog team and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Ponting" title="Herbert Ponting">photographer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova Expedition</a> were standing.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> The sled dogs' barking is speculated to have sounded enough like seal calls to trigger the orca's hunting curiosity. In the 1970s, a surfer in California was bitten, but the Orca then retreated,<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> and in 2005, a boy in Alaska who was splashing in a region frequented by harbour seals was bumped by an orca that apparently misidentified him as prey.<a href="#cite_note-ketchikan-195">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orca_attacks_on_sailboats_and_small_vessels">Orca attacks on sailboats and small vessels</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iberian_orca_attacks" title="Iberian orca attacks">Iberian orca attacks</a></div> Beginning around 2020, one or more pods of orcas began to attack sailing vessels off the southern tip of Europe, and a few were sunk. At least 15 interactions between orcas and boats off the Iberian coast were reported in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> According to the Atlantic Orca Working Group (GTOA) as many as 500 vessels have been damaged between 2020 and 2023.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> In one video, an orca can be seen biting on one of the two rudders ripped from a catamaran near <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>. The captain of the vessel reported this was the second attack on a vessel under his command and the orcas focused on the rudders. "Looks like they knew exactly what they are doing. They didn't touch anything else."<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> After an orca repeatedly rammed a vessel off the coast of Norway in 2023, there is a concern the behavior is spreading to other areas.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> This has led to recommendations that sailors now carry bags of sand.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> Dropping sand into the water near the rudder is thought to confuse the sonar signal.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> Experts were divided as to whether the behavior was some sort of revenge or protection response to a previous traumatic incident, or playful or frustrated attempts to get a boat's propeller to emit a stream of high-speed water.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_on_humans_by_captive_orcas">Attacks on humans by captive orcas</h3></div> Unlike wild orcas, captive orcas have made nearly two dozen <a href="/wiki/Killer_whale_attacks_on_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Killer whale attacks on humans">attacks on humans</a> since the 1970s, some of which have been fatal.<a href="#cite_note-abc2006-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_attacks_on_orcas">Human attacks on orcas</h3></div> Competition with fishermen also led to orcas being regarded as pests. In the waters of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, the shooting of orcas was accepted and even encouraged by governments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeeEllis1992Chapter_1-190">[189]</a> As an indication of the intensity of shooting that occurred until fairly recently, about 25% of the orcas captured in <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> for aquariums through 1970 bore bullet scars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENMFS200541-205">[204]</a> The U.S. Navy claimed to have deliberately killed hundreds of orcas in Icelandic waters in 1956 with machine guns, rockets, and <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Western_attitudes">Modern Western attitudes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Orcas_in_popular_culture" title="Orcas in popular culture">Orcas in popular culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Woman_swims_with_killer_whales_in_the_wild.webm/220px--Woman_swims_with_killer_whales_in_the_wild.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="59" data-mwtitle="Woman_swims_with_killer_whales_in_the_wild.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Woman_swims_with_killer_whales_in_the_wild.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Woman_swims_with_killer_whales_in_the_wild.webm/Woman_swims_with_killer_whales_in_the_wild.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Woman_swims_with_killer_whales_in_the_wild.webm/Woman_swims_with_killer_whales_in_the_wild.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Woman_swims_with_killer_whales_in_the_wild.webm/Woman_swims_with_killer_whales_in_the_wild.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Woman_swims_with_killer_whales_in_the_wild.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Woman_swims_with_killer_whales_in_the_wild.webm/Woman_swims_with_killer_whales_in_the_wild.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Woman_swims_with_killer_whales_in_the_wild.webm/Woman_swims_with_killer_whales_in_the_wild.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Woman_swims_with_killer_whales_in_the_wild.webm/Woman_swims_with_killer_whales_in_the_wild.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Visser_(researcher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingrid Visser (researcher)">Ingrid Visser</a>'s research team filming orcas in New Zealand</figcaption></figure> Western attitudes towards orcas have changed dramatically in recent decades. In the mid-1960s and early 1970s, orcas came to much greater public and scientific awareness, starting with the live-capture and display of an orca known as <a href="/wiki/Moby_Doll" title="Moby Doll">Moby Doll</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Southern_resident_orca" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern resident orca">southern resident orca</a> harpooned off <a href="/wiki/Saturna_Island" title="Saturna Island">Saturna Island</a> in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeeEllis1992Chapter_1-190">[189]</a> He was the first ever orca to be studied at close quarters alive, not postmortem. <a href="/wiki/Moby_Doll%27s_impact_in_scientific_research" title="Moby Doll's impact in scientific research">Moby Doll's impact in scientific research</a> at the time, including the first scientific studies of an orca's sound production, led to two articles about him in the journal Zoologica.<a href="#cite_note-Schevill&Watkins-208">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newman&McGeer-209">[208]</a> So little was known at the time, it was nearly two months before the whale's keepers discovered what food (fish) it was willing to eat. To the surprise of those who saw him, Moby Doll was a docile, non-aggressive whale who made no attempts to attack humans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancisHewlett200758–59-210">[209]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A73_whale_transport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Killer whale wrapped in white cloth on a boat, surrounded by four people. A board braces its dorsal fin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/A73_whale_transport.jpg/250px-A73_whale_transport.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/A73_whale_transport.jpg/330px-A73_whale_transport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/A73_whale_transport.jpg/340px-A73_whale_transport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>In 2002, the orphan <a href="/wiki/Springer_(orca)" title="Springer (orca)">Springer</a> was successfully returned to her family.</figcaption></figure> Between 1964 and 1976, 50 orcas from the Pacific Northwest were captured for display in <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquaria</a>, and public interest in the animals grew. In the 1970s, research pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bigg" title="Michael Bigg">Michael Bigg</a> led to the discovery of the species' complex social structure, its use of vocal communication, and its extraordinarily stable mother–offspring bonds. Through <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photo-identification" title="Wildlife photo-identification">photo-identification</a> techniques, individuals were named and tracked over decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaird200273–80-211">[210]</a> Bigg's techniques also revealed the Pacific Northwest population was in the low hundreds rather than the thousands that had been previously assumed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeeEllis1992Chapter_1-190">[189]</a> The southern resident community alone had lost 48 of its members to captivity; by 1976, only 80 remained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeimlichBoran200111-212">[211]</a> In the Pacific Northwest, the species that had unthinkingly been targeted became a cultural icon within a few decades.<a href="#cite_note-Lyke-169">[168]</a> The public's growing appreciation also led to growing opposition to whale–keeping in aquarium. Only one whale has been taken in North American waters since 1976. In recent years, the extent of the public's interest in orcas has manifested itself in several high-profile efforts surrounding individuals. Following the success of the 1993 film <a href="/wiki/Free_Willy" title="Free Willy">Free Willy</a>, the movie's captive star <a href="/wiki/Keiko_(whale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keiko (whale)">Keiko</a> was returned to the coast of his native <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> in 2002. The director of the International Marine Mammal Project for the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Island_Institute" title="Earth Island Institute">Earth Island Institute</a>, David Phillips, led the efforts to return Keiko to the Iceland waters.<a href="#cite_note-Wood-213">[212]</a> Keiko however did not adapt to the harsh climate of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>, and died a year into his release after contracting <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia_(non-human)" title="Pneumonia (non-human)">pneumonia</a>, at the age of 27.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> In 2002, the orphan <a href="/wiki/Springer_(orca)" title="Springer (orca)">Springer</a> was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a>, Washington. She became the first whale to be successfully reintegrated into a wild pod after human intervention, crystallizing decades of research into the vocal behaviour and social structure of the region's orcas.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-215">[214]</a> The saving of Springer raised hopes that another young orca named <a href="/wiki/Luna_(killer_whale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luna (killer whale)">Luna</a>, which had become separated from his pod, could be returned to it. However, his case was marked by controversy about whether and how to intervene, and in 2006, Luna was killed by a boat propeller.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whaling">Whaling</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Killer_Whale_(Old_Tom)_and_whalers.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A killer whale swims alongside a whaling boat, with a smaller whale in between. Two men are standing, the harpooner in the bow and a steersman on the aft rudder, while four oarsmen are seated." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Killer_Whale_%28Old_Tom%29_and_whalers.jpeg/330px-Killer_Whale_%28Old_Tom%29_and_whalers.jpeg" decoding="async" width="260" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Killer_Whale_%28Old_Tom%29_and_whalers.jpeg/500px-Killer_Whale_%28Old_Tom%29_and_whalers.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Killer_Whale_%28Old_Tom%29_and_whalers.jpeg/520px-Killer_Whale_%28Old_Tom%29_and_whalers.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption>The orca named <a href="/wiki/Old_Tom_(orca)" title="Old Tom (orca)">Old Tom</a> swims alongside a <a href="/wiki/Whaleboat" title="Whaleboat">whaleboat</a>, flanking a whale calf. The boat is being towed by a harpooned whale (not visible here), near Eden, Australia.</figcaption></figure> The earliest known records of commercial hunting of orcas date to the 18th century in Japan. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the global <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a> industry caught immense numbers of <a href="/wiki/Baleen_whale" title="Baleen whale">baleen</a> and sperm whales, but largely ignored orcas because of their limited amounts of <a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">recoverable oil</a>, their smaller populations, and the difficulty of taking them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENMFS200539-120">[119]</a> Once the stocks of larger species were depleted, orcas were targeted by commercial whalers in the mid-20th century. Between 1954 and 1997, Japan took 1,178 orcas (although the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Environment (Japan)">Ministry of the Environment</a> claims that there had been domestic catches of about 1,600 whales between late 1940s to 1960s<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a>) and Norway took 987.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeeEllis199234-218">[217]</a> Extensive hunting of orcas, including an <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> catch of 916 in 1979–80 alone, prompted the <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission</a> to recommend a ban on commercial hunting of the species pending further research.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeeEllis199234-218">[217]</a> Today, no country carries out a substantial hunt, although <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> permit small subsistence hunts (see <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_whaling" title="Aboriginal whaling">Aboriginal whaling</a>). Other than commercial hunts, orcas were hunted along Japanese coasts out of public concern for potential conflicts with fisheries. Such cases include a semi-resident male-female pair in <a href="/wiki/Akashi_Strait" title="Akashi Strait">Akashi Strait</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harimanada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harimanada (page does not exist)">Harimanada</a> being killed in the <a href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</a> in 1957,<a href="#cite_note-OSAKACEA-219">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> the killing of five whales from a pod of 11 members that swam into <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Bay" title="Tokyo Bay">Tokyo Bay</a> in 1970,<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> and a catch record in southern Taiwan in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-SmallCetaceansChina-222">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cooperation_with_humans">Cooperation with humans</h4></div> Orcas have helped humans hunting other whales.<a href="#cite_note-scavenging-224">[223]</a> One well-known example was the <a href="/wiki/Killer_whales_of_Eden,_New_South_Wales" title="Killer whales of Eden, New South Wales">orcas of Eden, Australia</a>, including the male known as <a href="/wiki/Old_Tom_(orca)" title="Old Tom (orca)">Old Tom</a>. Whalers more often considered them a nuisance, however, as orcas would gather to scavenge meat from the whalers' catch.<a href="#cite_note-scavenging-224">[223]</a> Some populations, such as in Alaska's <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Sound" title="Prince William Sound">Prince William Sound</a>, may have been reduced significantly by whalers shooting them in retaliation.<a href="#cite_note-baird-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whale_watching">Whale watching</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">Whale watching</a> continues to increase in popularity, but may have some problematic impacts on orcas. Exposure to exhaust gases from large amounts of vessel traffic is causing concern for the overall health of the 75 remaining southern resident orcas (SRKWs) left as of early 2019.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> This population is followed by approximately 20 vessels for 12 hours a day during the months May–September.<a href="#cite_note-Lachmuth_et_al._2011-226">[225]</a> Researchers discovered that these vessels are in the line of sight for these whales for 98–99.5% of daylight hours.<a href="#cite_note-Lachmuth_et_al._2011-226">[225]</a> With so many vessels, the air quality around these whales deteriorates and impacts their health. Air pollutants that bind with exhaust fumes are responsible for the activation of the cytochrome P450 1A gene family.<a href="#cite_note-Lachmuth_et_al._2011-226">[225]</a> Researchers have successfully identified this gene in skin biopsies of live whales and also the lungs of deceased whales. A direct correlation between activation of this gene and the air pollutants can not be made because there are other known factors that will induce the same gene. Vessels can have either wet or dry exhaust systems, with wet exhaust systems leaving more pollutants in the water due to various gas solubility. A modelling study determined that the lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL) of exhaust pollutants was about 12% of the human dose.<a href="#cite_note-Lachmuth_et_al._2011-226">[225]</a> As a response to this, in 2017 boats off the British Columbia coast now have a minimum approach distance of 200 metres compared to the previous 100 metres. This new rule complements Washington State's minimum approach zone of 180 metres that has been in effect since 2011. If a whale approaches a vessel it must be placed in neutral until the whale passes. The World Health Organization has set air quality standards in an effort to control the emissions produced by these vessels.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Captivity">Captivity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Captive_orcas" title="Captive orcas">Captive orcas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miami_Oceanarium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Miami_Oceanarium.jpg/250px-Miami_Oceanarium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Miami_Oceanarium.jpg/330px-Miami_Oceanarium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Miami_Oceanarium.jpg/500px-Miami_Oceanarium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lolita_(orca)" title="Lolita (orca)">Lolita</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Miami_Seaquarium" title="Miami Seaquarium">Miami Seaquarium</a>, was one of the oldest orcas in captivity.</figcaption></figure> The orca's <a href="/wiki/Animal_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal intelligence">intelligence</a>, trainability, striking appearance, playfulness in captivity and sheer size have made it a popular exhibit at aquaria and <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal_park" title="Marine mammal park">aquatic theme parks</a>. From 1976 to 1997, 55 whales were taken from the wild in Iceland, 19 from Japan, and three from Argentina. These figures exclude animals that died during capture. Live captures fell dramatically in the 1990s, and by 1999, about 40% of the 48 animals on display in the world were captive-born.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENMFS200543–44-228">[227]</a> Organizations such as <a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Protection" title="World Animal Protection">World Animal Protection</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Whale_and_Dolphin_Conservation" title="Whale and Dolphin Conservation">Whale and Dolphin Conservation</a> campaign against the practice of keeping them in captivity. In captivity, they often develop pathologies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fin</a> collapse seen in 60–90% of captive males. Captives have vastly reduced life expectancies, on average only living into their 20s.<a href="#cite_note-229">[b]</a> That said, a 2015 study coauthored by staff at <a href="/wiki/SeaWorld" title="SeaWorld">SeaWorld</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Zoo" title="Minnesota Zoo">Minnesota Zoo</a> suggested no significant difference in survivorship between free-ranging and captive orcas.<a href="#cite_note-robeck-155">[154]</a> However, in the wild, females who survive infancy live 46 years on average, and up to 70–80 years in rare cases. Wild males who survive infancy live 31 years on average, and up to 50–60 years.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> Captivity usually bears little resemblance to wild habitat, and captive whales' social groups are foreign to those found in the wild. Critics claim captive life is stressful due to these factors and the requirement to perform <a href="/wiki/Circus_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus trick">circus tricks</a> that are not part of wild orca behaviour, see <a href="#Behaviour">above</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> Wild orcas may travel up to 160 kilometres (100 mi) in a day, and critics say the animals are too big and intelligent to be suitable for captivity.<a href="#cite_note-cbs2010-139">[138]</a> Captives occasionally act aggressively towards themselves, their tankmates, or humans, which critics say is a result of <a href="/wiki/Stress_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (medicine)">stress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-abc2006-203">[202]</a> Between 1991 and 2010, the bull orca known as <a href="/wiki/Tilikum_(orca)" title="Tilikum (orca)">Tilikum</a> was involved in the death of three people, and was featured in the critically acclaimed 2013 film <a href="/wiki/Blackfish_(film)" title="Blackfish (film)">Blackfish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RT_review_1-232">[230]</a> Tilikum lived at SeaWorld from 1992 until his death in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> In March 2016, SeaWorld announced that they would be ending their orca breeding program and their theatrical shows.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> However, as of 2020, theatrical shows featuring orcas are still ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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.reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> According to Baird,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaird200223-100">[100]</a> killer whales prefer harbour seals to sea lions and porpoises in some areas. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Although there are examples of killer whales living longer, including several over 30 years old, and two captive orcas (Corky II and Lolita) are in their mid-40s. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MSW3-1"><a href="#cite_ref-MSW3_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMeadBrownell2005" class="citation book cs1">Mead, J. 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Retrieved February 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Whales.org&rft.atitle=Facts+about+orcas+%28killer+whales%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fus.whales.org%2Fwhales-dolphins%2Ffacts-about-orcas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-price-7"><a href="#cite_ref-price_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrice2013" class="citation web cs1">Price, Mary (July 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.nwf.org/2013/07/orcas-how-science-debunked-superstition/">"Orcas: How Science Debunked Superstition"</a>. National Wildlife Federation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131095114/http://blog.nwf.org/2013/07/orcas-how-science-debunked-superstition/">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2017. 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Retrieved August 23, 2020. <q>Overall, the whales spent 50% of their time 8 m or shallower and 90% of their time 40 m or shallower</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=The+diving+behaviour+of+mammal-eating+killer+whales+%3A+variations+with+ecological+not+physiological+factors&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1103-%3C%2Fspan%3E1112&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2FZ10-080&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Patrick+James+O%27Malley&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+Ari+Daniel&rft.au=Deecke%2C+Volker+Bernt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finsight.cumbria.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1976%2F1%2FDeecke_TheDivingBehaviour.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReisingerKeithAndrewsde_Bruyn2015" class="citation journal cs1">Reisinger, Ryan R.; Keith, Mark; Andrews, Russel D.; de Bruyn, P. J. N. (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/poster/Movement_and_diving_of_killer_whales_Orcinus_orca_at_a_Southern_Ocean_archipelago/3426920">"Movement and diving of killer whales (Orcinus orca) at a Southern Ocean archipelago"</a>. 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Retrieved December 6, 2021. <q>maximum dive depths were 767.5 and 499.5 m</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Marine+Biology+and+Ecology&rft.atitle=Movement+and+diving+of+killer+whales+%28Orcinus+orca%29+at+a+Southern+Ocean+archipelago&rft.volume=473&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2263%2F49986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jembe.2015.08.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015JEMBE.473...90R&rft.aulast=Reisinger&rft.aufirst=Ryan+R.&rft.au=Keith%2C+Mark&rft.au=Andrews%2C+Russel+D.&rft.au=de+Bruyn%2C+P.+J.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.com%2Farticles%2Fposter%2FMovement_and_diving_of_killer_whales_Orcinus_orca_at_a_Southern_Ocean_archipelago%2F3426920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTowersTixierRossBennett2019" class="citation journal cs1">Towers, Jared R; Tixier, Paul; Ross, Katherine A; Bennett, John; Arnould, John P Y; Pitman, Robert L; Durban, John W; Northridge, Simon (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficesjms%2Ffsy118">"Movements and dive behaviour of a toothfish-depredating killer and sperm whale"</a>. 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East Asian Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ea210/aleut.htm">the original</a> on October 28, 2016. Retrieved August 7, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Siberian+Yupik+%28Eskimo%29&rft.aulast=Vajda&rft.aufirst=Edward+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpandora.cii.wwu.edu%2Fvajda%2Fea210%2Faleut.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-radio-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-radio_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-radio_188-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation serial cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ковалева, Ирина & Богословская, Людмила (December 3, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://echo.msk.ru/programs/beseda/20523/"><bdi lang="ru">Животные и отражение их прихода к человеку в самых разных текстах</bdi></a> (in Russian). Эхо Москвы. 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Retrieved April 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BA+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85&rft.date=2002-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecho.msk.ru%2Fprograms%2Fbeseda%2F20523%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrca" class="Z3988"> A radio interview with Russian scientists about man and animal, examples taken especially from Asian Eskimos </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiyanaga2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Miyanaga, T. 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(See also an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=9:chapter=5">English translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604093248/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=9:chapter=5">Archived</a> June 4, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Bostock_(physician)" title="John Bostock (physician)">John Bostock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Riley" title="Henry Thomas Riley">Henry Thomas Riley</a>, 1855.) 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/160317-seaworld-orcas-killer-whales-captivity-breeding-shamu-tilikum/">the original</a> on April 20, 2016. Retrieved September 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=SeaWorld+to+End+Controversial+Orca+Shows+and+Breeding&rft.date=2016-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2016%2F03%2F160317-seaworld-orcas-killer-whales-captivity-breeding-shamu-tilikum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrca" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStevens2020" class="citation web cs1">Stevens, Blair (June 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://8forty.ca/2020/06/10/even-years-after-blackfish-seaworld-still-has-orcas/">"Even years after Blackfish, SeaWorld still has Orcas"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213055553/https://8forty.ca/2020/06/10/even-years-after-blackfish-seaworld-still-has-orcas/">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Even+years+after+Blackfish%2C+SeaWorld+still+has+Orcas&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Blair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F8forty.ca%2F2020%2F06%2F10%2Feven-years-after-blackfish-seaworld-still-has-orcas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrca" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaird2002" class="citation book cs1">Baird, Robin W. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rjksm-5-ap4C&pg=PP1">Killer Whales of the World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stillwater,_Minnesota" title="Stillwater, Minnesota">Stillwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">MN.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Voyageur_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyageur Press">Voyageur Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-2654-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-2654-1"><bdi>978-0-7603-2654-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killer+Whales+of+the+World&rft.place=Stillwater%2C+MN.&rft.pub=Voyageur+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-2654-1&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=Robin+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRjksm-5-ap4C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrca" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarwardine2001" class="citation book cs1">Carwardine, Mark (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/killerwhales00carw">Killer Whales</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_Worldwide" title="BBC Worldwide">BBC Worldwide</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7894-8266-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7894-8266-2"><bdi>978-0-7894-8266-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killer+Whales&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BBC+Worldwide&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7894-8266-2&rft.aulast=Carwardine&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkillerwhales00carw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrca" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFord2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ford, John K. B. 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Vol. II, part 3. <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Institution Libraries">Smithsonian Institution Libraries</a> and National Science Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886106-81-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-886106-81-9"><bdi>978-1-886106-81-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammals+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Libraries+and+National+Science+Foundation&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-886106-81-9&rft.aulast=Heptner&rft.aufirst=V.+G.&rft.au=Nasimovich%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Bannikov%2C+A.+G.&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmammalsofsov231996gept&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrca" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNMFS2005" class="citation web cs1">NMFS (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626121719/http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/Marine-Mammals/Whales-Dolphins-Porpoise/Killer-Whales/Conservation-Planning/upload/SRKW-propConsPlan.pdf">"Conservation Plan for Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus orca)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, U.S.: <a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a> (NMFS) Northwest Regional Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/Marine-Mammals/Whales-Dolphins-Porpoise/Killer-Whales/Conservation-Planning/upload/SRKW-propConsPlan.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 26, 2008. Retrieved January 2, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conservation+Plan+for+Southern+Resident+Killer+Whales+%28Orcinus+orca%29&rft.place=Seattle%2C+U.S.&rft.pub=National+Marine+Fisheries+Service+%28NMFS%29+Northwest+Regional+Office&rft.date=2005&rft.au=NMFS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwr.noaa.gov%2FMarine-Mammals%2FWhales-Dolphins-Porpoise%2FKiller-Whales%2FConservation-Planning%2Fupload%2FSRKW-propConsPlan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrca" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFObeeEllis1992" class="citation book cs1">Obee, Bruce; Ellis, Graeme (1992). Elaine Jones (ed.). Guardians of the Whales: The Quest to Study Whales in the Wild. <a href="/wiki/North_Vancouver_(city)" title="North Vancouver (city)">North Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>: Whitecap Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55110-034-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55110-034-0"><bdi>978-1-55110-034-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guardians+of+the+Whales%3A+The+Quest+to+Study+Whales+in+the+Wild&rft.place=North+Vancouver%2C+British+Columbia&rft.pub=Whitecap+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-55110-034-0&rft.aulast=Obee&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrca" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoyt1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Hoyt, Erich (August 1984). "The Whales Called "Killer"". <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a>. Vol. 166, no. 2. pp. 220–237. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358">0027-9358</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643483454">643483454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+Whales+Called+%22Killer%22&rft.volume=166&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E220-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.date=1984-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643483454&rft.issn=0027-9358&rft.aulast=Hoyt&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrca" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoyt1998" class="citation cs2">Hoyt, Erich (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orca00eric_0">Orca: The Whale Called Killer Camden House Publishing</a>, Camden House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920656-25-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-920656-25-9"><bdi>978-0-920656-25-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orca%3A+The+Whale+Called+Killer+Camden+House+Publishing&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-920656-25-9&rft.aulast=Hoyt&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forca00eric_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrca" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirkevoldLockard1986" class="citation book cs1">Kirkevold, B. C.; Lockard, J. S. (1986). Behavioral Biology of Killer Whales. <a href="/wiki/Alan_R._Liss_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Alan R. Liss Inc.">Alan R. Liss Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8451-3100-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8451-3100-8"><bdi>978-0-8451-3100-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behavioral+Biology+of+Killer+Whales&rft.pub=Alan+R.+Liss+Inc.&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8451-3100-8&rft.aulast=Kirkevold&rft.aufirst=B.+C.&rft.au=Lockard%2C+J.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrca" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/40px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/60px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/120px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Orcinus_orca" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Orcinus orca">Orcinus orca</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orca-live.net/">Orca-Live</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815053430/http://www.orca-live.net/">Archived</a> August 15, 2000, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Orcas in Johnstone Strait, British Columbia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orcasound.net/">Salish Sea Hydrophone Network</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130709100220/http://www.orcasound.net/">Archived</a> July 9, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Listen live to orcas in Washington State, U.S.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216065407/http://www.keepwhaleswild.org/">Keep Whales Wild</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animals.howstuffworks.com/mammals/orca-killer-whale.htm">Why are orca called killer whales?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219193544/https://animals.howstuffworks.com/mammals/orca-killer-whale.htm">Archived</a> February 19, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, HowStuffWorks.com, article by Jacob Silverman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140709235820/http://cetus.ucsd.edu/voicesinthesea_org/species/dolphins/orca.html">Voices in the Sea - Sounds of the Orca (Killer Whale)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gadling.com/2011/03/27/killer-whale-devours-great-white-shark/">Orca devours great white shark</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120405214004/http://www.gadling.com/2011/03/27/killer-whale-devours-great-white-shark/">Archived</a> April 5, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=IZTSd-CMEno&feature=emb_title">Orcas Preying On Dolphins (Caught On Drone)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210317071533/https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=IZTSd-CMEno&feature=emb_title">Archived</a> March 17, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, off the coast of San Clemente</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRFp3kEBV-A">Orcas vs Sperm Whales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200424035711/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRFp3kEBV-A&gl=US&hl=en">Archived</a> April 24, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KCQrLA3UKw">Watch: Killer Whales Charge Blue Whale (Rare Drone Footage)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191116062347/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KCQrLA3UKw&gl=US&hl=en">Archived</a> November 16, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> | <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cetacea" title="Template:Cetacea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cetacea" title="Template talk:Cetacea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cetacea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cetacea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Cetacea_species374" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Infraclass <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a></li> <li>Superorder <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a></li> <li>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Parvorder_Mysticeti_(Baleen_whales)374" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Parvorder <a href="/wiki/Baleen_whale" title="Baleen whale">Mysticeti (Baleen whales)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balaenidae" title="Balaenidae">Balaenidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">Balaena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">Bowhead whale (B. mysticetus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Right_whale" title="Right whale">Eubalaena</a> (Right whales)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_right_whale" title="Southern right whale">Southern right whale (E. australis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_right_whale" title="North Atlantic right whale">North Atlantic right whale (E. glacialis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_right_whale" title="North Pacific right whale">North Pacific right whale (E. japonica)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rorqual" title="Rorqual">Balaenopteridae</a> (Rorquals)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Balaenoptera" title="Balaenoptera">Balaenoptera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_minke_whale" title="Common minke whale">Common minke whale (B. acutorostrata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_minke_whale" title="Antarctic minke whale">Antarctic minke whale (B. bonaerensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei_whale" title="Sei whale">Sei whale (B. borealis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryde%27s_whale" title="Bryde's whale">Bryde's whale (B. brydei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryde%27s_whale" title="Bryde's whale">Pygmy Bryde's whale (B. edeni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">Blue whale (B. musculus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omura%27s_whale" title="Omura's whale">Omura's whale (B. omurai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fin_whale" title="Fin whale">Fin whale (B. physalus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice%27s_whale" title="Rice's whale">Rice's whale (B. ricei)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Gray_whale" title="Gray whale">Eschrichtius</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_whale" title="Gray whale">Gray whale (E. robustus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">Megaptera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">Humpback whale (M. novaeangliae)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cetotheriidae" title="Cetotheriidae">Cetotheriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Caperea33" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_right_whale" title="Pygmy right whale">Caperea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_right_whale" title="Pygmy right whale">Pygmy right whale (C. marginata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Parvorder_Odontoceti_(Toothed_whales)374" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Parvorder <a href="/wiki/Toothed_whale" title="Toothed whale">Odontoceti (Toothed whales)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_dolphin" title="Oceanic dolphin">Delphinidae</a> (Oceanic dolphins)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Cephalorhynchus" title="Cephalorhynchus">Cephalorhynchus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commerson%27s_dolphin" title="Commerson's dolphin">Commerson's dolphin (C. commersonii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_dolphin" title="Chilean dolphin">Chilean dolphin (C. eutropia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaviside%27s_dolphin" title="Heaviside's dolphin">Heaviside's dolphin (C. heavisidii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector%27s_dolphin" title="Hector's dolphin">Hector's dolphin (C. hectori)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Common_dolphin" title="Common dolphin">Delphinus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_dolphin" title="Common dolphin">Common dolphin (D. delphis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_killer_whale" title="Pygmy killer whale">Feresa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_killer_whale" title="Pygmy killer whale">Pygmy killer whale (F. attenuata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Pilot_whale" title="Pilot whale">Globicephala</a> (Pilot whales)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-finned_pilot_whale" title="Short-finned pilot whale">Short-finned pilot whale (G. macrorhynchus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-finned_pilot_whale" title="Long-finned pilot whale">Long-finned pilot whale (G. melas)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Risso%27s_dolphin" title="Risso's dolphin">Grampus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risso%27s_dolphin" title="Risso's dolphin">Risso's dolphin (G. griseus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Fraser%27s_dolphin" title="Fraser's dolphin">Lagenodelphis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraser%27s_dolphin" title="Fraser's dolphin">Fraser's dolphin (L. hosei)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lagenorhynchus" title="Lagenorhynchus">Lagenorhynchus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-beaked_dolphin" title="White-beaked dolphin">White-beaked dolphin (L. albirostris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_white-sided_dolphin" title="Atlantic white-sided dolphin">Atlantic white-sided dolphin (L. acutus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peale%27s_dolphin" title="Peale's dolphin">Peale's dolphin (L. australis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass_dolphin" title="Hourglass dolphin">Hourglass dolphin (L. cruciger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_white-sided_dolphin" title="Pacific white-sided dolphin">Pacific white-sided dolphin (L. obliquidens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusky_dolphin" title="Dusky dolphin">Dusky dolphin (L. obscurus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Right_whale_dolphin" title="Right whale dolphin">Lissodelphis</a> (Right whale dolphins)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_right_whale_dolphin" title="Northern right whale dolphin">Northern right whale dolphin (L. borealis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_right_whale_dolphin" title="Southern right whale dolphin">Southern right whale dolphin (L. peronii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Orcaella" title="Orcaella">Orcaella</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_dolphin" title="Irrawaddy dolphin">Irrawaddy dolphin (O. brevirostris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_snubfin_dolphin" title="Australian snubfin dolphin">Australian snubfin dolphin (O. heinsohni)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Orcinus" title="Orcinus">Orcinus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orca or killer whale (O. orca)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Melon-headed_whale" title="Melon-headed whale">Peponocephala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melon-headed_whale" title="Melon-headed whale">Melon-headed whale (P. electra)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/False_killer_whale" title="False killer whale">Pseudorca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_killer_whale" title="False killer whale">False killer whale (P. crassidens)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Sotalia_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sotalia (genus)">Sotalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tucuxi" title="Tucuxi">Tucuxi (S. fluviatilis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_dolphin" title="Guiana dolphin">Guiana dolphin (S. guianensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Humpback_dolphin" title="Humpback dolphin">Sousa</a> (Humpback dolphins)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_humpback_dolphin" title="Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin">Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (S. chinensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_humpback_dolphin" title="Indian Ocean humpback dolphin">Indian Ocean humpback dolphin (S. plumbea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_humpback_dolphin" title="Australian humpback dolphin">Australian humpback dolphin (S. sahulensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_humpback_dolphin" title="Atlantic humpback dolphin">Atlantic humpback dolphin (S. teuszii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Stenella" title="Stenella">Stenella</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantropical_spotted_dolphin" title="Pantropical spotted dolphin">Pantropical spotted dolphin (S. attenuata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clymene_dolphin" title="Clymene dolphin">Clymene dolphin (S. clymene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_dolphin" title="Striped dolphin">Striped dolphin (S. coeruleoalba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_spotted_dolphin" title="Atlantic spotted dolphin">Atlantic spotted dolphin (S. frontalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinner_dolphin" title="Spinner dolphin">Spinner dolphin (S. longirostris)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Rough-toothed_dolphin" title="Rough-toothed dolphin">Steno</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rough-toothed_dolphin" title="Rough-toothed dolphin">Rough-toothed dolphin (S. bredanensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin" title="Bottlenose dolphin">Tursiops</a> (Bottlenose dolphins)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_bottlenose_dolphin" title="Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin">Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (T. aduncus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burrunan_dolphin" title="Burrunan dolphin">Burrunan dolphin (T. australis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanend%27s_bottlenose_dolphin" title="Tamanend's bottlenose dolphin">Tamanend's bottlenose dolphin (T. erebennus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_bottlenose_dolphin" title="Common bottlenose dolphin">Common bottlenose dolphin (T. truncatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monodontidae" title="Monodontidae">Monodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">Delphinapterus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">Beluga whale (D. leucas)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">Monodon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">Narwhal (M. monoceros)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">Phocoenidae</a> (Porpoises)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Finless_porpoise" title="Finless porpoise">Neophocoena</a> (Finless porpoises)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_finless_porpoise" title="Indo-Pacific finless porpoise">Indo-Pacific finless porpoise (N. phocaenoides)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_finless_porpoise" title="Yangtze finless porpoise">Yangtze finless porpoise (N. asiaeorientalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_finless_porpoise" title="East Asian finless porpoise">East Asian finless porpoise (N. sunameri)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Phocoena" title="Phocoena">Phocoena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectacled_porpoise" title="Spectacled porpoise">Spectacled porpoise (P. dioptrica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbour_porpoise" title="Harbour porpoise">Harbour porpoise (P. phocoena)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaquita" title="Vaquita">Vaquita (P. sinus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmeister%27s_porpoise" title="Burmeister's porpoise">Burmeister's porpoise (P. spinipinnis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Dall%27s_porpoise" title="Dall's porpoise">Phocoenoides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dall%27s_porpoise" title="Dall's porpoise">Dall's porpoise (P. dalli)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physeteroidea" title="Physeteroidea">Physeteridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Physeter16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Physeter" title="Physeter">Physeter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">Sperm whale (P. macrocephalus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kogiidae" title="Kogiidae">Kogiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kogia13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Kogia" title="Kogia">Kogia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_sperm_whale" title="Pygmy sperm whale">Pygmy sperm whale (K. breviceps)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_sperm_whale" title="Dwarf sperm whale">Dwarf sperm whale (K. simus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iniidae" title="Iniidae">Iniidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Inia12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Inia" title="Inia">Inia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araguaian_river_dolphin" title="Araguaian river dolphin">Araguaian river dolphin (I. araguaiaensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_river_dolphin" title="Bolivian river dolphin">Bolivian river dolphin (I. boliviensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_river_dolphin" title="Amazon river dolphin">Amazon river dolphin (I. geoffrensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lipotidae" title="Lipotidae">Lipotidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lipotes21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Baiji" title="Baiji">Lipotes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baiji" title="Baiji">Baiji (L. vexillifer)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platanistidae" title="Platanistidae">Platanistidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Platanista44" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_river_dolphin" title="South Asian river dolphin">Platanista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_river_dolphin" title="Ganges river dolphin">Ganges river dolphin (P. gangetica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_river_dolphin" title="Indus river dolphin">Indus river dolphin (P. minor)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/La_Plata_dolphin" title="La Plata dolphin">Pontoporiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pontoporia35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/La_Plata_dolphin" title="La Plata dolphin">Pontoporia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Plata_dolphin" title="La Plata dolphin">La Plata dolphin (P. blainvillei)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beaked_whale" title="Beaked whale">Ziphiidae</a> (Beaked whales)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Berardius" title="Berardius">Berardius</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnoux%27s_beaked_whale" title="Arnoux's beaked whale">Arnoux's beaked whale (B. arnuxii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baird%27s_beaked_whale" title="Baird's beaked whale">Baird's beaked whale (B. bairdii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sato%27s_beaked_whale" title="Sato's beaked whale">Sato's beaked whale (B. minimus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_whale" title="Bottlenose whale">Hyperoodon</a> (Bottlenose whales)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_bottlenose_whale" title="Northern bottlenose whale">Northern bottlenose whale (H. ampullatus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bottlenose_whale" title="Southern bottlenose whale">Southern bottlenose whale (H. planifrons)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_bottlenose_whale" title="Tropical bottlenose whale">Indopacetus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_bottlenose_whale" title="Tropical bottlenose whale">Tropical bottlenose whale (I. pacificus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Mesoplodont_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoplodont whale">Mesoplodon</a> (Mesoplodont whales)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sowerby%27s_beaked_whale" title="Sowerby's beaked whale">Sowerby's beaked whale (M. bidens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrews%27_beaked_whale" title="Andrews' beaked whale">Andrews' beaked whale (M. bowdoini)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbs%27_beaked_whale" title="Hubbs' beaked whale">Hubbs' beaked whale (M. carlhubbsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blainville%27s_beaked_whale" title="Blainville's beaked whale">Blainville's beaked whale (M. densirostris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramari%27s_beaked_whale" title="Ramari's beaked whale">Ramari's beaked whale (M. eueu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gervais%27s_beaked_whale" title="Gervais's beaked whale">Gervais's beaked whale (M. europaeus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo-toothed_beaked_whale" title="Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale">Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale (M. ginkgodens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_beaked_whale" title="Gray's beaked whale">Gray's beaked whale (M. grayi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector%27s_beaked_whale" title="Hector's beaked whale">Hector's beaked whale (M. hectori)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deraniyagala%27s_beaked_whale" title="Deraniyagala's beaked whale">Deraniyagala's beaked whale (M. hotaula)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strap-toothed_whale" title="Strap-toothed whale">Strap-toothed whale (M. layardii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True%27s_beaked_whale" title="True's beaked whale">True's beaked whale (M. mirus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin%27s_beaked_whale" title="Perrin's beaked whale">Perrin's beaked whale (M. perrini)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_beaked_whale" title="Pygmy beaked whale">Pygmy beaked whale (M. peruvianus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stejneger%27s_beaked_whale" title="Stejneger's beaked whale">Stejneger's beaked whale (M. stejnegeri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spade-toothed_whale" title="Spade-toothed whale">Spade-toothed whale (M. traversii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_beaked_whale" title="Shepherd's beaked whale">Tasmacetus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_beaked_whale" title="Shepherd's beaked whale">Shepherd's beaked whale (T. shepherdi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Cuvier%27s_beaked_whale" title="Cuvier's beaked whale">Ziphius </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuvier%27s_beaked_whale" title="Cuvier's beaked whale">Cuvier's beaked whale (Z. cavirostris)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers6237" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers6237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Orcinus orca</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26843" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q26843">Q26843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Orcinus_orca" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Orcinus orca">Orcinus orca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Orcinus_orca/">Orcinus_orca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Orcinus_orca">Orcinus_orca</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id20829">20829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=88943">88943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/74SZC">74SZC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_Migratory_Species_of_Wild_Animals" title="Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals">CMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cms.int/en/species/orcinus-orca">orcinus-orca</a></li> <li>ECOS: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/3380">3380</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/46559273">46559273</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ORCIOR">ORCIOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/8374">8374</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2440483">2440483</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/41521">41521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10193882">10193882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180469">180469</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/15421">15421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006423">1006423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14300074">14300074</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105428/">2.105428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000005173">NBNSYS0000005173</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9733">9733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">NOAA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/killer-whale">killer-whale</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/8a4a806c-d997-4960-9e7a-82ac875054aa">8a4a806c-d997-4960-9e7a-82ac875054aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/20695/">20695</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/137102">137102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=124215">124215</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=64541">64541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaLifeBase" title="SeaLifeBase">SeaLifeBase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sealifebase.ca/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=69400">69400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/6391">6391</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=12387">12387</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137102">137102</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Delphinus orca</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q67206427" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q67206427">Q67206427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/34JXW">34JXW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/8529">8529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=771063">771063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/0B8C8927-FB2B-4564-85A7-769DE506635F">0B8C8927-FB2B-4564-85A7-769DE506635F</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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[\"CITEREFEstes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEstesDoakSpringerWilliams2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilatovaFedutinBurdinHoyt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzinger1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFooteOsborneHoelzel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFordEllis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFordEllisBalcomb1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFordEllisBalcomb2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForneyWade2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancisHewlett2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzalez-Pestana2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeimlichBoran2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeithaus2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeptnerNasimovichBannikovHoffmann1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeyningDahlheim1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoareHoekendijk2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorreo2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoyt1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoyt1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffersonStaceyBaird1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJettVentre2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJorgensen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosh_D._McInnesAndrew_W._TritesChelsea_R._MathiesonMarilyn_E._Dahlheim2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaiyaLeatherwoodJefferson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaiyaLeatherwoodJefferson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeim2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkevoldLockard1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiszka2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKremersLemassonAlmuniaWanker2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKwan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLachmuthBarrett-LennardSteynMilsom2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeDucPerrinDizon1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeatherwoodHobbs1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLesté-Lasserre2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisShort1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddellScott1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinnaeus1758\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyke2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarino2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClure2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClure2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGowenTsagkogeorgaÁlvarez-Carreterodos_Reis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerShapiroDeecke2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiyanaga2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorinArcherFooteVilstrup2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorinMcCarthyFungDurban2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNMFS2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewmanMcGeer1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Sullivan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObeeEllis1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlsen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPancaldiAyresGallagherMoskito2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPickrell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitmanDurban2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitmanDurban2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitmanDurbanGreenfelderGuinet2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitmanEnsor2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPyleSchrammKeiperAnderson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReevesPitmanFord2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReevesWhitehead2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReisingerKeithAndrewsde_Bruyn2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRendellWhitehead2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidgwayBrownsonVan_AlstyneHauser2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbins2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobeckWillisScarpuzziO\u0026#039;Brien2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamarra2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchevillWatkins1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchrope2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott_Neuman2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelbmann,_A.2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimiläUgarte1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimonMcGregorUgarte2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpear2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencerGornall_3rdPoulter1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpringer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevens2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzondy2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTEGNA\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimiras2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTotterdell,_J._A.Wellard,_R.Reeves,_I._M.Elsdon,_B.2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTowersTixierRossBennett2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTownerMicarelliHurwitzSmale2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTownerWatsonKockPapastamatiou2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuck1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVajda\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVisser1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVisser2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVisserBerghanvan_MeursFertl2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVisserSmithBullockGreen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardHolmesBalcomb2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebberJeffersonPitman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeirCollinsCarvalhoRosenbaum2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeißLadichSpongSymonds2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeller2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeston2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmerman2011\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"(-\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cetacea\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite iucn\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 73,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite serial\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 46,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 4,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 12,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Fossil range\"] = 1,\n [\"Further information\"] = 3,\n [\"Harv\"] = 1,\n [\"ITIS\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend2\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Longitem\"] = 2,\n [\"MSW3 Cetacea\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Plural form\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 76,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 3,\n [\"Speciesbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Canadian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 25,\n [\"Wikispecies\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-58799fd575-l4phk","timestamp":"20250409120949","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Orca","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orca","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q26843","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q26843","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-17T13:03:24Z","dateModified":"2025-04-02T18:33:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/37\/Killerwhales_jumping.jpg","headline":"species in the oceanic dolphin family"}</script> </body> </html>