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Alan Turing - Wikipedia
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href="#Începutul_vieții_și_educația"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Începutul vieții și educația</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Începutul_vieții_și_educația-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Începutul vieții și educația subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Începutul_vieții_și_educația-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Familia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Familia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Familia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Familia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Școala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Școala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Școala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Școala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christopher_Morcom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christopher_Morcom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Christopher Morcom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christopher_Morcom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universitatea_și_lucrările_în_domeniul_calculabilității" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universitatea_și_lucrările_în_domeniul_calculabilității"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Universitatea și lucrările în domeniul calculabilității</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universitatea_și_lucrările_în_domeniul_calculabilității-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cariera_și_cercetările" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cariera_și_cercetările"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cariera și cercetările</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cariera_și_cercetările-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cariera și cercetările subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cariera_și_cercetările-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criptanaliza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criptanaliza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Criptanaliza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criptanaliza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mașina_Bombe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mașina_Bombe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mașina Bombe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mașina_Bombe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hut_8_și_Mașina_Enigma_navală" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hut_8_și_Mașina_Enigma_navală"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hut 8 și Mașina Enigma navală</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hut_8_și_Mașina_Enigma_navală-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turingery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turingery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span><i>Turingery</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turingery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delilah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delilah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Delilah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delilah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primele_calculatoare_și_Testul_Turing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primele_calculatoare_și_Testul_Turing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Primele calculatoare și Testul Turing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primele_calculatoare_și_Testul_Turing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formarea_de_șabloane_și_biologia_matematică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formarea_de_șabloane_și_biologia_matematică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Formarea de șabloane și biologia matematică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formarea_de_șabloane_și_biologia_matematică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viața_personală" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viața_personală"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Viața personală</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Viața_personală-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Viața personală subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Viața_personală-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Condamnarea_pentru_indecență" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condamnarea_pentru_indecență"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Condamnarea pentru indecență</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Condamnarea_pentru_indecență-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moartea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moartea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Moartea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moartea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scuzele_oficiale_și_reabilitarea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scuzele_oficiale_și_reabilitarea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Scuzele oficiale și reabilitarea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scuzele_oficiale_și_reabilitarea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premii,_comemorări,_recunoaștere_și_memorie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premii,_comemorări,_recunoaștere_și_memorie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Premii, comemorări, recunoaștere și memorie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Premii,_comemorări,_recunoaștere_și_memorie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Premii, comemorări, recunoaștere și memorie subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Premii,_comemorări,_recunoaștere_și_memorie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recunoașterea_postumă" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recunoașterea_postumă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Recunoașterea postumă</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recunoașterea_postumă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebrarea_centenarului" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrarea_centenarului"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Celebrarea centenarului</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celebrarea_centenarului-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ilustrarea_în_teatru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ilustrarea_în_teatru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ilustrarea în teatru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ilustrarea_în_teatru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ilustrarea_în_literatură" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ilustrarea_în_literatură"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ilustrarea în literatură</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ilustrarea_în_literatură-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ilustrarea_în_muzică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ilustrarea_în_muzică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Ilustrarea în muzică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ilustrarea_în_muzică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ilustrarea_în_filme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ilustrarea_în_filme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Ilustrarea în filme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ilustrarea_în_filme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Disponibil în 155 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-155" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">155 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тьюринг Алан – adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тьюринг Алан" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%BA" title="آلان تورنغ – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آلان تورنغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="الان تورينج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الان تورينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="এলান ট্যুৰিং – asameză" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এলান ট্যুৰিং" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T%C3%BCrinq" title="Alan Türinq – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alan Türinq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82" title="آلن تورینق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلن تورینق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Алан Тьюринг – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алан Тьюринг" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – balineză" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans_Tior%C4%97ngs" title="Alans Tiorėngs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alans Tiorėngs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Алан Мэтысан Цьюрынг – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алан Мэтысан Цьюрынг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%E2%80%99%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Алан Т’юрынг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Алан Т’юрынг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Алън Тюринг – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алън Тюринг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="एलन ट्यूरिंग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एलन ट्यूरिंग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="অ্যালান টুরিং – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যালান টুরিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Алан Тюринг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Алан Тюринг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тьюринг, Алан – cecenă" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Тьюринг, Алан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="cecenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ئەلن تیورینگ – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلن تیورینگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – corsicană" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corsicană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T%C3%BCring" title="Alan Türing – turcă crimeeană" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Alan Türing" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="turcă crimeeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тьюринг, Алан – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тьюринг, Алан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing_ye_nye_esia" title="Alan Turing ye nye esia – ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Alan Turing ye nye esia" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Άλαν Τούρινγκ – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλαν Τούρινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="آلن تورینگ – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلن تورینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – friulană" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E9%9D%88" title="圖靈 – chineză gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="圖靈" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="chineză gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97" title="ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="אלן טיורינג – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלן טיורינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="एलेन ट्यूरिंग – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एलेन ट्यूरिंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Ալան Թյուրինգ – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալան Թյուրինգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="アラン・チューリング – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラン・チューリング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/.alan.turin." title=".alan.turin. – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title=".alan.turin." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ალან ტიურინგი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალან ტიურინგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Алан Тьюринг – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алан Тьюринг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93_%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%84" title="អាឡាន ធួរីង – khmeră" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាឡាន ធួរីង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಲೆನ್ ಟ್ಯೂರಿಂಗ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲೆನ್ ಟ್ಯೂರಿಂಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A8%EB%9F%B0_%ED%8A%9C%EB%A7%81" title="앨런 튜링 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앨런 튜링" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – cornică" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Алан Тьюринг – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Алан Тьюринг" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanus_Mathison_Turing" title="Alanus Mathison Turing – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alanus Mathison Turing" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_M._Turing" title="Alan M. Turing – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alan M. Turing" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – liguriană" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans_Tj%C5%ABrings" title="Alans Tjūrings – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alans Tjūrings" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="एलेन ट्युरिङ – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="एलेन ट्युरिङ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%98%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Алан Тјуринг – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алан Тјуринг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="അലൻ ട്യൂറിംഗ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലൻ ട്യൂറിംഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Алан Матисон Тюринг – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Алан Матисон Тюринг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="ॲलन ट्युरिंग – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ॲलन ट्युरिंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – malteză" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – mirandeză" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အလန် ကျူးရင်း – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလန် ကျူးရင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="एलेन त्युरिङ्ग – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एलेन त्युरिङ्ग" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97" title="ଆଲାନ ଟ୍ୟୁରିଙ୍ଗ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଲାନ ଟ୍ୟୁରିଙ୍ଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тьюринг, Алан – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тьюринг, Алан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਅਲਾਨ ਟੂਰਿੰਗ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲਾਨ ਟੂਰਿੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="الان ٹورنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الان ٹورنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86_%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB" title="آلن ټورینګ – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آلن ټورینګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тьюринг, Алан – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тьюринг, Алан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91" title="Алан Тюрінґ – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Алан Тюрінґ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="एलेन ट्यूरिंग – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="एलेन ट्यूरिंग" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тьюринг Алан Матисон – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тьюринг Алан Матисон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D" title="ᱟᱞᱟᱱ ᱴᱭᱩᱨᱤᱝ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱞᱟᱱ ᱴᱭᱩᱨᱤᱝ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ඇලන් ටියුරින් – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇලන් ටියුරින්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%98%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Алан Тјуринг – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алан Тјуринг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="அலன் டூரிங் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலன் டூரிங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="అలాన్ ట్యూరింగ్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అలాన్ ట్యూరింగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Алан Тюринг – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алан Тюринг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="แอลัน ทัวริง – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอลัน ทัวริง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Tyuring" title="Alan Tyuring – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Alan Tyuring" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Алан Тюрінг – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алан Тюрінг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ایلن تورنگ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایلن تورنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjuring_Alan" title="Tjuring Alan – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Tjuring Alan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E5%A6%A5%E7%81%B5" title="埃伦·妥灵 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃伦·妥灵" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ალან ტიურინგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალან ტიურინგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="עלן טיורינג – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עלן טיורינג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E5%9B%BE%E7%81%B5" title="艾伦·图灵 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="艾伦·图灵" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%80%AB%E5%9C%96%E9%9D%88" title="艾倫圖靈 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="艾倫圖靈" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alan Turing" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E5%9C%96%E9%9D%88" title="亞倫·圖靈 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞倫·圖靈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7251#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><table class="infocaseta"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="antet biografii" style="background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Alan Turing</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Alan_Turing_(1912-1954)_in_1936_at_Princeton_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Alan_Turing_%281912-1954%29_in_1936_at_Princeton_University.jpg/220px-Alan_Turing_%281912-1954%29_in_1936_at_Princeton_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Alan_Turing_%281912-1954%29_in_1936_at_Princeton_University.jpg/330px-Alan_Turing_%281912-1954%29_in_1936_at_Princeton_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Alan_Turing_%281912-1954%29_in_1936_at_Princeton_University.jpg/440px-Alan_Turing_%281912-1954%29_in_1936_at_Princeton_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="745" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Date personale</th></tr><tr><th style=";">Nume la naștere</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span lang="en">Alan Mathison Turing</span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251#P1449" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Născut</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><time datetime="1912-06-23"><a href="/wiki/23_iunie" title="23 iunie">23 iunie</a> <a href="/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</a></time><sup id="cite_ref-38b3640a6544b027e5b31f9494f579b8_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38b3640a6544b027e5b31f9494f579b8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><sup id="cite_ref-878720bd1e3d76debb282d987debe97c_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-878720bd1e3d76debb282d987debe97c-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-2c0f00ce509be28a542df5342232b295_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2c0f00ce509be28a542df5342232b295-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-645c2e3830d1d54927d672a9df26759e_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-645c2e3830d1d54927d672a9df26759e-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-4eb304db35d02a974aa7edcd55a40fed_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4eb304db35d02a974aa7edcd55a40fed-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251#P569" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Londra_Mare" title="Londra Mare">Greater London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia">Anglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Unit_al_Marii_Britanii_%C8%99i_Irlandei" title="Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și Irlandei">Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și Irlandei</a><sup id="cite_ref-0c581a02d3d9843d8a362263054b2168_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0c581a02d3d9843d8a362263054b2168-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251#P19" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Decedat</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><time datetime="1954-06-07"><a href="/wiki/7_iunie" title="7 iunie">7 iunie</a> <a href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a></time> (41 de ani)<sup id="cite_ref-38b3640a6544b027e5b31f9494f579b8_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38b3640a6544b027e5b31f9494f579b8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-878720bd1e3d76debb282d987debe97c_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-878720bd1e3d76debb282d987debe97c-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2c0f00ce509be28a542df5342232b295_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2c0f00ce509be28a542df5342232b295-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-645c2e3830d1d54927d672a9df26759e_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-645c2e3830d1d54927d672a9df26759e-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4eb304db35d02a974aa7edcd55a40fed_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4eb304db35d02a974aa7edcd55a40fed-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251#P570" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilmslow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilmslow — pagină inexistentă">Wilmslow</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2011497" class="extiw" title="d:Q2011497"><span title="Wilmslow la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia">Anglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Unit_al_Marii_Britanii_%C8%99i_al_Irlandei_de_Nord" title="Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și al Irlandei de Nord">Regatul Unit</a><sup id="cite_ref-676b7ebdb6182f9efec4861a42eaf077_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-676b7ebdb6182f9efec4861a42eaf077-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251#P20" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Înmormântat</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8029331" class="extiw" title="d:Q8029331"><span lang="en">Woking Crematorium</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Woking Crematorium</span> (crematorium in Woking, Surrey, England, UK)|​]]</span><sup id="cite_ref-bb7e69a429833de58f6cf2d107747eaa_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb7e69a429833de58f6cf2d107747eaa-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-80f928c804e88679be4ea8c5a7f9024c_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80f928c804e88679be4ea8c5a7f9024c-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251#P119" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Cauza decesului</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Sinucidere" title="Sinucidere">sinucidere</a><sup id="cite_ref-676b7ebdb6182f9efec4861a42eaf077_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-676b7ebdb6182f9efec4861a42eaf077-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q883082" class="extiw" title="d:Q883082">otrăvire cu cianură</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otr%C4%83vire_cu_cianur%C4%83_(broad-spectrum_poisoning_by_inhibition_of_the_aerobic_respiration_metabolism_at_the_cellular_level_in_mitochondria)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otrăvire cu cianură (broad-spectrum poisoning by inhibition of the aerobic respiration metabolism at the cellular level in mitochondria) — pagină inexistentă">​</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-23c1f50872271cd301c8d98a0decad79_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23c1f50872271cd301c8d98a0decad79-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">) <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251#P509" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Părinți</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20895930" class="extiw" title="d:Q20895930"><span lang="en">Julius Mathison Turing</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Julius Mathison Turing</span> (father of Alan Turing, English mathematician (1873-1947))|​]]</span><sup id="cite_ref-676b7ebdb6182f9efec4861a42eaf077_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-676b7ebdb6182f9efec4861a42eaf077-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20895935" class="extiw" title="d:Q20895935"><span lang="en">Ethel Sara Stoney</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Ethel Sara Stoney</span> (mother of Alan Turing, English mathematician)|​]]</span><sup id="cite_ref-676b7ebdb6182f9efec4861a42eaf077_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-676b7ebdb6182f9efec4861a42eaf077-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251#P22" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Cetățenie</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Unit_al_Marii_Britanii_%C8%99i_al_Irlandei_de_Nord" title="Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și al Irlandei de Nord">Regatul Unit</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251#P27" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Religie</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism">ateism</a><sup id="cite_ref-94ffb368b31887d073f8f1247cad8663_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94ffb368b31887d073f8f1247cad8663-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251#P140" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Ocupație</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Informatician" title="Informatician">informatician</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15442776" class="extiw" title="d:Q15442776">criptograf</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criptograf_(specialist_on_techniques_for_secure_communication_in_the_presence_of_third_parties)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criptograf (specialist on techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties) — pagină inexistentă">​</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251#P106" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Limbi vorbite</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">limba engleză</a><sup id="cite_ref-7b57188bc0d7f319161273f241f2c260_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7b57188bc0d7f319161273f241f2c260-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-b6d0207482abe479b31979b1993fa0bf_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b6d0207482abe479b31979b1993fa0bf-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251#P1412" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Activitate</th></tr><tr><th style=";">Rezidență</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Regatul Unit"><img alt="Regatul Unit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Regatul Unit">Regatul Unit</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Domeniu</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Matematician" title="Matematician">matematician</a>, logician, criptanalist</td></tr><tr><th style=";">Număr Erdős</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">5  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251#P2021" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Instituție</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Cambridge" title="Universitatea Cambridge">Universitatea Cambridge</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Princeton" title="Universitatea Princeton">Universitatea Princeton</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Alma Mater</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924289" class="extiw" title="d:Q924289"><span lang="en">King's College</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">King's College</span> (college of the University of Cambridge)|​]]</span><sup id="cite_ref-676b7ebdb6182f9efec4861a42eaf077_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-676b7ebdb6182f9efec4861a42eaf077-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Princeton" title="Universitatea Princeton">Universitatea Princeton</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2278254" class="extiw" title="d:Q2278254"><span lang="en">Sherborne School</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Sherborne School</span> (school in Sherborne, Dorset, England, UK)|​]]</span><sup id="cite_ref-676b7ebdb6182f9efec4861a42eaf077_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-676b7ebdb6182f9efec4861a42eaf077-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66135280" class="extiw" title="d:Q66135280"><span lang="en">Hazlehurst Community Primary School</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Hazlehurst Community Primary School</span> (school in Bury, UK)|​]]</span><sup id="cite_ref-f6f4bbe3388af2a95b3d9498c6f33276_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f6f4bbe3388af2a95b3d9498c6f33276-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251#P69" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Organizații</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Societatea Regală din Londra</a>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251#P463" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Conducător de doctorat</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Alonzo Church</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Doctoranzi</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249984" class="extiw" title="d:Q249984"><span lang="en">Robin Gandy</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Robin Gandy</span> (British mathematician and logician)|​]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16493" class="extiw" title="d:Q16493">Beatrice Helen Worsley</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beatrice_Helen_Worsley_(first_female_computer_scientist_in_Canada_(1922-1972))&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beatrice Helen Worsley (first female computer scientist in Canada (1922-1972)) — pagină inexistentă">​</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251#P185" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Cunoscut pentru</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Problema_opririi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Problema opririi — pagină inexistentă">Problema opririi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_Turing" title="Mașină Turing">Mașina Turing</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Testul_Turing" title="Testul Turing">Testul Turing</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Premii</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15631401" class="extiw" title="d:Q15631401">Membru al Societății Regale</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Membru_al_Societ%C4%83%C8%9Bii_Regale_(elected_Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_in_London,_including_Honorary,_Foreign_and_Royal_Fellows)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Membru al Societății Regale (elected Fellow of the Royal Society in London, including Honorary, Foreign and Royal Fellows) — pagină inexistentă">​</a></span><small> (<time datetime="1951">1951</time>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-f6f4bbe3388af2a95b3d9498c6f33276_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f6f4bbe3388af2a95b3d9498c6f33276-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-80f928c804e88679be4ea8c5a7f9024c_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80f928c804e88679be4ea8c5a7f9024c-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10762848" class="extiw" title="d:Q10762848">Ofițer al Ordinului Imperiului Britanic</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ofi%C8%9Ber_al_Ordinului_Imperiului_Britanic_(award,_rank_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ofițer al Ordinului Imperiului Britanic (award, rank of the Order of the British Empire) — pagină inexistentă">​</a></span><small> (<time datetime="1946-06-24">24 iunie 1946</time>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-49ddb084bcfe7bd883d934bddda2d311_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49ddb084bcfe7bd883d934bddda2d311-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1690167" class="extiw" title="d:Q1690167">premiul Smith</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Premiul_Smith_(Prize_from_University_of_Cambridge_in_mathematics_and_theoretical_physics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Premiul Smith (Prize from University of Cambridge in mathematics and theoretical physics) — pagină inexistentă">​</a></span><small> (<time datetime="1936">1936</time>)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Ordinul_Imperiului_Britanic" title="Ordinul Imperiului Britanic">Ordinul Imperiului Britanic</a><small> ()</small>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251#P166" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Semnătură</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Alan_Turing_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Alan_Turing_signature.svg/150px-Alan_Turing_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Alan_Turing_signature.svg/225px-Alan_Turing_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Alan_Turing_signature.svg/300px-Alan_Turing_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="118" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Prezență online</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"><div style="text-align:center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turingarchive.org/">site web oficial</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px ##F5F5DC solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251" class="extiw" title="d:Q7251">date</a> / <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=0">text</a></span> <span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_Om_de_%C8%99tiin%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16573438">.mw-parser-output .infocaseta{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#000)}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style> <p><b>Alan Mathison Turing</b>, <small><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></small>, <small><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></small> (<span title="Notație în Alfabetul Fonetic Internațional" class="AFI"><small></small>ˈtjʊ(ə)rɪŋ</span>) (n. <time datetime="1912-06-23"><a href="/wiki/23_iunie" title="23 iunie">23 iunie</a> <a href="/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</a></time>, <a href="/wiki/Londra_Mare" title="Londra Mare">Greater London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia">Anglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Unit_al_Marii_Britanii_%C8%99i_Irlandei" title="Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și Irlandei">Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și Irlandei</a> – d. <time datetime="1954-06-07"><a href="/wiki/7_iunie" title="7 iunie">7 iunie</a> <a href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a></time>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilmslow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilmslow — pagină inexistentă">Wilmslow</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2011497" class="extiw" title="d:Q2011497"><span title="Wilmslow la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia">Anglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regatul_Unit_al_Marii_Britanii_%C8%99i_al_Irlandei_de_Nord" title="Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și al Irlandei de Nord">Regatul Unit</a>) a fost un <a href="/wiki/Informatician" title="Informatician">informatician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matematician" title="Matematician">matematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logician" class="mw-redirect" title="Logician">logician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criptanaliz%C4%83" title="Criptanaliză">criptanalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie">filosof</a> și <a href="/wiki/Maraton" title="Maraton">maratonist</a> britanic. A fost o personalitate deosebit de influentă în dezvoltarea informaticii, aducând o formalizare a conceptelor de „<a href="/wiki/Algoritm" title="Algoritm">algoritm</a>” și „<a href="/w/index.php?title=Computa%C8%9Bie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computație — pagină inexistentă">computație</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/computation" class="extiw" title="en:computation"><span title="„computation” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=computation&targettitle=computa%C8%9Bie">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>” cu <a href="/wiki/Ma%C8%99ina_Turing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mașina Turing">mașina Turing</a>, care poate fi considerată un model de calculator generic.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFP_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turing este considerat a fi părintele informaticii și <a href="/wiki/Inteligen%C8%9B%C4%83_artificial%C4%83" title="Inteligență artificială">inteligenței artificiale</a> teoretice.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În timpul celui de <a href="/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial" title="Al Doilea Război Mondial">al Doilea Război Mondial</a>, Turing a lucrat pentru <a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_Communications_Headquarters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government Communications Headquarters — pagină inexistentă">Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS)</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters#Government_Code_and_Cypher_School_(GC&CS)" class="extiw" title="en:Government Communications Headquarters"><span title="„Government Communications Headquarters#Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS)” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Government+Communications+Headquarters%23Government+Code+and+Cypher+School+%28GC%26CS%29&targettitle=Government+Communications+Headquarters">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> la <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>, centrul de <a href="/wiki/Criptanaliz%C4%83" title="Criptanaliză">criptanaliză</a> al Regatului Unit. O vreme, a condus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hut_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hut 8 — pagină inexistentă">Hut 8</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hut_8" class="extiw" title="en:Hut 8"><span title="„Hut 8” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Hut+8&targettitle=Hut+8">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, secțiunea responsabilă de criptanaliza mesajelor codificate ale Marinei <a href="/wiki/German" class="mw-redirect" title="German">Germane</a>. A pus la punct mai multe tehnici de spargere a <a href="/wiki/Cifru" class="mw-redirect" title="Cifru">cifrurilor</a> germane, între care îmbunătățiri aduse metodei <a href="/wiki/Polonez" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonez">poloneze</a> interbelice <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombe_(ma%C8%99in%C4%83_electromecanic%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bombe (mașină electromecanică) — pagină inexistentă">bombe</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bombe" class="extiw" title="en:bombe"><span title="„bombe” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=bombe&targettitle=Bombe+%28ma%C8%99in%C4%83+electromecanic%C4%83%29">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, o mașină <a href="/wiki/Electromecanic%C4%83" title="Electromecanică">electromecanică</a> ce putea găsi setări ale <a href="/wiki/Ma%C8%99ina_Enigma" title="Mașina Enigma">mașinii Enigma</a>. Rolul-cheie jucat de Turing în decodificarea mesajelor interceptate le-a permis Aliaților să-i învingă pe naziști în mai multe lupte importante, precum <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_Atlanticului" class="mw-disambig" title="Bătălia Atlanticului">Bătălia Atlanticului</a>; se estimează că activitatea echipei de la Bletchley Park a scurtat războiul în <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> cu doi până la patru ani.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>După război, a lucrat la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laboratorul_Na%C8%9Bional_de_Fizic%C4%83,_Regatul_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laboratorul Național de Fizică, Regatul Unit — pagină inexistentă">National Physical Laboratory</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory,_UK" class="extiw" title="en:National Physical Laboratory, UK"><span title="„National Physical Laboratory, UK” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=National+Physical+Laboratory%2C+UK&targettitle=Laboratorul+Na%C8%9Bional+de+Fizic%C4%83%2C+Regatul+Unit">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, unde a proiectat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_Computing_Engine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automatic Computing Engine — pagină inexistentă">ACE</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Computing_Engine" class="extiw" title="en:Automatic Computing Engine"><span title="„Automatic Computing Engine” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Automatic+Computing+Engine&targettitle=Automatic+Computing+Engine">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, unul dintre primele proiecte de calculator cu program stocat. În 1948, Turing a mers să lucreze cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Newman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Newman — pagină inexistentă">Max Newman</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Newman" class="extiw" title="en:Max Newman"><span title="„Max Newman” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Max+Newman&targettitle=Max+Newman">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> la Laboratorul de Computing de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_Victoria_din_Manchester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea Victoria din Manchester — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea din Manchester</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" class="extiw" title="en:Victoria University of Manchester"><span title="„Victoria University of Manchester” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Victoria+University+of+Manchester&targettitle=Universitatea+Victoria+din+Manchester">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, unde a contribuit la dezvoltarea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calculatoarele_Manchester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calculatoarele Manchester — pagină inexistentă">calculatoarelor Manchester</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_computers" class="extiw" title="en:Manchester computers"><span title="„Manchester computers” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Manchester+computers&targettitle=Calculatoarele+Manchester">traduceți</a>]</small></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și a devenit interesat de <a href="/wiki/Biomatematic%C4%83" title="Biomatematică">biologia matematică</a>. A scris un articol despre bazele chimice ale <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfogenez%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morfogeneză — pagină inexistentă">morfogenezei</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/morphogenesis" class="extiw" title="en:morphogenesis"><span title="„morphogenesis” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=morphogenesis&targettitle=Morfogenez%C4%83">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> și a anticipat descoperirea <a href="/wiki/Reac%C8%9Bie_chimic%C4%83" title="Reacție chimică">reacțiilor chimice</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceas_chimic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceas chimic — pagină inexistentă">oscilatoare</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_clock" class="extiw" title="en:Chemical clock"><span title="„Chemical clock” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Chemical+clock&targettitle=Ceas+chimic">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Reac%C8%9Bie_Belousov-Zhabotinsky" title="Reacție Belousov-Zhabotinsky">reacția Belousov-Jabotinski</a>, observată pentru prima oară în anii 1960. </p><p>În 1952, Turing a fost judecat pentru <a href="/wiki/Homosexualitate" title="Homosexualitate">homosexualitate</a>, pe când acest comportament sexual era încă incrimnat în Regatul Unit. A acceptat un tratament cu injecții de <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Castrare_chimic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castrare chimică — pagină inexistentă">castrare chimică</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chemical_castration" class="extiw" title="en:chemical castration"><span title="„chemical castration” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=chemical+castration&targettitle=castrare+chimic%C4%83">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>) drept alternativă la închisoare. Turing a murit în 1954, cu 16 zile înainte de a împlini 42 de ani, în urma otrăvirii cu <a href="/wiki/Cianur%C4%83" title="Cianură">cianură</a>. O anchetă a determinat drept cauză a morții sinuciderea; mama sa și alții cred că a fost un accident.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În 2009, în urma unei <a href="/wiki/Activism_pe_internet" title="Activism pe internet">campanii desfășurate pe Internet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prim-ministrul_Regatului_Unit" title="Prim-ministrul Regatului Unit">primul ministru britanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> a prezentat scuze publice în numele guvernului britanic pentru „modul îngrozitor în care a fost tratat”. <a href="/wiki/Elisabeta_a_II-a_a_Regatului_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeta a II-a a Regatului Unit">Regina Elisabeta a II-a</a> l-a grațiat postum în 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-pardon24Dec_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-pardon24Dec-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-turingpardon24dec2013_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turingpardon24dec2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-turingpardoncryptome24dec2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turingpardoncryptome24dec2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-turingindependent24dec2013_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turingindependent24dec2013-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Începutul_vieții_și_educația"><span id=".C3.8Enceputul_vie.C8.9Bii_.C8.99i_educa.C8.9Bia"></span>Începutul vieții și educația</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Începutul vieții și educația" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Începutul vieții și educația"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Familia">Familia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Familia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Familia"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turing s-a născut în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paddington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paddington — pagină inexistentă">Paddington</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124230" class="extiw" title="d:Q124230"><span title="Paddington la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Londra" title="Londra">Londra</a>, în timp ce tatăl său, Julius Mathison Turing (1873–1947), era în permisie din postul său de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Civil_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian Civil Service — pagină inexistentă">Indian Civil Service</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" class="extiw" title="en:Indian Civil Service"><span title="„Indian Civil Service” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Indian+Civil+Service&targettitle=Indian+Civil+Service">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> (ICS) de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhatrapur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chhatrapur — pagină inexistentă">Chhatrapur</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapur" class="extiw" title="en:Chhatrapur"><span title="„Chhatrapur” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Chhatrapur&targettitle=Chhatrapur">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provincia_Bihar_%C8%99i_Orissa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provincia Bihar și Orissa — pagină inexistentă">Provincia Bihar și Orissa</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar_and_Orissa_Province" class="extiw" title="en:Bihar and Orissa Province"><span title="„Bihar and Orissa Province” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Bihar+and+Orissa+Province&targettitle=Provincia+Bihar+%C8%99i+Orissa">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, din <a href="/wiki/India_Britanic%C4%83" title="India Britanică">India Britanică</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodges1983P5_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges1983P5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tatăl lui Turing era fiul unui cleric dintr-o familie scoțiană de negustori care operau în <a href="/wiki/%C8%9A%C4%83rile_de_Jos" title="Țările de Jos">Țările de Jos</a> și aveau printre ei și un <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">baronet</a>. Mama lui Turing, soția lui Julius, era Ethel Sara (născută Stoney; 1881–1976), fiica lui Edward Waller Stoney, inginer-șef al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calea_ferat%C4%83_din_Madras_%C8%99i_Mahratta_de_Sud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calea ferată din Madras și Mahratta de Sud — pagină inexistentă">Căilor Ferate din Madras</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_and_Southern_Mahratta_Railway" class="extiw" title="en:Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway"><span title="„Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Madras+and+Southern+Mahratta+Railway&targettitle=Calea+ferat%C4%83+din+Madras+%C8%99i+Mahratta+de+Sud">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>. Familia Stoney era o familie de vază în rândul protestanților anglo-irlandezi din comitatele <a href="/wiki/Comitatul_Tipperary" title="Comitatul Tipperary">Tipperary</a> și <a href="/wiki/Comitatul_Longford" title="Comitatul Longford">Longford</a>, iar Ethel însăși își petrecuse copilăria mai mult în <a href="/wiki/Comitatul_Clare" title="Comitatul Clare">comitatul Clare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lucrul în ICS a adus familia în India Britanică, unde bunicul său fusese general în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armata_Bengalului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armata Bengalului — pagină inexistentă">Armata Bengalului</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Army" class="extiw" title="en:Bengal Army"><span title="„Bengal Army” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Bengal+Army&targettitle=Armata+Bengalului">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>. Atât Julius cât și Ethel doreau însă să-și crească copiii în Anglia, așa că s-au mutat în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maida_Vale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maida Vale — pagină inexistentă">Maida Vale</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maida_Vale" class="extiw" title="en:Maida Vale"><span title="„Maida Vale” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Maida+Vale&targettitle=Maida+Vale">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-englishheritaget_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-englishheritaget-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Londra, unde s-a născut Turing la 23 iunie 1912, așa cum înregistrează o plachetă comemorativă pusă pe peretele exterior al casei natale,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> care ulterior a devenit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotelul_Colonnade_(Londra)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hotelul Colonnade (Londra) — pagină inexistentă">Hotelul Colonnade</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonnade_Hotel_(London)" class="extiw" title="en:Colonnade Hotel (London)"><span title="„Colonnade Hotel (London)” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Colonnade+Hotel+%28London%29&targettitle=Hotelul+Colonnade+%28Londra%29">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodges1983P5_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges1983P5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-turingorguk_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turingorguk-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A avut un frate mai mare, John (tatăl lui Sir John Dermot Turing, al 12-lea baronet Turing). </p><p>Serviciul civil al tatălui său era încă în desfășurare în primii ani de viață ai lui Alan și, în copilăria sa, părinții lui Turing au călătorit între <a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a> în Anglia<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și India, lăsând cei doi copii în grija familiei unui pensionar militar. La Hastings, Turing a trăit la Baston Lodge, Upper Maze Hill, <a href="/wiki/St_Leonards" class="mw-redirect" title="St Leonards">St Leonards</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3495335" class="extiw" title="d:Q3495335"><span title="St Leonards la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, astăzi și ea marcată cu o plachetă comemorativă.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Încă din fragedă copilărie, Turing a dat semne ale geniului care avea mai târziu să se manifeste ulterior.<sup id="cite_ref-toolbox_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toolbox-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Părinții săi au cumpărat în 1927 o casă în <a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a>, iar Turing venea acolo în vacanțele școlare. Și această clădire are o placă comemorativă.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Școala"><span id=".C8.98coala"></span>Școala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Școala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Școala"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La șase ani, părinții l-au înscris pe Turing la St Michael's, o școală de zi cu sediul la numărul 20 pe Charles Road, <a href="/wiki/St_Leonards" class="mw-redirect" title="St Leonards">St Leonards</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3495335" class="extiw" title="d:Q3495335"><span title="St Leonards la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>. Învățătoarea i-a recunoscut talentul de timpuriu, talent pe care îl vor remarca și alți profesori ai săi. În 1926, la 13 ani, a trecut la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherborne_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sherborne School — pagină inexistentă">Sherborne School</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherborne_School" class="extiw" title="en:Sherborne School"><span title="„Sherborne School” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Sherborne+School&targettitle=Sherborne+School">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, o școală independentă bine cunoscută din târgușorul <a href="/wiki/Sherborne" title="Sherborne">Sherborne</a> din Dorset. Prima zi a sa de școală a coincis cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greva_general%C4%83_din_Regatul_Unit_din_1926&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greva generală din Regatul Unit din 1926 — pagină inexistentă">greva generală din 1926</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" class="extiw" title="en:1926 United Kingdom general strike"><span title="„1926 United Kingdom general strike” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=1926+United+Kingdom+general+strike&targettitle=Greva+general%C4%83+din+Regatul+Unit+din+1926">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> din Regatul Unit, dar el era așa de hotărât să meargă încât a plecat neînsoțit cu bicicleta, parcurgând tot drumul de peste 100 km de la <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> la Sherborne, oprind peste noapte la un han.<sup id="cite_ref-metamagical_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metamagical-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Înclinația naturală a lui Turing către matematică și științe nu i-a adus respectul unora dintre profesorii săi de la Sherborne, a căror definiție a educației punea accent mai mult pe umanioare. Directorul său a scris părinților: „sper să nu cadă între două luntre. Dacă trebuie să rămână într-o școală publică, atunci trebuie să-și propună să devină <i>educat</i>. Dacă trebuie să fie doar un <i>specialist în științe</i>, atunci își pierde timpul într-o școală publică”.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cu toate acestea, Turing a continuat să dea dovadă de abilități remarcabile în domeniile care îi plăceau, rezolvând probleme avansate în 1927 fără a fi studiat nici măcar elemente de <a href="/wiki/Analiz%C4%83_matematic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Analiză matematică">analiză matematică</a>. În 1928, la 16 ani, Turing a întâlnit operele lui <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>; nu doar că le-a înțeles, ci a și extrapolat faptul că Einstein pune în discuție <a href="/wiki/Legile_lui_Newton" title="Legile lui Newton">legile de mișcare ale lui Newton</a> dintr-un text în care nu se exprima această idee explicit.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christopher_Morcom">Christopher Morcom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Christopher Morcom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Christopher Morcom"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La Sherborne, Turing a format o importantă prietenie cu colegul său Christopher Morcom, care a fost descris ca „prima iubire” a lui Turing. Relația lor a inspirat viitoarele relații ale lui Turing, dar a fost scurtată de moartea lui Morcom în februarie 1930 în urma unor complicații de la o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuberculoz%C4%83_bovin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuberculoză bovină — pagină inexistentă">tuberculoză bovină</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bovine_tuberculosis" class="extiw" title="en:bovine tuberculosis"><span title="„bovine tuberculosis” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=bovine+tuberculosis&targettitle=tuberculoz%C4%83+bovin%C4%83">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> contractată după ce băuse lapte de vacă infectat cu câțiva ani în urmă.<sup id="cite_ref-NYReviewBooks_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYReviewBooks-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-teuscher_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teuscher-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Turing a suferit mult din această cauză. Și-a înecat durerea în muncă, lucrând și mai asiduu la interesele sale științifice și matematice pe care le împărtășea cu Morcom. Într-o scrisoare adresată mamei lui Morcom, Turing scria: </p><blockquote><p>Sunt sigur că nu aș fi putut găsi nicăieri un alt tovarăș atât de strălucit și totuși atât de fermecător și lipsit de aroganță. Am privit interesul meu pentru muncă, și pentru lucruri ca astronomia (în care el m-a introdus) ca ceva ce trebuia împărtășit cu el și cred că și el simțea puțin la fel pentru mine ... știu că trebuie să pun cât mai multă energie, dacă nu la fel de mult interes în munca mea ca și cum el ar mai fi în viață, pentru că asta și-ar dori el să fac.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> S-au făcut speculații cum că moartea lui Morcom ar fi fost cauza faptului că Turing era <a href="/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism">ateu</a> și <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În acest moment în viață el se pare că încă credea în concepte ca spiritul independent de corp și nemuritor. Într-o scrisoare ulterioară, adresată tot mamei lui Morcom, Turing spunea: </p><blockquote><p>Personal, cred că spiritul este de fapt etern legat de materie, dar sigur nu de același fel de trup ... în ce privește natura legăturii între spirit și trup, consider că trupul [poate] ține un «spirit», cât timp trupul este viu și treaz cele două sunt strâns legate. Când trupul doarme, nu pot ghici ce se întâmplă, dar când trupul moare, «mecanismul» trupului care ține spiritul dispare și spiritul găsește un alt corp mai devreme sau mai târziu, poate imediat.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universitatea_și_lucrările_în_domeniul_calculabilității"><span id="Universitatea_.C8.99i_lucr.C4.83rile_.C3.AEn_domeniul_calculabilit.C4.83.C8.9Bii"></span>Universitatea și lucrările în domeniul calculabilității</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Universitatea și lucrările în domeniul calculabilității" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Universitatea și lucrările în domeniul calculabilității"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>După Sherborne, Turing a studiat la <a href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King's College, Cambridge — pagină inexistentă">King's College, Cambridge</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" class="extiw" title="en:King's College, Cambridge"><span title="„King's College, Cambridge” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=King%27s+College%2C+Cambridge&targettitle=King%27s+College%2C+Cambridge">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, de unde a dobândit mari onoruri în matematică. În 1935, la frageda vârstă de 22 de ani, a fost ales <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fellow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fellow — pagină inexistentă">fellow</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fellow" class="extiw" title="en:fellow"><span title="„fellow” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=fellow&targettitle=fellow">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> la King's în urma unei disertații în care a demonstrat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorema_limit%C4%83_central%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorema limită centrală — pagină inexistentă">teorema limită centrală</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/central_limit_theorem" class="extiw" title="en:central limit theorem"><span title="„central limit theorem” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=central+limit+theorem&targettitle=teorema+limit%C4%83+central%C4%83">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deși nu știa că ea fusese demonstrată deja în 1922 de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jarl_Waldemar_Lindeberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg — pagină inexistentă">Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarl_Waldemar_Lindeberg" class="extiw" title="en:Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg"><span title="„Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Jarl+Waldemar+Lindeberg&targettitle=Jarl+Waldemar+Lindeberg">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 1928, matematicianul german <a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a> atrăsese atenția asupra <a href="/wiki/Problema_deciziei" title="Problema deciziei"><i>Entscheidungsproblem</i></a> (problemei deciziei). În lucrarea sa de referință „Despre numere calculabile, cu aplicații la problema deciziei” („On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the <i>Entscheidungsproblem</i>”; depusă la 28 mai 1936 și susținută la 12 noiembrie),<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turing a reformulat rezultatele lui <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a> din 1931 asupra limitelor demonstrației și computației, înlocuit limbajul formal universal al lui Gödel, pe baze aritmetice, cu instrumentele ipotetice formale și simple ce aveau să fie denumite <a href="/wiki/Ma%C8%99ina_Turing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mașina Turing">mașini Turing</a>. El a demonstrat că o astfel de mașină va fi capabilă să efectueze orice calcul matematic posibil dacă acesta este reprezentabil sub forma unui <a href="/wiki/Algoritm" title="Algoritm">algoritm</a>. El a demonstrat mai departe și că nu există o soluție la problema deciziei, arătând mai întâi că <a href="/w/index.php?title=Problema_opririi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Problema opririi — pagină inexistentă">problema opririi</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/halting_problem" class="extiw" title="en:halting problem"><span title="„halting problem” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=halting+problem&targettitle=problema+opririi">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> pentru mașini Turing este nedecidabilă: în general, nu se poate decide algoritmic dacă o mașină Turing se va opri sau nu vreodată. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:20130808_Kings_College_Front_Court_Fountain_Crop_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/20130808_Kings_College_Front_Court_Fountain_Crop_03.jpg/220px-20130808_Kings_College_Front_Court_Fountain_Crop_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/20130808_Kings_College_Front_Court_Fountain_Crop_03.jpg/330px-20130808_Kings_College_Front_Court_Fountain_Crop_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/20130808_Kings_College_Front_Court_Fountain_Crop_03.jpg/440px-20130808_Kings_College_Front_Court_Fountain_Crop_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5023" data-file-height="3349" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College,_Cambridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King's College, Cambridge — pagină inexistentă">King's College, Cambridge</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" class="extiw" title="en:King's College, Cambridge"><span title="„King's College, Cambridge” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=King%27s+College%2C+Cambridge&targettitle=King%27s+College%2C+Cambridge">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, unde sala computerelor este numită după Turing, care a devenit student aici în 1931 și <i>fellow</i> în 1935</figcaption></figure> <p>Deși demonstrația lui Turing a fost publicată la scurt timp după o demonstrație echivalentă a lui <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Alonzo Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> care a dezvoltat și a folosit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calculul_lambda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calculul lambda — pagină inexistentă">calculul lambda</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lambda_calculus" class="extiw" title="en:lambda calculus"><span title="„lambda calculus” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=lambda+calculus&targettitle=calculul+lambda">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, Turing nu cunoștea lucrarea lui Church.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abordarea lui Turing este considerabil una mai accesibilă și mai intuitivă decât a lui Church. Ea era și una inovatoare prin noțiunea de „mașină universală” (acum denumită mașină Turing universală), cu ideea că o astfel de mașină poate efectua ce poate efectua orice altă mașină de calcul sau, cu alte cuvinte, ea este demonstrabil capabilă de a calcula orice este calculabil. <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">Von Neumann</a> a recunoscut că conceptul central al calculatorului modern se datorează acestei lucrări.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mașinile Turing sunt și în ziua de azi obiect central de studiu în <a href="/wiki/Teoria_computa%C8%9Biei" title="Teoria computației">teoria computației</a>. </p><p>Din septembrie 1936 până în 1938, Turing și-a petrecut mare parte din timp studiind cu Church la <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Princeton" title="Universitatea Princeton">Universitatea Princeton</a>. Pe lângă activitatea sa pur matematică, el a studiat și criptologia și a construit trei din patru niveluri ale unui multiplicator binar electromecanic.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În iunie 1938, și-a obținut doctoratul de la Princeton;<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> disertația sa, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisteme_de_logic%C4%83_pe_baz%C4%83_de_ordinali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sisteme de logică pe bază de ordinali — pagină inexistentă">Sisteme de logică pe bază de ordinali</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_of_Logic_Based_on_Ordinals" class="extiw" title="en:Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals"><span title="„Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Systems+of+Logic+Based+on+Ordinals&targettitle=Sisteme+de+logic%C4%83+pe+baz%C4%83+de+ordinali">traduceți</a>]</small></sup></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-turingphd_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turingphd-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a introdus conceptul de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logic%C4%83_ordinal%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logică ordinală — pagină inexistentă">logică ordinală</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ordinal_logic" class="extiw" title="en:ordinal logic"><span title="„ordinal logic” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=ordinal+logic&targettitle=logic%C4%83+ordinal%C4%83">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> și noțiunea de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformare_Turing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transformare Turing — pagină inexistentă">calcul relativ</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_reduction" class="extiw" title="en:Turing reduction"><span title="„Turing reduction” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Turing+reduction&targettitle=Transformare+Turing">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, în care mașinile Turing sunt dotate și cu așa-numite „oracole”, permițând studiul unor probleme ce nu pot fi rezolvate cu o mașină Turing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cariera_și_cercetările"><span id="Cariera_.C8.99i_cercet.C4.83rile"></span>Cariera și cercetările</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Cariera și cercetările" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Cariera și cercetările"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La întoarcerea la Cambridge, a participat la cursurile ținute în 1939 de <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> despre <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamentele_matematicii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundamentele matematicii — pagină inexistentă">fundamentele matematicii</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/foundations_of_mathematics" class="extiw" title="en:foundations of mathematics"><span title="„foundations of mathematics” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=foundations+of+mathematics&targettitle=fundamentele+matematicii">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cursurile au fost reconstituite complet, cu tot cu intervențiile lui Turing și ale altor studenți, din notițele studenților.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turing și Wittgenstein a polemizat, Turing apărând formalismul, iar Wittgenstein promovând ideea sa că matematica nu descoperă adevăruri absolute, ci mai degrabă le inventează.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A început să lucreze și part-time la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_Code_and_Cypher_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government Code and Cypher School — pagină inexistentă">Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS)</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Code_and_Cypher_School" class="extiw" title="en:Government Code and Cypher School"><span title="„Government Code and Cypher School” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Government+Code+and+Cypher+School&targettitle=Government+Code+and+Cypher+School">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> („Școala Guvernamentală de Coduri și Cifruri”). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criptanaliza">Criptanaliza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Criptanaliza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Criptanaliza"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În timpul celui de-<a href="/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial" title="Al Doilea Război Mondial">al Doilea Război Mondial</a>, Turing a fost un important participant la eforturile depuse la <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a> pentru a sparge cifrurile germane. Istoricul și criptanalistul din timpul războiului <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asa_Briggs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asa Briggs — pagină inexistentă">Asa Briggs</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Briggs" class="extiw" title="en:Asa Briggs"><span title="„Asa Briggs” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Asa+Briggs&targettitle=Asa+Briggs">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> spunea: „era nevoie de talent excepțional, era nevoie de geniu la Bletchley și Turing a fost acel geniu”. </p><p>Din septembrie 1938, Turing lucra part-time la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_Code_and_Cypher_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government Code and Cypher School — pagină inexistentă">GC&CS</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Code_and_Cypher_School" class="extiw" title="en:Government Code and Cypher School"><span title="„Government Code and Cypher School” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Government+Code+and+Cypher+School&targettitle=Government+Code+and+Cypher+School">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, organizația britanică de criptanaliză. El s-a concentrat pe criptanaliza <a href="/wiki/Ma%C8%99ina_Enigma" title="Mașina Enigma">mașinii Enigma</a>, împreună cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dilly_Knox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dilly Knox — pagină inexistentă">Dilly Knox</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilly_Knox" class="extiw" title="en:Dilly Knox"><span title="„Dilly Knox” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Dilly+Knox&targettitle=Dilly+Knox">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, un criptanalist senior de la GC&CS.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curând după întâlnirea de la <a href="/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia" title="Varșovia">Varșovia</a> din iulie 1939 în care <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biroul_Polonez_de_Cifruri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biroul Polonez de Cifruri — pagină inexistentă">Biroul Polonez de Cifruri</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Cipher_Bureau" class="extiw" title="en:Polish Cipher Bureau"><span title="„Polish Cipher Bureau” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Polish+Cipher+Bureau&targettitle=Biroul+Polonez+de+Cifruri">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> a pus la dispoziție britanicilor și francezilor detaliile cablajelor rotoarelor mașinii Enigma și metoda lor de decriptare a mesajelor Enigma, Turing și Knox au început să lucreze la o abordare mai puțin fragilă a problemei.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metoda poloneză se baza pe procedura nesigură de schimb de chei prin intermediul așa-numitelor „indicatoare”, folosită de germani. Această procedură era susceptibilă de schimbare, ceea ce s-a și întâmplat în mai 1940. Abordarea lui Turing era mai generală, folosind atacuri cu text clar cunoscut (texte denumite de ei <i>crib</i>-uri) pentru care a produs specificația funcțională a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombe_(ma%C8%99in%C4%83_electromecanic%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bombe (mașină electromecanică) — pagină inexistentă">mașinii <i>bombe</i></a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bombe" class="extiw" title="en:bombe"><span title="„bombe” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=bombe&targettitle=Bombe+%28ma%C8%99in%C4%83+electromecanic%C4%83%29">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> (o îmbunătățire a mașinii poloneze <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bomba_(criptografie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bomba (criptografie) — pagină inexistentă">Bomba</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba_(cryptography)" class="extiw" title="en:Bomba (cryptography)"><span title="„Bomba (cryptography)” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Bomba+%28cryptography%29&targettitle=Bomba+%28criptografie%29">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Turing_flat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Turing_flat.jpg/220px-Turing_flat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Turing_flat.jpg/330px-Turing_flat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Turing_flat.jpg/440px-Turing_flat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="1259" /></a><figcaption>Două căsuțe în curtea grajdurilor de la <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>. Turing a lucrat aici în 1939 și 1940, înainte de a se muta la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hut_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hut 8 — pagină inexistentă">Hut 8</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hut_8" class="extiw" title="en:Hut 8"><span title="„Hut 8” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Hut+8&targettitle=Hut+8">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>.</figcaption></figure> <p>La 4 septembrie 1939, a doua zi după ce Regatul Unit a declarat război Germaniei, Turing s-a prezentat la Bletchley Park, postul pe timp de război al GC&CS.<sup id="cite_ref-Copeland2006p378_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland2006p378-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specificația mașinii <i>bombe</i> a fost prima dintre cele cinci mari dezvoltări de criptanaliză realizate de Turing în timpul războiului. Celelalte au fost: deducerea procedurii de indicator utilizată de marina germană pentru schimbul de chei; dezvoltarea unui procedeu statistic de eficientizare a utilizării mașinii bombe, denumit <i><a href="/wiki/Banburismus" title="Banburismus">Banburismus</a></i>; dezvoltarea unui procedeu de determinare a setărilor rotițelor mașinii <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_SZ_40/42&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenz SZ 40/42 — pagină inexistentă">Lorenz SZ 40/42</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_SZ_40/42" class="extiw" title="en:Lorenz SZ 40/42"><span title="„Lorenz SZ 40/42” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Lorenz+SZ+40%2F42&targettitle=Lorenz+SZ+40%2F42">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> (<i>Tunny</i>), procedeu denumit <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turingery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turingery — pagină inexistentă">Turingery</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turingery" class="extiw" title="en:Turingery"><span title="„Turingery” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Turingery&targettitle=Turingery">traduceți</a>]</small></sup></i> și, spre sfârșitul războiului, dezvoltarea unui dispozitiv portabil de bruiaj pentru transmisii securizate de voce la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Her_Majesty%27s_Government_Communications_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Her Majesty's Government Communications Centre — pagină inexistentă">Hanslope Park</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Government_Communications_Centre" class="extiw" title="en:Her Majesty's Government Communications Centre"><span title="„Her Majesty's Government Communications Centre” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Her+Majesty%27s+Government+Communications+Centre&targettitle=Her+Majesty%27s+Government+Communications+Centre">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, denumit <i>Delilah</i>. </p><p>Utilizând tehnici statistice de optimizare a testării diferitelor posibilități în procesul de criptanaliză, Turing a adus o contribuție inovativă în domeniu. El a scris două articole științifice în care discuta abordări matematice, cu titlurile <i>Raport asupra aplicațiilor probabilităților în criptografie</i> (în <a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">engleză</a> <span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">Report on the applications of probability to cryptography</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și <i>Lucrare pe tema statisticii repetițiilor</i> (în <a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">engleză</a> <span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">Paper on statistics of repetitions</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> care au fost atât de valoroase pentru GC&CS și pentru succesoarea sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_Communications_Headquarters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government Communications Headquarters — pagină inexistentă">GCHQ</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="extiw" title="en:Government Communications Headquarters"><span title="„Government Communications Headquarters” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Government+Communications+Headquarters&targettitle=Government+Communications+Headquarters">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, încât nu au fost publicate în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arhivele_Na%C8%9Bionale_ale_Regatului_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arhivele Naționale ale Regatului Unit — pagină inexistentă">Arhivele Naționale</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" class="extiw" title="en:The National Archives (United Kingdom)"><span title="„The National Archives (United Kingdom)” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=The+National+Archives+%28United+Kingdom%29&targettitle=Arhivele+Na%C8%9Bionale+ale+Regatului+Unit">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> decât în aprilie 2012, cu puțin timp înainte de centenarul nașterii sale. Un matematician de la GCHQ a afirmat la acea vreme că faptul că conținutul a fost restricționat timp de circa 70 de ani este o dovadă a importanței lor.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turing avea o oarecare reputație de excentric la Bletchley Park. Era cunoscut colegilor cu porecla „Prof” și tratatul său despre Enigma era denumit „Cartea <i>Prof</i>ului”.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/I._J._Good" title="I. J. Good">Jack Good</a>, criptanalist care a lucrat cu el, este citat de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Lewin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Lewin — pagină inexistentă">Ronald Lewin</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Lewin" class="extiw" title="en:Ronald Lewin"><span title="„Ronald Lewin” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Ronald+Lewin&targettitle=Ronald+Lewin">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> ca afirmând despre Turing: </p> <blockquote style="color:var(--color-base, #606060); text-align: left; font-size:95%"><div style="font-style:italic">„În prima săptămână din luna iunie a fiecărui an, făcea un atac grav de febra fânului, și venea pe bicicletă la serviciu cu o mască de gaz pe față ca să țină polenul departe. Bicicleta lui avea un defect: îi sărea lanțul la intervale regulate. În loc să o repare, el număra de câte ori făceau pedalele câte o tură și se dădea jos de pe bicicletă să aranjeze manual lanțul înainte ca acesta să sară. O altă excentricitate a lui a fost aceea că și-a legat cana cu lanțul de țeava de la calorifer ca să nu-i fie furată.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>”</div></blockquote> <p>Cât a lucrat la Bletchley, Turing, care era un talentat alergător de cursă lungă, alerga ocazional 64 km până la Londra când era chemat acolo la întâlniri de nivel înalt,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și era capabil să obțină timpi comparabili cu maratoniștii de clasă mondială.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turing a dat probe pentru echipa olimpică britanică din 1948, dar nu a putut participa din cauza unei accidentări. Timpul obținut la probele pentru echipa de maraton a fost cu doar 11 minute mai mare decât cel obținut în cursa olimpică de medaliatul cu argint britanic Thomas Richards, de 2 ore și 35 de minute. Turing era cel mai bun alergător de la Walton Athletic Club, fapt remarcat după ce a depășit, alergând de unul singur, plutonul alergătorilor clubului.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 1945, Turing a fost decorat cu <a href="/wiki/Ordinul_Imperiului_Britanic" title="Ordinul Imperiului Britanic">Order of the British Empire</a> de către regele <a href="/wiki/George_al_VI-lea_al_Regatului_Unit" title="George al VI-lea al Regatului Unit">George al VI-lea</a> pentru serviciul din timpul războiului, dar detaliile activității sale au rămas mulți ani secrete.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thegazette.co.uk_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thegazette.co.uk-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mașina_Bombe"><span id="Ma.C8.99ina_Bombe"></span>Mașina Bombe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Mașina Bombe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Mașina Bombe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La câteva săptămâni după ce a ajuns la Bletchley Park,<sup id="cite_ref-Copeland2006p378_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland2006p378-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turing specificase deja o mașină electromecanică ce ar fi putut sparge codurile mașinii Enigma mai eficient ca <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bomba_(criptografie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bomba (criptografie) — pagină inexistentă">bomba kryptologiczna</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bomba_(cryptography)" class="extiw" title="en:bomba (cryptography)"><span title="„bomba (cryptography)” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=bomba+%28cryptography%29&targettitle=Bomba+%28criptografie%29">traduceți</a>]</small></sup></i> poloneză, de la care își trage numele. Cu o îmbunătățire sugerată de matematicianul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Welchman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon Welchman — pagină inexistentă">Gordon Welchman</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Welchman" class="extiw" title="en:Gordon Welchman"><span title="„Gordon Welchman” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Gordon+Welchman&targettitle=Gordon+Welchman">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, <i>Bombe</i> a devenit una dintre uneltele principale, și singura automată, de folosit pentru a ataca mesajele cifrate cu Enigma. </p><p>Jack Good opina: </p> <blockquote style="color:var(--color-base, #606060); text-align: left; font-size:95%"><div style="font-style:italic">„Cea mai importantă contribuție a lui Turing, cred eu, a fost partea lui din designul <i>bombei</i>, mașina de criptanaliză. El a avut ideea că poți să folosești, practic, o teoremă din logică ce sună oarecum absurd pentru cineva fără pregătire; anume aceea că dintr-o contradicție poți să deduci <i>totul.</i><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>”</div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Bombe-rebuild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bombe-rebuild.jpg/220px-Bombe-rebuild.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bombe-rebuild.jpg/330px-Bombe-rebuild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bombe-rebuild.jpg/440px-Bombe-rebuild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="1115" /></a><figcaption>Replică completă și funcțională a mașinii <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombe_(ma%C8%99in%C4%83_electromecanic%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bombe (mașină electromecanică) — pagină inexistentă">bombe</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bombe" class="extiw" title="en:bombe"><span title="„bombe” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=bombe&targettitle=Bombe+%28ma%C8%99in%C4%83+electromecanic%C4%83%29">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> la Centrul Național pentru Coduri de la Bletchley Park</figcaption></figure> <p>Bombe căuta setări posibil corecte de utilizat pentru un mesaj Enigma (de exemplu, ordinea rotoarelor, setările rotoarelor și cablajele tabloului de prize), folosind un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atac_cu_text_clar_cunoscut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atac cu text clar cunoscut — pagină inexistentă">atac cu text clar cunoscut</a>, domeniu în care Turing a inventat termenul de <i>crib</i>, folosit și astăzi pentru textul clar utilizat în atac. Pentru fiecare setare posibilă a rotoarelor (care era una dintr-un număr de ordinul a 10<sup>19</sup> stări, sau chiar 10<sup>22</sup> pentru varianta mașinii cu patru rotoare de pe submarine),<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bombe efectua un lanț de deducții logice implementate electric, pe baza cribului. Bombe detecta că are loc o contradicție și elimina acea setare, trecând la următoarea. Majoritatea setărilor posibile produceau contradicții și se înlăturau, lăsând doar câteva să fie investigate în detaliu. Prima <i>bombe</i> a fost instalată la 18 martie 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Până la sfârșitul lui 1941, Turing și colegii săi criptanaliști Gordon Welchman, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conel_Hugh_O%27Donel_Alexander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander — pagină inexistentă">Hugh Alexander</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conel_Hugh_O%27Donel_Alexander" class="extiw" title="en:Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander"><span title="„Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Conel+Hugh+O%27Donel+Alexander&targettitle=Conel+Hugh+O%27Donel+Alexander">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Milner-Barry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stuart Milner-Barry — pagină inexistentă">Stuart Milner-Barry</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Milner-Barry" class="extiw" title="en:Stuart Milner-Barry"><span title="„Stuart Milner-Barry” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Stuart+Milner-Barry&targettitle=Stuart+Milner-Barry">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> erau frustrați. Pe baza <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biuro_Szyfr%C3%B3w&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biuro Szyfrów — pagină inexistentă">muncii strălucite a polonezilor</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biuro_Szyfr%C3%B3w" class="extiw" title="en:Biuro Szyfrów"><span title="„Biuro Szyfrów” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Biuro+Szyfr%C3%B3w&targettitle=Biuro+Szyfr%C3%B3w">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, ei puseseră la punct un sistem funcțional de decriptare a semnalelor mașinii Enigma, dar aveau la dispoziție doar câțiva oameni și câteva mașini, neavând timp să traducă toate semnalele. În vară, obținuseră succese considerabile, iar pierderile marinei comerciale scăzuseră sub 100.000 de tone pe lună, dar erau încă pe muchie de cuțit. Aveau mare nevoie de resurse suplimentare pentru a face față îmbunătățirilor aduse de germani. Încercaseră să obțină mai mulți oameni și să finanțeze mai multe mașini <i>bombe</i> prin canalele obișnuite, dar acestea nu îi duceau nicăieri. În cele din urmă, încălcând toate regulile, la 28 octombrie i-au scris direct lui Churchill explicându-i dificultățile lor, Turing fiind primul semnatar. Ei au arătat cât de mici sunt nevoile lor comparativ cu vastele cheltuieli de capital uman și financiar pentru forțele armate, și comparativ cu nivelul de asistență pe care îl poate aduce acea mică investiție efortului de război în ansamblul său.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cum avea să scrie și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Hodges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Hodges — pagină inexistentă">Andrew Hodges</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hodges" class="extiw" title="en:Andrew Hodges"><span title="„Andrew Hodges” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Andrew+Hodges&targettitle=Andrew+Hodges">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, biograful lui Turing, „această scrisoare a avut un efect electric.”<sup id="cite_ref-Hodges_1983_221_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges_1983_221-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill a scris o notă către <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Ismay" title="Hastings Ismay">generalul Ismay</a> în care scria: „ACȚIONAȚI CHIAR ASTĂZI. Asigurați-vă că au tot ce le trebuie, cu prioritate extremă și raportați-mi că s-a făcut.” La 18 noiembrie, șeful serviciului secret raporta că toate măsurile posibile au fost luate.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodges_1983_221_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges_1983_221-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criptografii de la Bletchley Park nu știau de răspunsul primului ministru, dar Milner-Barry își amintea că „tot ce am observat a fost că aproape din chiar acea zi, toate obstacolele au început ca prin minune să dispară din calea noastră.”<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La sfârșitul războiului, erau în funcțiune peste două sute de mașini <i>bombe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-codebreaker_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-codebreaker-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hut_8_și_Mașina_Enigma_navală"><span id="Hut_8_.C8.99i_Ma.C8.99ina_Enigma_naval.C4.83"></span>Hut 8 și Mașina Enigma navală</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Hut 8 și Mașina Enigma navală" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Hut 8 și Mașina Enigma navală"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turing s-a hotărât să abordeze deosebit de dificila problemă a mașinii Enigma navale „pentru că nimeni altcineva nu făcea nimic în privința ei și puteam să o am numai pentru mine”.<sup id="cite_ref-MahonP14_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MahonP14-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În decembrie 1939, Turing a rezolvat partea esențială a sistemului de indicatori ai mașinii criptografice a Marinei Germane, care era mai complex decât cele utilizate de alte servicii.<sup id="cite_ref-MahonP14_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MahonP14-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tot atunci, a conceput ideea de <i><a href="/wiki/Banburismus" title="Banburismus">Banburismus</a></i>, o tehnică statistică secvențială (denumită ulterior de <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Wald" title="Abraham Wald">Abraham Wald</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analiz%C4%83_secven%C8%9Bial%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analiză secvențială — pagină inexistentă">analiză secvențială</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sequential_analysis" class="extiw" title="en:sequential analysis"><span title="„sequential analysis” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=sequential+analysis&targettitle=analiz%C4%83+secven%C8%9Bial%C4%83">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>) pentru a-l asista la spargerea Enigmei navale, „deși nu eram sigur că va funcționa în practică, și de fapt nici n-am fost sigur până când nu a început să funcționeze în unele zile”.<sup id="cite_ref-MahonP14_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MahonP14-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pentru aceasta, el a inventat o măsură a ponderii unui indiciu, măsură denumită de el <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ban_(unitate)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ban (unitate) — pagină inexistentă"><i>ban</i></a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_(unit)" class="extiw" title="en:Ban (unit)"><span title="„Ban (unit)” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Ban+%28unit%29&targettitle=Ban+%28unitate%29">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>. Banburismus putea elimina anumite secvențe de rotoare Enigma, reducând substanțial timpul necesar testării lor pe mașini <i>bombe</i>. </p><p>Turing a călătorit în Statele Unite în noiembrie 1942<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și a lucrat cu criptanaliștii Marinei SUA la Enigma navală și la construcția de mașini <i>bombe</i> la Washington. A vizitat Laboratorul de Mașini de Calcul al Marinei Americane de la Dayton, Ohio. Reacția sa la vederea proiectelor americane pentru mașini <i>bombe</i> a fost departe de a fi unul entuziast: </p> <blockquote style="color:var(--color-base, #606060); text-align: left; font-size:95%"><div style="font-style:italic">„ Mare păcat că s-au chinuit atâta să construiască o mașină care să facă toate aceste opriri dacă nu e nevoie. Acum am devenit convins că, luând de la capăt designului unei <i>Bombe</i>, metoda asta e cam la fel de bună ca a noastră. Programul americanilor era să producă 336 de <i>Bombe</i>, câte una pentru fiecare ordine a roților. Îmi râdeam gândindu-mă că un test (de comutatoare) în niciun caz nu poate fi considerat concludent câtă vreme ei nu testează să găsească saltul cu dispozitive electronice de găsire a opririi.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>”</div></blockquote> <p>În această călătorie, a ajutat și la <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> la dezvoltarea de dispozitive de securizare a comunicațiilor de voce.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> S-a întors la Bletchley Park în martie 1943. În absența sa, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conel_Hugh_O%27Donel_Alexander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander — pagină inexistentă">Hugh Alexander</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conel_Hugh_O%27Donel_Alexander" class="extiw" title="en:Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander"><span title="„Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Conel+Hugh+O%27Donel+Alexander&targettitle=Conel+Hugh+O%27Donel+Alexander">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> preluase oficial poziția de șef al Hut 8, deși Alexander avea <i>de facto</i> aceste atribuții de mai mult timp—întrucât Turing nu era interesat de activitățile cotidiene de administrare a secțiunii. Turing a devenit consultant general pe teme de criptanaliză la Bletchley Park. </p><p>Alexander scria astfel despre contribuția lui Turing: </p> <blockquote style="color:var(--color-base, #606060); text-align: left; font-size:95%"><div style="font-style:italic">„Nu trebuie sa existe nicio urmă de îndoială pentru nimeni că activitatea lui Turing a fost cel mai mare factor al succesului Hut 8. În primele zile, el a fost singurul criptograf care considera că problema merită abordată și nu doar că a fost principalul responsabil pentru munca teoretică principală din Hut dar a și împărțit cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Welchman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon Welchman — pagină inexistentă">Welchman</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Welchman" class="extiw" title="en:Gordon Welchman"><span title="„Gordon Welchman” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Gordon+Welchman&targettitle=Gordon+Welchman">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> și cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Keen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold Keen — pagină inexistentă">Keen</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Keen" class="extiw" title="en:Harold Keen"><span title="„Harold Keen” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Harold+Keen&targettitle=Harold+Keen">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> meritele principale pentru inventarea [mașinii] <i>Bombe</i>. Este întotdeauna greu de spus despre cineva că este absolut indispensabil, dar dacă exista cineva indispensabil la Hut 8, acela era Turing. Munca de pionierat întotdeauna tinde să fie uitată când experiența și rutina fac ulterior să pară totul ușor și mulți dintre noi, cei de la Hut 8, simțeam că magnitudinea contribuției lui Turing nu a fost niciodată înțeleasă pe deplin de lumea din afară.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>”</div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turingery"><i>Turingery</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Turingery" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Turingery"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În iulie 1942, Turing a pus la punct o tehnică denumită <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turingery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turingery — pagină inexistentă">Turingery</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turingery" class="extiw" title="en:Turingery"><span title="„Turingery” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Turingery&targettitle=Turingery">traduceți</a>]</small></sup></i> (sau, în glumă <i>Turingismus</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> de folosit împotriva mesajelor criptate cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cifrul_Lorenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cifrul Lorenz — pagină inexistentă">cifrul Lorenz</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_cipher" class="extiw" title="en:Lorenz cipher"><span title="„Lorenz cipher” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Lorenz+cipher&targettitle=cifrul+Lorenz">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> produse de noua mașină germană <i>Geheimschreiber</i>. Aceasta era o <a href="/wiki/Teletype" class="mw-redirect" title="Teletype">teleimprimantă</a> cu o mașină cu rotoare, denumită codificat la Bletchley Park <i>Tunny</i>, atașată. <i>Turingery</i> era o metodă de <i>spargerea roților</i>, adică de identificare a setărilor roților dințate ale mașinii Tunny.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El a pus și echipa de decriptare a lui Tunny în legătură cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tommy_Flowers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tommy Flowers — pagină inexistentă">Tommy Flowers</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Flowers" class="extiw" title="en:Tommy Flowers"><span title="„Tommy Flowers” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Tommy+Flowers&targettitle=Tommy+Flowers">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> care, sub îndrumarea lui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Newman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Newman — pagină inexistentă">Max Newman</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Newman" class="extiw" title="en:Max Newman"><span title="„Max Newman” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Max+Newman&targettitle=Max+Newman">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, avea să construiască <a href="/wiki/Colossus_(calculator)" title="Colossus (calculator)">calculatorul Colossus</a>, unul dintre primele calculatoare electronice digitale programabile, care a înlocuit o mașină anterioară mai simplă (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heath_Robinson_(ma%C8%99in%C4%83_de_criptanaliz%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heath Robinson (mașină de criptanaliză) — pagină inexistentă">Heath Robinson</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Robinson_(codebreaking_machine)" class="extiw" title="en:Heath Robinson (codebreaking machine)"><span title="„Heath Robinson (codebreaking machine)” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Heath+Robinson+%28codebreaking+machine%29&targettitle=Heath+Robinson+%28ma%C8%99in%C4%83+de+criptanaliz%C4%83%29">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>), și a cărei viteză superioară a permis aplicarea utilă tehnicilor statistice de decriptare.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> S-a afirmat în mod greșit că Turing ar fi fost o contribuție-cheie la designul calculatorului Colossus. <i>Turingery</i> și abordarea statistică a procedeului Banburismus au contribuit, fără îndoială, ca factori externi la gândirea criptanalizei cifrului Lorenz,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dar el nu a fost direct implicat în dezvoltarea lui Colossus.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delilah">Delilah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Delilah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Delilah"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În urma muncii depuse la Bell Labs în SUA,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turing a continuat să urmărească ideea cifrării electronice a vocii în sistemul de telefonie, și în ultima parte a războiului, a lucrat pentru Serviciul de Securitate Radio al Serviciului Secret (Radio Security Service, ulterior <a href="/w/index.php?title=Her_Majesty%27s_Government_Communications_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Her Majesty's Government Communications Centre — pagină inexistentă">HMGCC</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Government_Communications_Centre" class="extiw" title="en:Her Majesty's Government Communications Centre"><span title="„Her Majesty's Government Communications Centre” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Her+Majesty%27s+Government+Communications+Centre&targettitle=Her+Majesty%27s+Government+Communications+Centre">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>) de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanslope_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanslope Park — pagină inexistentă">Hanslope Park</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanslope_Park" class="extiw" title="en:Hanslope Park"><span title="„Hanslope Park” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Hanslope+Park&targettitle=Hanslope+Park">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>. Acolo, și-a dezvoltat și mai mult cunoștințele de electronică cu ajutorul inginerului Donald Bayley. Împreună, ei au proiectat și au construit o mașină de securizare a comunicațiilor prin voce, cu numele de cod <i>Delilah</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ea nu avea însă capacitatea de a efectua transmisiuni radio pe distanțe lungi și, în orice caz, Delilah a fost terminată prea târziu pentru a fi utilizată în război. Deși sistemul era funcționa perfect, Turing chiar făcând oficialilor o demonstrație criptând și decriptând o înregistrare a unui discurs al lui <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, Delilah nu a trecut în utilizarea pe scară largă.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primele_calculatoare_și_Testul_Turing"><span id="Primele_calculatoare_.C8.99i_Testul_Turing"></span>Primele calculatoare și Testul Turing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Primele calculatoare și Testul Turing" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Primele calculatoare și Testul Turing"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Alan_Turing_78_High_Street_Hampton_blue_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Alan_Turing_78_High_Street_Hampton_blue_plaque.jpg/220px-Alan_Turing_78_High_Street_Hampton_blue_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Alan_Turing_78_High_Street_Hampton_blue_plaque.jpg/330px-Alan_Turing_78_High_Street_Hampton_blue_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Alan_Turing_78_High_Street_Hampton_blue_plaque.jpg/440px-Alan_Turing_78_High_Street_Hampton_blue_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1705" /></a><figcaption>Placheta de la 78 High Street, Hampton</figcaption></figure> <p>Între 1945 și 1947, Turing a trăit în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hampton,_Londra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hampton, Londra — pagină inexistentă">Hampton, Londra</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> în timp ce a lucrat la proiectul <a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_(calculator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACE (calculator) — pagină inexistentă">ACE</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_(computer)" class="extiw" title="en:ACE (computer)"><span title="„ACE (computer)” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=ACE+%28computer%29&targettitle=ACE+%28calculator%29">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> (Automatic Computing Engine) de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laboratorul_Na%C8%9Bional_de_Fizic%C4%83_din_Regatul_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laboratorul Național de Fizică din Regatul Unit — pagină inexistentă">Laboratorul Național de Fizică din Regatul Unit</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory,_UK" class="extiw" title="en:National Physical Laboratory, UK"><span title="„National Physical Laboratory, UK” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=National+Physical+Laboratory%2C+UK&targettitle=Laboratorul+Na%C8%9Bional+de+Fizic%C4%83+din+Regatul+Unit">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> (National Physical Laboratory, NPL). La 19 februarie 1946, a prezentat o lucrare în care dădea primul design detaliat al unui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calculator_cu_program_stocat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calculator cu program stocat — pagină inexistentă">calculator cu program stocat</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stored-program_computer" class="extiw" title="en:stored-program computer"><span title="„stored-program computer” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=stored-program+computer&targettitle=calculator+cu+program+stocat">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Textul „<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Draft_of_a_Report_on_the_EDVAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC — pagină inexistentă">First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Draft_of_a_Report_on_the_EDVAC" class="extiw" title="en:First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC"><span title="„First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=First+Draft+of+a+Report+on+the+EDVAC&targettitle=First+Draft+of+a+Report+on+the+EDVAC">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>” al lui <a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann" class="mw-redirect" title="Von Neumann">Von Neumann</a> era anterior lucrării lui Turing, dar era mult mai puțin detaliat și, după cum spune <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_R._Womersley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John R. Womersley — pagină inexistentă">John R. Womersley</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Womersley" class="extiw" title="en:John R. Womersley"><span title="„John R. Womersley” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=John+R.+Womersley&targettitle=John+R.+Womersley">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, superintendent al Diviziei de Matematică de la NPL, „conține mai multe idei care aparțin dr. Turing”.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deși ACE era un proiect fezabil, secretul din jurul activității din timpul războiului de la Bletchley Park a condus la întârzieri ale demarării lui, iar Turing a devenit deziluzionat. La sfârșitul lui 1947 s-a întors la Cambridge pentru un an sabatic în care a produs o operă deschizătoare de drumuri despre <i>Mașini inteligente</i>, lucrare ce nu a fost publicată în timpul vieții sale.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În timp ce se afla la Cambridge, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilot_ACE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilot ACE — pagină inexistentă">Pilot ACE</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_ACE" class="extiw" title="en:Pilot ACE"><span title="„Pilot ACE” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Pilot+ACE&targettitle=Pilot+ACE">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> era construit în absența sa și a executat primul său program la 10 mai 1950. Deși versiunea completă a calculatorului ACE al lui Turing nu a fost niciodată implementată, mai multe calculatoare din toată lumea îi datorează multe, cum ar fi <a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Electric_DEUCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="English Electric DEUCE — pagină inexistentă">English Electric DEUCE</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Electric_DEUCE" class="extiw" title="en:English Electric DEUCE"><span title="„English Electric DEUCE” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=English+Electric+DEUCE&targettitle=English+Electric+DEUCE">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bendix_G-15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bendix G-15 — pagină inexistentă">Bendix G-15</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendix_G-15" class="extiw" title="en:Bendix G-15"><span title="„Bendix G-15” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Bendix+G-15&targettitle=Bendix+G-15">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> din SUA. </p><p>Conform memoriilor pionierului german al calculatoarelor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Billing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Billing — pagină inexistentă">Heinz Billing</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Billing" class="extiw" title="en:Heinz Billing"><span title="„Heinz Billing” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Heinz+Billing&targettitle=Heinz+Billing">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutul_Max_Planck_pentru_Fizic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institutul Max Planck pentru Fizică — pagină inexistentă">Institutul Max Planck pentru Fizică</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Physics" class="extiw" title="en:Max Planck Institute for Physics"><span title="„Max Planck Institute for Physics” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Max+Planck+Institute+for+Physics&targettitle=Institutul+Max+Planck+pentru+Fizic%C4%83">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, publicat de Genscher, Düsseldorf (1997), a existat o întâlnire între Alan Turing și <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ea ar fi avut loc la <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> în 1947, sub forma unui colocviu, cu participarea lui <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_R._Womersley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John R. Womersley — pagină inexistentă">Womersley</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Womersley" class="extiw" title="en:John R. Womersley"><span title="„John R. Womersley” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=John+R.+Womersley&targettitle=John+R.+Womersley">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, Turing, Porter din Anglia și a unor cercetători germani, între care Zuse, Walther și Billing.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 1948, Turing a fost numit „<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lector_principal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lector principal — pagină inexistentă">lector principal</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)" class="extiw" title="en:Reader (academic rank)"><span title="„Reader (academic rank)” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Reader+%28academic+rank%29&targettitle=lector+principal">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>” (rang academic) în cadrul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Departamentul_de_Matematic%C4%83_al_Universit%C4%83%C8%9Bii_din_Manchester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Departamentul de Matematică al Universității din Manchester — pagină inexistentă">Departamentului de Matematică</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Mathematics,_University_of_Manchester" class="extiw" title="en:School of Mathematics, University of Manchester"><span title="„School of Mathematics, University of Manchester” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=School+of+Mathematics%2C+University+of+Manchester&targettitle=Departamentul+de+Matematic%C4%83+al+Universit%C4%83%C8%9Bii+din+Manchester">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_Victoria_din_Manchester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea Victoria din Manchester — pagină inexistentă">Universității din Manchester</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" class="extiw" title="en:Victoria University of Manchester"><span title="„Victoria University of Manchester” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Victoria+University+of+Manchester&targettitle=Universitatea+Victoria+din+Manchester">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>. În 1949, a devenit director adjunct al Laboratorului de Calcul de acolo, lucrând la software pentru unul dintre primele calculatoare <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arhitectura_Von_Neumann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arhitectura Von Neumann — pagină inexistentă">cu program stocat</a>— <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Mark_1" title="Manchester Mark 1">Manchester Mark 1</a>. În această perioadă, el a continuat să efectueze studii mai abstracte de matematică,<sup id="cite_ref-doi10.1093/qjmam/1.1.287_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1093/qjmam/1.1.287-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și în „<a href="/w/index.php?title=Computing_machinery_and_intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computing machinery and intelligence — pagină inexistentă">Computing machinery and intelligence</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_machinery_and_intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:Computing machinery and intelligence"><span title="„Computing machinery and intelligence” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Computing+machinery+and+intelligence&targettitle=Computing+machinery+and+intelligence">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>” (<i>Mind</i>, octombrie 1950), Turing a abordat problema <a href="/wiki/Inteligen%C8%9B%C4%83_artificial%C4%83" title="Inteligență artificială">inteligenței artificiale</a> și a propus un experiment numit de el „jocul imitației” și astăzi denumit <a href="/wiki/Testul_Turing" title="Testul Turing">testul Turing</a>, o încercare de a defini un standard de îndeplinit de o mașină pentru a putea fi considerată „inteligentă”. Ideea lui era că un calculator va putea fi considerat că „gândește” dacă poate purta o conversație coerentă cu un om care, numai din conversație, nu își va putea da seama dacă vorbește cu un om sau cu o mașină.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În lucrarea sa, Turing sugera că, în loc să construiască un program care să simuleze mintea unui om adult, ar fi mai bine să se construiască unul mai simplu, care să simuleze mintea unui copil, și care să fie apoi învățat. O formă inversă de test Turing este folosită pe scară largă sub forma <a href="/wiki/CAPTCHA" title="CAPTCHA">CAPTCHA</a> — un test prin care o persoană poate ușor demonstra unui calculator că este om și nu un alt calculator. </p><p>În 1948, lucrând cu fostul său coleg de facultate <a href="/w/index.php?title=D._G._Champernowne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D. G. Champernowne — pagină inexistentă">D. G. Champernowne</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._G._Champernowne" class="extiw" title="en:D. G. Champernowne"><span title="„D. G. Champernowne” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=D.+G.+Champernowne&targettitle=D.+G.+Champernowne">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, Turing a început să scrie un program de jucat <a href="/wiki/%C8%98ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Șah">șah</a> pentru un calculator. Până în 1950, programul fusese terminat și poreclit <i>Turbochamp</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În 1952, el a încercat să-l implementeze pe un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferranti_Mark_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferranti Mark 1 — pagină inexistentă">Ferranti Mark 1</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferranti_Mark_1" class="extiw" title="en:Ferranti Mark 1"><span title="„Ferranti Mark 1” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Ferranti+Mark+1&targettitle=Ferranti+Mark+1">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> dar, din cauza alimentării slabe cu energie, calculatorul nu a reușit să-l execute. Turing a jucat însă un joc în care a simulat calculatorul, efectuând circa o mutare la o jumătate de oră. Jocul a fost înregistrat.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Programul a pierdut în fața colegului lui Turing, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alick_Glennie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alick Glennie — pagină inexistentă">Alick Glennie</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alick_Glennie" class="extiw" title="en:Alick Glennie"><span title="„Alick Glennie” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Alick+Glennie&targettitle=Alick+Glennie">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, deși s-a spus ca ar fi câștigat un joc împotriva soției lui Champernowne. </p><p>Testul Turing a fost o contribuție semnificativă, caracteristic provocatoare și de durată la dezbaterea pe tema inteligenței artificiale, ce continuă de peste o jumătate de secol.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turing a inventat și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Factorizarea_LU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Factorizarea LU — pagină inexistentă">factorizarea LU</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LU_decomposition" class="extiw" title="en:LU decomposition"><span title="„LU decomposition” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=LU+decomposition&targettitle=factorizarea+LU">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> în 1948,<sup id="cite_ref-doi10.1093/qjmam/1.1.287_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1093/qjmam/1.1.287-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> metodă astăzi utilizată la rezolvarea de ecuații matriceale.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formarea_de_șabloane_și_biologia_matematică"><span id="Formarea_de_.C8.99abloane_.C8.99i_biologia_matematic.C4.83"></span>Formarea de șabloane și biologia matematică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Formarea de șabloane și biologia matematică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Formarea de șabloane și biologia matematică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În 1951, când avea 39 de ani, Turing s-a îndreptat spre <a href="/wiki/Biomatematic%C4%83" title="Biomatematică">biologia matematică</a>, publicând în cele din urmă opera sa de căpătâi „<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_chemical_basis_of_morphogenesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The chemical basis of morphogenesis — pagină inexistentă">The chemical basis of morphogenesis</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769913" class="extiw" title="d:Q769913"><span title="The chemical basis of morphogenesis la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>” în ianuarie 1952. El era interesat de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfogenez%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morfogeneză — pagină inexistentă">morfogeneză</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815547" class="extiw" title="d:Q815547"><span title="morfogeneză la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, dezvoltarea de șabloane și forme în organismele biologice. Printre altele, el voia să înțeleagă <a href="/wiki/Filotaxie" title="Filotaxie">filotaxia</a> Fibonacci, adică apariția <a href="/wiki/Numerele_Fibonacci" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerele Fibonacci">numerelor Fibonacci</a> în structurile plantelor.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El a sugerat că un sistem de substanțe chimice care reacționează între ele și se difuzează prin spațiu, denumit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_reac%C8%9Bie-difuzie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem reacție-difuzie — pagină inexistentă">sistem reacție-difuzie</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901210" class="extiw" title="d:Q901210"><span title="sistem reacție-difuzie la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, ar putea explica „principalele fenomene ale morfogenezei”.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El a folosit sisteme de <a href="/wiki/Ecua%C8%9Bie_cu_derivate_par%C8%9Biale" title="Ecuație cu derivate parțiale">ecuații cu derivate parțiale</a> pentru a modela reacții chimice catalitice. De exemplu, dacă este nevoie de un catalizator A pentru ca o anumită reacție chimică să aibă loc, și dacă reacția produce și mai mult catalizator A, atunci spunem că reacția este <a href="/wiki/Autocataliz%C4%83" title="Autocataliză">autocatalitică</a>, și există o reacție pozitivă care poate fi modelată prin ecuații diferențiale neliniare. Turing a descoperit că formele pot fi create dacă reacția chimică produce nu doar catalizatorul A, ci și un inhibitor B care încetinește producția lui A. Dacă A și B difuzează apoi prin mediu cu viteze diferite, atunci ar putea apărea unele regiuni unde domină A și altele unde domină B. Pentru a face calculele pe marginea acestei ipoteze, Turing ar fi avut nevoie de un calculator puternic, dar acestea nu erau disponibile în 1951, așa că a trebuit să folosească aproximări liniare pentru a rezolva ecuațiile manual. Aceste calcule au dat rezultatele calitative corecte și au produs, de exemplu, un amestec uniform care avea pete roșii fixe spațiate regulat. Biochimistul rus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Belousov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Belousov — pagină inexistentă">Boris Belousov</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q705691" class="extiw" title="d:Q705691"><span title="Boris Belousov la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> efectuase experimente cu rezultate similare, dar nu-și putea publica articolele din cauza prejudecăților de la acea vreme cum că asemenea rezultate ar încălca <a href="/wiki/Principiul_al_doilea_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul al doilea al termodinamicii">legea a doua a termodinamicii</a>. Belousov nu a aflat însă despre articolul publicat de Turing în <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deși publicată înainte ca structura și rolul <a href="/wiki/ADN" title="ADN">ADN</a>-ului să fie cunoscute, munca lui Turing în domeniul morfogenezei rămâne relevantă și astăzi, și este considerată o operă de referință în biologia matematică.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Una dintre primele aplicații ale articolului lui Turing a fost în lucrarea lui James Murray care explica petele și dungile de pe blana felinelor, mari și mici.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alte cercetări în domeniu sugerează că lucrarea lui Turing poate explica parțial creșterea „penelor, foliculilor de păr, șablonul de ramificare a plămânilor și chiar și asimetria stânga-dreapta care face ca inima să stea în partea stângă a pieptului.”<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În 2012, Sheth, et al. au constatat că la șoareci, înlăturarea genelor Hox produce o creștere a numărului de degete fără o creștere a dimensiunii totale a membrului, sugerând că genele Hox controlează formarea degetelor prin reglarea lungimii de undă a unui mecanism de tip Turing.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Articolele științifice ulterioare nu au fost disponibile până la publicarea <i>Collected Works of A. M. Turing</i> în 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viața_personală"><span id="Via.C8.9Ba_personal.C4.83"></span>Viața personală</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Viața personală" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Viața personală"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În 1941, Turing a cerut-o în căsătorie pe colega lui de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hut_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hut 8 — pagină inexistentă">Hut 8</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hut_8" class="extiw" title="en:Hut 8"><span title="„Hut 8” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Hut+8&targettitle=Hut+8">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, matematiciana și criptanalista <a href="/wiki/Joan_Clarke" title="Joan Clarke">Joan Clarke</a>, dar logodna lor a fost de scurtă durată. După ce și-a recunoscut homosexualitatea în fața logodnicei, care ar fi fost „nesurprinsă” de dezvăluire, Turing a hotărât să nu se mai căsătorească.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Condamnarea_pentru_indecență"><span id="Condamnarea_pentru_indecen.C8.9B.C4.83"></span>Condamnarea pentru indecență</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifică secțiunea: Condamnarea pentru indecență" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Condamnarea pentru indecență"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În ianuarie 1952, Turing, care atunci avea 39 de ani, a început o relație cu Arnold Murray, un șomer de 19 ani. Turing îl cunoscuse pe Murray puțin înainte de Crăciun, lângă Cinematograful Regal când se plimba pe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilmslow_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilmslow Road — pagină inexistentă">Oxford Road</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmslow_Road" class="extiw" title="en:Wilmslow Road"><span title="„Wilmslow Road” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Wilmslow+Road&targettitle=Wilmslow+Road">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> din Manchester și l-a invitat la masă. La 23 ianuarie, a avut loc o spargere în casa lui Turing. Murray i-a spus lui Turing că hoțul este o cunoștință de a sa, iar Turing a depus plângere la poliție. În cursul investigației, el a recunoscut relația cu Murray. <a href="/wiki/Homosexualitate" title="Homosexualitate">Homosexualitatea</a> era considerată infracțiune la acea vreme în Regatul Unit,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ambii fiind urmăriți penal pentru „fapte indecente” conform secțiunii 11 din <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legea_de_Amendare_a_Codului_Penal_din_1885&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legea de Amendare a Codului Penal din 1885 — pagină inexistentă">Legea de Amendare a Codului Penal din 1885</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Law_Amendment_Act_1885" class="extiw" title="en:Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885"><span title="„Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Criminal+Law+Amendment+Act+1885&targettitle=Legea+de+Amendare+a+Codului+Penal+din+1885">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-LeavittP268_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeavittP268-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Convins de sfatul fratelui și avocatului său, Turing a pledat „vinovat”.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cazul, <i><a href="/wiki/Elisabeta_a_II-a" title="Elisabeta a II-a">Regina</a> v. Turing și Murray,</i> a fost judecat la 31 martie 1952,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> când Turing a fost condamnat și a avut de ales între încarcerare și suspendarea pedepsei, condiționată de aplicarea unui tratament <a href="/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon">hormonal</a> pentru reducerea <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libidoului</a>. El a acceptat tratamentul cu injecții de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietilstilbestrol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dietilstilbestrol — pagină inexistentă">stilbestrol</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" class="extiw" title="en:Diethylstilbestrol"><span title="„Diethylstilbestrol” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Diethylstilbestrol&targettitle=Dietilstilbestrol">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, un <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a> sintetic; tratamentul a fost continuat timp de un an și l-a făcut pe Turing <a href="/wiki/Impoten%C8%9B%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Impotență">impotent</a> și i-a cauzat <a href="/wiki/Ginecomastia" title="Ginecomastia">ginecomastie</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> îndeplinind literalmente predicția lui Turing că „voi ieși din aceasta fără îndoială un alt om, dar nu știu încă cine”.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murray a fost eliberat condiționat.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Condamnarea lui Turing a dus la revocarea permisiunilor sale de securitate și l-au oprit din a continua activitatea de consultanță criptografică pentru <a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_Communications_Headquarters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government Communications Headquarters — pagină inexistentă">Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ)</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="extiw" title="en:Government Communications Headquarters"><span title="„Government Communications Headquarters” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Government+Communications+Headquarters&targettitle=Government+Communications+Headquarters">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, serviciul de informațîi britanic evoluat din GC&CS în 1946 (deși și-a păstrat postul academic). Nu i s-a mai permis să intre în Statele Unite după condamnarea din 1952, dar i s-a permis să viziteze alte țări europene, deși în unele era considerat factor de risc la adresa securității. La acea vreme, exista în opinia publică o acută anxietate cauzată de zvonurile de racolări homosexuale ale spionilor de către agenți sovietici,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> din cauza recentei scoateri la iveală a primilor doi membri ai grupului <a href="/wiki/Cei_Cinci_de_la_Cambridge" title="Cei Cinci de la Cambridge">Cambridge Five</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Burgess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Burgess — pagină inexistentă">Guy Burgess</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Burgess" class="extiw" title="en:Guy Burgess"><span title="„Guy Burgess” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Guy+Burgess&targettitle=Guy+Burgess">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Duart_Maclean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Duart Maclean — pagină inexistentă">Donald Maclean</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Duart_Maclean" class="extiw" title="en:Donald Duart Maclean"><span title="„Donald Duart Maclean” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Donald+Duart+Maclean&targettitle=Donald+Duart+Maclean">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, ca <a href="/wiki/Agent_dublu" title="Agent dublu">agenți dubli</a> pentru <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>. Turing nu a fost niciodată acuzat de spionaj, dar împreună cu toți cei care lucraseră la Bletchley Park, i se interzicea prin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legea_Secretelor_Oficiale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legea Secretelor Oficiale — pagină inexistentă">Legea Secretelor Oficiale</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Secrets_Act" class="extiw" title="en:Official Secrets Act"><span title="„Official Secrets Act” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Official+Secrets+Act&targettitle=Legea+Secretelor+Oficiale">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> să discute activitatea din timpul războiului.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moartea">Moartea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifică secțiunea: Moartea" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Moartea"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La 8 iunie 1954, menajera l-a găsit mort. O <a href="/wiki/Autopsie" title="Autopsie">autopsie</a> a stabilit cauza decesului drept otrăvire cu <a href="/wiki/Cianur%C4%83" title="Cianură">cianură</a>. Când a fost descoperit, lângă patul său se afla un măr mâncat pe jumătate, și deși acesta nu a fost testat pentru prezența cianurii,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> s-a speculat că acesta a fost modul prin care a fost consumată doza fatală. O anchetă polițienească a stabilit că el s-a sinucis, și a fost incinerat la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crematoriul_Woking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crematoriul Woking — pagină inexistentă">Crematoriul Woking</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woking_Crematorium" class="extiw" title="en:Woking Crematorium"><span title="„Woking Crematorium” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Woking+Crematorium&targettitle=Crematoriul+Woking">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> la 12 iunie 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cenușa lui Turing a fost împrăștiată acolo, la fel ca și a tatălui său. Biografii Andrew Hodges și <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Leavitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Leavitt — pagină inexistentă">David Leavitt</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Leavitt" class="extiw" title="en:David Leavitt"><span title="„David Leavitt” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=David+Leavitt&targettitle=David+Leavitt">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> au sugerat că Turing ar fi jucat o scenă din filmul din 1937 de <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Alb%C4%83_ca_Z%C4%83pada_%C8%99i_cei_%C8%99apte_pitici_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albă ca Zăpada și cei șapte pitici (film)">Albă ca Zăpada</a></i>, povestea sa preferată, Leavitt spunând că îi plăcea „în mod deosebit scena în care Vrăjitoarea cea Rea cufunda mărul în otravă”.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Profesorul de filosofie <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Copeland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Copeland — pagină inexistentă">Jack Copeland</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Copeland" class="extiw" title="en:Jack Copeland"><span title="„Jack Copeland” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Jack+Copeland&targettitle=Jack+Copeland">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> a pus în discuție diferite aspecte ale verdictului istoric al legistului, sugerând ca explicație alternativă inhalarea accidentală de vapori de cianuri de la un aparat de placare cu aur a lingurilor, care folosea cianură de potasiu pentru dizolvarea aurului, aparat cu care Turing lucra într-o cameră mică. Copeland punctează că rezultatele autopsiei sunt mai degrabă consistente cu inhalarea otrăvii decât cu ingerarea ei. Turing mânca de obicei un măr înainte de culcare, și nu era ceva neobișnuit să-l lase mâncat doar pe jumătate.<sup id="cite_ref-Copeland_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pe lângă asta, se știe că Turing își suportase destul de bine problemele legale și tratamentul cu hormoni (care fusese și întrerupt de un an) și nu dăduse semne că ar fi cumva deprimat; el chiar își alcătuise o listă de lucruri de făcut la întoarcerea la lucru după weekend.<sup id="cite_ref-Copeland_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La acea vreme, mama lui Turing credea că ingerarea fusese accidentală și cauzată de stocarea neatentă a substanțelor chimice de laborator de către fiul ei.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biograful <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Hodges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Hodges — pagină inexistentă">Andrew Hodges</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hodges" class="extiw" title="en:Andrew Hodges"><span title="„Andrew Hodges” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Andrew+Hodges&targettitle=Andrew+Hodges">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> sugerează că Turing ar fi aranjat în mod deliberat experimentul cu cianuri, pentru a da mamei sale posibilitatea de a nega.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scuzele_oficiale_și_reabilitarea"><span id="Scuzele_oficiale_.C8.99i_reabilitarea"></span>Scuzele oficiale și reabilitarea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifică secțiunea: Scuzele oficiale și reabilitarea" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Scuzele oficiale și reabilitarea"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În august 2009, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Graham-Cumming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Graham-Cumming — pagină inexistentă">John Graham-Cumming</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3181625" class="extiw" title="d:Q3181625"><span title="John Graham-Cumming la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> a pornit o petiție prin care cerea guvernului britanic să-și ceară scuze pentru urmărirea penală a lui Turing pentru homosexualitate.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Petiția a primit peste 30.000 de semnături,<sup id="cite_ref-PMapology_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMapology-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prim-ministrul <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> a recunoscut petiția, și a dat la 10 septembrie 2009 o declarație prin care cerea scuze și descria tratamentul aplicat lui Turing drept „îngrozitor”:<sup id="cite_ref-PMapology_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMapology-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PM-apology_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-apology-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote style="color:var(--color-base, #606060); text-align: left; font-size:95%"><div style="font-style:italic">„Mii de oameni s-au adunat să ceară dreptate pentru Alan Turing și recunoașterea felului îngrozitor în care a fost tratat. Deși lui Turing i s-au aplicat legile în vigoare la acea dată și nu putem da timpul înapoi, felul cum a fost tratat a fost, desigur, cu totul nedrept și mă bucur că am ocazia să spun cât de rău îmi pare mie, și nouă tuturor, pentru ce i s-a întâmplat ... Așa că, în numele guvernului britanic, și al tuturor celor care trăiesc liberi datorită muncii lui Alan, spun cu toată mândria: ne pare rău, meritai lucruri mult mai bune.<sup id="cite_ref-PMapology_143-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMapology-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>”</div></blockquote> <p>În decembrie 2011, William Jones a creat o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peti%C8%9Bie_electronic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petiție electronică — pagină inexistentă">petiție electronică</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q262843" class="extiw" title="d:Q262843"><span title="petiție electronică la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PardonPetition_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PardonPetition-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prin care cerea guvernului britanic să-l <a href="/wiki/Gra%C8%9Biere" title="Grațiere">grațieze</a> pe Turing pentru condamnarea pentru „fapte indecente”:<sup id="cite_ref-BBBCPardon_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBBCPardon-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote style="color:var(--color-base, #606060); text-align: left; font-size:95%"><div style="font-style:italic">„Cerem Guvernului MS să îl grațieze pe Alan Turing pentru condamnarea pentru „fapte indecente”. În 1952, el a fost condamnat pentru „fapte indecente” cu un alt bărbat și a fost obligat să sufere așa-numita „organo-terapie”—castrarea chimică. Doi ani mai târziu, s-a sinucis cu cianură, la doar 41 de ani. Alan Turing a fost împins într-o teribilă disperare și dus la o moarte timpurie de țara pe care făcuse atât de multe să o salveze. Aceasta rămâne o rușine a guvernului britanic și a istoriei britanice. O grațiere poate face ceva pentru a vindeca acest rău. Poate funcționa și ca penitență față de mulți alți homosexuali, nu atât de celebri ca Alan Turing, care au fost supuși acestor legi.<sup id="cite_ref-PardonPetition_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PardonPetition-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>”</div></blockquote> <p>Petiția a străns peste 37.000 de semnături,<sup id="cite_ref-turingindependent24dec2013_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turingindependent24dec2013-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PardonPetition_147-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PardonPetition-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dar cererea a fost descurajată de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lordul_McNally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lordul McNally — pagină inexistentă">lordul McNally</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2426067" class="extiw" title="d:Q2426067"><span title="lordul McNally la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, care a emis următoarea opinie din poziția sa de ministru al justiției:<sup id="cite_ref-PardonPetitionDiscouraged_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PardonPetitionDiscouraged-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote style="color:var(--color-base, #606060); text-align: left; font-size:95%"><div style="font-style:italic">„O grațiere postumă nu a fost considerată adecvată, deoarece Alan Turing a fost condamnat pentru ceea ce la acea dată era o faptă penală. El ar fi știut că fapta lui este împotriva legii și că va fi urmărit penal. Este tragic că Alan Turing a fost condamnat pe o lege care astăzi pare atât crudă cât și absurdă—cu atât mai mult dat fiind contribuția sa remarcabilă la efortul de război. Legea de la acea dată însă impunea urmărirea penală și, ca atare, politica a fost de a accepta că asemenea condamnări au avut loc și, în loc să încercăm să modificăm contextul istoric și să îndreptăm ceea ce nu mai poate fi îndreptat, să ne asigurăm în schimb că nu ne mai întoarcem la acele vremuri.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>”</div></blockquote> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Leech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Leech — pagină inexistentă">John Leech</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750033" class="extiw" title="d:Q750033"><span title="John Leech la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, parlamentar de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Withington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manchester Withington — pagină inexistentă">Manchester Withington</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3336781" class="extiw" title="d:Q3336781"><span title="Manchester Withington la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> (2005–15), a depus mai multe proiecte legislative în Parlament<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și a făcut campanie pe lângă William Jones pentru a obține grațierea. Leech a susținut în Camera Comunelor poziția că contribuția lui Turing la război îl făcea un erou național și că a fost „până la urmă doar ceva penibil” faptul că condamnarea încă mai este valabilă.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leech a continuat să propună legea în Parlament și a făcut campanie mai mulți ani până a fost adoptată.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La 26 iulie 2012, s-a introdus o propunere și în <a href="/wiki/Camera_Lorzilor_a_Parlamentului_Regatului_Unit" title="Camera Lorzilor a Parlamentului Regatului Unit">Camera Lorzilor</a> pentru grațierea legală a lui Turing pentru faptele comise conform secțiunii 11 a Legii de Amendare a Codului Penal din 1885, pentru care a fost condamnat la 31 martie 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mai târziu în același an, într-o scrisoare adresată <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>, fizicianul <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> și 10 alți semnatari între care <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomul_regal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomul regal — pagină inexistentă">astronomul regal</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369877" class="extiw" title="d:Q369877"><span title="astronomul regal la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lord_Rees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lord Rees — pagină inexistentă">lord Rees</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335213" class="extiw" title="d:Q335213"><span title="lord Rees la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C8%99edintele_Royal_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Președintele Royal Society — pagină inexistentă">președintele Royal Society</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q460978" class="extiw" title="d:Q460978"><span title="președintele Royal Society la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> Sir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Nurse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Nurse — pagină inexistentă">Paul Nurse</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219716" class="extiw" title="d:Q219716"><span title="Paul Nurse la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lady_Trumpington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lady Trumpington — pagină inexistentă">lady Trumpington</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1297871" class="extiw" title="d:Q1297871"><span title="lady Trumpington la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> (care lucrase pentru Turing în timpul războiului) și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lord_Sharkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lord Sharkey — pagină inexistentă">lord Sharkey</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194548" class="extiw" title="d:Q194548"><span title="lord Sharkey la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> (semnatarul propunerii legislative) au cerut prim-ministrului <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> să aprobe cererea de grațiere.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guvernul a arătat că va susține propunerea,<sup id="cite_ref-turingguardian19july2013_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turingguardian19july2013-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și ea a fost adoptată la a treia citire în Camera Lorzilor în octombrie.<sup id="cite_ref-turingpinknewsdec2013_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turingpinknewsdec2013-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Înainte ca legea să poată fi dezbătută în <a href="/wiki/Camera_Comunelor_a_Parlamentului_Regatului_Unit" title="Camera Comunelor a Parlamentului Regatului Unit">Camera Comunelor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guvernul a ales să acționeze conform <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prerogativei_regale_de_gra%C8%9Biere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prerogativei regale de grațiere — pagină inexistentă">prerogativei regale de grațiere</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7240694" class="extiw" title="d:Q7240694"><span title="prerogativei regale de grațiere la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>. La 24 decembrie 2013, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth II">regina Elisabeta a II-a</a> a semnat grațierea imediată<sup id="cite_ref-turingpardon24dec2013_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turingpardon24dec2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pentru condamnarea lui Turing. Când a anunțat grațierea, secretarul pentru justiție <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chris_Grayling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chris Grayling — pagină inexistentă">Chris Grayling</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337453" class="extiw" title="d:Q337453"><span title="Chris Grayling la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> a spus că Turing merita să fie „comemorat și recunoscut pentru fantastica sa contribuție la efortul de război”, nu pentru condamnarea penală ulterioară.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-pardon24Dec_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-pardon24Dec-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-turingindependent24dec2013_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turingindependent24dec2013-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regina l-a grațiat în mod oficial pe Turing în august 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acțiunea reginei este doar a patra grațiere regală acordată după încheierea celui de al Doilea Război Mondial.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cazul este neobișnuit și prin aceea că acestea sunt acordate atunci când persoana este nevinovată, iar cererea a fost făcută de familie sau altă parte interesată.<sup id="cite_ref-grauniad_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grauniad-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În septembrie 2016, guvernul a anunțat intenția de a extinde această exonerare retroactivă și pentru alte persoane condamnate pentru fapte similare, printr-o lege denumită „<a href="/w/index.php?title=Legea_Alan_Turing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legea Alan Turing — pagină inexistentă">legea Alan Turing</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27502852" class="extiw" title="d:Q27502852"><span title="legea Alan Turing la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>”.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Această denumire este astăzi un termen popular pentru această prevedere legală din Regatul Unit, inclusă în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legea_Poli%C8%9Biei_%C8%99i_Infrac%C8%9Biunilor_din_2017&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legea Poliției și Infracțiunilor din 2017 — pagină inexistentă">Legea Poliției și Infracțiunilor din 2017</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24083501" class="extiw" title="d:Q24083501"><span title="Legea Poliției și Infracțiunilor din 2017 la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, care <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amnistiaz%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amnistiază — pagină inexistentă">amnistiază</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4354526" class="extiw" title="d:Q4354526"><span title="amnistiază la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> retroactiv pe cei avertizați sau condamnați în conformitate cu legislația istorică ce condamna actele homosexuale. Ea se aplică în Anglia și Țara Galilor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Premii,_comemorări,_recunoaștere_și_memorie"><span id="Premii.2C_comemor.C4.83ri.2C_recunoa.C8.99tere_.C8.99i_memorie"></span>Premii, comemorări, recunoaștere și memorie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifică secțiunea: Premii, comemorări, recunoaștere și memorie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Premii, comemorări, recunoaștere și memorie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Alan_Turing_Building_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Alan_Turing_Building_1.jpg/220px-Alan_Turing_Building_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Alan_Turing_Building_1.jpg/330px-Alan_Turing_Building_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Alan_Turing_Building_1.jpg/440px-Alan_Turing_Building_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cl%C4%83direa_Alan_Turing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clădirea Alan Turing — pagină inexistentă">Clădirea Alan Turing</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4707939" class="extiw" title="d:Q4707939"><span title="Clădirea Alan Turing la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> de la Universitatea din Manchester</figcaption></figure> <p>Turing a fost decorat cu <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the British Empire">Ordinul Imperiului Britanic</a> în 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-thegazette.co.uk_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thegazette.co.uk-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De asemenea, a fost ales <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fellow_al_Royal_Society_(FRS)_%C3%AEn_1951&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fellow al Royal Society (FRS) în 1951 — pagină inexistentă">Fellow al Royal Society (FRS) în 1951</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000698" class="extiw" title="d:Q16000698"><span title="Fellow al Royal Society (FRS) în 1951 la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concepte denumite în cinstea lui: </p> <div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutul_Alan_Turing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institutul Alan Turing — pagină inexistentă">Institutul Alan Turing</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16826821" class="extiw" title="d:Q16826821"><span title="Institutul Alan Turing la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teza_Church-Turing" title="Teza Church-Turing">Teza Church-Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estimarea_de_frecven%C8%9B%C4%83_Good%E2%80%93Turing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estimarea de frecvență Good–Turing — pagină inexistentă">Estimarea de frecvență Good–Turing</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5583769" class="extiw" title="d:Q5583769"><span title="Estimarea de frecvență Good–Turing la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Completitudine_Turing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Completitudine Turing — pagină inexistentă">Turing-completitudine</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197970" class="extiw" title="d:Q197970"><span title="completitudine Turing la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grad_Turing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grad Turing — pagină inexistentă">Grad Turing</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1527413" class="extiw" title="d:Q1527413"><span title="Grad Turing la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combinator_de_punct_fix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Combinator de punct fix — pagină inexistentă">combinatorul de punct fix Turing</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2976255" class="extiw" title="d:Q2976255"><span title="combinator de punct fix la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutul_Turing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institutul Turing — pagină inexistentă">Institutul Turing</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17056310" class="extiw" title="d:Q17056310"><span title="Institutul Turing la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursul_Turing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cursul Turing — pagină inexistentă">Cursul Turing</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7854957" class="extiw" title="d:Q7854957"><span title="Cursul Turing la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_Turing" title="Mașină Turing">Mașina Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98abloanele_Turing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Șabloanele Turing — pagină inexistentă">Șabloanele Turing</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769913" class="extiw" title="d:Q769913"><span title="Șabloanele Turing la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reducerea_Turing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reducerea Turing — pagină inexistentă">Reducerea Turing</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489310" class="extiw" title="d:Q4489310"><span title="Reducerea Turing la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Switch-ul_Turing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Switch-ul Turing — pagină inexistentă">Switch-ul Turing</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7854967" class="extiw" title="d:Q7854967"><span title="Switch-ul Turing la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testul_Turing" title="Testul Turing">Testul Turing</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recunoașterea_postumă"><span id="Recunoa.C8.99terea_postum.C4.83"></span>Recunoașterea postumă</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifică secțiunea: Recunoașterea postumă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Recunoașterea postumă"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diferite instituții îl comemorează pe Turing denumind după el diferite activități sau spații: </p> <div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li>Sala calculatoarelor de la <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College" class="mw-disambig" title="King's College">King's College</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924289" class="extiw" title="d:Q924289"><span title="King's College la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, unde a studiat Turing, se numește sala Turing.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>În sala Turing de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Facultatea_de_Informatic%C4%83_a_Universit%C4%83%C8%9Bii_din_Edinburgh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Facultatea de Informatică a Universității din Edinburgh — pagină inexistentă">Facultatea de Informatică a Universității din Edinburgh</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843016" class="extiw" title="d:Q843016"><span title="Facultatea de Informatică a Universității din Edinburgh la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> se află un bust al lui Turing realizat de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Paolozzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduardo Paolozzi — pagină inexistentă">Eduardo Paolozzi</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165397" class="extiw" title="d:Q165397"><span title="Eduardo Paolozzi la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, și un set (Nr. 42/50) al „desenelor Turing” realizate tot de el (2000).<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_din_Surrey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea din Surrey — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea din Surrey</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546976" class="extiw" title="d:Q546976"><span title="Universitatea din Surrey la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> are o statuie a lui Turing în piața principală<sup id="cite_ref-univsurrey_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-univsurrey-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și una din clădirile Facultății de Inginerie și Științe Fizice este numită după el.<sup id="cite_ref-SurreyCelebration_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SurreyCelebration-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_Istanbul_Bilgi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea Istanbul Bilgi — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea Istanbul Bilgi</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q344262" class="extiw" title="d:Q344262"><span title="Universitatea Istanbul Bilgi la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> organizează o conferință anuală de teoria calculului denumită „Zilele Turing”.<sup id="cite_ref-v3_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v3-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Texasului_din_Austin" title="Universitatea Texasului din Austin">Universitatea Texasului din Austin</a> are un program de informatică denumit <span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">Turign Scholars</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-texturingschol_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texturingschol-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>La începutul anilor 1960, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford University">Universitatea Stanford</a> a dat singurei săli de cursuri din clădirea Polya Hall Mathematics „Alan Turing <span lang="en">Auditorium</span>”.<sup id="cite_ref-stanforduniv_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanforduniv-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Unul din amfiteatrele departamentului de Știința Calculatoarelor (<a href="/w/index.php?title=LIFL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LIFL — pagină inexistentă">LIFL</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3214431" class="extiw" title="d:Q3214431"><span title="LIFL la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lifl_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifl-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) de la <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Lille_I" title="Universitatea Lille I">Universitatea din Lille</a> din nordul Franței este numită în cinstea lui Alan M. Turing (celălalt amfiteatru este denumit după <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Washington">Universitatea din Washington</a> are un laborator de calculatoare denumit după Turing.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_Oxford_Brooks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea Oxford Brooks — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea Oxford Brooks</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132478" class="extiw" title="d:Q132478"><span title="Universitatea Oxford Brooks la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_din_Manchester" title="Universitatea din Manchester">Universitatea din Manchester</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Open_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Open University — pagină inexistentă">The Open University</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2413375" class="extiw" title="d:Q2413375"><span title="The Open University la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_din_Wolverhapmton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea din Wolverhapmton — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea din Wolverhampton</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1816202" class="extiw" title="d:Q1816202"><span title="Universitatea din Wolverhapmton la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_din_Aarhus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea din Aarhus — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea din Aarhus</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924265" class="extiw" title="d:Q924265"><span title="Universitatea din Aarhus la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> (de la <a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a>, Danemarca) au clădiri denumite după Turing.</li> <li>Drumul Alan Turing din <a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrey_Research_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surrey Research Park — pagină inexistentă">Surrey Research Park</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7646838" class="extiw" title="d:Q7646838"><span title="Surrey Research Park la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SurreyCelebration_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SurreyCelebration-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și Calea Alan Turing, parte a inelului interior al orașului Manchester<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sunt numite după Turing.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_Carnegie-Mellon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea Carnegie-Mellon — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea Carnegie Mellon</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190080" class="extiw" title="d:Q190080"><span title="Universitatea Carnegie-Mellon la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> are o bancă de granit, situată în Hornbostel Mall, cu numele „A. M. Turing” inscripționat sus, „<span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">Read</span>” pe piciorul stâng, și „<span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">Write</span>” pe cel drept.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_din_Oregon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea din Oregon — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea din Oregon</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766145" class="extiw" title="d:Q766145"><span title="Universitatea din Oregon la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> are un bust al lui Turing pe o parte a clădirii Deschutes Hall, unde se țin cursuri de știința calculatoarelor.<sup id="cite_ref-Oregon_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oregon-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Federal_Institute_of_Technology_in_Lausanne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne — pagină inexistentă">Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q262760" class="extiw" title="d:Q262760"><span title="Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> are un drum și o piață denumite după Turing (<span lang="fr">Chemin</span> Alan Turing și <span lang="fr">Place</span> Alan Turing).<sup id="cite_ref-epfl_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epfl-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Facultatea_de_Informatic%C4%83_%C8%99i_Tehnologia_Informa%C8%9Biei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Facultatea de Informatică și Tehnologia Informației — pagină inexistentă">Facultatea de Informatică și Tehnologia Informației</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428992" class="extiw" title="d:Q5428992"><span title="Facultatea de Informatică și Tehnologia Informației la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> de la Universitatea Slovacă de Tehnologie de la <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovacia" title="Slovacia">Slovacia</a>, are o sală de cursuri numită „Amfiteatrul Turing”.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Paris-Diderot" title="Universitatea Paris-Diderot">Universitatea Paris Diderot</a> are o sală de cursuri numită „<span lang="fr">Amphithéâtre</span> Turing”.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Facultatea de Matematică și Calculatoare de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_din_W%C3%BCrzburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea din Würzburg — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea din Würzburg</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161976" class="extiw" title="d:Q161976"><span title="Universitatea din Würzburg la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> are o sală de cursuri numită „Turing <span lang="de">Hörsaal</span>”.<sup id="cite_ref-wueuniv_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wueuniv-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Paul_Sabatier" title="Universitatea Paul Sabatier">Universitatea Paul Sabatier</a> din Toulouse are o sală de cursuri numită „<span lang="fr">Amphithéâtre</span> Turing” (<span lang="fr">Bâtiment U4</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cea mai mare sală de conferințe de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_Park_Amsterdam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science Park Amsterdam — pagină inexistentă">Science Park Amsterdam</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4597611" class="extiw" title="d:Q4597611"><span title="Science Park Amsterdam la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> se numește <span lang="nl" style="font-style:italic">Turingzaal</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Facultatea de Științe Naturale și matematice de la <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> decernează Premiul Centenar Alan Turing.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_din_Kent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea din Kent — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea din Kent</a> a denumit Colegiul Turing după el la campusul Canterbury.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Campusul de la <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique">École polytechnique</a> are o clădire denumită după Turing; este un centru de cercetare care împarte sediul împărțit între <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_recherche_en_informatique_et_en_automatique" title="Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique">Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique</a> și <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_din_Toronto" title="Universitatea din Toronto">Universitatea din Toronto</a> a dezvoltat <a href="/wiki/Turing" class="mw-redirect" title="Turing">limbajul de programare Turing</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490481" class="extiw" title="d:Q490481"><span title="Turing la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> în 1982.</li> <li>Campusul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universit%C4%83%C8%9Bii_din_Campinas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universității din Campinas — pagină inexistentă">Universității din Campinas</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2060678" class="extiw" title="d:Q2060678"><span title="Universității din Campinas la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, Brazilia are un bulevard, unul din cele mai mari, denumit după Turing.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Catedra de Știința Calculatoarelor de la <a href="/wiki/Pontificia_Universidad_Cat%C3%B3lica_de_Chile" title="Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile">Universitatea Pontificală Catolică din Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_din_Buenos_Aires" title="Universitatea din Buenos Aires">Universitatea din Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Univesitatea_Politehnic%C4%83_din_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Univesitatea Politehnică din Puerto Rico — pagină inexistentă">Univesitatea Politehnică din Puerto Rico</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1798894" class="extiw" title="d:Q1798894"><span title="Univesitatea Politehnică din Puerto Rico la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_Los_Andes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea Los Andes — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea Los Andes</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569421" class="extiw" title="d:Q1569421"><span title="Universitatea Los Andes la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> din <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, Columbia, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College" class="mw-disambig" title="King's College">King's College</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924289" class="extiw" title="d:Q924289"><span title="King's College la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_Bangor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea Bangor — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea Bangor</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q790029" class="extiw" title="d:Q790029"><span title="Universitatea Bangor la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> din Țara Galilor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_din_Mons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea din Mons — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea din Mons</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1742161" class="extiw" title="d:Q1742161"><span title="Universitatea din Mons la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> din Belgia, <a href="/wiki/Universitatea_din_Torino" title="Universitatea din Torino">Universitatea din Torino</a> (<span lang="it">Università degli Studi di Torino</span>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_Puerto_Rico_din_Humacao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea Puerto Rico din Humacao — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea Puerto Rico din Humacao</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7896176" class="extiw" title="d:Q7896176"><span title="Universitatea Puerto Rico din Humacao la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_Keele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea Keele — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea Keele</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1737734" class="extiw" title="d:Q1737734"><span title="Universitatea Keele la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> și Facultatea de Calculatoare, Electronică și Telecomunicațiia <a href="/wiki/Academia_de_%C8%98tiin%C8%9B%C4%83_%C8%99i_Tehnologie_AGH" title="Academia de Știință și Tehnologie AGH">Universității AGH de Știință și Tehnologie</a>, au clădiri numite după Turing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_Gent" title="Universitatea Gent">Universitatea din Ghent</a> a botezat o sală de calculatoare după Turing, în cadrul Departamentului de Calculatoare și Matematică Aplicată.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <p>O biografie publicată de <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> puțin după moartea lui Turing,<sup id="cite_ref-frs_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> în timp ce activitatea sa din timpul războiului era încă supusă <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legii_Secretelor_Oficiale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legii Secretelor Oficiale — pagină inexistentă">Legii Secretelor Oficiale</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q923928" class="extiw" title="d:Q923928"><span title="Legii Secretelor Oficiale la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, consemna: </p> <blockquote style="color:var(--color-base, #606060); text-align: left; font-size:95%"><div style="font-style:italic">„Trei articole remarcabile scrise chiar înainte de război, pe trei subiecte matematice diverse, dovedesc calitatea muncii care ar fi putut fi produsă dacă s-ar fi așezat să lucreze la o mare problemă în acea perioadă critică. Pentru munca sa la <span lang="en">Foreign Office</span> a fost decorat cu OBE.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>”</div></blockquote> <p>Din 1966, <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Turing Award">Premiul Turing</a> se acordă anual de către <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> pentru contribuții tehnice sau teoretice comunității științei calculatoarelor. Este considerat a fi cea mai mare distincție a lumii informatice, echivalent cu Premiul Nobel.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La 23 iunie 1998, când Turing ar fi împlinit 86 de ani, biograful său, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Hodges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Hodges — pagină inexistentă">Andrew Hodges</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q450154" class="extiw" title="d:Q450154"><span title="Andrew Hodges la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, a dezvelit o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plac%C4%83_albastr%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Placă albastră — pagină inexistentă">placă albastră</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q885849" class="extiw" title="d:Q885849"><span title="placă albastră la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> oficială a instituției <a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Heritage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="English Heritage — pagină inexistentă">English Heritage</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q936287" class="extiw" title="d:Q936287"><span title="English Heritage la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> la casa în care s-a născut și a copilărit în Warrington Crescent, Londra, ulterior Hotel Colonnade.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pentru a marca a 50-a aniversare a morții lui, s-a dezvelit o placă memorială la 7 iunie 2004 la fosta sa locuință, Hollymeade, în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilmslow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilmslow — pagină inexistentă">Wilmslow</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2011497" class="extiw" title="d:Q2011497"><span title="Wilmslow la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, Cheshire.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Turing_Plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Turing_Plaque.jpg/220px-Turing_Plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Turing_Plaque.jpg/330px-Turing_Plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Turing_Plaque.jpg/440px-Turing_Plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plac%C4%83_albastr%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Placă albastră — pagină inexistentă">Placă albastră</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q885849" class="extiw" title="d:Q885849"><span title="Placă albastră la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> marcând casa lui Turing din <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilmslow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilmslow — pagină inexistentă">Wilmslow</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2011497" class="extiw" title="d:Q2011497"><span title="Wilmslow la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, Cheshire</figcaption></figure> <p>La 13 martie 2000, <a href="/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntul_Vicen%C8%9Biu_%C8%99i_Grenadinele" class="mw-redirect" title="Sfântul Vicențiu și Grenadinele">Sfântul Vicențiu și Grenadinele</a> au emis o serie de timbre poștale care celebrează cele mai mari realizări ale secolului al XX-lea, dintre care una poartă portretul lui Turing pe un fundal de 0 și 1 repetate, descris: „1937: teoria calculului digital a lui Alan Turing”. La 1 aprilie 2003, activitatea lui Turing la <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a> a fost declarată <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piatr%C4%83_de_Hotar_IEEE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piatră de Hotar IEEE — pagină inexistentă">Piatră de Hotar IEEE</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4993821" class="extiw" title="d:Q4993821"><span title="Piatră de Hotar IEEE la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La 28 octombrie 2004, o statuie de bronz a lui Turing sculptată de <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_W._Mills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John W. Mills — pagină inexistentă">John W. Mills</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14217844" class="extiw" title="d:Q14217844"><span title="John W. Mills la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> a fost dezvelită la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_Surrey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea Surrey — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea Surrey</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546976" class="extiw" title="d:Q546976"><span title="Universitatea Surrey la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> din <a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a>, marcând a 50-a comemorare a morții lui Turing; ea îl înfățișează ducându-și cărțile prin campus.<sup id="cite_ref-univsurrey_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-univsurrey-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turing a fost unul dintre cei patru matematicieni analizați în documentarul BBC intitulat <span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">Dangerous Knowledge</span> („Cunoștințe periculoase”) din 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_Alumni_Weekly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princeton Alumni Weekly — pagină inexistentă">Princeton Alumni Weekly</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7244934" class="extiw" title="d:Q7244934"><span title="Princeton Alumni Weekly la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></i> l-a numit pe Turing al doilea cel mai important absolvent din istoria <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton University">Universității Princeton</a>, după președintele <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>. O statuie în mărime naturală, cântărind o tonă și jumătate, a fost dezvelită la 19 iunie 2007 la Bletchley Park. Construită din aproximativ o jumătate de milion de bucăți de <a href="/wiki/Ardezie" title="Ardezie">ardezie</a> galeză, a fost sculptată de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Kettle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Kettle — pagină inexistentă">Stephen Kettle</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7609680" class="extiw" title="d:Q7609680"><span title="Stephen Kettle la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, la comanda miliardarului american <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidney_Frank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidney Frank — pagină inexistentă">Sidney Frank</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2281914" class="extiw" title="d:Q2281914"><span title="Sidney Frank la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turing a fost cinstit în diferite feluri și în <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, orașul unde a lucrat spre sfârșitul vieții. În 1994, o porțiune din <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98oseaua_A6010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Șoseaua A6010 — pagină inexistentă">șoseaua A6010</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4660973" class="extiw" title="d:Q4660973"><span title="șoseaua A6010 la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> (inelul intermediar al orașului <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>) a fost denumită „Calea Alan Turing”. Un pod de pe această porțiune a fost lărgit, și se numește Podul Alan Turing. O <a href="/w/index.php?title=Statuie_a_lui_Turing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statuie a lui Turing — pagină inexistentă">statuie a lui Turing</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736114" class="extiw" title="d:Q3736114"><span title="statuie a lui Turing la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> a fost dezvelită la Manchester la 23 iunie 2001 în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitworth_Gardens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whitworth Gardens — pagină inexistentă">Whitworth Gardens</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3460953" class="extiw" title="d:Q3460953"><span title="Whitworth Gardens la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, între clădirea Universității din Manchester din <span lang="en">Whitworth Street</span> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal_Street,_Manchester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canal Street, Manchester — pagină inexistentă"><span lang="en">Canal Street</span></a>. Statuia îl prezintă pe „părintele informaticii” așezat pe o bancă într-o poziție centrală în parc, ținând în mână un măr. Banca din bronz este inscripționată în relief cu textul „Alan Mathison Turing 1912–1954”, și motto-ul „Fondatorul informaticii” așa cum ar apărea dacă ar fi codificat de o <a href="/wiki/Ma%C8%99ina_Enigma" title="Mașina Enigma">mașină Enigma</a>: „IEKYF ROMSI ADXUO KVKZC GUBJ”. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Sackville_Park_Turing_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sackville_Park_Turing_plaque.jpg/220px-Sackville_Park_Turing_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sackville_Park_Turing_plaque.jpg/330px-Sackville_Park_Turing_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sackville_Park_Turing_plaque.jpg/440px-Sackville_Park_Turing_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Placă memorială de la statuia lui Turing din <span lang="en">Sackville Park, Manchester</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Pe o placă aflată la picioarele statuii scrie „Părintele informaticii, matematician, logician, criptanalist în război, victimă a prejudecăților”. Este și un citat din <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>: „Matematica, privită corect, posedă nu numai adevărul, ci și frumusețea supremă—o frumusețe rece și austeră, ca cea a sculpturii.” Sculptorul și-a îngropat propriul calculator <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amstrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amstrad — pagină inexistentă">Amstrad</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478825" class="extiw" title="d:Q478825"><span title="Amstrad la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> sub <a href="/wiki/Piedestal" title="Piedestal">piedestal</a> ca omagiu adus „nașului tuturor calculatoarelor moderne”.<sup id="cite_ref-computerburied_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerburied-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 1999, revista <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Time (magazine)"><span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">Time</span></a> l-a inclus pe Turing în seria de <a href="/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century">100 cei mai importanți oameni ai secolului al XX-lea</a> afirmând: „rămâne faptul că oricine bate la o tastatură, deschide o foaie de calcul sau un program de prelucrare de text, lucrează pe un exemplar de mașină Turing.”<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 2002, Turing a fost clasat pe locul al douăzeci și unulea în sondaju BBC <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">100 Greatest Britons</a> după un vot în Regatul Unit.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În 2006, scriitorul și matematicianul britanic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioan_James&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioan James — pagină inexistentă">Ioan James</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q368288" class="extiw" title="d:Q368288"><span title="Ioan James la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> l-a ales pe Turing între cei douăzeci care apar în cartea sa despre figuri istorice celebre care ar fi putut avea unele trăsături ale <a href="/wiki/Sindromul_Asperger" title="Sindromul Asperger">sindromului Asperger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În 2010, actorul și dramaturgul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jade_Esteban_Estrada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jade Esteban Estrada — pagină inexistentă">Jade Esteban Estrada</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6121299" class="extiw" title="d:Q6121299"><span title="Jade Esteban Estrada la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> l-a avut pe Turing ca personaj în musicalul solo, <i>ICONS: The Lesbian and Gay History of the World, Vol. 4</i>. În 2011, în seria „My hero” a ziarului <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, scriitorul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Garner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Garner — pagină inexistentă">Alan Garner</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384481" class="extiw" title="d:Q384481"><span title="Alan Garner la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> l-a ales pe Turing drept eroul lui și a relatat cum l-a întâlnit când făcea jogging pe la începutul anilor 1950. Garner își amintea că Turing era „amuzant și isteț” și povestea că „stătea[u] de vorbă fără încetare”.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În 2006, Turing a fost numit, cu resurse online, LGBT History Month Icon,<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și la evenimentul <a href="/w/index.php?title=GLBT_pride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GLBT pride — pagină inexistentă"><span lang="en">Pride</span></a> din Boston, Turing a fost numit <span lang="en">Honorary Grand Marshal</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-bostonpride_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bostonpride-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Alan_Turing_Memorial_Closer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alan_Turing_Memorial_Closer.jpg/170px-Alan_Turing_Memorial_Closer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alan_Turing_Memorial_Closer.jpg/255px-Alan_Turing_Memorial_Closer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alan_Turing_Memorial_Closer.jpg/340px-Alan_Turing_Memorial_Closer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Statuia memorială a lui Turing din <a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitworth_Gardens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whitworth Gardens — pagină inexistentă">Whitworth Gardens</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3460953" class="extiw" title="d:Q3460953"><span title="Whitworth Gardens la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, Manchester</figcaption></figure> <p>Logoul companiei <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> este adesea descris eronat ca omagiu adus lui Turing, mușcătura din măr fiind interpretată ca referire la moartea lui.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atât designerul logoului<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cât și compania neagă că ar fi avut această intenție.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fry" title="Stephen Fry">Stephen Fry</a> își amintea că l-a întrebat pe <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> dacă designul a fost intenționat, și a spus că Jobs i-a răspuns: „Vai, am vrea noi să fi fost”.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În februarie 2011, documentele lui Turing din al Doilea Război Mondial au fost cumpărate în numele statului britanic în urma unei licitații târzii de către <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Heritage_Memorial_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Heritage Memorial Fund — pagină inexistentă">National Heritage Memorial Fund</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3336885" class="extiw" title="d:Q3336885"><span title="National Heritage Memorial Fund la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, ca urmare ele putând rămâne la Bletchley Park.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 2012, Turing a fost inclus în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legacy_Walk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legacy Walk — pagină inexistentă">Legacy Walk</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17031265" class="extiw" title="d:Q17031265"><span title="Legacy Walk la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, o expoziție publică exterioară care celebrează istoria și oamenii comunității LGBT.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cântecul „<span lang="fr">Alan et la Pomme</span>, scris de cantautorul <a href="/wiki/Limba_francez%C4%83" title="Limba franceză">francofon</a> <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Adamo" title="Salvatore Adamo">Salvatore Adamo</a>, este un omagiu adus lui Turing.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viața și activitatea lui Turing au fost prezentate și într-un program BBC pentru copii despre oameni de știință celebri, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolute_Genius_with_Dick_and_Dom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absolute Genius with Dick and Dom — pagină inexistentă">Absolute Genius with Dick and Dom</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14954431" class="extiw" title="d:Q14954431"><span title="Absolute Genius with Dick and Dom la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></i>, difuzat în premieră la 12 martie 2014. </p><p>La 17 mai 2014, prima operă de artă publică care îl reprezintă pe Turing drept gay a fost comandată la Bletchley, aproape de Bletchley Park unde a lucrat în timpul războiului, pentru a marca Ziua Internațională împotriva Homofobiei și Transfobiei. Sculptura a fost dezvelită într-o ceremonie ținută de ziua de naștere a lui Turing, 23 iunie 2014, și este plasată pe circulata arteră <span lang="en">Watling Street</span>, vechiul drum principal spre Londra, pe unde Turing însuși ar fi trecut de multe ori. La 22 octombrie 2014, Turing a fost introdus în <a href="/w/index.php?title=NSA_Hall_of_Honor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NSA Hall of Honor — pagină inexistentă">NSA Hall of Honor</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571346" class="extiw" title="d:Q1571346"><span title="NSA Hall of Honor la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celebrarea_centenarului">Celebrarea centenarului</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modifică secțiunea: Celebrarea centenarului" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Celebrarea centenarului"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:David_Chalmers,_delivering_a_talk_at_De_La_Salle_University-Manila,_March_27,_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/David_Chalmers%2C_delivering_a_talk_at_De_La_Salle_University-Manila%2C_March_27%2C_2012.jpg/220px-David_Chalmers%2C_delivering_a_talk_at_De_La_Salle_University-Manila%2C_March_27%2C_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/David_Chalmers%2C_delivering_a_talk_at_De_La_Salle_University-Manila%2C_March_27%2C_2012.jpg/330px-David_Chalmers%2C_delivering_a_talk_at_De_La_Salle_University-Manila%2C_March_27%2C_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/David_Chalmers%2C_delivering_a_talk_at_De_La_Salle_University-Manila%2C_March_27%2C_2012.jpg/440px-David_Chalmers%2C_delivering_a_talk_at_De_La_Salle_University-Manila%2C_March_27%2C_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Chalmers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Chalmers — pagină inexistentă">David Chalmers</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366123" class="extiw" title="d:Q366123"><span title="David Chalmers la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> pe scenă pentru o conferință din cadrul Anului Alan Turing în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Univesitatea_De_La_Salle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Univesitatea De La Salle — pagină inexistentă">Univesitatea De La Salle</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815710" class="extiw" title="d:Q1815710"><span title="Univesitatea De La Salle la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, Manila, 27 martie 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>Pentru a marca a 100-a aniversare a nașterii lui Turing, Comitetul Consultativ al Centenarului Turing (TCAC) a coordonat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anul_Alan_Turing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anul Alan Turing — pagină inexistentă">Anul Alan Turing</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4707947" class="extiw" title="d:Q4707947"><span title="Anul Alan Turing la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, un program de evenimente întinse pe un n de zile în care s-au celebrat viața și realizările lui Turing. TCAC, cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=S._Barry_Cooper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. Barry Cooper — pagină inexistentă">S. Barry Cooper</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7387391" class="extiw" title="d:Q7387391"><span title="S. Barry Cooper la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> ca președinte și cu nepotul lui Turing, Sir John Dermot Turing, ca președinte de onoare, a lucrat cu profesori de la Universitatea din Manchester și cu o gamă largă de persoane de la Universitatea Cambridge și de la <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>. </p><p>La 23 iunie 2012, Google a pus pe prima pagină un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_doodle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google doodle — pagină inexistentă"><span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">doodle</span></a> prin care vizitatorii site-ului puteau schimba instrucțiunile unei mașini Turing, astfel ca atunci când rulează, simbolurile de pe bandă să se potrivească cu o secvență dată, reprezentând textul „Google” în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cod_Baudot-Murray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cod Baudot-Murray — pagină inexistentă">cod Baudot-Murray</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753170" class="extiw" title="d:Q753170"><span title="cod Baudot-Murray la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bletchley Park Trust a colaborat cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Winning_Moves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winning Moves — pagină inexistentă">Winning Moves</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1505654" class="extiw" title="d:Q1505654"><span title="Winning Moves la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> pentru a publica o ediție Alan Turing a jocului de societate <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a>. Pătratele și cartonașele jocului au fost schimbate pentru a spune povestea vieții lui Turing, de la locurile natale din <span lang="en">Maida Vale</span> până la <span lang="en">Hut 8</span> de la Bletchley Park.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jocul cuprinde și o replică a unei table originale desenate de mână, creată de <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Newman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Newman — pagină inexistentă">William Newman</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26225973" class="extiw" title="d:Q26225973"><span title="William Newman la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, fiul mentorului lui Turing, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Newman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Newman — pagină inexistentă">Max Newman</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q707155" class="extiw" title="d:Q707155"><span title="Max Newman la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, cu care Turing juca în anii 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În <a href="/wiki/Filipine" title="Filipine">Filipine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Departamentul_de_Filosofie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Departamentul de Filosofie — pagină inexistentă">Departamentul de Filosofie</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5244546" class="extiw" title="d:Q5244546"><span title="Departamentul de Filosofie la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universit%C4%83%C8%9Bii_De_La_Salle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universității De La Salle — pagină inexistentă">Universității De La Salle</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815710" class="extiw" title="d:Q1815710"><span title="Universității De La Salle la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> din Manila a găzduit Turing 2012, o conferință internațională de filosofie, inteligență artificială și științe cognitive în 27 și 28 martie 2012 cu ocazia centenarului nașterii lui Turing.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>, India a organizat un program la care au participat 6000 de studenți.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Alan_Turing_Olympic_Torch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Alan_Turing_Olympic_Torch.jpg/220px-Alan_Turing_Olympic_Torch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Alan_Turing_Olympic_Torch.jpg/330px-Alan_Turing_Olympic_Torch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Alan_Turing_Olympic_Torch.jpg/440px-Alan_Turing_Olympic_Torch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor%C8%9Ba_olimpic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torța olimpică — pagină inexistentă">Torța olimpică</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1371194" class="extiw" title="d:Q1371194"><span title="Torța olimpică la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> pentru ediția <a href="/wiki/Jocurile_Olimpice_de_var%C4%83_din_2012" title="Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2012">Londra 2012</a> a fost transferată în fața statuii lui Turing din Manchester la 100 de ani de la nașterea lui.</figcaption></figure> <p>La Manchester s-a ținut o conferință de trei zile în iunie, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conferin%C8%9Ba_Centenar%C4%83_Alan_Turing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conferința Centenară Alan Turing — pagină inexistentă">Conferința Centenară Alan Turing</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4707938" class="extiw" title="d:Q4707938"><span title="Conferința Centenară Alan Turing la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, la San Francisco una de două zile organizată de ACM, și la Cambridge s-a ținut o recepție aniversară și o Conferință Centenară la <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College" class="mw-disambig" title="King's College">King's College</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924289" class="extiw" title="d:Q924289"><span title="King's College la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, și la Universitatea din Cambridge, ultima organizată de asociația <a href="/w/index.php?title=Computability_in_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computability in Europe — pagină inexistentă">Computability in Europe</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157262" class="extiw" title="d:Q5157262"><span title="Computability in Europe la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzeul_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bei_din_Londra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muzeul Științei din Londra — pagină inexistentă">Muzeul de Știință din Londra</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674773" class="extiw" title="d:Q674773"><span title="Muzeul Științei din Londra la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> a lansat o expoziție gratuită dedicată vieții și realizărilor lui Turing în iunie 2012, până în iulie 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În februarie 2012, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Mail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Mail — pagină inexistentă">Royal Mail</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638098" class="extiw" title="d:Q638098"><span title="Royal Mail la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> a emis un timbru cu Turing ca parte a seriei „Britanici deosebiți”.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flac%C4%83ra_olimpic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flacăra olimpică — pagină inexistentă">Flacăra olimpică</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1371194" class="extiw" title="d:Q1371194"><span title="Flacăra olimpică la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> pentru ediția <a href="/wiki/Jocurile_Olimpice_de_var%C4%83_din_2012" title="Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2012">Londra 2012</a> a trecut prin fața statuii lui Turing din <a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitworth_Gardens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whitworth Gardens — pagină inexistentă">Whitworth Gardens</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3460953" class="extiw" title="d:Q3460953"><span title="Whitworth Gardens la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, Manchester, în seara zilei de 23 iunie 2012, aniversarea a 100 de ani de la naștere. </p><p>La 22 iunie 2012, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consiliul_Local_Manchester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consiliul Local Manchester — pagină inexistentă">Consiliul Local Manchester</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2302252" class="extiw" title="d:Q2302252"><span title="Consiliul Local Manchester la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, în parteneriat cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_and_Gay_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesbian and Gay Foundation — pagină inexistentă">Lesbian and Gay Foundation</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7746964" class="extiw" title="d:Q7746964"><span title="Lesbian and Gay Foundation la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, a lansat Premiul Memorial Alan Turing, cu care vor fi distinse persoane sau grupuri care aduc o contribuție importantă luptei împotriva homofobiei în Manchester.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Oxford">Universitatea din Oxford</a>, un nou curs de <a href="/wiki/Informatic%C4%83" title="Informatică">informatică</a> și filosofie a fost organizat de centenarul nașterii lui Turing.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Printre evenimentele ce l-au precedat s-au numărat o celebrare a vieții și realizărilor lui Turing la Universitatea din Manchester, aranjată de British Logic Colloquium și de <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Society_for_the_History_of_Mathematics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Society for the History of Mathematics — pagină inexistentă">British Society for the History of Mathematics</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4971049" class="extiw" title="d:Q4971049"><span title="British Society for the History of Mathematics la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> la 5 iunie 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ilustrarea_în_teatru"><span id="Ilustrarea_.C3.AEn_teatru"></span>Ilustrarea în teatru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modifică secțiunea: Ilustrarea în teatru" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Ilustrarea în teatru"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Benedict_Cumberbatch_2013_TIFF_(headshot).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Benedict_Cumberbatch_2013_TIFF_%28headshot%29.jpg/170px-Benedict_Cumberbatch_2013_TIFF_%28headshot%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Benedict_Cumberbatch_2013_TIFF_%28headshot%29.jpg/255px-Benedict_Cumberbatch_2013_TIFF_%28headshot%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Benedict_Cumberbatch_2013_TIFF_%28headshot%29.jpg/340px-Benedict_Cumberbatch_2013_TIFF_%28headshot%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch" title="Benedict Cumberbatch">Benedict Cumberbatch</a> a jucat rolul lui Turing în filmul din 2014 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Imitation_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="The Imitation Game">The Imitation Game</a></i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breaking_the_Code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breaking the Code — pagină inexistentă">Breaking the Code</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644076" class="extiw" title="d:Q3644076"><span title="Breaking the Code la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></i> este o piesă de teatru din 1986 de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Whitemore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Whitemore — pagină inexistentă">Hugh Whitemore</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5933057" class="extiw" title="d:Q5933057"><span title="Hugh Whitemore la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> despre Turing. Ea s-a jucat în <a href="/wiki/West_End_(teatru)" title="West End (teatru)">London's West End</a> începând cu noiembrie 1986 și pe Broadway din 15 noiembrie 1987 până în 10 aprilie 1988. A fost în 1996 și o producție de televiziune a <a href="/wiki/BBC" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC">BBC</a> (difuzată în SUA de <a href="/wiki/PBS" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="PBS">PBS</a>). În toate cele trei, rolul lui Turing a fost jucat de <a href="/wiki/Derek_Jacobi" title="Derek Jacobi">Derek Jacobi</a>. Producția de pe Broadway a fost nominalizată pentru trei <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Award">Premii Tony</a>, inclusiv pentru cel mai bun actor într-o piesă de teatru, cel mai bun actor într-un rol principal într-o piesă de teatru și cea mai bună regie a unei piese de teatru; precum și pentru două <a href="/wiki/Premiile_Drama_Desk" title="Premiile Drama Desk">Premii Drama Desk</a>, pentru cel mai bun actor și cel mai bun actor într-un rol principal. Turing a fost jucat din nou de Jacobi în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adaptarea_de_televiziune_din_1996&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adaptarea de televiziune din 1996 — pagină inexistentă">adaptarea de televiziune din 1996</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644079" class="extiw" title="d:Q3644079"><span title="adaptarea de televiziune din 1996 la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> a piesei <i>Breaking the Code</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-mutlitiude_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-mutlitiude-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>În 2012, în cinstea Centenarului Turing, <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Lyric_Theater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Lyric Theater — pagină inexistentă">American Lyric Theater</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15053068" class="extiw" title="d:Q15053068"><span title="American Lyric Theater la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> a comandat o operă care să exploreze viața și moartea lui Turing de compozitorul Justine F. Chen și libretistul David Simpatico.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intitulată <span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">The Life and Death(s) of Alan Turing</span>, opera este o fantezie istorică despre viața lui Turing. În noiembrie 2014, opera și mai multe lucrări artistice inspirate de viața lui Turing au apărut în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Studio_360&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Studio 360 — pagină inexistentă">Studio 360</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3330982" class="extiw" title="d:Q3330982"><span title="Studio 360 la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opera a fost jucată în premieră în ianuarie 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ilustrarea_în_literatură"><span id="Ilustrarea_.C3.AEn_literatur.C4.83"></span>Ilustrarea în literatură</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modifică secțiunea: Ilustrarea în literatură" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Ilustrarea în literatură"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>În <i><a href="/wiki/Neuromancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromancer">Neuromancer</a></i> de <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a>, poliția Turing are jurisdicție asupra inteligențelor artificiale. (1984)<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Turing apare în romanul <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptonomicon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptonomicon — pagină inexistentă">Cryptonomicon</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q534975" class="extiw" title="d:Q534975"><span title="Cryptonomicon la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></i> (1999) de <a href="/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Neal Stephenson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Romanul <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Madman_Dreams_of_Turing_Machines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines — pagină inexistentă">A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4658019" class="extiw" title="d:Q4658019"><span title="A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></i> din 2006 pune în contrast relatări ficționalizate ale vieților și ideilor lui Turing și <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Romanul <i><a href="/wiki/Speak" title="Speak">Speak</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20735613" class="extiw" title="d:Q20735613"><span title="Speak la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></i> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louisa Hall — pagină inexistentă">Louisa Hall</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6688519" class="extiw" title="d:Q6688519"><span title="Louisa Hall la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> din 2015 include o serie de scrisori fictive ale lui Turing către mama celui mai bun prieten al lui, scrise de-a lungul întregii vieți, detaliind cercetările sale despre inteligența artificială.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>În seria de romane de benzi desenate <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Cber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Über — pagină inexistentă">Über</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17039154" class="extiw" title="d:Q17039154"><span title="Über la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></i>, în care o versiune ficționalizată a celui de al Doilea Război Mondial se desfășoară cu soldați <a href="/wiki/Superhuman" title="Superhuman">supraumani</a> denumiți „Tank-Men”, Turing este unul dintre cercetători și un Tank-Man el însuși.<sup id="cite_ref-usatoday_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usatoday-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ilustrarea_în_muzică"><span id="Ilustrarea_.C3.AEn_muzic.C4.83"></span>Ilustrarea în muzică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modifică secțiunea: Ilustrarea în muzică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Ilustrarea în muzică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Duoul de muzică electronică <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matmos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matmos — pagină inexistentă">Matmos</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1256138" class="extiw" title="d:Q1256138"><span title="Matmos la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> a lansat un EP intitulat <span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">For Alan Turing</span> în 2006, bazat pe materiale comandate de dr. Robert Osserman și David Elsenbud de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathematical_Sciences_Research_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathematical Sciences Research Institute — pagină inexistentă">Mathematical Sciences Research Institute</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062013" class="extiw" title="d:Q1062013"><span title="Mathematical Sciences Research Institute la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Într-una din piese, apare și sunetul produs de o Mașină Enigma originală.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>În 2012, grupul spaniol <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogenesse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrogenesse — pagină inexistentă">Hidrogenesse</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3393418" class="extiw" title="d:Q3393418"><span title="Hidrogenesse la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> i-a dedicat LP-ul <span lang="es" style="font-style:italic">Un dígito binario dudoso. Recital para Alan Turing</span> (<i>O cifră binară dubioasă. Concert pentru Alan Turing</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>O lucrare muzicală inspirată de viața lui Turing, scrisă de <a href="/wiki/Neil_Tennant" title="Neil Tennant">Neil Tennant</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chris_Lowe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chris Lowe — pagină inexistentă">Chris Lowe</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q433587" class="extiw" title="d:Q433587"><span title="Chris Lowe la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> de la <a href="/wiki/Pet_Shop_Boys" title="Pet Shop Boys">Pet Shop Boys</a>, intitulată <span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">A Man from the Future</span>, a fost anunțată spre finalul lui 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ea a fost interpretată de Pet Shop Boys și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juliet_Stevenson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juliet Stevenson — pagină inexistentă">Juliet Stevenson</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272518" class="extiw" title="d:Q272518"><span title="Juliet Stevenson la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> (narator), BBC Singers, BBC Concert Orchestra, dirijată de Dominic Wheeler la <a href="/w/index.php?title=BBC_Proms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BBC Proms — pagină inexistentă">BBC Proms</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1046677" class="extiw" title="d:Q1046677"><span title="BBC Proms la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> în Royal Albert Hall la 23 iulie 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Codebreaker</i> este titlul unei piese corale a compozitorului James McCarthy. Ea cuprinde texte ale poeților <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfred_Owen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilfred Owen — pagină inexistentă">Wilfred Owen</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212719" class="extiw" title="d:Q212719"><span title="Wilfred Owen la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sara_Teasdale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sara Teasdale — pagină inexistentă">Sara Teasdale</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q276013" class="extiw" title="d:Q276013"><span title="Sara Teasdale la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> și <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a> utilizate pentru a ilustra diferite aspecte ale vieții lui Turing. A avut premiera la 26 aprilie 2014 la <a href="/wiki/Barbican_Centre" title="Barbican Centre">Barbican Centre</a> din Londra, unde a fost interpretată de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corul_Hertfordshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corul Hertfordshire — pagină inexistentă">Corul Hertfordshire</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5744747" class="extiw" title="d:Q5744747"><span title="Corul Hertfordshire la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, care a comandat lucrarea, în frunte cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Temple — pagină inexistentă">David Temple</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5240305" class="extiw" title="d:Q5240305"><span title="David Temple la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> ca sopran solo și cu Naomi Harvey ca vocea mamei lui Turing.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ilustrarea_în_filme"><span id="Ilustrarea_.C3.AEn_filme"></span>Ilustrarea în filme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modifică secțiunea: Ilustrarea în filme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Ilustrarea în filme"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Drama istorică <i><a href="/wiki/The_Imitation_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="The Imitation Game">The Imitation Game</a></i>, regizată de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morten_Tyldum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morten Tyldum — pagină inexistentă">Morten Tyldum</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3425142" class="extiw" title="d:Q3425142"><span title="Morten Tyldum la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, cu <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch" title="Benedict Cumberbatch">Benedict Cumberbatch</a> în rolul lui Turing și cu <a href="/wiki/Keira_Knightley" title="Keira Knightley">Keira Knightley</a> în cel al lui <a href="/wiki/Joan_Clarke" title="Joan Clarke">Joan Clarke</a>, a fost lansat în Regatul Unit la 14 noiembrie 2014 și în cinematografele din SUA la 28 noiembrie 2014. Este un film despre decriptarea de către Turing a codurilor <a href="/wiki/Ma%C8%99ina_Enigma" title="Mașina Enigma">Enigma</a> împreună cu alți criptanaliști la <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20141030-CM_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141030-CM-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codebreaker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codebreaker — pagină inexistentă">Codebreaker</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140116" class="extiw" title="d:Q5140116"><span title="Codebreaker la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></i>, cu titlul originar britanic <i>Britain's Greatest Codebreaker</i>, este un film de televiziune difuzat la 21 noiembrie 2011 de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Channel 4 — pagină inexistentă">Channel 4</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q501070" class="extiw" title="d:Q501070"><span title="Channel 4 la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> despre viața lui Turing. A fost lansat limitat în SUA începând cu <time datetime="2012-10-17">17 octombrie 2012</time>. Povestea este spusă sub forma unei discuții între Turing și psihiatrul său dr. Franz Greenbaum. Povestea se bazează pe jurnalele ținute de Greenbaum și de alții care au studiat viața lui Turing și pe cea a unor colegi ai săi.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-676b7ebdb6182f9efec4861a42eaf077-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-676b7ebdb6182f9efec4861a42eaf077_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-676b7ebdb6182f9efec4861a42eaf077_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-676b7ebdb6182f9efec4861a42eaf077_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-676b7ebdb6182f9efec4861a42eaf077_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-676b7ebdb6182f9efec4861a42eaf077_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-676b7ebdb6182f9efec4861a42eaf077_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20895922" class="extiw" title="d:Q20895922"><span lang="en">Alan Turing (Unwin paperbacks 2015)</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Alan Turing (Unwin paperbacks 2015)</span> (edition of biography)|​]]</span></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%26%238203%3B%5D%5D%3C%2Fspan%3E%5B%5BCategorie%3AArticole+cu+leg%C4%83turi+c%C4%83tre+elemente+f%C4%83r%C4%83+etichet%C4%83+%C3%AEn+limba+rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verificați valoarea <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|titlelink=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_paramlink" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f6f4bbe3388af2a95b3d9498c6f33276-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-f6f4bbe3388af2a95b3d9498c6f33276_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-f6f4bbe3388af2a95b3d9498c6f33276_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/"><i>MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-d09ccf7a6da8de517ea53d78bd164eb7_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/"><i>Genealogia matematicienilor</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogia+matematicienilor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathgenealogy.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80f928c804e88679be4ea8c5a7f9024c-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-80f928c804e88679be4ea8c5a7f9024c_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80f928c804e88679be4ea8c5a7f9024c_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/"><i><span lang="en">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</span></i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3EOxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49ddb084bcfe7bd883d934bddda2d311-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49ddb084bcfe7bd883d934bddda2d311_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37617/data.pdf"><i><span lang="en">The London Gazette 37617</span></i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, p. 3124</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3EThe+London+Gazette+37617%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pages=3124&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F37617%2Fdata.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38b3640a6544b027e5b31f9494f579b8-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-38b3640a6544b027e5b31f9494f579b8_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-38b3640a6544b027e5b31f9494f579b8_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/"><i>MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2017-08-22">22 august 2017</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-878720bd1e3d76debb282d987debe97c-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-878720bd1e3d76debb282d987debe97c_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-878720bd1e3d76debb282d987debe97c_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/"><i>Alan Turing</i></a>, SNAC<span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2017-10-09">9 octombrie 2017</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alan+Turing&rft.pub=SNAC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnaccooperative.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2c0f00ce509be28a542df5342232b295-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2c0f00ce509be28a542df5342232b295_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2c0f00ce509be28a542df5342232b295_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12205670t"><i>Autoritatea BnF</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2015-10-10">10 octombrie 2015</time></span></cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alan+Mathison+Turing&rft.pub=Gran+Enciclop%C3%A8dia+Catalana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enciclopedia.cat%2Fgran-enciclopedia-catalana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4eb304db35d02a974aa7edcd55a40fed-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-4eb304db35d02a974aa7edcd55a40fed_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-4eb304db35d02a974aa7edcd55a40fed_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geneastar.org/"><i>Alan Turing</i></a>, <span lang="en">GeneaStar</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alan+Turing&rft.pub=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3EGeneaStar%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geneastar.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-0c581a02d3d9843d8a362263054b2168-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0c581a02d3d9843d8a362263054b2168_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/9314910/Britain-still-owes-Alan-Turing-a-debt.html">http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/9314910/Britain-still-owes-Alan-Turing-a-debt.html</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Fnews%2F9314910%2FBritain-still-owes-Alan-Turing-a-debt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Lipsește sau este vid: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#citation_missing_title" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bb7e69a429833de58f6cf2d107747eaa-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bb7e69a429833de58f6cf2d107747eaa_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/"><i>Find a Grave</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Find+a+Grave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.findagrave.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23c1f50872271cd301c8d98a0decad79-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23c1f50872271cd301c8d98a0decad79_13-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2018-03-27">27 martie 2018</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94ffb368b31887d073f8f1247cad8663-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94ffb368b31887d073f8f1247cad8663_14-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turing.org.uk/book/"><i><span lang="en">Alan Turing</span></i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3EAlan+Turing%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turing.org.uk%2Fbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7b57188bc0d7f319161273f241f2c260-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7b57188bc0d7f319161273f241f2c260_15-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16744133" class="extiw" title="d:Q16744133">CONOR.SI</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CONOR.SI_(authority_control_file_for_author_and_corporate_names_in_Slovene_system_COBISS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CONOR.SI (authority control file for author and corporate names in Slovene system COBISS) — pagină inexistentă">​</a></span></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%26%238203%3B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verificați valoarea <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|titlelink=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_paramlink" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b6d0207482abe479b31979b1993fa0bf-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b6d0207482abe479b31979b1993fa0bf_16-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12205670t"><i>Autoritatea BnF</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2015-10-10">10 octombrie 2015</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autoritatea+BnF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fcb12205670t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frs-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Newman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Newman — pagină inexistentă">Newman, M. H. A.</a> (<time datetime="1955">1955</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiogmem/1/253.full.pdf">„Alan Mathison Turing. 1912–1954”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society — pagină inexistentă">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i> (în engleză). <b>1</b>: 253–263. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1955.0019">10.1098/rsbm.1955.0019</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/769256">769256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Alan+Mathison+Turing.+1912%E2%80%931954&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=253-263&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1955.0019&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F769256&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=M.+H.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org%2Fcontent%2Froybiogmem%2F1%2F253.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFP-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Gray, Paul (<time datetime="1999-03-29">29 martie 1999</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110119181237/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html">„Alan Turing – Time 100 People of the Century”</a>. <i>Time</i>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2011-01-19">19 ianuarie 2011</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2015-01-21">21 ianuarie 2015</time></span>. <q>Providing a blueprint for the electronic digital computer. The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Alan+Turing+%E2%80%93+Time+100+People+of+the+Century&rft.date=1999-03-29&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C990624%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSipser2006">Sipser 2006</a>, p. 137. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeavers2013">Beavers 2013</a>, p. 481. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Vezi <cite class="citation news"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Copeland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Copeland — pagină inexistentă">Copeland, Jack</a> (<time datetime="2012-06-18">18 iunie 2012</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691">„Alan Turing: The codebreaker who saved 'millions of lives<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>”</a>. BBC News Technology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2014-10-26">26 octombrie 2014</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Alan+Turing%3A+The+codebreaker+who+saved+%27millions+of+lives%27&rft.date=2012-06-18&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-18419691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> Mai multe surse afirmă că <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> a spus că Turing a adus cea mai mare contribuție personală a cuiva la victoria Aliaților în războiul împotriva Germaniei Naziste (nici <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Churchill_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Churchill Centre — pagină inexistentă">The Churchill Centre</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Churchill_Centre" class="extiw" title="en:The Churchill Centre"><span title="„The Churchill Centre” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=The+Churchill+Centre&targettitle=The+Churchill+Centre">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> și nici biograful lui Turing, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Hodges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Hodges — pagină inexistentă">Andrew Hodges</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hodges" class="extiw" title="en:Andrew Hodges"><span title="„Andrew Hodges” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Andrew+Hodges&targettitle=Andrew+Hodges">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, nu au găsit documente care să susțină această afirmație și nici informații despre data sau contextul în care Churchill ar fi spus acest lucru, vezi <cite class="citation web">Schilling, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150120184837/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/myths/myths/2722-churchill-said-that-alan-turing-made-the-single-biggest-contribution-to-allied-victory-in-the-war-against-nazi-germany">„Churchill Said that Turing Made the Single Biggest Contribution to Allied Victory”</a>. The Churchill Centre: Leading Churchill Myths. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/myths/myths/2722-churchill-said-that-alan-turing-made-the-single-biggest-contribution-to-allied-victory-in-the-war-against-nazi-germany">original</a> la <time datetime="2015-01-20">20 ianuarie 2015</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2015-01-09">9 ianuarie 2015</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Churchill+Said+that+Turing+Made+the+Single+Biggest+Contribution+to+Allied+Victory&rft.pub=The+Churchill+Centre%3A+Leading+Churchill+Myths&rft.aulast=Schilling&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winstonchurchill.org%2Flearn%2Fmyths%2Fmyths%2F2722-churchill-said-that-alan-turing-made-the-single-biggest-contribution-to-allied-victory-in-the-war-against-nazi-germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> și <cite class="citation web">Hodges, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turing.org.uk/book/update/part4.html">„Part 4: The Relay Race”</a>. Update to <i>Alan Turing: the Enigma</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2015-01-09">9 ianuarie 2015</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+4%3A+The+Relay+Race&rft.pub=Update+to+%27%27Alan+Turing%3A+the+Enigma%27%27&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turing.org.uk%2Fbook%2Fupdate%2Fpart4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeavitt2007">Leavitt 2007</a>, pp. 231–233. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Pease, Roland (<time datetime="2012-06-26">26 iunie 2012</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18561092">„Alan Turing: Inquest's suicide verdict 'not supportable<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>”</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-12-25">25 decembrie 2013</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Alan+Turing%3A+Inquest%27s+suicide+verdict+%27not+supportable%27&rft.date=2012-06-26&rft.aulast=Pease&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-18561092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-pardon24Dec-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-pardon24Dec_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-pardon24Dec_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-25495315">„Royal pardon for codebreaker Alan Turing”</a>. BBC News. <time datetime="2013-12-24">24 decembrie 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-12-24">24 decembrie 2013</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Royal+pardon+for+codebreaker+Alan+Turing&rft.date=2013-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-25495315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turingpardon24dec2013-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turingpardon24dec2013_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turingpardon24dec2013_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Swinford, Steven (<time datetime="2013-12-23">23 decembrie 2013</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/10536246/Alan-Turing-granted-Royal-pardon-by-the-Queen.html">„Alan Turing granted Royal pardon by the Queen”</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Alan+Turing+granted+Royal+pardon+by+the+Queen&rft.date=2013-12-23&rft.aulast=Swinford&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworld-war-two%2F10536246%2FAlan-Turing-granted-Royal-pardon-by-the-Queen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turingpardoncryptome24dec2013-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turingpardoncryptome24dec2013_26-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cryptome.org/2013/12/turing-pardon.pdf">„(Copie arhivată a) grațierii Regale a lui Alan Turing”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28Copie+arhivat%C4%83+a%29+gra%C8%9Bierii+Regale+a+lui+Alan+Turing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcryptome.org%2F2013%2F12%2Fturing-pardon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turingindependent24dec2013-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turingindependent24dec2013_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turingindependent24dec2013_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turingindependent24dec2013_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Wright, Oliver (<time datetime="2013-12-23">23 decembrie 2013</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/alan-turing-gets-his-royal-pardon-for-gross-indecency--61-years-after-he-poisoned-himself-9023116.html">„Alan Turing gets his royal pardon for 'gross indecency' – 61 years after he poisoned himself”</a> [Alan Turing își primește grațierea regală la 61 de ani după ce s-a otrăvit]. <i>The Independent</i>. Londra.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Alan+Turing+gets+his+royal+pardon+for+%27gross+indecency%27+%E2%80%93+61+years+after+he+poisoned+himself&rft.date=2013-12-23&rft.au=Wright%2C+Oliver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Falan-turing-gets-his-royal-pardon-for-gross-indecency--61-years-after-he-poisoned-himself-9023116.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodges1983P5-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges1983P5_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges1983P5_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p. 5. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/early.html">„The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook”</a>. Turing.org.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2012-01-02">2 ianuarie 2012</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Alan+Turing+Internet+Scrapbook&rft.pub=Turing.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turing.org.uk%2Fturing%2Fscrapbook%2Fearly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Phil Maguire, "An Irishman's Diary", pagina 5. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Irish_Times&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Irish Times — pagină inexistentă">The Irish Times</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times" class="extiw" title="en:The Irish Times"><span title="„The Irish Times” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=The+Irish+Times&targettitle=The+Irish+Times">traduceți</a>]</small></sup></i>, 23 June 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-englishheritaget-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-englishheritaget_31-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006000720/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.001002006005/chooseLetter/T">„London Blue Plaques”</a>. <i>English Heritage</i>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.001002006005/chooseLetter/T">original</a> la <time datetime="2008-10-06">6 octombrie 2008</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-02-10">10 februarie 2007</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Heritage&rft.atitle=London+Blue+Plaques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fserver%2Fshow%2Fnav.001002006005%2FchooseLetter%2FT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.nature.com/london/2011/03/16/the-scientific-tourist-in-london-17-alan-turings-birth-place">The Scientific Tourist In London: #17 Alan Turing's Birth Place</a>, Nature.com London Blog</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openplaques.org/plaques/381">Placă #381 la Open Plaques</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turingorguk-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turingorguk_34-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/memorial.html">„The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2006-09-26">26 septembrie 2006</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Alan+Turing+Internet+Scrapbook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turing.org.uk%2Fturing%2Fscrapbook%2Fmemorial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p. 6. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primelocation.com/for-sale/details/33060901">„Baston Lodge”</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baston+Lodge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primelocation.com%2Ffor-sale%2Fdetails%2F33060901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toolbox-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-toolbox_37-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jones, G. James (<time datetime="2001-12-11">11 decembrie 2001</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070803163318/http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3">„Alan Turing – Towards a Digital Mind: Part 1”</a>. <i>System Toolbox</i>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3">original</a> la <time datetime="2007-08-03">3 august 2007</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-07-27">27 iulie 2007</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=System+Toolbox&rft.atitle=Alan+Turing+%E2%80%93+Towards+a+Digital+Mind%3A+Part+1&rft.date=2001-12-11&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=G.+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.systemtoolbox.com%2Farticle.php%3Fhistory_id%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Name * (<time datetime="2012-11-29">29 noiembrie 2012</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019062927/http://www.guildford-dragon.com/2012/11/29/founder-of-computer-science-alan-turings-guildford-stargazing/">„Guildford Dragon NEWS”</a>. The Guildford Dragon. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guildford-dragon.com/2012/11/29/founder-of-computer-science-alan-turings-guildford-stargazing/">original</a> la <time datetime="2013-10-19">19 octombrie 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-10-31">31 octombrie 2013</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guildford+Dragon+NEWS&rft.pub=The+Guildford+Dragon&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft.au=Name+%2A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guildford-dragon.com%2F2012%2F11%2F29%2Ffounder-of-computer-science-alan-turings-guildford-stargazing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metamagical-39"><b><a href="#cite_ref-metamagical_39-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hofstadter, Douglas R. (<time datetime="1985">1985</time>). <i>Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern</i>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-465-04566-9" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-465-04566-9">0-465-04566-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/230812136">230812136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metamagical+Themas%3A+Questing+for+the+Essence+of+Mind+and+Pattern&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F230812136&rft.isbn=0-465-04566-9&rft.aulast=Hofstadter&rft.aufirst=Douglas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p. 26. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p. 34. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYReviewBooks-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYReviewBooks_42-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Caryl, Christian (<time datetime="2014-12-19">19 decembrie 2014</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/dec/19/poor-imitation-alan-turing/">„Poor Imitation of Alan Turing”</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Poor+Imitation+of+Alan+Turing&rft.date=2014-12-19&rft.au=Caryl%2C+Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fblogs%2Fnyrblog%2F2014%2Fdec%2F19%2Fpoor-imitation-alan-turing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Rachel Hassall, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Sherborne-Formula-Vivat-2012-2013-optimised.pdf">'The Sherborne Formula: The Making of Alan Turing'</a> 'Vivat!' 2012/13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-teuscher-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-teuscher_44-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Teuscher, Christof, ed. (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>). <i>Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker</i> [<i>Alan Turing: viața și moștenirea unui mare gânditor</i>]. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer-Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/3-540-20020-7" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/3-540-20020-7">3-540-20020-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/53434737">53434737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%3A+Life+and+Legacy+of+a+Great+Thinker&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53434737&rft.isbn=3-540-20020-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p. 61. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Paul Gray, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html">Alan Turing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110119181237/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2011-01-19">19 ianuarie 2011</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Time Magazine's Most Important People of the Century, p.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, pp. 82–83. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Vezi secțiunea 3 din John Aldrich, "England and Continental Probability in the Inter-War Years", Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique, vol. 5/2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jehps.net/decembre2009.html">Decembre 2009</a> Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, pp. 88,94. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuring1937">Turing 1937</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurch1936">Church 1936</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p. 111. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">"von Neumann ... firmly emphasised to me, and to others I am sure, that the fundamental conception is owing to Turing—insofar as not anticipated by Babbage, Lovelace and others." Scrisoare a lui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Frankel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanley Frankel — pagină inexistentă">Stanley Frankel</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Frankel" class="extiw" title="en:Stanley Frankel"><span title="„Stanley Frankel” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Stanley+Frankel&targettitle=Stanley+Frankel">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> către <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Randell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Randell — pagină inexistentă">Brian Randell</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Randell" class="extiw" title="en:Brian Randell"><span title="„Brian Randell” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Brian+Randell&targettitle=Brian+Randell">traduceți</a>]</small></sup>, 1972, citată în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Copeland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Copeland — pagină inexistentă">Jack Copeland</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327637" class="extiw" title="d:Q327637"><span title="Jack Copeland la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> (2004) <i>The Essential Turing</i>, p22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p. 138. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Turing, A. M. (<time datetime="1939">1939</time>). „Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals”. <i>Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society</i> (în engleză). s2-45: 161–228. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1112%2Fplms%2Fs2-45.1.161">10.1112/plms/s2-45.1.161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+London+Mathematical+Society&rft.atitle=Systems+of+Logic+Based+on+Ordinals&rft.volume=s2-45&rft.pages=161-228&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1112%2Fplms%2Fs2-45.1.161&rft.aulast=Turing&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turingphd-56"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turingphd_56-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation thesis">Turing, Alan (<time datetime="1938">1938</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.proquest.com/docview/301792588"><i>Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals</i></a> (Teză). 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Accesat în <time datetime="2012-05-02">2 mai 2012</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BOMBE+PROJECT+HISTORY%2C+MAY+44&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daytoncodebreakers.org%2Fdepth%2Fbombe_history2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, pp. 245–253. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexandercirca_1945">Alexander & circa 1945</a>, p. 42. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopeland2006">Copeland 2006</a>, p. 380. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopeland2006">Copeland 2006</a>, p. 381. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopeland2006">Copeland 2006</a>, p. 72. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGannon2007">Gannon 2007</a>, p. 230. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHilton2006">Hilton 2006</a>, pp. 197–199. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopeland2006">Copeland 2006</a>, pp. 382, 383. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, pp. 245–250. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p. 273. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p. 346. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openplaques.org/plaques/1619">Placă #1619 la Open Plaques</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopeland2006">Copeland 2006</a>, p. 108. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRandell1980" class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Randell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Randell — pagină inexistentă">Randell, B</a> (<time datetime="1980">1980</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/research/pubs/books/papers/133.pdf">„A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century: Colossus”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2012-01-27">27 ianuarie 2012</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Computing+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+Colossus&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Randell&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.ncl.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fpubs%2Fbooks%2Fpapers%2F133.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> citând <cite id="CITEREFWomersley1946" class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_R._Womersley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John R. Womersley — pagină inexistentă">Womersley, J. R.</a> (<time datetime="1946-02-13">13 februarie 1946</time>). „<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>ACE' Machine Project”. <i>Executive Committee, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Executive+Committee%2C+National+Physical+Laboratory%2C+Teddington%2C+Middlesex&rft.atitle=%27ACE%27+Machine+Project&rft.date=1946-02-13&rft.aulast=Womersley&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Vezi <a href="#CITEREFCopeland2004b">Copeland 2004b</a>, pp. 410–432. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bruderer, Herbert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521211106/http://www.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk/turing2012/Images/Turing_Zuse.pdf">„Did Alan Turing interrogate Konrad Zuse in Göttingen in 1947?”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk/turing2012/Images/Turing_Zuse.pdf">original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> la <time datetime="2013-05-21">21 mai 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-02-07">7 februarie 2013</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+Alan+Turing+interrogate+Konrad+Zuse+in+G%C3%B6ttingen+in+1947%3F&rft.au=Bruderer%2C+Herbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk%2Fturing2012%2FImages%2FTuring_Zuse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Pentru mai multe detalii, vezi Herbert Bruderer, <i>Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doi10.1093/qjmam/1.1.287-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doi10.1093/qjmam/1.1.287_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doi10.1093/qjmam/1.1.287_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Turing, A. 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Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swintons.net/deodands/archives/000087.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2003-08-23">23 august 2003</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(<time datetime="2012">2012</time>). „Turing Pattern Fingered for Digit Formation”. <i>Science</i>. <b>338</b> (6113): 1406. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.338.6113.1406">10.1126/science.338.6113.1406</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23239707">23239707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Turing+Pattern+Fingered+for+Digit+Formation&rft.volume=338&rft.issue=6113&rft.pages=1406&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.338.6113.1406&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23239707&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sheth, R.; Marcon, L.; Bastida, M. F.; Junco, M.; Quintana, L.; Dahn, R.; Kmita, M.; Sharpe, J.; Ros, M. A. (<time datetime="2012">2012</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4486416">„Hox Genes Regulate Digit Patterning by Controlling the Wavelength of a Turing-Type Mechanism”</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>338</b> (6113): 1476–1480. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...338.1476S">2012Sci...338.1476S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1226804">10.1126/science.1226804</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4486416">4486416</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accesibil gratuit"><img alt="Accesibil gratuit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23239739">23239739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Hox+Genes+Regulate+Digit+Patterning+by+Controlling+the+Wavelength+of+a+Turing-Type+Mechanism&rft.volume=338&rft.issue=6113&rft.pages=1476-1480&rft.date=2012&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4486416&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23239739&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1226804&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...338.1476S&rft.aulast=Sheth&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Marcon%2C+L.&rft.au=Bastida%2C+M.+F.&rft.au=Junco%2C+M.&rft.au=Quintana%2C+L.&rft.au=Dahn%2C+R.&rft.au=Kmita%2C+M.&rft.au=Sharpe%2C+J.&rft.au=Ros%2C+M.+A.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4486416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Andrew Hodges. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio3.html">„The Alan Turing Bibliography”</a>. turing.org.uk. p. morphogenesis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2015-07-27">27 iulie 2015</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Alan+Turing+Bibliography&rft.pages=morphogenesis&rft.pub=turing.org.uk&rft.au=Andrew+Hodges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turing.org.uk%2Fsources%2Fbiblio3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeavitt2007">Leavitt 2007</a>, pp. 176–178. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Leavitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Leavitt — pagină inexistentă">Leavitt, David</a> (<time datetime="2007">2007</time>). <i>The man who knew too much: Alan Turing and the invention of the computer</i>. Phoenix. pp. 176–178. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-7538-2200-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-7538-2200-5">978-0-7538-2200-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+man+who+knew+too+much%3A+Alan+Turing+and+the+invention+of+the+computer&rft.pages=176-178&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-2200-5&rft.aulast=Leavitt&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Grime, James (<time datetime="2014-07-24">24 iulie 2014</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aperiodical.com/2014/07/an-alan-turing-expert-watches-the-the-imitation-game-trailer/">„An Alan Turing expert watches the "The Imitation Game" trailer”</a>. The Aperiodical<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2014-07-28">28 iulie 2014</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Alan+Turing+expert+watches+the+%22The+Imitation+Game%22+trailer&rft.pub=The+Aperiodical&rft.date=2014-07-24&rft.aulast=Grime&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faperiodical.com%2F2014%2F07%2Fan-alan-turing-expert-watches-the-the-imitation-game-trailer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p. 458. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeavittP268-126"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeavittP268_126-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeavitt2007">Leavitt 2007</a>, p. 268. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Hodges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Hodges — pagină inexistentă">Hodges, Andrew</a> (<time datetime="2012-05-27">27 mai 2012</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HyMcH_9eTtoC&pg=PA463"><i>Alan Turing: The Enigma</i></a> (în engleză). p. 463. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-691-15564-X" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-691-15564-X">0-691-15564-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%3A+The+Enigma&rft.pages=463&rft.date=2012-05-27&rft.isbn=0-691-15564-X&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHyMcH_9eTtoC%26pg%3DPA463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Hodges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Hodges — pagină inexistentă">Hodges, Andrew</a> (<time datetime="2012-05-27">27 mai 2012</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HyMcH_9eTtoC&pg=PA471"><i>Alan Turing: The Enigma</i></a> (în engleză). p. 471. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-691-15564-X" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-691-15564-X">0-691-15564-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%3A+The+Enigma&rft.pages=471&rft.date=2012-05-27&rft.isbn=0-691-15564-X&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHyMcH_9eTtoC%26pg%3DPA471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hodges, Andrew (<time datetime="2012">2012</time>). <i>Alan Turing: The Enigma The Centenary Edition</i>. Princeton University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%3A+The+Enigma+The+Centenary+Edition&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Hodges%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Turing, Alan (<time datetime="1952">1952</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150313205414/http://www.lettersofnote.com/2012/06/yours-in-distress-alan.html">„Letters of Note: Yours in distress, Alan”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lettersofnote.com/2012/06/yours-in-distress-alan.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2015-03-13">13 martie 2015</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2015-03-03">3 martie 2015</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letters+of+Note%3A+Yours+in+distress%2C+Alan&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Turing&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lettersofnote.com%2F2012%2F06%2Fyours-in-distress-alan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Hodges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Hodges — pagină inexistentă">Hodges, Andrew</a> (<time datetime="2012-05-27">27 mai 2012</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CGmyLDrbQtQC&pg=PT21"><i>Alan Turing: The Enigma</i></a> (în engleză). p. xxviii. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-691-15564-X" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-691-15564-X">0-691-15564-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%3A+The+Enigma&rft.pages=xxviii&rft.date=2012-05-27&rft.isbn=0-691-15564-X&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCGmyLDrbQtQC%26pg%3DPT21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p. 473. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeavitt2007">Leavitt 2007</a>, p. 269. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopeland2006">Copeland 2006</a>, p. 143. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p. 488. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p. 529. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeavitt2007">Leavitt 2007</a>, p. 140. și <a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, pp. 149, 489. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Copeland-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Copeland_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Copeland_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Pease, Roland (<time datetime="2012-06-23">23 iunie 2012</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18561092">„Alan Turing: Inquest's suicide verdict 'not supportable<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>”</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=BBC_News_Online&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BBC News Online — pagină inexistentă">BBC News Online</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4704926" class="extiw" title="d:Q4704926"><span title="BBC News Online la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2012-06-23">23 iunie 2012</time></span>. <q><i>We have ... been recreating the narrative of Turing's life, and we have recreated him as an unhappy young man who committed suicide. But the evidence is not there"</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Alan+Turing%3A+Inquest%27s+suicide+verdict+%27not+supportable%27&rft.date=2012-06-23&rft.aulast=Pease&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-18561092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/books-manuscripts/turing-ethel-sara-series-of-11-5685694-details.aspx">Scrisoare către Robin Gandy</a>, 28 iulie 1954, la christies.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, pp. 488, 489. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8226509.stm"><i>Thousands call for Turing apology</i></a>. BBC News. <time datetime="2009-08-31">31 august 2009</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-08-31">31 august 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thousands+call+for+Turing+apology&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2009-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F8226509.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/09/01/alan.turing.petition/index.html"><i>Petition seeks apology for Enigma code-breaker Turing</i></a>. CNN. <time datetime="2009-09-01">1 septembrie 2009</time>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091005081407/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/09/01/alan.turing.petition/index.html">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2009-10-05">5 octombrie 2009</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-09-01">1 septembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petition+seeks+apology+for+Enigma+code-breaker+Turing&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2009-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F09%2F01%2Falan.turing.petition%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMapology-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PMapology_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMapology_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMapology_143-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Davies, Caroline (<time datetime="2009-09-11">11 septembrie 2009</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/11/pm-apology-to-alan-turing">„PM's apology to codebreaker Alan Turing: we were inhumane”</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. UK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=PM%27s+apology+to+codebreaker+Alan+Turing%3A+we+were+inhumane&rft.date=2009-09-11&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fsep%2F11%2Fpm-apology-to-alan-turing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">deși era deschisă doar cetățenilor britanici.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PM-apology-145"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PM-apology_145-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8249792.stm">„PM apology after Turing petition”</a>. BBC News. <time datetime="2009-09-11">11 septembrie 2009</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=PM+apology+after+Turing+petition&rft.date=2009-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F8249792.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~ian/TuringApology.html">Full text of the Prime Minister's apology</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PardonPetition-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PardonPetition_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PardonPetition_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PardonPetition_147-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120110183548/http://submissions.epetitions.direct.gov.uk/petitions/23526">„Grant a pardon to Alan Turing”</a>. <time datetime="2011-12-06">6 decembrie 2011</time>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://submissions.epetitions.direct.gov.uk/petitions/23526">original</a> la <time datetime="2012-01-10">10 ianuarie 2012</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grant+a+pardon+to+Alan+Turing&rft.date=2011-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsubmissions.epetitions.direct.gov.uk%2Fpetitions%2F23526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBBCPardon-148"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBBCPardon_148-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-16061279">„Petition to pardon computer pioneer Alan Turing started”</a>. BBC News. <time datetime="2011-12-06">6 decembrie 2011</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Petition+to+pardon+computer+pioneer+Alan+Turing+started&rft.date=2011-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-manchester-16061279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PardonPetitionDiscouraged-149"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PardonPetitionDiscouraged_149-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Wainwright, Martin (<time datetime="2012-02-07">7 februarie 2012</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/the-northerner/2012/feb/07/alan-turing-pardon-lord-mcnally-lord-sharkey-computers">„Government rejects a pardon for computer genius Alan Turing”</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Government+rejects+a+pardon+for+computer+genius+Alan+Turing&rft.date=2012-02-07&rft.aulast=Wainwright&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2Fthe-northerner%2F2012%2Ffeb%2F07%2Falan-turing-pardon-lord-mcnally-lord-sharkey-computers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201212/ldhansrd/text/120202w0001.htm">„hansard”</a>. Parlamentul Regatului Unit. <time datetime="2012-02-02">2 februarie 2012</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=hansard&rft.pub=Parlamentul+Regatului+Unit&rft.date=2012-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld201212%2Fldhansrd%2Ftext%2F120202w0001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Stevenson, Alex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2013/12/24/better-late-than-never-alan-turing-is-finally-pardoned">„Better late than never, Alan Turing is finally pardoned”</a>. politics.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2016-09-25">25 septembrie 2016</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Better+late+than+never%2C+Alan+Turing+is+finally+pardoned&rft.pub=politics.co.uk&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politics.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2013%2F12%2F24%2Fbetter-late-than-never-alan-turing-is-finally-pardoned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald-152"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_152-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Fitzgerald, Todd (<time datetime="2016-09-24">24 septembrie 2016</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/alan-turings-court-convictions-go-11931942">„Alan Turing's court convictions go on display for the first time”</a>. manchestereveningnews.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2016-09-25">25 septembrie 2016</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%27s+court+convictions+go+on+display+for+the+first+time&rft.pub=manchestereveningnews.co.uk&rft.date=2016-09-24&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Falan-turings-court-convictions-go-11931942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-16833621">„MP calls for pardon for computer pioneer Alan Turing”</a>. BBC News. <time datetime="2012-02-01">1 februarie 2012</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2016-09-25">25 septembrie 2016</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MP+calls+for+pardon+for+computer+pioneer+Alan+Turing&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2012-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-manchester-16833621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2012-13/alanturingstatutorypardon.html">„Bill”</a>. Parliament of the United Kingdom. <time datetime="2012-07-26">26 iulie 2012</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-10-31">31 octombrie 2013</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bill&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2012-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fservices.parliament.uk%2Fbills%2F2012-13%2Falanturingstatutorypardon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Pearse, Damian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/dec/14/alan-turing-pardon-stephen-hawking">"Alan Turing should be pardoned, argue Stephen Hawking and top scientists"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 13 December 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turingguardian19july2013-156"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turingguardian19july2013_156-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Watt, Nicholas (<time datetime="2013-07-19">19 iulie 2013</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/jul/19/enigma-codebreaker-alan-turing-posthumous-pardon">„Enigma codebreaker Alan Turing to be given posthumous pardon”</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Enigma+codebreaker+Alan+Turing+to+be+given+posthumous+pardon&rft.date=2013-07-19&rft.au=Watt%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2013%2Fjul%2F19%2Fenigma-codebreaker-alan-turing-posthumous-pardon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Worth, Dan (<time datetime="2013-10-30">30 octombrie 2013</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.v3.co.uk/v3-uk/news/2302744/alan-turing-pardon-moves-a-step-closer">„Alan Turing pardon sails through House of Lords”</a>. V3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-12-24">24 decembrie 2013</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Alan+Turing+pardon+sails+through+House+of+Lords&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft.aulast=Worth&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.v3.co.uk%2Fv3-uk%2Fnews%2F2302744%2Falan-turing-pardon-moves-a-step-closer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2013-14/alanturingstatutorypardon.html">„Alan Turing (Statutory Pardon) Bill”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Turing bench, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA, USA.jpg”</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=File%3AA.+M.+Turing+bench%2C+Carnegie+Mellon+University%2C+Pittsburgh+PA%2C+USA.jpg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AA._M._Turing_bench%2C_Carnegie_Mellon_University%2C_Pittsburgh_PA%2C_USA.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oregon-178"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oregon_178-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114151918/http://www.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk/turing2012/files/oregon.html">„Turing at the University of Oregon”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk/turing2012/files/oregon.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2012-01-14">14 ianuarie 2012</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-11-01">1 noiembrie 2011</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turing+at+the+University+of+Oregon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk%2Fturing2012%2Ffiles%2Foregon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epfl-179"><b><a href="#cite_ref-epfl_179-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plan.epfl.ch/?zoom=20&recenter_y=5863918.36573&recenter_x=730628.82407&layerNodes=fonds,batiments,labels,information,parkings_publics,arrets_metro">„Turing at the EPFL”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2012-01-06">6 ianuarie 2012</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turing+at+the+EPFL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplan.epfl.ch%2F%3Fzoom%3D20%26recenter_y%3D5863918.36573%26recenter_x%3D730628.82407%26layerNodes%3Dfonds%2Cbatiments%2Clabels%2Cinformation%2Cparkings_publics%2Carrets_metro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://is.stuba.sk/mistnosti/?zobrazit_mistnost=2472;areal=2;budova=172;klic=2472;mistnostpodrobne=1;lang=en">„Lecture rooms”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2015-02-28">28 februarie 2015</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lecture+rooms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fis.stuba.sk%2Fmistnosti%2F%3Fzobrazit_mistnost%3D2472%3Bareal%3D2%3Bbudova%3D172%3Bklic%3D2472%3Bmistnostpodrobne%3D1%3Blang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univ-paris-diderot.fr/sc/site.php?bc=recherche&np=6_THESE">„Thèses soutenues Université Paris Diderot”</a>. University Paris Diderot. <time datetime="2016-06-10">10 iunie 2016</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Th%C3%A8ses+soutenues+Universit%C3%A9+Paris+Diderot&rft.date=2016-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univ-paris-diderot.fr%2Fsc%2Fsite.php%3Fbc%3Drecherche%26np%3D6_THESE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wueuniv-182"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wueuniv_182-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728061208/http://www.mathematik-informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/sonstiges/directions_maps/faculty_of_mathematics_and_computer_science/computer_science_building/ground_floor/">„Turing Hörsaal at University of Würzburg”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathematik-informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/sonstiges/directions_maps/faculty_of_mathematics_and_computer_science/computer_science_building/ground_floor/">original</a> la <time datetime="2014-07-28">28 iulie 2014</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2014-07-21">21 iulie 2014</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turing+H%C3%B6rsaal+at+University+of+W%C3%BCrzburg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathematik-informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de%2Fen%2Fsonstiges%2Fdirections_maps%2Ffaculty_of_mathematics_and_computer_science%2Fcomputer_science_building%2Fground_floor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150522010741/http://www.univ-tlse3.fr/24006883/0/fiche___pagelibre/%26RH%3DACCUEIL%26RF%3DRUB01">„Paul Sabatier University campus map”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univ-tlse3.fr/24006883/0/fiche___pagelibre/%26RH%3DACCUEIL%26RF%3DRUB01">original</a> la <time datetime="2015-05-22">22 mai 2015</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2018-06-12">12 iunie 2018</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Sabatier+University+campus+map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univ-tlse3.fr%2F24006883%2F0%2Ffiche___pagelibre%2F%2526RH%253DACCUEIL%2526RF%253DRUB01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111124907/http://www.amsterdamsciencepark.nl/location-facilities/facilities/catering-and-conference/">„Facilities / Catering and conference”</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_Park_Amsterdam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science Park Amsterdam — pagină inexistentă">Science Park Amsterdam</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4597611" class="extiw" title="d:Q4597611"><span title="Science Park Amsterdam la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amsterdamsciencepark.nl/location-facilities/facilities/catering-and-conference/">original</a> la <time datetime="2015-01-11">11 ianuarie 2015</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2015-01-11">11 ianuarie 2015</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facilities+%2F+Catering+and+conference&rft.pub=%3AScience+Park+Amsterdam%3Csup%3E%3Csmall%3E%E2%81%A0%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Science+Park+Amsterdam+la+Wikidata%22%3Ed%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fsmall%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amsterdamsciencepark.nl%2Flocation-facilities%2Ffacilities%2Fcatering-and-conference%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808223926/https://www.kcl.ac.uk/campuslife/services/grad/ceremonies/afterceremony/gradlist/Awards%20by%20Faculty/Prizes-Jan-2016.pdf">„King's College London Prizes”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. KCL. <time datetime="2016-06-10">10 iunie 2016</time>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/campuslife/services/grad/ceremonies/afterceremony/gradlist/Awards%20by%20Faculty/Prizes-Jan-2016.pdf">original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> la <time datetime="2016-08-08">8 august 2016</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=King%27s+College+London+Prizes&rft.date=2016-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcl.ac.uk%2Fcampuslife%2Fservices%2Fgrad%2Fceremonies%2Fafterceremony%2Fgradlist%2FAwards%2520by%2520Faculty%2FPrizes-Jan-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kent-business/county-news/recognising-shrouded-genius-of-computer-27479/">„How the University of Kent's new Turing College got its name”</a>. Kent Online. <time datetime="2016-06-10">10 iunie 2016</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+the+University+of+Kent%27s+new+Turing+College+got+its+name&rft.date=2016-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kentonline.co.uk%2Fkent-business%2Fcounty-news%2Frecognising-shrouded-genius-of-computer-27479%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162331/https://www.inria.fr/en/">„INRIA”</a>. <time datetime="2012">2012</time>. Arhivat din original în <time datetime="2018-06-12">12 iunie 2018</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2017-03-19">19 martie 2017</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INRIA&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inria.fr%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: URL impropriu (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_URL_impropriu" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: URL impropriu">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inova.unicamp.br/sites/default/files/images/Inova_brochuraPCTU_ingles.pdf">„Unicamp Science and Technology Park”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Inova. <time datetime="2016-07-01">1 iulie 2016</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Unicamp+Science+and+Technology+Park&rft.date=2016-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inova.unicamp.br%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2FInova_brochuraPCTU_ingles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112141644/http://www.ugent.be/we/nl/faculteit/pc-knooppunt">„Computer rooms at the university of Ghent”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ugent.be/we/nl/faculteit/pc-knooppunt">original</a> la <time datetime="2016-11-12">12 noiembrie 2016</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2018-06-12">12 iunie 2018</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computer+rooms+at+the+university+of+Ghent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ugent.be%2Fwe%2Fnl%2Ffaculteit%2Fpc-knooppunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Geringer, Steven (<time datetime="2007-07-27">27 iulie 2007</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081230233653/http://www.acm.org/press-room/news-releases-2007/turingaward/">„ACM'S Turing Award Prize Raised To $250,000”</a>. <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a> press release. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acm.org/press-room/news-releases-2007/turingaward/">original</a> la <time datetime="2008-12-30">30 decembrie 2008</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-10-16">16 octombrie 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACM%27S+Turing+Award+Prize+Raised+To+%24250%2C000&rft.pub=ACM+press+release&rft.date=2007-07-27&rft.au=Geringer%2C+Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acm.org%2Fpress-room%2Fnews-releases-2007%2Fturingaward%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/oration.html">„Unveiling the official Blue Plaque on Alan Turing's Birthplace”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2006-09-26">26 septembrie 2006</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unveiling+the+official+Blue+Plaque+on+Alan+Turing%27s+Birthplace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turing.org.uk%2Fbio%2Foration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013143212/http://www.blueplaque.com/detail.php?plaque_id=348">„About this Plaque – Alan Turing”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blueplaque.com/detail.php?plaque_id=348">original</a> la <time datetime="2007-10-13">13 octombrie 2007</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2006-09-25">25 septembrie 2006</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+this+Plaque+%E2%80%93+Alan+Turing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueplaque.com%2Fdetail.php%3Fplaque_id%3D348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openplaques.org/plaques/3276">Placă #3276 la Open Plaques</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">IEEE History Center (<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Code-breaking_at_Bletchley_Park_during_World_War_II,_1939-1945">„Milestones:Code-breaking at Bletchley Park during World War II, 1939–1945”</a>. <i>IEEE Global History Network</i>. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2012-03-29">29 martie 2012</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Global+History+Network&rft.atitle=Milestones%3ACode-breaking+at+Bletchley+Park+during+World+War+II%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2003&rft.au=IEEE+History+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FMilestones%3ACode-breaking_at_Bletchley_Park_during_World_War_II%2C_1939-1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111102045025/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/dangerous-knowledge.shtml">„Dangerous Knowledge”</a>. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2017-11-23">23 noiembrie 2017</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boston+Pride%3A+Honorary+Grand+Marshal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonpride.org%3A80%2Fhonorarymarshal.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/logos-that-became-legends-icons-from-the-world-of-advertising-768077.html">„Logos that became legends: Icons from the world of advertising”</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. UK. <time datetime="2008-01-04">4 ianuarie 2008</time>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091003003651/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/logos-that-became-legends-icons-from-the-world-of-advertising-768077.html">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2009-10-03">3 octombrie 2009</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-09-14">14 septembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Logos+that+became+legends%3A+Icons+from+the+world+of+advertising&rft.date=2008-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Flogos-that-became-legends-icons-from-the-world-of-advertising-768077.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creativebits.org/interview/interview_rob_janoff_designer_apple_logo">„Interview with Rob Janoff, designer of the Apple logo”</a>. creativebits<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2015-12-25">25 decembrie 2015</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turing+and+the+Apple+logo&rft.date=2015-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnavasazeez.com%2Fblog%2Fapple-logo-alan-turing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/story/20120620-the-turing-test-of-time">"Science & Environment – Alan Turing: Separating the man and the myth"</a>. BBC. Accesat la 23 iunie 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Halliday, Josh (<time datetime="2011-02-25">25 februarie 2011</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/feb/25/turing-papers-auction-bid-bletchley">„Turing papers to stay in UK after 11th-hour auction bid at”</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2014-11-01">1 noiembrie 2014</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2012+INDUCTEES&rft.pub=The+Legacy+Project&rft.au=Salvo%2C+Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legacyprojectchicago.org%2F2012_INDUCTEES.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advocate.com/pride/2014/10/11/photos-7-lgbt-heroes-honored-plaques-chicagos-legacy-walk">„PHOTOS: 7 LGBT Heroes Honored With Plaques in Chicago's Legacy Walk”</a>. Advocate.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2014-11-01">1 noiembrie 2014</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PHOTOS%3A+7+LGBT+Heroes+Honored+With+Plaques+in+Chicago%27s+Legacy+Walk&rft.pub=Advocate.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advocate.com%2Fpride%2F2014%2F10%2F11%2Fphotos-7-lgbt-heroes-honored-plaques-chicagos-legacy-walk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation audio-visual">Kamiab, Farbod (20 noiembrie 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WkPopfcnEO4"><i>Alan et la Pomme – Salvatore Adamo</i></a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WkPopfcnEO4">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WkPopfcnEO4</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat la 26 decembrie 2013</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alan+et+la+Pomme%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Salvatore+Adamo&rft.aulast=Kamiab%2C+Farbod&rft.au=Kamiab%2C+Farbod&rft.date=20+November+2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DWkPopfcnEO4&rfr_id=info:sid/ro.wikipedia.org:Alan_Turing"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="Această afirmație necesită referințe la surse mai de calitate. din decembrie 2017" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sd%C3%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SdÎ">necesită sursă mai bună</a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic-heritage/historical-figures-publications/hall-of-honor/2014/aturing.shtml">„Cryptologic Hall of Honor – Alan Turing”</a>. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2016-09-25">25 septembrie 2016</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=SCIENCE+FICTION&rft.date=1985-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1985%2F11%2F24%2Fbooks%2Fscience-fiction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/05/23/reviews/990523.23garnert.html">„Click Here”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2016-09-25">25 septembrie 2016</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Click+Here&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F99%2F05%2F23%2Freviews%2F990523.23garnert.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHolt2006" class="citation">Holt, Jim (<time datetime="2006-09-03">3 septembrie 2006</time>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/03/books/review/Holt.t.html">„Obsessive-Genius Disorder”</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obsessive-Genius+Disorder&rft.date=2006-09-03&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F09%2F03%2Fbooks%2Freview%2FHolt.t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/books/ct-prj-speak-louisa-hall-20150917-story.html">„Review: 'Speak' by Louisa Hall”</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2016-01-31">31 ianuarie 2016</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Review%3A+%27Speak%27+by+Louisa+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Flifestyles%2Fbooks%2Fct-prj-speak-louisa-hall-20150917-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Waldman, Katy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/30/books/review/speak-by-louisa-hall.html">„<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Speak,' by Louisa Hall”</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2016-01-31">31 ianuarie 2016</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Speak%2C%27+by+Louisa+Hall&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Katy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F08%2F30%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fspeak-by-louisa-hall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usatoday-235"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usatoday_235-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Truitt, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2013/05/13/kieron-gillen-uber-comic-book-series/2149289/#">„<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Uber' explores monsters and men of World War II”</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2017-04-13">13 aprilie 2017</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=%27Uber%27+explores+monsters+and+men+of+World+War+II&rft.aulast=Truitt&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Flife%2F2013%2F05%2F13%2Fkieron-gillen-uber-comic-book-series%2F2149289%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vague-terrain.com/?release=for-alan-turing">„Matmos release <i>For Alan Turing</i>”</a>. Vague Terrain<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2015-02-05">5 februarie 2015</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Matmos+release+For+Alan+Turing&rft.pub=Vague+Terrain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvague-terrain.com%2F%3Frelease%3Dfor-alan-turing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sheppard, Justin (<time datetime="2006-09-07">7 septembrie 2006</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prefixmag.com/news/track-review-matmos-enigma-machine-for-alan-turing/8032/">„Track Review: Matmos — Enigma Machine For Alan Turing”</a>. <i>Prefix Mag</i> (în engleză)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2015-02-05">5 februarie 2015</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prefix+Mag&rft.atitle=Track+Review%3A+Matmos+%E2%80%94+Enigma+Machine+For+Alan+Turing&rft.date=2006-09-07&rft.aulast=Sheppard&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prefixmag.com%2Fnews%2Ftrack-review-matmos-enigma-machine-for-alan-turing%2F8032%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Rodríguez Ramos, Javier (<time datetime="2012-05-29">29 mai 2012</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2012/05/25/tentaciones/1337949017_223917.html">„Hidrogenesse, 'Un dígito binario dudoso<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>”</a>. <i>El País – Cultura</i> (în spaniolă)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2015-02-05">5 februarie 2015</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs+%E2%80%93+Cultura&rft.atitle=Hidrogenesse%2C+%27Un+d%C3%ADgito+binario+dudoso%27&rft.date=2012-05-29&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez+Ramos&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcultura.elpais.com%2Fcultura%2F2012%2F05%2F25%2Ftentaciones%2F1337949017_223917.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Portwood, Jerry (<time datetime="2012-09-13">13 septembrie 2012</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.out.com/entertainment/popnography/2012/09/13/pet-shop-boys-speak-out-about-alan-turing">„Pet Shop Boys Working on Alan Turing Project”</a>. <i><span></span></i>Out<i> magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-12-29">29 decembrie 2013</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%27%27Out%27%27+magazine&rft.atitle=Pet+Shop+Boys+Working+on+Alan+Turing+Project&rft.date=2012-09-13&rft.aulast=Portwood&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.out.com%2Fentertainment%2Fpopnography%2F2012%2F09%2F13%2Fpet-shop-boys-speak-out-about-alan-turing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04b2m2y">„BBC Radio 3 – BBC Proms, 2014 Season, Prom 8: Pet Shop Boys”</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2014-11-01">1 noiembrie 2014</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Radio+3+%E2%80%93+BBC+Proms%2C+2014+Season%2C+Prom+8%3A+Pet+Shop+Boys&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb04b2m2y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141126093739/http://www.classical-music.com/event/hertfordshire-chorus-james-mccarthy-codebreaker">„Hertfordshire Chorus – James McCarthy: Codebreaker, a life in music”</a>. <i>Classical Music Magazine</i> (în engleză). Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classical-music.com/event/hertfordshire-chorus-james-mccarthy-codebreaker">original</a> la <time datetime="2014-11-26">26 noiembrie 2014</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2014-11-14">14 noiembrie 2014</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classical+Music+Magazine&rft.atitle=Hertfordshire+Chorus+%E2%80%93+James+McCarthy%3A+Codebreaker%2C+a+life+in+music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classical-music.com%2Fevent%2Fhertfordshire-chorus-james-mccarthy-codebreaker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SRMNi4_th-0"><span class="plainlinks">Codebreaker</span></a> pe <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Brooks, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deadline.com/2014/11/the-imitation-game-will-stuff-theaters-this-holiday-weekend-specialty-box-office-preview-1201297279/">„<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>The Imitation Game' Will Stuff Theaters This Holiday Weekend – Specialty Box Office Preview”</a>. <i>Deadline</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline&rft.atitle=%27The+Imitation+Game%27+Will+Stuff+Theaters+This+Holiday+Weekend+%E2%80%93+Specialty+Box+Office+Preview&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2014%2F11%2Fthe-imitation-game-will-stuff-theaters-this-holiday-weekend-specialty-box-office-preview-1201297279%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20141030-CM-244"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20141030-CM_244-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Charles, McGrath (<time datetime="2014-10-30">30 octombrie 2014</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/02/movies/the-imitation-game-dramatizes-the-story-of-alan-turing.html">„The Riddle Who Unlocked the Enigma – 'The Imitation Game' Dramatises the Story of Alan Turing”</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2014-11-02">2 noiembrie 2014</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Riddle+Who+Unlocked+the+Enigma+%E2%80%93+%27The+Imitation+Game%27+Dramatises+the+Story+of+Alan+Turing&rft.date=2014-10-30&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=McGrath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F11%2F02%2Fmovies%2Fthe-imitation-game-dramatizes-the-story-of-alan-turing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Walters, Ben (<time datetime="2014-10-09">9 octombrie 2014</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2014/oct/09/the-imitation-game-alan-turing-gay">„The Imitation Game: the queerest thing to hit multiplexes for years?”</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (în engleză)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2014-11-14">14 noiembrie 2014</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Imitation+Game%3A+the+queerest+thing+to+hit+multiplexes+for+years%3F&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft.au=Walters%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2Ffilmblog%2F2014%2Foct%2F09%2Fthe-imitation-game-alan-turing-gay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bradshaw, Peter (<time datetime="2014-11-13">13 noiembrie 2014</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/nov/13/the-imitation-game-review-cumberbatch-turing">„The Imitation Game review – Cumberbatch cracks biopic code”</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (în engleză)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2014-11-14">14 noiembrie 2014</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Imitation+Game+review+%E2%80%93+Cumberbatch+cracks+biopic+code&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft.au=Bradshaw%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2014%2Fnov%2F13%2Fthe-imitation-game-review-cumberbatch-turing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegraph-247"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_247-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Chris Harvey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/8904124/Britains-Greatest-Codebreaker-the-tragic-story-of-Alan-Turing.html">„Britain's Greatest Codebreaker: the tragic story of Alan Turing”</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2015-01-10">10 ianuarie 2015</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+Greatest+Codebreaker%3A+the+tragic+story+of+Alan+Turing&rft.au=Chris+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ftvandradio%2F8904124%2FBritains-Greatest-Codebreaker-the-tragic-story-of-Alan-Turing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r12727094">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAgar2001" class="citation book">Agar, Jon (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). <i>Turing and the Universal Machine</i> (în engleză). Duxford: Icon. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1-84046-250-0" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1-84046-250-0">978-1-84046-250-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turing+and+the+Universal+Machine&rft.place=Duxford&rft.pub=Icon&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84046-250-0&rft.aulast=Agar&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Agar, Jon (<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). <i>The government machine: a revolutionary history of the computer</i> (în engleză). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-262-01202-7" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-262-01202-7">978-0-262-01202-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+government+machine%3A+a+revolutionary+history+of+the+computer&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01202-7&rft.aulast=Agar&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAlexandercirca_1945" class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conel_Hugh_O%27Donel_Alexander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander — pagină inexistentă">Alexander, C. Hugh O'D.</a> (<time datetime="1945">1945</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellsbury.com/gne/gne-000.htm">„Cryptographic History of Work on the German Naval Enigma”</a> (în engleză). The National Archives, Kew, Reference HW 25/1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cryptographic+History+of+Work+on+the+German+Naval+Enigma&rft.chron=%3Ctime+datetime%3D%221945%22%3E1945%3C%2Ftime%3E&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=C.+Hugh+O%27D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ellsbury.com%2Fgne%2Fgne-000.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBeavers2013" class="citation book">Beavers, Anthony (<time datetime="2013">2013</time>). „Alan Turing: Mathematical Mechanist”. În Cooper, S. Barry; van Leeuwen, Jan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C9WQbm4ovFoC&pg=PA481"><i>Alan Turing: His Work and Impact</i></a> (în engleză). Waltham: Elsevier. pp. 481–485. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-12-386980-7" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-12-386980-7">978-0-12-386980-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alan+Turing%3A+Mathematical+Mechanist&rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%3A+His+Work+and+Impact&rft.place=Waltham&rft.pages=481-485&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-12-386980-7&rft.aulast=Beavers&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC9WQbm4ovFoC%26pg%3DPA481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Beniger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James R. Beniger — pagină inexistentă">Beniger, James</a> (<time datetime="1986">1986</time>). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Control_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Control Revolution — pagină inexistentă">The Control Revolution</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17108826" class="extiw" title="d:Q17108826"><span title="The Control Revolution la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></i> (în engleză). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-674-16986-7" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-674-16986-7">0-674-16986-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3AThe+Control+Revolution%3Csup%3E%3Csmall%3E%E2%81%A0%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22The+Control+Revolution+la+Wikidata%22%3Ed%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fsmall%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-674-16986-7&rft.aulast=Beniger&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBabbage1864" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Babbage, Charles</a> (<time datetime="1864">1864</time>). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Campbell-Kelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Campbell-Kelly — pagină inexistentă">Campbell-Kelly, Martin</a>, ed. <i>Passages from the life of a philosopher</i> (în engleză). Rough Draft Printing (publicat la <time datetime="2008">2008</time>). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1-60386-092-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1-60386-092-5">978-1-60386-092-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passages+from+the+life+of+a+philosopher&rft.pub=Rough+Draft+Printing&rft.date=1864&rft.isbn=978-1-60386-092-5&rft.aulast=Babbage&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bodanis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Bodanis — pagină inexistentă">Bodanis, David</a> (<time datetime="2005">2005</time>). <i>Electric Universe: How Electricity Switched on the Modern World</i> (în engleză). New York: Three Rivers Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-307-33598-4" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-307-33598-4">0-307-33598-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/61684223">61684223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electric+Universe%3A+How+Electricity+Switched+on+the+Modern+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61684223&rft.isbn=0-307-33598-4&rft.aulast=Bodanis&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Bruderer, Herbert (<time datetime="2012">2012</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldenbourg-verlag.de/wissenschaftsverlag/konrad-zuse-und-schweiz/9783486713664"><i>Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz. Wer hat den Computer erfunden? Charles Babbage, Alan Turing und John von Neumann</i></a> (în germană). XXVI, 224 Seiten. München: Oldenbourg Verlag. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-3-486-71366-4" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-3-486-71366-4">978-3-486-71366-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Konrad+Zuse+und+die+Schweiz.+Wer+hat+den+Computer+erfunden%3F+Charles+Babbage%2C+Alan+Turing+und+John+von+Neumann&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Oldenbourg+Verlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-486-71366-4&rft.aulast=Bruderer&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldenbourg-verlag.de%2Fwissenschaftsverlag%2Fkonrad-zuse-und-schweiz%2F9783486713664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Campbell-Kelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Campbell-Kelly — pagină inexistentă">Campbell-Kelly, Martin</a>; Aspray, William (<time datetime="1996">1996</time>). <i>Computer: A History of the Information Machine</i> (în engleză). New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-465-02989-2" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-465-02989-2">0-465-02989-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer%3A+A+History+of+the+Information+Machine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-465-02989-2&rft.aulast=Campbell-Kelly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Aspray%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ceruzzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Ceruzzi — pagină inexistentă">Ceruzzi, Paul</a> (<time datetime="1998">1998</time>). <i>A History of Modern Computing</i> (în engleză). Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-262-53169-0" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-262-53169-0">0-262-53169-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Computing&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+and+London&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-262-53169-0&rft.aulast=Ceruzzi&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_D._Chandler,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. — pagină inexistentă">Chandler, Alfred</a> (<time datetime="1977">1977</time>). <i>The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business</i> (în engleză). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-674-94052-0" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-674-94052-0">0-674-94052-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Visible+Hand%3A+The+Managerial+Revolution+in+American+Business&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-674-94052-0&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFChurch1936" class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Church, Alonzo</a> (<time datetime="1936">1936</time>). „An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory”. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Journal_of_Mathematics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Journal of Mathematics — pagină inexistentă">American Journal of Mathematics</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2584927" class="extiw" title="d:Q2584927"><span title="American Journal of Mathematics la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></i> (în engleză). <b>58</b> (2): 345. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2371045">10.2307/2371045</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9327">0002-9327</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2371045">2371045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%3AAmerican+Journal+of+Mathematics%3Csup%3E%3Csmall%3E%E2%81%A0%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22American+Journal+of+Mathematics+la+Wikidata%22%3Ed%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fsmall%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.atitle=An+Unsolvable+Problem+of+Elementary+Number+Theory&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=345&rft.date=1936&rft.issn=0002-9327&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2371045&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2371045&rft.aulast=Church&rft.aufirst=Alonzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCoopervan_Leeuwen2013" class="citation book">Cooper, S. Barry; van Leeuwen, Jan (<time datetime="2013">2013</time>). <i>Alan Turing: His Work and Impact</i> (în engleză). New York: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-12-386980-7" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-12-386980-7">978-0-12-386980-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%3A+His+Work+and+Impact&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-12-386980-7&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=S.+Barry&rft.au=van+Leeuwen%2C+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCopeland2004a" class="citation journal">Copeland, B. Jack (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>). „Colossus: Its Origins and Originators”. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Annals_of_the_History_of_Computing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE Annals of the History of Computing — pagină inexistentă">IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5970293" class="extiw" title="d:Q5970293"><span title="IEEE Annals of the History of Computing la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup></i> (în engleză). <b>26</b> (4): 38–45. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2004.26">10.1109/MAHC.2004.26</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%3AIEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing%3Csup%3E%3Csmall%3E%E2%81%A0%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing+la+Wikidata%22%3Ed%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fsmall%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.atitle=Colossus%3A+Its+Origins+and+Originators&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=38-45&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.2004.26&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.aufirst=B.+Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCopeland,_B._Jack2004b" class="citation book">Copeland, B. Jack, ed. (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>). <i>The Essential Turing</i> (în engleză). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-19-825079-7" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-19-825079-7">0-19-825079-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/156728127">156728127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Turing&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F156728127&rft.isbn=0-19-825079-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Copeland, B. Jack, ed. (<time datetime="2005">2005</time>). <i>Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Engine</i> (în engleză). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-19-856593-3" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-19-856593-3">0-19-856593-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/224640979">224640979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%27s+Automatic+Computing+Engine&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F224640979&rft.isbn=0-19-856593-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCopeland2006" class="citation book">Copeland, B. Jack (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). <i>Colossus: The secrets of Bletchley Park's code-breaking computers</i> (în engleză). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-19-284055-4" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-19-284055-4">978-0-19-284055-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colossus%3A+The+secrets+of+Bletchley+Park%27s+code-breaking+computers&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-284055-4&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.aufirst=B.+Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHilton2006" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Hilton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Hilton — pagină inexistentă">Hilton, Peter</a> (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). „Living with Fish: Breaking Tunny in the Newmanry and Testery”. <i>Colussus</i> (în engleză).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Living+with+Fish%3A+Breaking+Tunny+in+the+Newmanry+and+Testery&rft.btitle=Colussus&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hilton&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> în <a href="#CITEREFCopeland2006">Copeland 2006</a>, pp. 189–203.</li></ul></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Edwards, Paul N (<time datetime="1996">1996</time>). <i>The closed world: computers and the politics of discourse in Cold War America</i> (în engleză). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-262-55028-8" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-262-55028-8">0-262-55028-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+closed+world%3A+computers+and+the+politics+of+discourse+in+Cold+War+America&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-262-55028-8&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Paul+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGannon2007" class="citation book">Gannon, Paul (<time datetime="2007">2007</time>) [2006]. <i>Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret</i> (în engleză). London: Atlantic Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1-84354-331-2" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1-84354-331-2">978-1-84354-331-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colossus%3A+Bletchley+Park%27s+Greatest+Secret&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84354-331-2&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHodges1983" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hodges,_Andrew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hodges, Andrew — pagină inexistentă">Hodges, Andrew</a> (<time datetime="1983">1983</time>). <i>Alan Turing : the enigma</i> (în engleză). London: Burnett Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-09-152130-0" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-09-152130-0">0-09-152130-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alan+Turing+%3A+the+enigma&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Burnett+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-09-152130-0&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Hochhuth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolf Hochhuth — pagină inexistentă">Hochhuth, Rolf</a> (<time datetime="1988">1988</time>). <i>Alan Turing: en berättelse</i> (în engleză). Symposion. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-91-7868-109-9" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-91-7868-109-9">978-91-7868-109-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%3A+en+ber%C3%A4ttelse&rft.pub=Symposion&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-91-7868-109-9&rft.aulast=Hochhuth&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLeavitt2007" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Leavitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Leavitt — pagină inexistentă">Leavitt, David</a> (<time datetime="2007">2007</time>). <i>The man who knew too much: Alan Turing and the invention of the computer</i> (în engleză). Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-7538-2200-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-7538-2200-5">978-0-7538-2200-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+man+who+knew+too+much%3A+Alan+Turing+and+the+invention+of+the+computer&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-2200-5&rft.aulast=Leavitt&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janna_Levin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janna Levin — pagină inexistentă">Levin, Janna</a> (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). <i>A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines</i> (în engleză). New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1-4000-3240-2" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1-4000-3240-2">978-1-4000-3240-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Madman+Dreams+of+Turing+Machines&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-3240-2&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Janna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLewin1978" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Lewin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Lewin — pagină inexistentă">Lewin, Ronald</a> (<time datetime="1978">1978</time>). <i>Ultra Goes to War: The Secret Story</i>. Classic Military History (în engleză) (ed. Classic Penguin). London, England: Hutchinson & Co (publicat la <time datetime="2001">2001</time>). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-1-56649-231-7" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-1-56649-231-7">978-1-56649-231-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ultra+Goes+to+War%3A+The+Secret+Story&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Classic+Military+History&rft.edition=Classic+Penguin&rft.pub=Hutchinson+%26+Co&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-1-56649-231-7&rft.aulast=Lewin&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Lubar, Steven (<time datetime="1993">1993</time>). <i>Infoculture</i> (în engleză). Boston, Massachusetts and New York: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-395-57042-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-395-57042-5">0-395-57042-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infoculture&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts+and+New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-395-57042-5&rft.aulast=Lubar&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMahon1945" class="citation journal">Mahon, A. P. (<time datetime="1945">1945</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellsbury.com/hut8/hut8-000.htm">„The History of Hut Eight 1939–1945”</a> (în engleză). UK National Archives Reference HW 25/2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-10">10 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Hut+Eight+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Mahon&rft.aufirst=A.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ellsbury.com%2Fhut8%2Fhut8-000.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOakley2006" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Oakley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Oakley — pagină inexistentă">Oakley, Brian</a>, ed. (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). <i>The Bletchley Park War Diaries: July 1939 — August 1945</i> (în engleză) (ed. 2.6). Wynne Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bletchley+Park+War+Diaries%3A+July+1939+%E2%80%94+August+1945&rft.edition=2.6&rft.pub=Wynne+Press&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnellFitzgerald2003" class="citation journal">O'Connell, H; Fitzgerald, M (<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). „Did Alan Turing have Asperger's syndrome?”. <i>Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine</i> (în engleză). Irish Institute of Psychological Medicine. <b>20</b>: 28–31. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0790966700007503">10.1017/s0790966700007503</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0790-9667">0790-9667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Journal+of+Psychological+Medicine&rft.atitle=Did+Alan+Turing+have+Asperger%27s+syndrome%3F&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=28-31&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0790966700007503&rft.issn=0790-9667&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Fitzgerald%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_J._O%27Connor_(mathematician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John J. O'Connor (mathematician) — pagină inexistentă">O'Connor, John J.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_F._Robertson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund F. Robertson — pagină inexistentă">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Turing.html">„Alan Mathison Turing”</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alan+Mathison+Turing&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FTuring.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">.</li> <li>Petzold, Charles (2008). "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Annotated_Turing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Annotated Turing — pagină inexistentă">The Annotated Turing</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7713868" class="extiw" title="d:Q7713868"><span title="The Annotated Turing la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>: A Guided Tour through Alan Turing's Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine". <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>: Wiley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-470-22905-7" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-470-22905-7">ISBN: 978-0-470-22905-7</a></li> <li>Smith, Roger (1997). <i>Fontana History of the Human Sciences</i>. Londra: Fontana.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSipser2006" class="citation book">Sipser, Michael (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). <i>Introduction to the Theory of Computation</i> (în engleză). PWS Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-534-95097-3" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-534-95097-3">0-534-95097-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Theory+of+Computation&rft.pub=PWS+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-534-95097-3&rft.aulast=Sipser&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li>Weizenbaum, Joseph (1976). <i>Computer Power and Human Reason</i>. Londra: W.H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-7167-0463-3" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-7167-0463-3">ISBN: 0-7167-0463-3</a></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTuring1937" class="citation news">Turing, A. M. (<time datetime="1937">1937</time>) [Delivered to the Society November 1936]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/activities/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf">„On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society</i>. 2. <b>42</b>. pp. 230–65. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1112%2Fplms%2Fs2-42.1.230">10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+London+Mathematical+Society&rft.atitle=On+Computable+Numbers%2C+with+an+Application+to+the+Entscheidungsproblem&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=230-65&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1112%2Fplms%2Fs2-42.1.230&rft.aulast=Turing&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comlab.ox.ac.uk%2Factivities%2Fieg%2Fe-library%2Fsources%2Ftp2-ie.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> and <cite class="citation news">Turing, A.M. (<time datetime="1938">1938</time>). „On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem: A correction”. <i>Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society</i>. 2 (în engleză). <b>43</b> (publicat la <time datetime="1937">1937</time>). pp. 544–46. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1112%2Fplms%2Fs2-43.6.544">10.1112/plms/s2-43.6.544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+London+Mathematical+Society&rft.atitle=On+Computable+Numbers%2C+with+an+Application+to+the+Entscheidungsproblem%3A+A+correction&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=544-46&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1112%2Fplms%2Fs2-43.6.544&rft.aulast=Turing&rft.aufirst=A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Turing, Sara Stoney (<time datetime="1959">1959</time>). <i>Alan M Turing</i> (în engleză). W Heffer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alan+M+Turing&rft.pub=W+Heffer&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Turing&rft.aufirst=Sara+Stoney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> Mama lui Turing, care a mai trăit mulți ani după moartea lui, a scris această biografie de 157 de pagini a fiului ei, glorificându-i viața. Ea a fost publicată în 1959, și deci nu putea relata activitatea lui din timpul războiului. S-au vândut doar vreo 300 de exemplare (Sara Turing către Lyn Newman, 1967, Library of <a href="/w/index.php?title=St_John%27s_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St John's College — pagină inexistentă">St John's College</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691283" class="extiw" title="d:Q691283"><span title="St John's College la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>). Cuvântul înainte de șase pagini scris de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyn_Irvine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyn Irvine — pagină inexistentă">Lyn Irvine</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6708329" class="extiw" title="d:Q6708329"><span title="Lyn Irvine la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> include amintirile sale și este mai frecvent citat. A fost republicată de Cambridge University Press în 2012, în cinstea centenarului nașterii lui, și cuprinde un nou cuvânt înainte de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Davis — pagină inexistentă">Martin Davis</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1239172" class="extiw" title="d:Q1239172"><span title="Martin Davis la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, precum și memorii inedite ale fratelui mai mare al lui Turing, John F. Turing.</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Whitemore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Whitemore — pagină inexistentă">Whitemore, Hugh</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Hodges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Hodges — pagină inexistentă">Hodges, Andrew</a> (<time datetime="1988">1988</time>). <i>Breaking the code</i> (în engleză). S. French.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+the+code&rft.pub=S.+French&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Whitemore&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.au=Hodges%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> Această piesă de Hugh Whitemore din 1986 relatează viața și moartea lui Turing. În primele reprezentații de pe West End și Broadway, <a href="/wiki/Derek_Jacobi" title="Derek Jacobi">Derek Jacobi</a> a jucat rolul lui Turing și a recreat acest rol într-un film de televiziune din 1997 bazat pe această piesă realizat în coproducție de BBC și <a href="/w/index.php?title=WGBH,_Boston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WGBH, Boston — pagină inexistentă">WGBH, Boston</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3564675" class="extiw" title="d:Q3564675"><span title="WGBH, Boston la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>. Piesa este publicată de Amber Lane Press, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, ASIN: B000B7TM0Q</li> <li>Williams, Michael R. (1985) <i>A History of Computing Technology</i>, <a href="/wiki/Englewood_Cliffs,_New_Jersey" title="Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey">Englewood Cliffs</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prentice_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prentice Hall — pagină inexistentă">Prentice Hall</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q443253" class="extiw" title="d:Q443253"><span title="Prentice Hall la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-8186-7739-2" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-8186-7739-2">ISBN: 0-8186-7739-2</a></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Yates, David M. (<time datetime="1997">1997</time>). <i>Turing's Legacy: A history of computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945–1995</i> (în engleză). London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzeul_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bei_din_Londra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muzeul Științei din Londra — pagină inexistentă">London Science Museum</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674773" class="extiw" title="d:Q674773"><span title="Muzeul Științei din Londra la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-901805-94-7" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-901805-94-7">0-901805-94-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/123794619">123794619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turing%27s+Legacy%3A+A+history+of+computing+at+the+National+Physical+Laboratory+1945%E2%80%931995&rft.place=London&rft.pub=London+Science+Museum%3Csup%3E%3Csmall%3E%E2%81%A0%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Muzeul+%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bei+din+Londra+la+Wikidata%22%3Ed%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fsmall%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F123794619&rft.isbn=0-901805-94-7&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primul_joc_video" title="Primul joc video">Primul joc video</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox noprint" style="width:235px; line-height:2.2em; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr style="line-height:1.3em;"> <td colspan="2" align="center">Alte proiecte <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia</a> conțin de asemenea materiale despre acest subiect: </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/32px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alan_Turing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alan Turing"><b>Categorie</b></a> la <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principal%C4%83" class="extiw" title="commons:Pagina principală">Commons</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Wikidata-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251" class="extiw" title="d:Q7251">Alan Turing</a> la <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Pagina_principal%C4%83" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Pagina principală">Wikidata</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107493">Interviu cu Nicholas C. Metropolis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Babbage_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Babbage Institute — pagină inexistentă">Charles Babbage Institute</a><sup><small>(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276938" class="extiw" title="d:Q3276938"><span title="Charles Babbage Institute la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup>, Universitatea Statului Minnesota. Metropolis a fost primul director de servicii de calcul la <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Laboratorul Național Los Alamos</a>; se discută, printre altele, despre relația între Turing și <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turingcentenary.eu/">Anul Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turingarchive.org/">The Turing Archive</a><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.turingarchive.org/"><i>arhivă</i></a>]</sup> – conține documente scanate și materiale inedite din arhiva King's College, Cambridge</li></ul> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="color:#000060; background:lightgrey;;color:#000060; background:lightgrey;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style="color:#000060; background:lightgrey;;color:#000060; background:lightgrey;;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Time_100:_Cei_mai_importan%C8%9Bi_oameni_ai_secolului_XX" title="Format:Time 100: Cei mai importanți oameni ai secolului XX"><span title="Vizualizare format" style="color:#000060; background:lightgrey;;color:#000060; background:lightgrey;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Time_100:_Cei_mai_importan%C8%9Bi_oameni_ai_secolului_XX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Time 100: Cei mai importanți oameni ai secolului XX — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style="color:#000060; background:lightgrey;;color:#000060; background:lightgrey;;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Time_100:_Cei_mai_importan%C8%9Bi_oameni_ai_secolului_XX&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style="color:#000060; background:lightgrey;;color:#000060; background:lightgrey;;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century">Time 100: Cei mai importanți oameni ai secolului XX</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style="color:#000060; background:lightgrey;;;">Lideri și revoluționari </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben_Gurion" title="David Ben Gurion">David Ben Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Gorbaciov" title="Mihail Gorbaciov">Mihail Gorbaciov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_%C8%98i_Min" title="Ho Și Min">Ho Și Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papa_Ioan_Paul_al_II-lea" title="Papa Ioan Paul al II-lea">Papa Ioan Paul al II-lea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King">Martin Luther King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ilici_Lenin" title="Vladimir Ilici Lenin">Vladimir Ilici Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omul_din_Pia%C8%9Ba_Tiananmen" title="Omul din Piața Tiananmen">Omul din Piața Tiananmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="9"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Time_Magazine_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Time_Magazine_logo.svg/75px-Time_Magazine_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Time_Magazine_logo.svg/113px-Time_Magazine_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Time_Magazine_logo.svg/150px-Time_Magazine_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="92" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style="color:#000060; background:lightgrey;;;">Artiști și animatori </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodgers_%C8%99i_Hammerstein" title="Rodgers și Hammerstein">Rodgers și Hammerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_Simpson" title="Bart Simpson">Bart Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinski" title="Igor Stravinski">Igor Stravinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style="color:#000060; background:lightgrey;;;">Făuritori și titani </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Bechtel_Sr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Bechtel Sr. — pagină inexistentă">Stephen Bechtel Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Burnett" title="Leo Burnett">Leo Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willis_Carrier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willis Carrier — pagină inexistentă">Willis Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amadeo_Giannini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amadeo Giannini — pagină inexistentă">Amadeo Giannini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Kroc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ray Kroc — pagină inexistentă">Ray Kroc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder" title="Estée Lauder">Estée Lauder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Levitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Levitt — pagină inexistentă">William Levitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luciano" title="Lucky Luciano">Lucky Luciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_E._Merrill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles E. Merrill — pagină inexistentă">Charles E. Merrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Reuther&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Reuther — pagină inexistentă">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pete_Rozelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pete Rozelle — pagină inexistentă">Pete Rozelle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Sarnoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Sarnoff — pagină inexistentă">David Sarnoff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Trippe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Trippe — pagină inexistentă">Juan Trippe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Walton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sam Walton — pagină inexistentă">Sam Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_J._Watson_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas J. Watson Jr. — pagină inexistentă">Thomas J. Watson Jr.</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style="color:#000060; background:lightgrey;;;">Oameni de știință și gânditori </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Baekeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philo_Farnsworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philo Farnsworth — pagină inexistentă">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familia_Leakey" title="Familia Leakey">Familia Leakey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley">William Bradford Shockley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> & <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" title="James D. Watson">James D. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fra%C8%9Bii_Wright" title="Frații Wright">Frații Wright</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style="color:#000060; background:lightgrey;;;">Eroi și legende </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armata_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Armata Statelor Unite ale Americii">Soldatul american</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana,_Prin%C8%9Bes%C4%83_de_Wales" title="Diana, Prințesă de Wales">Diana, Prințesă de Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay" title="Tenzing Norgay">Tenzing Norgay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Familia Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Harvey Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pel%C3%A9" title="Pelé">Pelé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Saharov" title="Andrei Saharov">Andrei Saharov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maica_Tereza" title="Maica Tereza">Maica Tereza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_W.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bill W. — pagină inexistentă">Bill W.</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> 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