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<span>Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lost_Pauline_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_Pauline_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lost Pauline epistles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lost_Pauline_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudepigraphic_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudepigraphic_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pseudepigraphic epistles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudepigraphic_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collected_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collected_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Collected epistles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collected_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographic_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographic_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliographic resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographic_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pauline epistles</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3" title="رسائل بولس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رسائل بولس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="পৌলের পত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পৌলের পত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Лісты апостала Паўла – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лісты апостала Паўла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Пасланьні Паўла – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пасланьні Паўла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulinische_Briafe" title="Paulinische Briafe – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Paulinische Briafe" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizhero%C3%B9_Paol" title="Lizheroù Paol – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lizheroù Paol" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%ADstoles_Paulines" title="Epístoles Paulines – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Epístoles Paulines" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlovy_epi%C5%A1toly" title="Pavlovy epištoly – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pavlovy epištoly" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llythyrau_Paul" title="Llythyrau Paul – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llythyrau Paul" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus%27_breve" title="Paulus' breve – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paulus' breve" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulusbriefe" title="Paulusbriefe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paulusbriefe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauluse_kirjad" title="Pauluse kirjad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pauluse kirjad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Επιστολές του Παύλου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιστολές του Παύλου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%ADstolas_paulinas" title="Epístolas paulinas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Epístolas paulinas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%ADlaj_epistoloj" title="Paŭlaj epistoloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paŭlaj epistoloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="نامه‌های پائولین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نامه‌های پائولین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%AEtres_de_Paul" title="Épîtres de Paul – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Épîtres de Paul" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brieven_fan_Paulus" title="Brieven fan Paulus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Brieven fan Paulus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartas_paulinas" title="Cartas paulinas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cartas paulinas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9A%B8%EB%A1%9C_%EC%84%9C%EC%8B%A0" title="바울로 서신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바울로 서신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poslanice_apostola_Pavla" title="Poslanice apostola Pavla – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poslanice apostola Pavla" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat-surat_Paulus" title="Surat-surat Paulus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Surat-surat Paulus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistolas_paulin" title="Epistolas paulin – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Epistolas paulin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettere_di_Paolo" title="Lettere di Paolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lettere di Paolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1" title="איגרות פאולוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איגרות פאולוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzandiko_za_Pawulo" title="Inzandiko za Pawulo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Inzandiko za Pawulo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyaraka_za_Paulo" title="Nyaraka za Paulo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nyaraka za Paulo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81vila_v%C4%93stules" title="Pāvila vēstules – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pāvila vēstules" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Павлови посланија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Павлови посланија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistilin%27_i_Paoly" title="Epistilin' i Paoly – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Epistilin' i Paoly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3" title="رسايل بولس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رسايل بولس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Pauline" title="Surat Pauline – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Surat Pauline" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brieven_van_Paulus" title="Brieven van Paulus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brieven van Paulus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AD%E6%9B%B8%E7%B0%A1" title="パウロ書簡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パウロ書簡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus%E2%80%99_brev" title="Paulus’ brev – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paulus’ brev" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8B_%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9B" title="សំបុត្ររបស់ ប៉ុល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សំបុត្ររបស់ ប៉ុល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89pites_ed_Paul" title="Épites ed Paul – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Épites ed Paul" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listy_Paw%C5%82a" title="Listy Pawła – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Listy Pawła" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%ADstolas_paulinas" title="Epístolas paulinas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Epístolas paulinas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistolele_pauline" title="Epistolele pauline – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Epistolele pauline" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Послания Павла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Послания Павла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pauline epistles" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlove_poslanice" title="Pavlove poslanice – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pavlove poslanice" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paavalin_kirjeet" title="Paavalin kirjeet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paavalin kirjeet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_brev" title="Paulus brev – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paulus brev" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulat_ni_Pablo" title="Sulat ni Pablo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sulat ni Pablo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5" title="บทจดหมายของเปาโล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บทจดหมายของเปาโล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlus%27un_mektuplar%C4%B1" title="Pavlus'un mektupları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pavlus'un mektupları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Послання апостола Павла – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Послання апостола Павла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lete_sint_P%C3%A5" title="Lete sint På – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lete sint På" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">Books of the New Testament attributed to Paul the Apostle</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Followers_of_Jesus" title="Category:Followers of Jesus">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> in the Bible</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg/220px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg/330px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg/440px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1445" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:100%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pauline literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Authorship</a>)</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:100%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related literature</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Lost_Pauline_epistles">Lost epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Paul" title="Apocalypse of Paul">Apocalypse of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Apocalypse_of_Paul" title="Coptic Apocalypse of Paul">Coptic Apocalypse of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul_and_Thecla" title="Acts of Paul and Thecla">Paul and Thecla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter_and_Paul" title="Acts of Peter and Paul">Peter and Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_the_Apostle_Paul" title="Prayer of the Apostle Paul">Prayer of Paul</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:100%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">See also</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline Christianity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paul" title="Template:Paul"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paul" title="Template talk:Paul"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paul" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paul"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:lavender; padding:0; line-height:100%; font-size:200%;"><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:50%;">Events in the</span></span><br />Life of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:50%;">according to <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_(c.1600-1)FXD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29FXD.jpg/220px-Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29FXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29FXD.jpg/330px-Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29FXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29FXD.jpg/440px-Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-1%29FXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6711" data-file-height="8817" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Early life</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsus (city)">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li> <li>Martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion of Paul">Conversion</a> near <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">First mission</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>With <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamis,_Cyprus" title="Salamis, Cyprus">Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perge" class="mw-redirect" title="Perge">Perge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch_in_Pisidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioch in Pisidia">Antioch in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbe" title="Derbe">Derbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lystra" title="Lystra">Lystra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li>Split with Barnabas <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2015:36–41">Acts 15:36–41</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Galatians%202:11–14">Galatians 2:11–14</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Second mission</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>With <a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbe" title="Derbe">Derbe</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lystra" title="Lystra">Lystra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Titus_(Biblical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus (Biblical)">Titus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavala" title="Kavala">Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Mygdonia)" title="Apollonia (Mygdonia)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berea_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berea (Bible)">Beroea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla & Aquila</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenchreae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenchreae">Cenchreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Third mission</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>With <a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenchreae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenchreae">Cenchreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assos" title="Assos">Assos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mytilene" title="Mytilene">Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Cos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)" title="Patara (Lycia)">Patara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Ptolemais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Arrest and trials</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> shipwreck</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Death</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Epistles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="font-size:88%;"> <dl><dt>Portals</dt> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></b></dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/16px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/24px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible</a></b></dd></dl></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_of_Paul" title="Template:Life of Paul"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_of_Paul" title="Template talk:Life of Paul"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_of_Paul" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life of Paul"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Pauline epistles</b>, also known as <b>Epistles of Paul</b> or <b>Letters of Paul</b>, are the thirteen books of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>, although the authorship of some is in dispute. Among these <a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">epistles</a> are some of the earliest extant Christian documents. They provide an insight into the beliefs and controversies of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>. As part of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canon</a> of the New Testament, they are foundational texts for both <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">ethics</a>. </p><p>Most scholars believe that Paul actually wrote seven of the thirteen Pauline epistles (<a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippians" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippians">Philippians</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_Thessalonians" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a>), while three of the epistles in Paul's name are widely seen as <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigraphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudepigraphic">pseudepigraphic</a> (<a href="/wiki/1_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Timothy">1 Timothy</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Timothy">2 Timothy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-New_Testament_Letter_Structure_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Testament_Letter_Structure-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether Paul wrote the three other epistles in his name (<a href="/wiki/2_Thessalonians" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesians">Ephesians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colossians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colossians">Colossians</a>) is widely debated.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Testament_Letter_Structure_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Testament_Letter_Structure-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some scholars, Paul wrote the questionable letters with the help of a secretary, or <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who would have influenced their style, if not their theological content. The <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a>, although it does not bear his name, was <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews">traditionally considered Pauline</a> (although <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Rome</a> questioned its authorship), but from the 16th century onwards opinion steadily moved against Pauline authorship and few scholars now ascribe it to Paul, mostly because it does not read like any of his other epistles in style and content and because the epistle does not indicate that Paul is the author, unlike the others.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of scholars have argued that from biographic details from Paul, he likely suffered from some physical impediment such as vision loss or damaged hands and Paul does explicitly state, or even names, in multiple epistles that he used secretaries, which was a common practice in the Greco-Roman world; likely explaining the epistles that are seemingly non-Pauline.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pauline epistles are usually placed between the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">catholic epistles</a> (also called the general epistles) in modern editions. Most Greek manuscripts place the general epistles first,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a few <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_minuscule" title="New Testament minuscule">minuscules</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minuscule_175" title="Minuscule 175">175</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minuscule_325" title="Minuscule 325">325</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minuscule_336" title="Minuscule 336">336</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minuscule_1424" title="Minuscule 1424">1424</a>) place the Pauline epistles at the end of the New Testament. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authenticity">Authenticity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Authenticity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1212047051">.mw-parser-output .release-timeline{padding:.75em 1em;font-size:85%;line-height:.9;border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0 1px;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .release-timeline>caption{padding:.4em .4em .2em;font-size:112.5%}.mw-parser-output .release-timeline .rt-subtitle{padding-top:.3em;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .release-timeline td,.mw-parser-output .release-timeline th{border:none;padding:.4em;background:none;font:inherit;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .release-timeline td{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .release-timeline th{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .release-timeline .rt-first{padding:.4em .4em .2em}.mw-parser-output .release-timeline .rt-next,.mw-parser-output .release-timeline .rt-last{padding:.2em .4em}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .release-timeline{float:right;clear:right;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .rt-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:.5em 1.4em .5em 0}.mw-parser-output .release-timeline caption{white-space:nowrap}}</style><table class="release-timeline wikitable"><caption>Possible dates <br />of Pauline epistles<div class="rt-subtitle"><span style="color:orange"><big>■</big></span> Captivity letters <br /> <span style="color:red"><big>■</big></span> Pastoral letters</div></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #0BDA51">36</th><td><i>(31–36 AD: conversion of Paul)</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">37</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">38</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">39</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">40</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">41</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">42</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">43</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">44</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">45</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">46</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">47</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #0BDA51">48</th><td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">49</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #0BDA51">50</th><td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">First Epistle to the Thessalonians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #0BDA51">51</th><td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">Second Epistle to the Thessalonians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">52</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">53</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #0BDA51">54</th><td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Epistle to the Corinthians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #0BDA51">55</th><td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">Second Epistle to the Corinthians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">56</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #0BDA51">57</th><td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">58</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">59</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">60</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">61</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="4" style="border-right:1.4em solid Orange">62</th><td class="rt-first"><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Epistle to the Philippians</a></td></tr><tr><td class="rt-next"><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Epistle to Philemon</a></td></tr><tr><td class="rt-next"><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Epistle to the Colossians</a></td></tr><tr><td class="rt-last"><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Epistle to the Ephesians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">63</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid Red">64</th><td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">First Epistle to Timothy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid Red">65</th><td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">Second Epistle to Timothy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid Red">66</th><td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Epistle to Titus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #0BDA51">67</th><td><i>(64–67 AD: death of Paul)</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Divi_Pauli_Apostoli_epistolae_by_Ulrich_Zwingli,_Einsiedeln_1517,_Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich,_RP_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Divi_Pauli_Apostoli_epistolae_by_Ulrich_Zwingli%2C_Einsiedeln_1517%2C_Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich%2C_RP_15.jpg/220px-Divi_Pauli_Apostoli_epistolae_by_Ulrich_Zwingli%2C_Einsiedeln_1517%2C_Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich%2C_RP_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Divi_Pauli_Apostoli_epistolae_by_Ulrich_Zwingli%2C_Einsiedeln_1517%2C_Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich%2C_RP_15.jpg/330px-Divi_Pauli_Apostoli_epistolae_by_Ulrich_Zwingli%2C_Einsiedeln_1517%2C_Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich%2C_RP_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Divi_Pauli_Apostoli_epistolae_by_Ulrich_Zwingli%2C_Einsiedeln_1517%2C_Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich%2C_RP_15.jpg/440px-Divi_Pauli_Apostoli_epistolae_by_Ulrich_Zwingli%2C_Einsiedeln_1517%2C_Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich%2C_RP_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="2588" /></a><figcaption>Beginning of the Greek manuscript by <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> of the Pauline epistles, written in 1517, preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Zentralbibliothek Zürich">Zentralbibliothek Zürich</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Authorship of the Pauline epistles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a></div> <p>In all of these epistles, except the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a>, the author and writer does claim to be Paul. The contested letters may have been written using Paul's name, as it was common to attribute at that point in history.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px"><div style="position:relative;width:250px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pauline epistles is located in Mediterranean"><img alt="Pauline epistles is located in Mediterranean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png/250px-Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png/375px-Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png/500px-Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="862" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.984%;left:60.438%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Corinth"><img alt="Corinth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div style="background-color:lightblue"><a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.984%;left:69.36%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ephesus"><img alt="Ephesus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Purple_pog.svg/8px-Purple_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Purple_pog.svg/12px-Purple_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Purple_pog.svg/16px-Purple_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:plum"><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.947%;left:78.721%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Galatia"><img alt="Galatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lightgreen_pog.svg/8px-Lightgreen_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lightgreen_pog.svg/12px-Lightgreen_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lightgreen_pog.svg/16px-Lightgreen_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div style="background-color:palegreen"><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.842%;left:63.198%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Philippi"><img alt="Philippi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:coral"><a href="/wiki/Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.774%;left:73.232%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Colossae"><img alt="Colossae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cyan_pog.svg/8px-Cyan_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cyan_pog.svg/12px-Cyan_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cyan_pog.svg/16px-Cyan_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div style="background-color:cyan"><a href="/wiki/Colossae" title="Colossae">Colossae</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.774%;left:60.471%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Thessalonica"><img alt="Thessalonica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/16px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div style="background-color:yellow"><a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.195%;left:39.327%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rome"><img alt="Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:lime"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png" title="File:Relief Map of Mediterranean Sea.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Locations where Paul's letters were sent</div></div></div> <p>Seven letters (with consensus dates)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considered genuine by most scholars: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a> (c. 48 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Thessalonians" class="mw-redirect" title="First Thessalonians">First Thessalonians</a> (c. 49–51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="First Corinthians">First Corinthians</a> (c. 53–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Corinthians">Second Corinthians</a> (c. 55–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a> (c. 55–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippians" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippians">Philippians</a> (c. 57–59 or c. 62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a> (c. 57–59 or c. 62)</li></ul> <p>The three letters on which scholars are about evenly divided:<sup id="cite_ref-New_Testament_Letter_Structure_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Testament_Letter_Structure-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If these letters are inauthentic, then the consensus dates are probably incorrect. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Thessalonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Thessalonians">Second Thessalonians</a> (c. 51–52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colossians">Colossians</a> (c. 57–59 or c. 62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesians">Ephesians</a> (c. 62)</li></ul> <p>The letters thought to be <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigraphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudepigraphic">pseudepigraphic</a> by many scholars (traditional dating given):<sup id="cite_ref-New_Testament_Letter_Structure_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Testament_Letter_Structure-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The content of these letters strongly suggests they were written a decade or more later than the traditional dates. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="First Timothy">First Timothy</a> (c. 62–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Timothy">Second Timothy</a> (c. 62–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a> (c. 66–67)</li></ul> <p>Finally, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a>, although anonymous and not really in the form of a letter, has long been included among Paul's collected letters. Although some churches ascribe Hebrews to Paul,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> neither most of Christianity nor modern scholarship does so.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Testament_Letter_Structure_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Testament_Letter_Structure-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Order">Order</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the order they appear in the New Testament, the Pauline epistles are: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2">Addressees </th> <th rowspan="2">Greek </th> <th rowspan="2">Latin </th> <th colspan="2">Abbreviations </th></tr> <tr> <th>Full </th> <th>Min. </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a> </td> <td>Church at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> </td> <td>Πρὸς Ῥωμαίους </td> <td><i>Epistola ad Romanos</i> </td> <td>Rom </td> <td>Ro </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a> </td> <td>Church at <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> </td> <td>Πρὸς Κορινθίους Αʹ </td> <td><i>Epistola I ad Corinthios</i> </td> <td>1 Cor </td> <td>1C </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a> </td> <td>Church at <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> </td> <td>Πρὸς Κορινθίους Βʹ </td> <td><i>Epistola II ad Corinthios</i> </td> <td>2 Cor </td> <td>2C </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a> </td> <td>Church at <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a> </td> <td>Πρὸς Γαλάτας </td> <td><i>Epistola ad Galatas</i> </td> <td>Gal </td> <td>G </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ephesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesians">Ephesians</a> </td> <td>Church at <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> </td> <td>Πρὸς Ἐφεσίους </td> <td><i>Epistola ad Ephesios</i> </td> <td>Eph </td> <td>E </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippians" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippians">Philippians</a> </td> <td>Church at <a href="/wiki/Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a> </td> <td>Πρὸς Φιλιππησίους </td> <td><i>Epistola ad Philippenses</i> </td> <td>Phil </td> <td>Phi </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colossians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colossians">Colossians</a> </td> <td>Church at <a href="/wiki/Colossae" title="Colossae">Colossae</a> </td> <td>Πρὸς Κολοσσαεῖς </td> <td><i>Epistola ad Colossenses</i> </td> <td>Col </td> <td>C </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Thessalonians" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a> </td> <td>Church at <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> </td> <td>Πρὸς Θεσσαλονικεῖς Αʹ </td> <td><i>Epistola I ad Thessalonicenses</i> </td> <td>1 Thess </td> <td>1Th </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2_Thessalonians" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> </td> <td>Church at <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> </td> <td>Πρὸς Θεσσαλονικεῖς Βʹ </td> <td><i>Epistola II ad Thessalonicenses</i> </td> <td>2 Thess </td> <td>2Th </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Timothy">1 Timothy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Saint Timothy</a> </td> <td>Πρὸς Τιμόθεον Αʹ </td> <td><i>Epistola I ad Timotheum</i> </td> <td>1 Tim </td> <td>1T </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Timothy">2 Timothy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Saint Timothy</a> </td> <td>Πρὸς Τιμόθεον Βʹ </td> <td><i>Epistola II ad Timotheum</i> </td> <td>2 Tim </td> <td>2T </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Saint Titus</a> </td> <td>Πρὸς Τίτον </td> <td><i>Epistola ad Titum</i> </td> <td>Tit </td> <td>T </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Philemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Philemon">Saint Philemon</a> </td> <td>Πρὸς Φιλήμονα </td> <td><i>Epistola ad Philemonem</i> </td> <td>Philem </td> <td>P </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews*</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Christians">Hebrew Christians</a> </td> <td>Πρὸς Ἑβραίους </td> <td><i>Epistola ad Hebraeos</i> </td> <td>Heb </td> <td>H </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This ordering is remarkably consistent in the manuscript tradition, with very few deviations. The evident principle of organization is descending length of the Greek text, but keeping the three <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">pastoral epistles</a> addressed to individuals in a separate final section. The only anomaly is that Galatians precedes the slightly longer Ephesians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrobisch19941–27_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrobisch19941–27-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Chronological order of Paul's letters<sup id="cite_ref-:11_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:5em">Date</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Location of authorship </th></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 48</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> (uncertain) </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 49–51</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Thessalonians" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 49–51</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2_Thessalonians" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 53–55 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 55–56 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 57 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 62 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ephesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesians">Ephesians</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 62 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippians" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippians">Philippians</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 62 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colossians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colossians">Colossians</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 62 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 62–64 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Timothy">1 Timothy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 62–64 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicopolis" title="Nicopolis">Nicopolis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 64–67 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Timothy">2 Timothy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In modern editions, the anonymous <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> is placed at the end of Paul's letters and before the <a href="/wiki/General_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="General epistles">general epistles</a>. This practice was popularized through the 4th century <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, who was aware of ancient doubts about its <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews">authorship</a>, and is also followed in most medieval <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_text-type" title="Byzantine text-type">Byzantine</a> manuscripts with hardly any exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrobisch19941–27_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrobisch19941–27-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The placement of Hebrews among the Pauline epistles is less consistent in the manuscripts: </p> <ul><li>between Romans and 1 Corinthians (i.e., in order by length without splitting the Epistles to the Corinthians): <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_46" title="Papyrus 46">Papyrus 46</a> and minuscules <a href="/wiki/Minuscule_103" title="Minuscule 103">103</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minuscule_455" title="Minuscule 455">455</a>, 1961, 1964, 1977, 1994.</li> <li>between 2 Corinthians and Galatians: minuscules 1930, 1978, and 2248</li> <li>between Galatians and Ephesians: implied by the numbering in <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">B</a>. In B, Galatians ends and Ephesians begins on the same side of the same folio (page 1493); similarly 2 Thessalonians ends and Hebrews begins on the same side of the same folio (page 1512).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>between 2 Thessalonians and 1 Timothy (i.e., before the Pastorals): <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">א</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codex_Ephraemi_Rescriptus" title="Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codex_Coislinianus" title="Codex Coislinianus">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codex_Freerianus" title="Codex Freerianus">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codex_Guelferbytanus_A" title="Codex Guelferbytanus A">P</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uncial_0150" title="Uncial 0150">0150</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uncial_0151" title="Uncial 0151">0151</a>, and about 60 minuscules (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Minuscule_218" title="Minuscule 218">218</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minuscule_632" title="Minuscule 632">632</a>)</li> <li>after Philemon: <a href="/wiki/Codex_Claromontanus" title="Codex Claromontanus">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_2061" title="Codex Vaticanus 2061">048</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sangermanensis" title="Codex Sangermanensis">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codex_Mosquensis_I" title="Codex Mosquensis I">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codex_Regius_(New_Testament)" title="Codex Regius (New Testament)">L</a> and the majority of minuscules.</li> <li>omitted: <a href="/wiki/Codex_Augiensis" title="Codex Augiensis">F</a> and <a href="/wiki/Codex_Boernerianus" title="Codex Boernerianus">G</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lost_Pauline_epistles">Lost Pauline epistles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lost Pauline epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paul's own writings are sometimes thought to indicate several of his letters that have not been preserved: </p> <ul><li>A first, or "zeroth", epistle to Corinth, also called <i>A Prior Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Paul's previous Corinthian letter</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-apol_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apol-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly referenced at 1 Corinthians 5:9.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A third epistle to Corinth, written in between 1 and 2 Corinthians, also called the <a href="/wiki/Severe_Letter" title="Severe Letter">Severe Letter</a>, referenced at 2 Corinthians 2:4<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2 Corinthians 7:8-9<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An earlier epistle to the Ephesians referenced at Ephesians 3:3-4<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A possible Pauline <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Epistle to the Laodiceans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-apol_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apol-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referenced at <a href="/wiki/Colossians_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Colossians 4">Colossians 4</a>:16<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pseudepigraphic_epistles">Pseudepigraphic epistles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pseudepigraphic epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a></div> <p>Several other epistles were attributed to Paul during the course of history but are now considered <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha#Pauline_epistles" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigraphic</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">Third Epistle to the Corinthians</a>, a correspondence of two letters allegedly sent by the Corinthians to Paul, and then a reply letter allegedly sent by Paul to the Church of Corinth. It was considered genuine for some time by the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, but is now widely dated in the second half of the 2nd century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Alexandrians" title="Epistle to the Alexandrians">Epistle to the Alexandrians</a>, an alleged epistle written by Paul to the Church of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. It is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a> (2nd century CE), which denounces it as a spurious work forged by <a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a>. Its text has been lost and nothing is known about its content.<sup id="cite_ref-ehrman_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehrman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Non-Pauline <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Epistle to the Laodiceans</a> versions: <ul><li>The Marcionite Epistle to the Laodiceans. The Muratorian fragment (2nd century CE) denounces a claimed Epistle to the Laodiceans as another spurious work forged by Marcion of Sinope. Its text has been lost and nothing is known about its content.<sup id="cite_ref-ehrman_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehrman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Latin Epistle to the Laodiceans. It is found in some old Latin <a href="/wiki/Bible_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible manuscripts">Bible manuscripts</a>, but is widely considered a forgery, and is largely a copy of verses from the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Epistle to the Philippians</a>. Theories vary, but it was possibly made as a counterforgery to offset the popularity of the Marcionite epistle.<sup id="cite_ref-ehrman_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehrman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_of_Paul_and_Seneca" title="Correspondence of Paul and Seneca">Correspondence of Paul and Seneca</a>, a collection of correspondence claiming to be between Paul and <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a>. They are universally considered a forgery from the 4th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collected_epistles">Collected epistles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Collected epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/David_Trobisch" title="David Trobisch">David Trobisch</a> finds it likely that Paul first collected his letters for publication himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Trobisch_1994_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trobisch_1994-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was normal practice in Paul's time for letter writers to keep one copy for themselves and send a second copy to the recipient(s); surviving collections of ancient letters sometimes originated from the senders' copies, at other times from the recipients' copies.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A collection of Paul's letters circulated separately from other early Christian writings and later became part of the New Testament. When the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon#Christian_canons" title="Biblical canon">canon</a> was established, the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospels</a> and Paul's letters were the core of what would become the New Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-Trobisch_1994_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trobisch_1994-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Biblical apocrypha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_athletic_metaphors" title="New Testament athletic metaphors">New Testament athletic metaphors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_military_metaphors" title="New Testament military metaphors">New Testament military metaphors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-New_Testament_Letter_Structure-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_Testament_Letter_Structure_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Testament_Letter_Structure_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Testament_Letter_Structure_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Testament_Letter_Structure_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Testament_Letter_Structure_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholic-resources.org/Bible/Paul-Disputed.htm">New Testament Letter Structure</a>, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholic-resources.org">Catholic Resources</a> by Felix Just, S.J.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards, E. Randolph. <i>Paul and First-Century Letter Writing: Secretaries, Composition and Collection</i>. Downers Grove, IL; Leicester, England: InterVarsity Press; Apollos, 2004. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New Jerome Biblical Commentary</i>, publ. Geoffrey Chapman, 1989, chapter 60, at p. 920, col. 2 "That Paul is neither directly nor indirectly the author is now the view of scholars almost without exception. For details, see Kümmel, I[ntroduction to the] N[ew] T[estament, Nashville, 1975] 392–94, 401–03"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoss2023" class="citation journal cs1">Moss, Candida R (29 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2Fflad001">"The Secretary: Enslaved Workers, Stenography, and the Production of Early Christian Literature"</a>. <i>The Journal of Theological Studies</i>. <b>74</b> (1): 20–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2Fflad001">10.1093/jts/flad001</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Secretary%3A+Enslaved+Workers%2C+Stenography%2C+and+the+Production+of+Early+Christian+Literature&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-56&rft.date=2023-04-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2Fflad001&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Candida+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjts%252Fflad001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumell2006" class="citation web cs1">Blumell, Lincoln H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsc.byu.edu/how-new-testament-came-be/scribes-ancient-letters">"Scribes and Ancient Letters Implications for the Pauline Epistles"</a>. <i>Brigham Young University</i>. How the New Testament Came to Be: The Thirty-fifth Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium, ed. p. 208-226.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brigham+Young+University&rft.atitle=Scribes+and+Ancient+Letters+Implications+for+the+Pauline+Epistles&rft.pages=208-226&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Blumell&rft.aufirst=Lincoln+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsc.byu.edu%2Fhow-new-testament-came-be%2Fscribes-ancient-letters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2015" class="citation web cs1">Marshall, Dr Taylor (30 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taylormarshall.com/2015/01/secretaries-peter-paul.html">"The Secretaries of Peter, Paul and John"</a>. <i>Taylor Marshall</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taylor+Marshall&rft.atitle=The+Secretaries+of+Peter%2C+Paul+and+John&rft.date=2015-01-30&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Dr+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaylormarshall.com%2F2015%2F01%2Fsecretaries-peter-paul.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1991" class="citation book cs1">Richards, E. Randolph (1991). <i>The Secretary in the Letters of Paul</i>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3161455754" title="Special:BookSources/3161455754"><bdi>3161455754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secretary+in+the+Letters+of+Paul&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=3161455754&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=E.+Randolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger1987" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Bruce M. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601181717/http://www.ixoyc.net/data/Fathers/134.pdf"><i>The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Development, and Significance</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 295–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198261802" title="Special:BookSources/0198261802"><bdi>0198261802</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ixoyc.net/data/Fathers/134.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canon+of+the+New+Testament%3A+Its+Origin%2C+Development%2C+and+Significance&rft.pages=295-96&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0198261802&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fixoyc.net%2Fdata%2FFathers%2F134.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barber_Lightfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Barber Lightfoot">Joseph Barber Lightfoot</a> in his <i>Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians</i> writes: "At this point [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%206:11&version=nrsv">Gal 6:11</a>] the apostle takes the pen from his <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a>, and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand. From the time when letters began to be forged in his name (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Thessalonians%202:2&version=nrsv">2 Thess 2:2</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Thessalonians%203:17&version=nrsv">3:17</a>) it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting, as a precaution against such forgeries... In the present case he writes a whole paragraph, summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse, eager, disjointed sentences. He writes it, too, in large, bold characters (Gr. <i>pelikois grammasin</i>), that his handwriting may reflect the energy and determination of his soul."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Wall, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/New-Interpreters-Bible-Commentary-Ten/dp/1426739125/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1435178569&sr=8-1&keywords=new+interpreters%27+bible"><i>New Interpreter's Bible Vol. X</i></a> (Abingdon Press, 2002), pp. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArhipov1996" class="citation book cs1">Arhipov, Sergei, ed. (1996). <i>The Apostol</i>. New Canaan, PA: St. Tikhon's Seminary Press. p. 408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-878997-49-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-878997-49-1"><bdi>1-878997-49-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apostol&rft.place=New+Canaan%2C+PA&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=St.+Tikhon%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-878997-49-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllingworth1993" class="citation book cs1">Ellingworth, Paul (1993). <i>The New International Greek Testament Commentary: The Epistle to the Hebrews</i>. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eardmans Publishing Co. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+International+Greek+Testament+Commentary%3A+The+Epistle+to+the+Hebrews&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eardmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Ellingworth&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrobisch19941–27-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrobisch19941–27_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrobisch19941–27_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrobisch1994">Trobisch 1994</a>, p. 1–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:11_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-4MmQEACAAJ"><i>ESV Study Bible</i></a>. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2008. pp. 1806–1807. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-0241-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-0241-5"><bdi>978-1-4335-0241-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321210751/https://books.google.com/books?id=w-4MmQEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ESV+Study+Bible&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+IL&rft.pages=1806-1807&rft.pub=Crossway&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4335-0241-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw-4MmQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Digital Vatican Library (DigiVatLib), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.gr.1209">Manuscript – Vat.gr.1209</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060623175757/http://icwseminary.org/lostbooks.htm">"Lost Books of the Bible?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icwseminary.org/lostbooks.htm">the original</a> on 2006-06-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lost+Books+of+the+Bible%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icwseminary.org%2Flostbooks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apol-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apol_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apol_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Apologetics Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/42">Are There Lost Books of the Bible?</a>, <i>Reason & Revelation</i>, Volume 23 #12, published 1 December 2003, accessed 12 June 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%205:9&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 5:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%202:4&version=nrsv">2 Corinthians 2:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%207:8–9&version=nrsv">2 Corinthians 7:8–9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%203:3–4&version=nrsv">Ephesians 3:3–4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%204:16&version=nrsv">Colossians 4:16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworthMcDonald2014" class="citation book cs1">Charlesworth, James H.; McDonald, Lee Martin (2014-04-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ATBjAwAAQBAJ&dq=%223+corinthians%22+bodmer+earliest&pg=PR19"><i>Sacra Scriptura: How "Non-Canonical" Texts Functioned in Early Judaism and Early Christianity</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-29668-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-29668-9"><bdi>978-0-567-29668-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacra+Scriptura%3A+How+%22Non-Canonical%22+Texts+Functioned+in+Early+Judaism+and+Early+Christianity&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014-04-24&rft.isbn=978-0-567-29668-9&rft.aulast=Charlesworth&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Lee+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DATBjAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%25223%2Bcorinthians%2522%2Bbodmer%2Bearliest%26pg%3DPR19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlshausen1851" class="citation book cs1">Olshausen, Hermann (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7q0GAAAAQAAJ&q=%22the+Corinthians+to+Paul%22&pg=PA16"><i>Biblical Commentary on St. Paul's First and Second Epistles to the Corinthians</i></a>. T. & T. Clark.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Commentary+on+St.+Paul%27s+First+and+Second+Epistles+to+the+Corinthians&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Olshausen&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7q0GAAAAQAAJ%26q%3D%2522the%2BCorinthians%2Bto%2BPaul%2522%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ehrman-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ehrman_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehrman_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehrman_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart</a> (2012). <i>Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 452–458. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199928033" title="Special:BookSources/9780199928033"><bdi>9780199928033</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgery+and+Counterforgery%3A+The+Use+of+Literary+Deceit+in+Early+Christian+Polemics&rft.pages=452-458&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199928033&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/paulseneca.html">"Letters of Paul and Seneca"</a>. <i>www.earlychristianwritings.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.earlychristianwritings.com&rft.atitle=Letters+of+Paul+and+Seneca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Fpaulseneca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trobisch_1994-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trobisch_1994_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trobisch_1994_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrobisch1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Trobisch" title="David Trobisch">Trobisch, David</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paulslettercolle0000trob"><i>Paul's Letter Collection</i></a>. Minneapolis: Fortress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0800625979" title="Special:BookSources/978-0800625979"><bdi>978-0800625979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul%27s+Letter+Collection&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Fortress&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0800625979&rft.aulast=Trobisch&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpaulslettercolle0000trob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+epistles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reece, Steve. <i>Paul's Large Letters: Pauline Subscriptions in the Light of Ancient Epistolary Conventions.</i> London: T&T Clark, 2016.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliographic_resources">Bibliographic resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliographic resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Aland" title="Kurt Aland">Aland Kurt</a>. "The Problem of Anonymity and Pseudonymity in Christian Literature of the First Two Centuries." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Theological_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Theological Studies">Journal of Theological Studies</a></i> 12 (1961): 39–49.</li> <li>Bahr, Gordon J. "Paul and Letter Writing in the First Century." <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Biblical_Quarterly" title="Catholic Biblical Quarterly">Catholic Biblical Quarterly</a></i> 28 (1966): 465–477. idem, "The Subscriptions in the Pauline Letters." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Journal of Biblical Literature">Journal of Biblical Literature</a></i> 2 (1968): 27–41.</li> <li>Bauckham, Richard J. "Pseudo-Apostolic Letters." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Journal of Biblical Literature">Journal of Biblical Literature</a></i> 107 (1988): 469–494.</li> <li>Carson, D.A. "Pseudonymity and Pseudepigraphy." <i>Dictionary of New Testament Background</i>. Eds. Craig A. Evans and Stanley E. Porter. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2000. 857–864.</li> <li>Cousar, Charles B. <i>The Letters of Paul</i>. Interpreting Biblical Texts. Nashville: Abingdon, 1996.</li> <li>Deissmann, G. Adolf. <i>Bible Studies</i>. Trans. Alexander Grieve. 1901. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1988.</li> <li>Doty, William G. <i>Letters in Primitive Christianity</i>. Guides to Biblical Scholarship. New Testament. Ed. Dan O. Via, Jr. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1988.</li> <li>Gamble, Harry Y. "Amanuensis." <i>Anchor Bible Dictionary</i>. Vol. 1. Ed. David Noel Freedman. New York: Doubleday, 1992.</li> <li>Haines-Eitzen, Kim. "'Girls Trained in Beautiful Writing': Female Scribes in Roman Antiquity and Early Christianity." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Early_Christian_Studies" title="Journal of Early Christian Studies">Journal of Early Christian Studies</a></i> 6.4 (1998): 629–646.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bentley_Hart" title="David Bentley Hart">Hart, David Bentley</a>. "The New Testament." New Haven and London: Yale University Press: 2017. 570–574.</li> <li>Kim, Yung Suk. <i>A Theological Introduction to Paul's Letters</i>. Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, 2011.</li> <li>Longenecker, Richard N. "Ancient Amanuenses and the Pauline Epistles." <i>New Dimensions in New Testament Study</i>. Eds. Richard N. Longenecker and <a href="/wiki/Merrill_C._Tenney" title="Merrill C. Tenney">Merrill C. Tenney</a>. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1974. 281–297. idem, "On the Form, Function, and Authority of the New Testament Letters." <i>Scripture and Truth</i>. Eds. D.A. Carson and <a href="/wiki/John_D._Woodbridge" title="John D. Woodbridge">John D. Woodbridge</a>. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1983. 101–114.</li> <li>Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome. <i>Paul the Letter-Writer: His World, His Options, His Skills</i>. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical, 1995.</li> <li>Richards, E. Randolph. <i>The Secretary in the Letters of Paul</i>. Tübingen: Mohr, 1991. idem, "The Codex and the Early Collection of Paul's Letters." <i>Bulletin for Bulletin Research</i> 8 (1998): 151–66. idem, <i>Paul and First-Century Letter Writing: Secretaries, Composition, and Collection</i>. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2004.</li> <li>Robson, E. Iliff. "Composition and Dictation in New Testament Books." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Theological_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Theological Studies">Journal of Theological Studies</a></i> 18 (1917): 288–301.</li> <li>Slaten, Arthur Wakefield (1918) "<a href="/wiki/File:Qualitative_nouns_in_the_Pauline_epistles_and_their_translation_in_the_revised_version_(IA_qualitativenouns00slatrich).pdf" title="File:Qualitative nouns in the Pauline epistles and their translation in the revised version (IA qualitativenouns00slatrich).pdf">Qualitative nouns in the Pauline epistles and their translation in the revised version</a>". Chicago, Illonis: The University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1051723498">1051723498</a></li> <li>Stowers, Stanley K. <i>Letter Writing in Greco-Roman Antiquity</i>. Library of Early Christianity. Vol. 8. Ed. Wayne A. Meeks. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1989.</li> <li>Wall, Robert W. "Introduction to Epistolary Literature." <i>New Interpreter's Bible</i>. Vol. 10. Ed. Leander E. Keck. Nashville: Abingdon, 2002. 369–391.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_epistles&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/harnack/origin_nt.v.i.html">The Marcionite Prologues to the Pauline Epistles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/corpus-paul/19990330/000029.html">Chronological Order of Paul's Letters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bombaxo.com/paulchron.html">Chronology of Paul's Letters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728203550/http://www.bombaxo.com/paulchron.html">Archived</a> 2013-07-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0028/html/ms_484_013.html">MS 484/13 Epistolae cum glossis at OPenn</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> 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Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">the Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Beloved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a 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style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning of the Twelve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_the_disciples" title="Calling of the disciples">calling of the disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_10" title="Matthew 10">Mission Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_Persecutions" title="Coming Persecutions">coming persecutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic see</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_of_the_Apostles" title="Dispersion of the Apostles">Dispersion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament#Relics_and_burial_sites" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Relics and burial sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265283#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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