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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_local_dialects_and_misconceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_local_dialects_and_misconceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other local dialects and misconceptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_local_dialects_and_misconceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dialect and accent of American English</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>New Orleans English</b><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> native to the city of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> and its <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_metropolitan_area" title="New Orleans metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>. Native English speakers of the region actually speak a number of varieties, including the variety most recently brought in and spreading since the 20th century among white communities of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> in general (<a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern U.S. English</a>); the variety primarily spoken by black residents (<a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a>); the variety spoken by Cajuns in <a href="/wiki/Acadiana" title="Acadiana">southern Louisiana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun English</a>); the variety traditionally spoken by affluent white residents of the city's <a href="/wiki/Uptown_New_Orleans" title="Uptown New Orleans">Uptown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garden_District,_New_Orleans" title="Garden District, New Orleans">Garden District</a>; and the variety traditionally spoken by lower middle- and working-class white residents of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern New Orleans">Eastern New Orleans</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Ward">Ninth Ward</a> (sometimes known, since at least the 1980s, as <b>Yat</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, only the last two varieties are unique to New Orleans and are typically those referred to in the academic research as "New Orleans English". These two varieties specific to New Orleans likely developed around the turn of the nineteenth century and most noticeably combine speech features commonly associated with both <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City English</a> and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern U.S. English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The noticeably New York-like characteristics include the <a href="/wiki/New_York_accent#Vowels" title="New York accent">NYC-like short-<i>a</i> split</a> (so that <i>mad</i> and <i>map</i>, for example, do not have the same vowel), <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">non-rhoticity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th-stopping" title="Th-stopping"><i>th</i>-stopping</a> (so that, for example, "those" may sound like "doze"), and the recently disappearing <a href="/wiki/Coil%E2%80%93curl_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Coil–curl merger">coil–curl merger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noticeably Southern characteristics include the <a href="/wiki/Fronting_(phonology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fronting (phonology)">fronting</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oʊ/</span> and possible <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongization</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aɪ/</span> (just these features, plus non-rhoticity, often characterize the Uptown accent). </p><p>Often, the term "Yat" refers particularly to the New Orleans accents that are "strongest" or most especially reminiscent of a working-class New York City accent,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though others use the term as a regional marker, to define the speech heard in certain parts of the city and its inner suburbs. Used in these narrower senses, Yat is simply one of many sub-dialects of New Orleans. The word comes from the common use of the local greeting, "Where y'at?" or "Where are you at (i.e. in life)?", which is a way of asking, "How are you?" </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A unique New Orleans accent, or "Yat" accent, is considered an identity marker of white metropolitan people who have been raised in the greater New Orleans area. English professor Allan A. Metcalf discusses that "Yats" mostly live near the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Channel,_New_Orleans" title="Irish Channel, New Orleans">Irish Channel</a> in blue-collar neighborhoods. The dialect's connotation with the working-class white population therefore encodes the speaker's identities.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The striking similarity between the New Orleans Yat accent and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent of the New York metropolitan area</a> has been the subject of much speculation. Plausible origins of the accent are described in <a href="/wiki/A._J._Liebling" title="A. J. Liebling">A. J. Liebling</a>'s book <i>The Earl of Louisiana</i>, in a passage that was used as a foreword to <i><a href="/wiki/A_Confederacy_of_Dunces" title="A Confederacy of Dunces">A Confederacy of Dunces</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_Toole" title="John Kennedy Toole">John Kennedy Toole</a>'s well-known posthumously published novel about New Orleans:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is a New Orleans city accent ... associated with <a href="/wiki/Downtown_New_Orleans" title="Downtown New Orleans">downtown New Orleans</a>, particularly with the German and Irish <a href="/wiki/Third_Ward_of_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Ward of New Orleans">Third Ward</a>, that is hard to distinguish from the accent of <a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey">Hoboken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Queens" title="Astoria, Queens">Astoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">inflection</a>, extinct in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, has taken refuge. The reason, as you might expect, is that the same stocks that brought the accent to Manhattan imposed it on New Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>In the decades following the 1803 <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, when New Orleans changed from being a French colonial possession to an American city, Irish, German, and eventually Italian (largely Sicilian) immigrants indeed began populating the city.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, rather than believing the New York and New Orleans dialects evolved similarly merely due to a similar mixture of European immigrant populations, modern linguists believe that the dialect histories of New Orleans and New York City actually have a direct relationship: significant commercial and demographic interactions between the two cities.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although exact linguistic theories vary, the broad consensus is that key New York accent features probably diffused to New Orleans by the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large-scale movements (permanent or <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_human_migration" title="Seasonal human migration">seasonal</a>) of working-class, lower middle-class, and merchant-class Northeastern Americans of European immigrant families to New Orleans may have brought along their native Northeastern (namely, <a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">New York City</a>) accent features. Even during the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Antebellum era">antebellum era</a>, Northerners made up over a quarter of all free, white, non-immigrant residents of New Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguist <a href="/wiki/William_Labov" title="William Labov">William Labov</a> specifically argues that Jewish American bankers and cotton merchants strongly affiliated with New York City were the biggest influence on upper-class accents (and presumably, the eventual accents of all classes) in New Orleans. He cites examples of <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">German Jewish</a> connections to influential mercantile firms in 19th-century New Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-Labov2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labov2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the features bear a direct relation to <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a> or <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City English</a>, when not <a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">common across the United States</a> more broadly. Of the "Yat" dialect features, the most distinct ones are: </p> <ul><li>No <a href="/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger" title="Cot–caught merger">cot–caught merger</a>, as in regional American accents. there is a <a href="/wiki/Father%E2%80%93bother_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Father–bother merger">father–bother merger</a>, but the merged <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span> becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɒ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> in rhotic environments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006260–1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006260–1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Stressed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span> becoming <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔə]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɒə]</span> (i.e., 'God,' 'on,' 'talk', become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡɔəd]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔən]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɔək]</span>, respectively).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">Non-rhoticity</a>; 'heart' and 'fire' become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hɔət]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈfaɪə]</span>, respectively. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_diphthongs#Coil–curl_merger" title="Phonological history of English diphthongs">coil–curl merger</a>: phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔɪ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɝ/</span>, creating the diphthong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɜɪ]</span>, before a consonant. the feature has receded, but not as much as in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a>. Sometimes, the exact opposite occurs, the full rhotacization of a syllable-internal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔɪ/</span> (i.e. 'toilet,' becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtɝlɪt]</span>); this is more typical in men than in women.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th-stopping" title="Th-stopping">Th-stopping</a>, pronouncing the "th" sounds like 't' or 'd'.</li> <li>A variable <i><a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger">horse–hoarse merger</a></i></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪn/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ən/</span> used for unstressed and final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪŋ/</span>. this makes 'running' sound like 'runnin'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki//%C3%A6/_raising" title="/æ/ raising">Splitting the historic 'short a' vowel</a> into tense <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eə]</span> and lax <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span> versions. New Orleans' system most closely resembles New York City's, but also applies to voiced fricatives and function words.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English#Modern_phonology" title="Southern American English"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aɪ/</span></a>-<a href="/wiki/Monophthongization" title="Monophthongization">monophthongization</a>, resulting in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː]</span>. this is common to many <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southeastern</a> United States accents.<sup id="cite_ref-Trawick_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trawick-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>however, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_raising" title="Canadian raising">Canadian raising</a> of both /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ can also be heard among younger speakers<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Shifting the stress of some words, such as "insurance", to the first syllable. This also occurs in the broader <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southeastern</a> United States, and many forms of <a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">AAVE</a>.</li></ul> <p>There are some words with phonemic peculiarities, but according to no particular pattern; including 'sink' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ziŋk/</span>, 'room' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɻʊm/</span>, 'mayonnaise' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmeɪnæz/</span>, 'museum' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mjuˈzɛəm/</span>, 'ask' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æks/</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> is locally pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nəˈwɔəlɪnz]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nəˈwɔəliənz]</span>, with the "New" destressed. The slurred, stereotypical "N'awlins" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nɔəlɪnz]</span> and the <a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nu<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔɻˈlinz]</span> are not often heard from natives. <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> can be pronounced as the standard <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[luˈiziænə]</span> or a slightly reduced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ləˈwiziænə]</span> in the 'Yat' dialect. </p><p>Black New Orleanians adopt most features of the African-American Vowel Shift,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which they share with Black residents of Acadiana. Compared with Black <a href="/wiki/New_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="New Iberia">New Iberians</a> though, Black New Orleanians had in-gliding <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i,<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span> and less diphthongized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_English&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_variance">Local variance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Local variance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/New_Orleans_English" title="Special:EditPage/New Orleans English">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Yat accent is the most pronounced version of the New Orleans accent, and is perceptually similar to a <a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">New York accent</a>. As with all dialects, there is variance in the accent to geographic and social factors like one's exact locational or financial background. </p><p>Speakers of this dialect originated in the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Ward_of_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Ward of New Orleans">Ninth Ward</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Channel,_New_Orleans" title="Irish Channel, New Orleans">Irish Channel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mid-City,_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-City, New Orleans">Mid-City</a>. Lighter features of the dialect can be heard in some parts of the city, such as Lakeview, the Marigny, the Garden District, and some parts of Gentilly, but mainly in the suburbs. The dialect is present to some degree in all seven parishes that make up the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_metropolitan_area" title="New Orleans metropolitan area">New Orleans metropolitan area</a>, from St. Tammany to Plaquemines. As with many <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociolinguistic">sociolinguistic</a> artifacts in the 21st century, the dialect is usually more distinct among older members of the population. The New Orleans suburban area of <a href="/wiki/Chalmette,_Louisiana" title="Chalmette, Louisiana">Chalmette</a> shows the strongest Yat accent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riverbend6DecLeidenheimerTruckVicNatly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Riverbend6DecLeidenheimerTruckVicNatly.jpg/300px-Riverbend6DecLeidenheimerTruckVicNatly.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Riverbend6DecLeidenheimerTruckVicNatly.jpg/450px-Riverbend6DecLeidenheimerTruckVicNatly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Riverbend6DecLeidenheimerTruckVicNatly.jpg/600px-Riverbend6DecLeidenheimerTruckVicNatly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>The characters "Vic & Nat'ly" by local cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Bunny_Matthews" title="Bunny Matthews">Bunny Matthews</a> are what some might call Yats.</figcaption></figure> <p>The distinct New Orleans dialect has been depicted in many ways throughout the city and the U.S. </p><p>The main character of the <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartoon strip">cartoon strip</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Krazy_Kat" title="Krazy Kat">Krazy Kat</a></i> spoke in a slightly exaggerated <a href="/wiki/Phonetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic">phonetically</a>-rendered version of early-20th century Yat; friends of the New Orleans-born <a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">cartoonist</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Herriman" title="George Herriman">George Herriman</a> recalled that he spoke with many of the same distinctive <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciations</a>. </p><p>Actual New Orleans accents were seldom heard nationally. New Orleanians who attained national prominence in the media often made an effort to tone down or eliminate the most distinctive local pronunciations. Dan Baum's <i>Nine Lives</i> shares the feelings of Ronald Lewis, a native of the Ninth Ward who is embarrassed by his local dialect when speaking in front of a group of white northerners. After the displacement of Greater New Orleans area residents because of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>, the United States was introduced to some of the New Orleans Yat accents by constant news coverage. <a href="/wiki/Steven_Seagal" title="Steven Seagal">Steven Seagal</a>'s show <i><a href="/wiki/Steven_Seagal:_Lawman" title="Steven Seagal: Lawman">Lawman</a></i> exposed some Yat accents and dialects to the nation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Virgets" title="Ronnie Virgets">Ronnie Virgets</a>, a New Orleans writer, commentator, and journalist, employs New Orleans dialects and accents in his written and spoken works, including the locally produced public radio program, <i>Crescent City</i>. <a href="/wiki/WWNO" title="WWNO">WWNO</a>, the local public radio station, broadcasts the program and provides access to past <i>Crescent City</i> programs on its website. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:June_1984_Snap_Shot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/June_1984_Snap_Shot.jpg/220px-June_1984_Snap_Shot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/June_1984_Snap_Shot.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seymore_D._Fair" title="Seymore D. Fair">Seymore D. Fair</a>; his name is a Yat derivative.</figcaption></figure><p>The name of the official mascot for the <a href="/wiki/1984_Louisiana_World_Exposition" title="1984 Louisiana World Exposition">1984 Louisiana World Exposition</a>, held in New Orleans, was derived from the truncated pronunciation of "See More of the Fair," which results in the pseudo yat speak "<a href="/wiki/Seymore_D._Fair" title="Seymore D. Fair">Seymore D. Fair</a>." </p><p>A Midwest Cajun restaurant chain based in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> carries the name Yats. </p><p>Cellphone company <a href="/wiki/Boost_Mobile" title="Boost Mobile">Boost Mobile</a> used the phrase "Where Y'At?" in early advertising campaigns. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Who_Dat%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Who Dat?">Who Dat?</a> is a chant commonly tied to the Yat dialect and used in support of the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints" title="New Orleans Saints">New Orleans Saints</a> <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a> team. The entire chant is "Who dat? Who dat? Who dat say dey gonna beat dem Saints?" Saints fans are collectively called the "Who Dat Nation." </p><p>The Yat dialect is seldom heard when New Orleans is depicted in movies and television shows. Traditionally, characters portrayed from New Orleans are heard using a southern or Cajun accent. An example of this is 1986's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Easy_(film)" title="The Big Easy (film)">The Big Easy</a></i>, in which <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Quaid" title="Dennis Quaid">Dennis Quaid</a> speaks an exaggerated Cajun/southern derivation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trend has been challenged, though, in light of post-Katrina New Orleans representation, like HBO's <a href="/wiki/Treme_(TV_series)" title="Treme (TV series)"><i>Treme</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Bad_Lieutenant:_Port_of_Call_New_Orleans" title="Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans">Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans</a></i>, both of which feature actual New Orleans locals either speaking in Yat or one of its variations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_local_dialects_and_misconceptions">Other local dialects and misconceptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other local dialects and misconceptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, the city of New Orleans has been home to people of French, Spanish, and African heritages, which led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana Creole French">Louisiana Creole</a> language, before this city came under U.S. rule in the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>. Over the course of the 19th century, the city transitioned from speaking French to becoming a <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_and_non-rhotic_accents" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotic and non-rhotic accents">non-rhotic</a> English-speaking society. Similarly, much of the South has historically spoken non-rhotic English. </p><p>A misconception in other parts of the U.S. is that the local dialect of New Orleans is the same as <a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun English</a> (spoken in several other areas of <a href="/wiki/South_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="South Louisiana">South Louisiana</a>), but the city's cultural and linguistic traditions are distinct from that of the predominantly rural <a href="/wiki/Acadiana" title="Acadiana">Acadiana</a>, an area spanning across South Louisiana. While there has been an influx of Cajuns into the city since the oil boom of the later 20th century and while there are some similarities due to shared roots, Cajun culture has had relatively little influence upon Creole culture and thus Yat culture. The confusion of Cajun culture with the Creole culture is largely due to the confusion of these French cultures by the tourism and entertainment industries; sometimes this was done deliberately, as "Cajun" was often discovered to be a potentially lucrative marketing term. Speakers with a <i>New Orleans accent</i> are typically proud of their accent as it organically stems from the historical mixing of language and culture. This distinctive accent has been dying out generationally in the city due to <a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">white flight</a> of the city, but remains very strong in the suburbs. However, the Yat dialect does survive in the city in several areas, notably Mid-city, Lakeview, parts of Gentilly and Uptown.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_English&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernstein2014">Bernstein (2014</a>:220)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernstein2014">Bernstein (2014</a>:219)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Alvarez, Louis (director) (1985). <i>Yeah You Rite!</i> (Short documentary film). USA: Center for New American Media.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yeah+You+Rite%21&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Center+for+New+American+Media&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabov_et_al2006">Labov et al (2006</a>:260–1)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFLabov_et_al2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metcalf, Allan A., <i>How We Talk: American Regional English Today</i> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000). Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toole, John Kennedy (1980). <i>A Confederacy of Dunces</i>. Baton Rouge: LSU.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liebling, A. J. (1970). <i>The Earl of Louisiana</i>. Baton Rouge: LSU.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernstein2014">Bernstein (2014</a>:220)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carmichael, Katie; Becker, Kara (2014). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwav43.illinois.edu/program/documents/Carmichael-Becker-LongAbstract.pdf">That Hoboken near the Gulf of Mexico: What (r) can tell us about English in New York City and New Orleans</a>". Paper to be presented at <i>New Ways of Analyzing Variation</i> (NWAV) 43, Chicago IL.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carmichael, Katie; Becker, Kara (2018). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57d6fbcde4fcb5b3ba75dca6/t/5c5859128165f5406773b9e0/1549293842622/Carmichael+%26+Becker+2018.pdf">The New York City–New Orleans connection: Evidence from constraint ranking comparison</a>." <i>Language Variation and Change</i> 30.3: 287-314. pp. 19, 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carmichael & Becker, 2018, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Labov2007-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Labov2007_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Labov, William. "Transmission and Diffusion". <i>Language</i>. Volume 83, Number 2, June 2007, 344–387. Linguistic Society of America. pp. 33-34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006260–1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006260–1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, pp. 260–1.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trawick-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trawick_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Trawick-Smith2011" class="citation web cs1">Ben Trawick-Smith (1 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialectblog.com/2011/09/01/on-the-hunt-for-the-new-orleans-yat">"On the Hunt for the New Orleans Yat"</a>. <i>Dialect Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dialect+Blog&rft.atitle=On+the+Hunt+for+the+New+Orleans+Yat&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft.au=Ben+Trawick-Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdialectblog.com%2F2011%2F09%2F01%2Fon-the-hunt-for-the-new-orleans-yat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.aip.org/asa/jasa/article/147/1/554/828838/The-rise-of-Canadian-raising-of-au-in-New-Orleans">"The Rise of Canadian Raising of au in New Orleans"</a>. <i>pubs.aip.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pubs.aip.org&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Canadian+Raising+of+au+in+New+Orleans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.aip.org%2Fasa%2Fjasa%2Farticle%2F147%2F1%2F554%2F828838%2FThe-rise-of-Canadian-raising-of-au-in-New-Orleans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://pubs.aip.org/asa/jasa/article/148/4_Supplement/2761/674177/Vowel-characteristics-of-Black-speakers-English-in">https://pubs.aip.org/asa/jasa/article/148/4_Supplement/2761/674177/Vowel-characteristics-of-Black-speakers-English-in</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SzWwINeiZa4"><span class="plainlinks">The Big Easy (1986) trailer</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrasted2018" class="citation web cs1">Brasted, Chelsey (12 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nola.com/archive/not-happy-about-the-yat-accent-disappearing-neither-is-this-man/article_eebd14d8-0298-5bec-a371-2cce7e43c7c8.html">"site-logo BATON ROUGE NEW ORLEANS ACADIANA LAKE CHARLES GAMBIT ADORE LOG IN SUBSCRIBE VIEW E-EDITION NEWSLETTERS 79° WEATHER NEWS SPORTS SPORTS BETTING ENTERTAINMENT/LIFE OPINIONS LEGALS HOMES OBITUARIES JOBS CALENDAR STORE Not happy about the Yat accent disappearing? Neither is this man"</a>. <i>nola.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nola.com&rft.atitle=site-logo+BATON+ROUGE+NEW+ORLEANS+ACADIANA+LAKE+CHARLES+GAMBIT+ADORE+LOG+IN+SUBSCRIBE+VIEW+E-EDITION+NEWSLETTERS+79%C2%B0+WEATHER+NEWS+SPORTS+SPORTS+BETTING+ENTERTAINMENT%2FLIFE+OPINIONS+LEGALS+HOMES+OBITUARIES+JOBS+CALENDAR+STORE+Not+happy+about+the+Yat+accent+disappearing%3F+Neither+is+this+man&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft.aulast=Brasted&rft.aufirst=Chelsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2Farchive%2Fnot-happy-about-the-yat-accent-disappearing-neither-is-this-man%2Farticle_eebd14d8-0298-5bec-a371-2cce7e43c7c8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_English&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaum2009" class="citation book cs1">Baum, Dan (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ninelivesdeathli00baum"><i>Nine Lives</i></a></span>. New York: Spiegel & Grau. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385523196" title="Special:BookSources/9780385523196"><bdi>9780385523196</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nine+Lives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Spiegel+%26+Grau&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780385523196&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fninelivesdeathli00baum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2014" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Cynthia; et al. (2014) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e-XkAwAAQBAJ"><i>Language Variety in the South Revisited</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa, Alabama</a>: University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817357443" title="Special:BookSources/9780817357443"><bdi>9780817357443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Variety+in+the+South+Revisited&rft.place=Tuscaloosa%2C+Alabama&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780817357443&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De-XkAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebling1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._Liebling" title="A. J. Liebling">Liebling, A. J.</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s50780.sites40.storefront-hosting.com/detail.aspx?ID=330"><i>The Earl of Louisiana</i></a>. Baton Rouge: LSU. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-0203-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-0203-2"><bdi>0-8071-0203-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earl+of+Louisiana&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pub=LSU&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-8071-0203-2&rft.aulast=Liebling&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fs50780.sites40.storefront-hosting.com%2Fdetail.aspx%3FID%3D330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToole1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_Toole" title="John Kennedy Toole">Toole, John Kennedy</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s50780.sites40.storefront-hosting.com/detail.aspx?ID=262p"><i>A Confederacy of Dunces</i></a>. Baton Rouge: LSU. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-0203-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-0203-2"><bdi>0-8071-0203-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Confederacy+of+Dunces&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pub=LSU&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-8071-0203-2&rft.aulast=Toole&rft.aufirst=John+Kennedy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fs50780.sites40.storefront-hosting.com%2Fdetail.aspx%3FID%3D262p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans+English" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_English&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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architecture of New Orleans">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Orleans" title="Culture of New Orleans">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans#Demographics" title="New Orleans">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans#Economy" title="New Orleans">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans#Education" title="New Orleans">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_Orleans" title="Flag of New Orleans">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans#Geography" title="New Orleans">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_New_Orleans" title="Healthcare in New Orleans">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Orleans" title="History of New Orleans">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_Orleans" title="Timeline of New Orleans">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_New_Orleans" title="Mardi Gras in New Orleans">Mardi Gras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_New_Orleans" title="Media of New Orleans">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Orleans" title="Music of New Orleans">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_New_Orleans" title="Neighborhoods in New Orleans">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_New_Orleans" title="List of people from New Orleans">Notable people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_New_Orleans" title="List of public art in New Orleans">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_New_Orleans" title="List of tallest buildings in New Orleans">Skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_New_Orleans" title="Sports in New Orleans">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_New_Orleans" title="Streetcars in New Orleans">Streetcars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans#Culture_and_contemporary_life" title="New Orleans">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans#Government" title="New 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<li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Holy_Cross" title="University of Holy Cross">Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyola_University_New_Orleans" title="Loyola University New Orleans">Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSU_Health_Sciences_Center_New_Orleans" title="LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans">LSU Health Sciences Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Baptist_Theological_Seminary" title="New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary">New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Seminary" title="Notre Dame Seminary">Notre Dame Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_University_at_New_Orleans" title="Southern University at New Orleans">SUNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Orleans" title="University of New Orleans">UNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_University_of_Louisiana" title="Xavier University of Louisiana">Xavier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans#Sports" title="New Orleans">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delgado_Dolphins" class="mw-redirect" title="Delgado Dolphins">Delgado Dolphins</a> (Delgado)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillard_Bleu_Devils_and_Lady_Bleu_Devils" title="Dillard Bleu Devils and Lady Bleu Devils">Dillard Bleu Devils and Lady Bleu Devils</a> (Dillard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyola_Wolf_Pack" title="Loyola Wolf Pack">Loyola Wolf Pack</a> (Loyola New Orleans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Gold" title="New Orleans Gold">New Orleans Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Jesters" title="New Orleans Jesters">New Orleans Jesters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Pelicans" title="New Orleans Pelicans">New Orleans Pelicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Privateers" title="New Orleans Privateers">New Orleans Privateers</a> (UNO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints" title="New Orleans Saints">New Orleans Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Breakers_(2022)" title="New Orleans Breakers (2022)">New Orleans Breakers (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Knights_and_Lady_Knights" title="Southern–New Orleans Knights and Lady Knights">Southern–New Orleans Knights and Lady Knights</a> (SUNO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulane_Green_Wave" title="Tulane Green Wave">Tulane Green Wave</a> (Tulane)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Gold_Rush_and_Gold_Nuggets" title="Xavier Gold Rush and Gold Nuggets">Xavier Gold Rush and Gold Nuggets</a> (Xavier LA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_New_Orleans" title="Mardi Gras in New Orleans">Mardi Gras in New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Quarter_Festival" title="French Quarter Festival">French Quarter Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Jazz_%26_Heritage_Festival" title="New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival">New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams_%26_New_Orleans_Literary_Festival" title="Tennessee Williams & New Orleans Literary Festival">Tennessee Williams & New Orleans Literary Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satchmo_SummerFest" title="Satchmo SummerFest">Satchmo SummerFest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Music_%2B_Arts_Experience" title="Voodoo Music + Arts Experience">Voodoo Music + Arts Experience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_dialects" title="Template:English dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_dialects" title="Template talk:English dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">Dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">accents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Great <br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North <br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United <br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and <br />ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Gogate)" title="Globish (Gogate)">Gogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Nerrière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_English_(version_of_English)" title="Learning English (version of English)">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-based_pidgins" title="List of English-based pidgins">List of English-based pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic 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