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href="#Traditional_red,_yellow,_and_blue_primary_colors_as_a_subtractive_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Traditional red, yellow, and blue primary colors as a subtractive system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_red,_yellow,_and_blue_primary_colors_as_a_subtractive_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional red, yellow, and blue primary colors as a subtractive system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_red,_yellow,_and_blue_primary_colors_as_a_subtractive_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mixing_pigments_in_limited_palettes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixing_pigments_in_limited_palettes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mixing pigments in limited palettes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixing_pigments_in_limited_palettes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_space_primaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_space_primaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Color space primaries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Color_space_primaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Color space primaries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Color_space_primaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imaginary_primaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imaginary_primaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Imaginary primaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imaginary_primaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Real_primaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real_primaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Real primaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real_primaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_primaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_primaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Psychological primaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_primaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_and_color_vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_and_color_vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Light and color vision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_and_color_vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colorants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colorants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Colorants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colorants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_order_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_order_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Color order systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_order_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red,_yellow,_and_blue_as_primary_colors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red,_yellow,_and_blue_as_primary_colors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Red, yellow, and blue as primary colors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red,_yellow,_and_blue_as_primary_colors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Primary color</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="لون أولي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لون أولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_primariu" title="Color primariu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Color primariu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fsas_r%C9%99ngl%C9%99r" title="Əsas rənglər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əsas rənglər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%A2n-sek" title="Goân-sek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goân-sek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolor_na_primaryo" title="Kolor na primaryo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kolor na primaryo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82" title="སྣོན་བྱེད་གཞི་མདོག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྣོན་བྱེད་གཞི་མདོག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_primari" title="Color primari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Color primari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lliw_primaidd" title="Lliw primaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lliw primaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prim%C3%A6rfarver" title="Primærfarver – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Primærfarver" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundfarbe" title="Grundfarbe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grundfarbe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5hiv%C3%A4rvus" title="Põhivärvus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põhivärvus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CF%87%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Βασικά χρώματα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασικά χρώματα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_primario" title="Color primario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Color primario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baza_koloro" title="Baza koloro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baza koloro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oinarrizko_kolore" title="Oinarrizko kolore – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oinarrizko kolore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C" title="رنگ‌های اصلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنگ‌های اصلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couleur_primaire" title="Couleur primaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Couleur primaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prim%C3%AAre_kleur" title="Primêre kleur – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Primêre kleur" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dathanna_pr%C3%ADomh%C3%BAla" title="Dathanna príomhúla – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dathanna príomhúla" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor_primaria" title="Cor primaria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cor primaria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%83%89" title="원색 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원색" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հիմնական գույներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիմնական գույներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3" title="प्राथमिक वर्ण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राथमिक वर्ण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warna_primer" title="Warna primer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Warna primer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colore_primario" title="Colore primario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colore primario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%A2_%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93" title="צבע יסוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צבע יסוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werna_primer" title="Werna primer – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Werna primer" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%96_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Негізгі түстер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Негізгі түстер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koul%C3%A8_prim%C3%A8" title="Koulè primè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Koulè primè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Негизги түстөр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Негизги түстөр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colores_primarii" title="Colores primarii – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Colores primarii" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="പ്രാഥമിക വർണ്ണങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രാഥമിക വർണ്ണങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warna_primer" title="Warna primer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Warna primer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primaire_kleur" title="Primaire kleur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Primaire kleur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E8%89%B2" title="原色 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原色" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prim%C3%A6rfarge" title="Primærfarge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Primærfarge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prim%C3%A6rfarge" title="Primærfarge – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Primærfarge" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colors_prim%C3%A0rias" title="Colors primàrias – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Colors primàrias" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barwy_podstawowe" title="Barwy podstawowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Barwy podstawowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor_prim%C3%A1ria" title="Cor primária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cor primária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culoare_primar%C4%83" title="Culoare primară – Romanian" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fundamental color in color mixing</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about colors. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Primary_Colors_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Primary Colors (disambiguation)">Primary Colors</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CRT_phosphors.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/CRT_phosphors.png/390px-CRT_phosphors.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/CRT_phosphors.png/585px-CRT_phosphors.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/CRT_phosphors.png/780px-CRT_phosphors.png 2x" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="1591" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Emission_spectra" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission spectra">emission spectra</a> of the three <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphors</a> that define the <b>additive primary colors</b> of a <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">CRT</a> color video display. Other electronic color display technologies (<a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">Plasma display</a>, <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a>) have analogous sets of primaries with different emission spectra.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">set</a> of <b>primary colors</b> consists of <a href="/wiki/Colorant" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorant">colorants</a> or colored <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">lights</a> that can be mixed in varying amounts to produce a <a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Colors">colors</a>. This is the essential method used to create the perception of a broad range of colors in, e.g., electronic displays, color printing, and paintings. Perceptions associated with a given combination of primary colors can be predicted by an appropriate mixing model (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Additive_mixing" class="mw-redirect" title="Additive mixing">additive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_mixing" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtractive mixing">subtractive</a>) that uses the physics of how light interacts with physical media, and ultimately the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> to be able to accurately display the intended colors. The most common color mixing models are the additive primary colors (red, green, blue) and the subtractive primary colors (cyan, magenta, yellow). Red, yellow and blue are also <a href="#Red,_yellow,_and_blue_as_primary_colors">commonly taught as primary colors</a> (usually in the context of subtractive color mixing as opposed to additive color mixing), despite some criticism due to its lack of scientific basis. </p><p>Primary colors can also be conceptual (not necessarily real), either as additive mathematical elements of a <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a> or as irreducible phenomenological categories in domains such as psychology and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">philosophy</a>. Color space primaries are precisely defined and empirically rooted in <a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">psychophysical</a> <a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">colorimetry</a> experiments which are foundational for understanding <a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">color vision</a>. Primaries of some color spaces are <i>complete</i> (that is, all visible colors are described in terms of their primaries weighted by nonnegative primary intensity coefficients) but necessarily <i>imaginary</i><sup id="cite_ref-handprintprimaries_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handprintprimaries-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (that is, there is no plausible way that those primary colors could be represented physically, or perceived). Phenomenological accounts of primary colors, such as the psychological primaries, have been used as the conceptual basis for practical color applications even though they are not a quantitative description in and of themselves. </p><p>Sets of color space primaries are generally <i>arbitrary</i>, in the sense that there is no one set of primaries that can be considered the canonical set. Primary pigments or light sources are selected for a given application on the basis of subjective preferences as well as practical factors such as cost, stability, availability etc. </p><p>The concept of primary colors has a long, complex history. The choice of primary colors has changed over time in different domains that study color. Descriptions of primary colors come from areas including philosophy, art history, color order systems, and scientific work involving the physics of light and perception of color. </p><p>Art education materials commonly use red, yellow, and blue as primary colors, sometimes suggesting that they can mix all colors. No set of real colorants or lights can mix all possible colors, however. In other domains, the three primary colors are typically red, green and blue, which are more closely aligned to the sensitivities of the <a href="/wiki/Photopigment" title="Photopigment">photoreceptor pigments</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color_model_primaries">Color model primaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_color&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Color model primaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">color model</a> is an abstract model intended to describe the ways that colors behave, especially in <a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">color mixing</a>. Most color models are defined by the interaction of multiple primary colors. Since most humans are <a href="/wiki/Trichromacy" title="Trichromacy">trichromatic</a>, color models that want to <a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">reproduce</a> a meaningful portion of a human's perceptual <a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a> must use at least <i>three</i> primaries.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than three primaries are allowed, for example, to increase the size of the gamut of the color space, but the entire human perceptual gamut can be reproduced with just three primaries (albeit imaginary ones as in the <a href="/wiki/CIE_XYZ_color_space" class="mw-redirect" title="CIE XYZ color space">CIE XYZ color space</a>). </p><p>Some humans (and most mammals<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are <a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">dichromats</a>, corresponding to specific forms of <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">color blindness</a> in which color vision is mediated by only two of the types of color receptors. Dichromats require only two primaries to reproduce their entire gamut and their participation in color matching experiments was essential in the determination of cone fundamentals leading to all modern color spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite most vertebrates being <a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">tetrachromatic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore requiring four primaries to reproduce their entire gamut, there is only one scholarly report of a functional human <a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">tetrachromat</a>, for which trichromatic color models are insufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additive_models">Additive models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_color&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Additive models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AdditiveColor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/AdditiveColor.svg/220px-AdditiveColor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/AdditiveColor.svg/330px-AdditiveColor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/AdditiveColor.svg/440px-AdditiveColor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Additive primary color model</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LCD_pixels_RGB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/LCD_pixels_RGB.jpg/330px-LCD_pixels_RGB.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/LCD_pixels_RGB.jpg/465px-LCD_pixels_RGB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/LCD_pixels_RGB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>A photograph of the red, green, and blue elements (subpixels) of an <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">LCD</a>. Additive mixing explains how light from these colored elements can be used for photorealistic color image reproduction.</figcaption></figure> <p>The perception elicited by multiple light sources co-stimulating the same area of the retina is <a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a>, i.e., predicted via summing the <a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">spectral power distributions</a> (the intensity of each wavelength) of the individual light sources assuming a color matching context.<sup id="cite_ref-Williamson1983_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson1983-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17–22">: 17–22 </span></sup> For example, a <a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">purple</a> spotlight on a dark background could be matched with coincident <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a> spotlights that are both dimmer than the purple spotlight. If the intensity of the purple spotlight was doubled it could be matched by doubling the intensities of both the red and blue spotlights that matched the original purple. The principles of additive color mixing are embodied in <a href="/wiki/Grassmann%27s_law_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grassmann's law (optics)">Grassmann's laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additive mixing is sometimes described as "additive color matching"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to emphasize the fact the predictions based on additivity only apply assuming the color matching context. Additivity relies on assumptions of the color matching context such as the match being in the <a href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">foveal</a> field of view, under appropriate luminance, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additive mixing of coincident spot lights was applied in the experiments used to derive the <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931" class="mw-redirect" title="CIE 1931">CIE 1931</a> colorspace (see <a href="#Color_space_primaries">color space primaries section</a>). The original <i><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_radiation" title="Monochromatic radiation">monochromatic</a></i> primaries of the wavelengths of 435.8 nm (<a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">violet</a>), 546.1 nm (<a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a>), and 700 nm (red) were used in this application due to the convenience they afforded to the experimental work.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Small red, green, and blue elements (with controllable brightness) in electronic displays mix additively from an appropriate viewing distance to synthesize compelling colored images. This specific type of additive mixing is described as <i>partitive mixing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williamson1983_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson1983-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21–22">: 21–22 </span></sup> Red, green, and blue light are popular primaries for partitive mixing since primary lights with those hues provide a large <a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">color triangle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exact colors chosen for additive primaries are a compromise between the available technology (including considerations such as cost and power usage) and the need for large chromaticity gamut. For example, in 1953 the <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> specified primaries that were representative of the <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphors</a> available in that era for color <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">CRTs</a>. Over decades, market pressures for brighter colors resulted in CRTs using primaries that deviated significantly from the original standard.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, <a href="/wiki/Rec._709" title="Rec. 709">ITU-R BT.709-5</a> primaries are typical for <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtractive_models">Subtractive models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_color&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subtractive models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SubtractiveColor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/SubtractiveColor.svg/220px-SubtractiveColor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/SubtractiveColor.svg/330px-SubtractiveColor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/SubtractiveColor.svg/440px-SubtractiveColor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Subtractive primary color model</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halftoningcolor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Halftoningcolor.svg/310px-Halftoningcolor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Halftoningcolor.svg/465px-Halftoningcolor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Halftoningcolor.svg/620px-Halftoningcolor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>A magnified representation of small partially overlapping spots of cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black) <a href="/wiki/Halftone" title="Halftone">halftones</a> in <a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a> process printing. Each row represents the pattern of partially overlapping ink "rosettes" so that the patterns would be perceived as blue, green, and red when viewed on white paper from a typical viewing distance. The overlapping ink layers mix subtractively while additive mixing predicts the color appearance from the light reflected from the rosettes and white paper in between them.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive color</a> mixing model predicts the resultant spectral power distribution of light filtered through overlaid partially absorbing materials, usually in the context of an underlying reflective surface such as white paper.<sup id="cite_ref-Williamson1983_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson1983-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22–23">: 22–23 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each layer partially absorbs some wavelengths of light from the illumination while letting others pass through, resulting in a colored appearance. The resultant spectral power distribution is predicted by the wavelength-by-wavelength product of the spectral reflectance of the illumination and the product of the spectral reflectances of all of the layers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overlapping layers of ink in printing mix subtractively over reflecting white paper, while the reflected light mixes in a partitive way to generate color images.<sup id="cite_ref-Williamson1983_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson1983-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30–33">: 30–33 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Importantly, unlike additive mixture, the color of the mixture is not well predicted by the colors of the individual dyes or inks. The typical number of inks in such a printing process is 3 (CMY) or 4 (<a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a>), but can commonly range to 6 (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hexachrome" title="Hexachrome">Pantone hexachrome</a>). In general, using fewer inks as primaries results in more economical printing but using more may result in better color reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">Cyan</a> (C), <a href="/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">magenta</a> (M), and <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a> (Y) are good chromatic subtractive primaries in that filters with those colors can be overlaid to yield a surprisingly large chromaticity gamut.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A black (K) ink (from the older "<a href="/wiki/Key_plate" title="Key plate">key plate</a>") is also used in CMYK systems to augment C, M and Y inks or dyes: this is more efficient in terms of time and expense and less likely to introduce visible defects.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the color names <i>cyan</i> and <i>magenta</i> were in common use, these primaries were often known as blue and red, respectively, and their exact color has changed over time with access to new pigments and technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organizations such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fogra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fogra (page does not exist)">Fogra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/European_Color_Initiative" title="European Color Initiative">European Color Initiative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Specifications_for_Web_Offset_Publications" title="Specifications for Web Offset Publications">SWOP</a> publish <a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">colorimetric</a> CMYK standards for the printing industry.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_red,_yellow,_and_blue_primary_colors_as_a_subtractive_system"><span id="Traditional_red.2C_yellow.2C_and_blue_primary_colors_as_a_subtractive_system"></span>Traditional red, yellow, and blue primary colors as a subtractive system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_color&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Traditional red, yellow, and blue primary colors as a subtractive system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Color_Mixing_Guide_cover_and_plates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Color_Mixing_Guide_cover_and_plates.jpg/330px-Color_Mixing_Guide_cover_and_plates.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Color_Mixing_Guide_cover_and_plates.jpg/500px-Color_Mixing_Guide_cover_and_plates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Color_Mixing_Guide_cover_and_plates.jpg/960px-Color_Mixing_Guide_cover_and_plates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1877" /></a><figcaption>Color Mixing Guide, John L. King 1925, cover and plates describing yellow, red, and blue color mixing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farbkreis_Itten_1961.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Farbkreis_Itten_1961.svg/180px-Farbkreis_Itten_1961.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Farbkreis_Itten_1961.svg/270px-Farbkreis_Itten_1961.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Farbkreis_Itten_1961.svg/360px-Farbkreis_Itten_1961.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>A representation of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Itten" title="Johannes Itten">Johannes Itten</a>'s color wheel showing his red, yellow, and blue as primary colors within the central equilateral triangle<sup id="cite_ref-itten1961_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itten1961-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Color theorists since the seventeenth century, and many artists and designers since that time, have taken red, yellow, and blue to be the primary colors (see <a href="#Red,_yellow,_and_blue_as_primary_colors">history</a> below). This RYB system, in "traditional color theory", is often used to order and compare colors, and sometimes proposed as a system of mixing pigments to get a wide range of, or "all", colors.<sup id="cite_ref-o'connor_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o'connor-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connor describes the role of RYB primaries in traditional color theory:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A cornerstone component of traditional color theory, the RYB conceptual color model underpins the notion that the creation of an exhaustive gamut of color nuances occurs via intermixture of red, yellow, and blue pigments, especially when applied in conjunction with white and black pigment color. In the literature relating to traditional color theory and RYB color, red, yellow, and blue are often referred to as primary colors and represent exemplar hues rather than specific hues that are more pure, unique, or proprietary variants of these hues.</p></blockquote> <p>Traditional color theory is based on experience with pigments, more than on the science of light. In 1920, Snow and Froehlich explained:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It does not matter to the makers of dyes if, as the physicist says, red light and green light in mixture make yellow light, when they find by experiment that red pigment and green pigment in mixture produce gray. No matter what the spectroscope may demonstrate regarding the combination of yellow rays of light and blue rays of light, the fact remains that yellow pigment mixed with the blue pigment produces green pigment.</p></blockquote> <p>The widespread adoption of teaching of RYB as primary colors in post-secondary art schools in the twentieth century has been attributed to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Itten" title="Johannes Itten">Johannes Itten</a> developed his ideas on color during his time there in the 1920s, and of his book on color<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-itten1961_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itten1961-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In discussing color design for the web, Jason Beaird writes:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The reason many digital artists still keep a red, yellow, and blue color wheel handy is because the color schemes and concepts of traditional color theory are based on that model. ... Even though I design mostly for the Web—a medium that's displayed in RGB—I still use red, yellow, and blue as the basis for my color selection. I believe that color combinations created using the red, yellow, and blue color wheel are more aesthetically pleasing, and that good design is about aesthetics.</p></blockquote> <p>As with any system of real primaries, not all colors can be mixed from RYB primaries.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if the blue pigment is a deep <a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a>, then a muddy desaturated green may be the best that can be had by mixing with yellow.<sup id="cite_ref-stjohn_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stjohn-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To achieve a larger gamut of colors via mixing, the blue and red pigments used in illustrative materials such as the <i>Color Mixing Guide</i> in the image are often closer to <a href="/wiki/Peacock_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock blue">peacock blue</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Blue-green" title="Blue-green">blue-green</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Carmine_(color)" title="Carmine (color)">carmine</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Crimson" title="Crimson">crimson</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">magenta</a>) respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-stjohn_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stjohn-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-raymer_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raymer-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-draftsman_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-draftsman-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Printers traditionally used inks of such colors, known as "process blue" and "process red", before modern color science and the printing industry converged on the process colors (and names) cyan and magenta<sup id="cite_ref-stjohn_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stjohn-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-draftsman_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-draftsman-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RYB is not the same as CMY, nor exactly subtractive, but that there is a range of ways to conceptualize traditional RYB as a subtractive system in the framework of modern color science. </p><p>Faber-Castell identifies the following three colors: "Cadmium yellow" (number 107) for yellow, "Phthalo blue" (number 110) for blue and "Deep scarlet red" (number 219) for red, as the closest to primary colors for its Art & Graphic color pencils range. "Cadmium yellow" (number 107) for yellow, "Phthalo blue" (number 110) for blue and "Pale geranium lake" (number 121) for red, are provided as primary colors in its basic 5 color "Albrecht Dürer" watercolor marker set. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixing_pigments_in_limited_palettes">Mixing pigments in limited palettes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_color&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mixing pigments in limited palettes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paint_mixing" title="Paint mixing">Paint mixing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sj%C3%A4lvportr%C3%A4tt_av_Anders_Zorn_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sj%C3%A4lvportr%C3%A4tt_av_Anders_Zorn_1896.jpg/170px-Sj%C3%A4lvportr%C3%A4tt_av_Anders_Zorn_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sj%C3%A4lvportr%C3%A4tt_av_Anders_Zorn_1896.jpg/255px-Sj%C3%A4lvportr%C3%A4tt_av_Anders_Zorn_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sj%C3%A4lvportr%C3%A4tt_av_Anders_Zorn_1896.jpg/340px-Sj%C3%A4lvportr%C3%A4tt_av_Anders_Zorn_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2383" data-file-height="3131" /></a><figcaption>An 1896 self-portrait by <a href="/wiki/Anders_Zorn" title="Anders Zorn">Anders Zorn</a> clearly showing a four-pigment palette of what are thought to be white, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_ochre" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow ochre">yellow ochre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermillion" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermillion">vermillion</a>, and black pigments<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The first known use of red, yellow, and blue as "simple" or "primary" colors, by <a href="/wiki/Chalcidius" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcidius">Chalcidius</a>, ca. AD 300, was possibly based on the art of paint mixing.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mixing pigments for the purpose of creating realistic paintings with diverse color gamuts is known to have been practiced at least since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> (see <a href="#History">history section</a>). The identity of a/the set of minimal pigments to mix diverse gamuts has long been the subject of speculation by theorists whose claims have changed over time, for example, Pliny's white, black, one or another red, and "sil", which might have been yellow or blue; Robert Boyle's white, black, red, yellow, and blue; and variations with more or fewer "primary" color or pigments. Some writers and artists have found these schemes difficult to reconcile with the actual practice of painting.<sup id="cite_ref-gage_apelles_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gage_apelles-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29–38">: 29–38 </span></sup> Nonetheless, it has long been known that limited palettes consisting of a small set of pigments are sufficient to mix a diverse gamut of colors.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyle1664_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyle1664-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The set of pigments available to mix diverse gamuts of color (in various media such as <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watercolor_painting" title="Watercolor painting">watercolor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_paint" title="Acrylic paint">acrylic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouache</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pastel" title="Pastel">pastel</a>) is large and has changed throughout history.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no consensus on a specific set of pigments that are considered primary colors –  the choice of pigments depends entirely on the artist's subjective preference of subject and style of art, as well as material considerations like <a href="/wiki/Lightfastness" title="Lightfastness">lightfastness</a> and mixing behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of limited palettes have been employed by artists for their work.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The color of light (i.e., the spectral power distribution) reflected from illuminated surfaces coated in paint mixes is not well approximated by a subtractive or additive mixing model.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Color predictions that incorporate light scattering effects of pigment particles and paint layer thickness require approaches based on the <a href="/wiki/Kubelka%E2%80%93Munk_theory" title="Kubelka–Munk theory">Kubelka–Munk equations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but even such approaches are not expected to predict the color of paint mixtures precisely due to inherent limitations.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artists typically rely on mixing experience and "recipes"<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to mix desired colors from a small initial set of primaries and do not use mathematical modeling. </p><p>MacEvoy explains why artists often chose a palette closer to RYB than to CMY:<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (December 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Because the 'optimal' pigments in practice produce unsatisfactory mixtures; because the alternative selections are less granulating, more transparent, and mix darker values; and because visual preferences have demanded relatively saturated yellow to red mixtures, obtained at the expense of relatively dull green and purple mixtures. Artists jettisoned 'theory' to obtain the best color mixtures in practice.</p></blockquote> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color_space_primaries">Color space primaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_color&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Color space primaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colormatch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Colormatch.svg/220px-Colormatch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Colormatch.svg/330px-Colormatch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Colormatch.svg/440px-Colormatch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>A conceptual visualization of a color matching experiment. A circular foveal bipartite field (about the size one's thumbnail an arm's length away<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is presented to the observer in a dark surround. One part of the field is illuminated by a monochromatic test stimulus. The participant adjusts the intensities of the three coincident monochromatic primary lights (which are usually red, green and blue hues) on either field until both the test stimulus and match stimulus appear as the exact same color. In this case the participant has added red to the 480 nm test stimulus and has almost matched the match stimulus made of only the green and blue lights of comparable intensities. The specific monochromatic primaries shown here are from the Stiles-Burch 1955 experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canonical_color_matching_functions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Canonical_color_matching_functions.png/220px-Canonical_color_matching_functions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Canonical_color_matching_functions.png/330px-Canonical_color_matching_functions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Canonical_color_matching_functions.png/440px-Canonical_color_matching_functions.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/CIE_RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="CIE RGB">CIE RGB</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CIE_XYZ" class="mw-redirect" title="CIE XYZ">CIE XYZ</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> color matching functions and <a href="/wiki/LMS_color_space" title="LMS color space">LMS</a> cone fundamentals.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The curves are all for 2° fields.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a> is a subset of a <a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">color model</a>, where the primaries have been defined, either directly as photometric spectra, or indirectly as a function of other color spaces. For example, <a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adobe_RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe RGB">Adobe RGB</a> are both color spaces based on the <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a>. However, the green primary of Adobe RGB is more saturated than the equivalent in sRGB, and therefore yields a larger <a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sRGBVsAdobeRGB_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sRGBVsAdobeRGB-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise, choice of color space is largely arbitrary and depends on the utility to a specific application.<sup id="cite_ref-handprintprimaries_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handprintprimaries-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imaginary_primaries">Imaginary primaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_color&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Imaginary primaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Color space primaries are derived from canonical colorimetric experiments that represent a standardized model of an observer (i.e., a set of <i>color matching functions</i>) adopted by <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage</a> (CIE) standards. The abbreviated account of color space primaries in this section is based on descriptions in <i>Colorimetry - Understanding The CIE System</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schanda2007_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schanda2007-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931" class="mw-redirect" title="CIE 1931">CIE 1931</a> standard observer is derived from experiments in which participants observe a foveal secondary bipartite <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field</a> with a dark surround. Half of the field is illuminated with a monochromatic <i>test stimulus</i> (ranging from 380 nm to 780 nm) and the other half is the <i>matching stimulus</i> illuminated with three coincident monochromatic primary lights: 700 nm for red (R), 546.1 nm for green (G), and 435.8 nm for blue (B).<sup id="cite_ref-Schanda2007_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schanda2007-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> These primaries correspond to <a href="/wiki/CIE_RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="CIE RGB">CIE RGB color space</a>. The intensities of the primary lights could be adjusted by the participant observer until the matching stimulus matched the test stimulus, as predicted by Grassman's laws of additive mixing. Different standard observers from other color matching experiments have been derived since 1931. The variations in experiments include choices of primary lights, field of view, number of participants etc.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the presentation below is representative of those results. </p><p>Matching was performed across many participants in incremental steps along the range of test stimulus wavelengths (380 nm to 780 nm) to ultimately yield the color matching functions: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {r}}(\lambda )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {r}}(\lambda )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/132681d5c7554f61def2898cdb71881d0f7b3d12" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.328ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {r}}(\lambda )}" /></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {g}}(\lambda )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>g</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {g}}(\lambda )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fd95637c6efb283e30f73d9f8e0cd5165daa88b8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.4ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {g}}(\lambda )}" /></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {b}}(\lambda )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>b</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {b}}(\lambda )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9a30007776e3ac900c6a818572f5f93c201abeaf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.277ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {b}}(\lambda )}" /></span> that represent the relative intensities of red, green, and blue light to match each wavelength (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" /></span>). These functions imply that <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [C]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [C]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/798adf333080234dd9da202633a4d63c4ea091aa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.06ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [C]}" /></span> units of the test stimulus with <i>any</i> spectral power distribution, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P(\lambda )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P(\lambda )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b965c92f4212573dc439ddbc056fd6c1d16dc251" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.91ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P(\lambda )}" /></span>, can be matched by <span class="texhtml">[R]</span>, <span class="texhtml">[G]</span>, and <span class="texhtml">[B]</span> units of each primary where:<sup id="cite_ref-Schanda2007_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schanda2007-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266403038">.mw-parser-output table.numblk{border-collapse:collapse;border:none;margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td{vertical-align:middle;padding:0}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2){width:99%}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table{border-collapse:collapse;margin:0;border:none;width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:first-child>td:first-child,.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:first-child>td:last-child{padding:0 0.4ex}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:first-child>td:nth-child(2){width:100%;padding:0}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:last-child>td{padding:0}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:last-child{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output table.numblk.numblk-raw-n>tbody>tr>td:last-child{font-weight:unset}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:last-child::before{content:"("}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:last-child::after{content:")"}.mw-parser-output table.numblk.numblk-raw-n>tbody>tr>td:last-child::before,.mw-parser-output table.numblk.numblk-raw-n>tbody>tr>td:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td{border:none}.mw-parser-output table.numblk.numblk-border>tbody>tr>td{border:thin solid}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:first-child>td{border:none}.mw-parser-output table.numblk.numblk-border>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:first-child>td{border:thin solid}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:last-child>td{border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output table.numblk.numblk-border>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:last-child>td{border-left:thin solid;border-right:thin solid;border-bottom:thin solid}.mw-parser-output table.numblk:target{color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#cfe8fd}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table.numblk:target{color:var(--color-base,#eaecf0);background-color:#301702}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table.numblk:target{color:var(--color-base,#eaecf0);background-color:#301702}}</style><table role="presentation" class="numblk" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"><tbody><tr><td class="nowrap"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [C]=\int _{380{\text{ nm}}}^{780{\text{ nm}}}{\overline {r}}(\lambda )P(\lambda )\,d\lambda \cdot [R]+\int _{380{\text{ nm}}}^{780{\text{ nm}}}{\overline {g}}(\lambda )P(\lambda )\,d\lambda \cdot [G]+\int _{380{\text{ nm}}}^{780{\text{ nm}}}{\overline {b}}(\lambda )P(\lambda )\,d\lambda \cdot [B].}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>380</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> nm</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>780</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> nm</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mi>d</mi> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>380</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> nm</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>780</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> nm</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>g</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mi>d</mi> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>380</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> nm</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>780</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> nm</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>b</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mi>d</mi> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [C]=\int _{380{\text{ nm}}}^{780{\text{ nm}}}{\overline {r}}(\lambda )P(\lambda )\,d\lambda \cdot [R]+\int _{380{\text{ nm}}}^{780{\text{ nm}}}{\overline {g}}(\lambda )P(\lambda )\,d\lambda \cdot [G]+\int _{380{\text{ nm}}}^{780{\text{ nm}}}{\overline {b}}(\lambda )P(\lambda )\,d\lambda \cdot [B].}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d312436812a9e54baa3daa6cc3f02523661356d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:88.608ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [C]=\int _{380{\text{ nm}}}^{780{\text{ nm}}}{\overline {r}}(\lambda )P(\lambda )\,d\lambda \cdot [R]+\int _{380{\text{ nm}}}^{780{\text{ nm}}}{\overline {g}}(\lambda )P(\lambda )\,d\lambda \cdot [G]+\int _{380{\text{ nm}}}^{780{\text{ nm}}}{\overline {b}}(\lambda )P(\lambda )\,d\lambda \cdot [B].}" /></span></td> <td></td> <td class="nowrap"><span id="math_Eq._1" class="reference nourlexpansion" style="font-weight:bold;">Eq. 1</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Each integral term in the above equation is known as a <i>tristimulus value</i> and measures amounts in the adopted units. No set of real primary lights can match another monochromatic light under additive mixing so at least one of the color matching functions is negative for each wavelength. A negative tristimulus value corresponds to that primary being added to the test stimulus instead of the matching stimulus to achieve a match. </p><p>The negative tristimulus values made certain types of calculations difficult, so the CIE put forth new color matching functions <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {x}}(\lambda )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>x</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {x}}(\lambda )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c66d9bb9f712fc5f55bfb7b48777e09320bd56d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.609ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {x}}(\lambda )}" /></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {y}}(\lambda )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>y</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {y}}(\lambda )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/57dbc1311b7e980c1730d667434ba28cb95dc4d7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.446ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {y}}(\lambda )}" /></span>, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {z}}(\lambda )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>z</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {z}}(\lambda )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c8bd6d3420325c2bc24a30246e0756012932a85b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.372ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {z}}(\lambda )}" /></span> defined by the following <a href="/wiki/Linear_map" title="Linear map">linear transformation</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Schanda2007_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schanda2007-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1266403038" /><table role="presentation" class="numblk" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"><tbody><tr><td class="nowrap"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}{\overline {x}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {y}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {z}}(\lambda )\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}2.768892&1.751748&1.130160\\1.000000&4.590700&0.060100\\0&0.056508&5.594292\\\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}{\overline {r}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {g}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {b}}(\lambda )\end{bmatrix}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>x</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>y</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>z</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>2.768892</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1.751748</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1.130160</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1.000000</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>4.590700</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.060100</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.056508</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>5.594292</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>g</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>b</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}{\overline {x}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {y}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {z}}(\lambda )\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}2.768892&1.751748&1.130160\\1.000000&4.590700&0.060100\\0&0.056508&5.594292\\\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}{\overline {r}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {g}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {b}}(\lambda )\end{bmatrix}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aeb7bb57d581ac8aa43c8f35823b5815835e7ba1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.505ex; width:55.308ex; height:10.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}{\overline {x}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {y}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {z}}(\lambda )\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}2.768892&1.751748&1.130160\\1.000000&4.590700&0.060100\\0&0.056508&5.594292\\\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}{\overline {r}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {g}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {b}}(\lambda )\end{bmatrix}}.}" /></span></td> <td></td> <td class="nowrap"><span id="math_Eq._2" class="reference nourlexpansion" style="font-weight:bold;">Eq. 2</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These new color matching functions correspond to <i>imaginary</i> primary lights X, Y, and Z (<a href="/wiki/CIE_XYZ" class="mw-redirect" title="CIE XYZ">CIE XYZ color space</a>). All colors can be matched by finding the amounts <span class="texhtml">[X]</span>, <span class="texhtml">[Y]</span>, and <span class="texhtml">[Z]</span> analogously to <span class="texhtml">[R]</span>, <span class="texhtml">[G]</span>, and <span class="texhtml">[B]</span> as defined in <b><a href="#math_Eq._1">Eq. 1</a></b>. The functions <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {x}}(\lambda )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>x</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {x}}(\lambda )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c66d9bb9f712fc5f55bfb7b48777e09320bd56d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.609ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {x}}(\lambda )}" /></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {y}}(\lambda )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>y</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {y}}(\lambda )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/57dbc1311b7e980c1730d667434ba28cb95dc4d7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.446ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {y}}(\lambda )}" /></span>, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {z}}(\lambda )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>z</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {z}}(\lambda )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c8bd6d3420325c2bc24a30246e0756012932a85b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.372ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {z}}(\lambda )}" /></span> based on the specifications that they should be nonnegative for all wavelengths, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {y}}(\lambda )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>y</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {y}}(\lambda )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/57dbc1311b7e980c1730d667434ba28cb95dc4d7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.446ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {y}}(\lambda )}" /></span> be equal to <a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficiency_function" title="Luminous efficiency function">photometric luminance</a>, and that <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [X]=[Y]=[Z]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>Y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [X]=[Y]=[Z]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/59c76582dbd7e28f8935baf39228ac2f1658f2ff" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.512ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [X]=[Y]=[Z]}" /></span> for an equienergy (i.e., a uniform spectral power distribution) test stimulus.<sup id="cite_ref-Schanda2007_64-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schanda2007-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> </p><p>Derivations use the color matching functions, along with data from other experiments, to ultimately yield the <i>cone fundamentals</i>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {l}}(\lambda )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>l</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {l}}(\lambda )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1fb14ebd406237a28adc763a12d04fc7a615315e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.973ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {l}}(\lambda )}" /></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {m}}(\lambda )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {m}}(\lambda )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/08108bbe881deb19044942e203a4fedb9649dded" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.32ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {m}}(\lambda )}" /></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {s}}(\lambda )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>s</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {s}}(\lambda )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/94b7e9302d7968c35a55437d2204ff27305c9570" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.37ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {s}}(\lambda )}" /></span>. These functions correspond to the response curves for the three types of color <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptors</a> found in the human retina: long-wavelength (L), medium-wavelength (M), and short-wavelength (S) <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cones</a>. The three cone fundamentals are related to the original color matching functions by the following linear transformation (specific to a 10° field):<sup id="cite_ref-Schanda2007_64-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schanda2007-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 227">: 227 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1266403038" /><table role="presentation" class="numblk" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"><tbody><tr><td class="nowrap"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}{\overline {l}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {m}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {s}}(\lambda )\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}0.192325269&0.749548882&0.0675726702\\0.0192290085&0.949098496&0.113830196\\0&0.0105107859&0.991427669\\\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}{\overline {r}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {g}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {b}}(\lambda )\end{bmatrix}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>l</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>s</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0.192325269</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.749548882</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.0675726702</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0.0192290085</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.949098496</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.113830196</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.0105107859</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0.991427669</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>g</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>b</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}{\overline {l}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {m}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {s}}(\lambda )\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}0.192325269&0.749548882&0.0675726702\\0.0192290085&0.949098496&0.113830196\\0&0.0105107859&0.991427669\\\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}{\overline {r}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {g}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {b}}(\lambda )\end{bmatrix}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f72006e93c3565cb2c092dae3a8a46ae188e010a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.505ex; width:69.968ex; height:10.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}{\overline {l}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {m}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {s}}(\lambda )\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}0.192325269&0.749548882&0.0675726702\\0.0192290085&0.949098496&0.113830196\\0&0.0105107859&0.991427669\\\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}{\overline {r}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {g}}(\lambda )\\{\overline {b}}(\lambda )\end{bmatrix}}.}" /></span></td> <td></td> <td class="nowrap"><span id="math_Eq._3" class="reference nourlexpansion" style="font-weight:bold;">Eq. 3</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/LMS_color_space" title="LMS color space">LMS color space</a> comprises three primary lights (L, M, and S) that stimulate only the L-, M-, and S-cones respectively. A real primary that stimulates only the M-cone is impossible, and therefore these primaries are imaginary. The <a href="/wiki/LMS_color_space" title="LMS color space">LMS color space</a> has significant physiological relevance as these three photoreceptors mediate trichromatic color vision in humans. </p><p>Both XYZ and LMS color spaces are <i>complete</i> since all colors in the gamut of the standard observer are contained within their color spaces. Complete color spaces must have imaginary primaries, but color spaces with imaginary primaries are not necessarily complete (e.g. <a href="/wiki/ProPhoto_RGB_color_space" title="ProPhoto RGB color space">ProPhoto RGB color space</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Real_primaries">Real primaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_color&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Real primaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIE1931xy_gamut_comparison.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CIE1931xy_gamut_comparison.svg/300px-CIE1931xy_gamut_comparison.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CIE1931xy_gamut_comparison.svg/450px-CIE1931xy_gamut_comparison.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CIE1931xy_gamut_comparison.svg/600px-CIE1931xy_gamut_comparison.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>various RGB color spaces are represented as <a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">color triangles</a> with vertices that represent the primaries. The <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">1931 CIE chromaticity diagram</a> shows the gamut of the standard observer. Primaries outside of the colored region are imaginary.</figcaption></figure> <p>Color spaces used in <a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">color reproduction</a> must use real primaries that can be reproduced by practical sources, either lights in additive models, or pigments in subtractive models. Most <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_spaces" title="RGB color spaces">RGB color spaces</a> have real primaries, though some maintain imaginary primaries. For example, all the <a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a> primaries fall within the gamut of human perception, and so can be easily represented by practical light sources, including CRT and LED displays, hence why sRGB is still the color space of choice for digital displays. </p><p>A color in a color space is defined as a combination of its primaries, where each primary must give a non-negative contribution. Any color space based on a finite number of real primaries is <i>incomplete</i> in that it cannot reproduce every color within the gamut of the standard observer. </p><p>Practical color spaces such as <a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a><sup id="cite_ref-sRGB_orig_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sRGB_orig-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/ScRGB" title="ScRGB">scRGB</a><sup id="cite_ref-iec-standard_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iec-standard-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are typically (at least partially) defined in terms of linear transformations from CIE XYZ, and <a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">color management</a> often uses CIE XYZ as a middle point for transformations between two other color spaces. </p><p>Most color spaces in the color-matching context (those defined by their relationship to CIE XYZ) inherit its three-dimensionality. However, more complex <a href="/wiki/Color_appearance_model" title="Color appearance model">color appearance models</a> like <a href="/wiki/CIECAM02" title="CIECAM02">CIECAM02</a> require extra dimensions to describe colors appear under different viewing conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological_primaries">Psychological primaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_color&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Psychological primaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hering_Color_Cricles.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hering_Color_Cricles.png/250px-Hering_Color_Cricles.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hering_Color_Cricles.png/330px-Hering_Color_Cricles.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Hering_Color_Cricles.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ewald_Hering" title="Ewald Hering">Ewald Hering</a>'s illustration<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the psychological primaries. Red/green and yellow/blue form opponent pairs (top). Each color can be psychologically mixed to make other colors (bottom) with both members of the other pair but not with its opponent according to Hering.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">opponent process</a> was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Ewald_Hering" title="Ewald Hering">Ewald Hering</a> in which he described the four <a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">unique hues</a> (later called psychological primaries in some contexts): red, green, yellow and blue.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To Hering, the unique hues appeared as pure colors, while all others were "psychological mixes" of two of them. Furthermore, these colors were organized in "opponent" pairs, red vs. green and yellow vs. blue so that mixing could occur across pairs (e.g., a yellowish green or a yellowish red) but not within a pair (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Reddish_green" class="mw-redirect" title="Reddish green">reddish green</a> cannot be imagined). An achromatic opponent process along black and white is also part of Hering's explanation of color perception. Hering asserted that we did not know why these color relationships were true but knew that they were.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there is a great deal of evidence for the opponent process in the form of neural mechanisms,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is currently no clear mapping of the psychological primaries to <a href="/wiki/Neural_correlate" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural correlate">neural correlates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The psychological primaries were applied by <a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Hunter" title="Richard S. Hunter">Richard S. Hunter</a> as the primaries for <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Lab" title="Hunter Lab">Hunter L,a,b</a> colorspace that led to the creation of <a href="/wiki/CIELAB_color_space" title="CIELAB color space">CIELAB</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Natural_Color_System" title="Natural Color System">Natural Color System</a> is also directly inspired by the psychological primaries.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_color&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_color&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philosophical writing from ancient Greece has described notions of primary colors, but they can be difficult to interpret in terms of modern color science. <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> (c. 371–287 BCE) described <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a>' position that the primary colors were white, black, red, and green.<sup id="cite_ref-renzoshamey2020_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renzoshamey2020-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a> identified white, black, red, and, (depending on the interpretation) either yellow or green as primary colors.<sup id="cite_ref-renzoshamey2020_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renzoshamey2020-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> described a notion in which white and black could be mixed in different ratios to yield chromatic colors;<sup id="cite_ref-renzoshamey2020_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renzoshamey2020-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> this idea had considerable influence in Western thinking about color. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Aguilon" title="François d'Aguilon">François d'Aguilon</a>'s notion of the five primary colors (white, yellow, red, blue, black) was influenced by Aristotle's idea of the chromatic colors being made of black and white.<sup id="cite_ref-renzoshamey2020_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renzoshamey2020-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 87">: 87 </span></sup>The 20th century philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> explored color-related ideas using red, green, blue, and yellow as primary colors.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franciscus_Aguilonius_color_scheme.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Franciscus_Aguilonius_color_scheme.png/310px-Franciscus_Aguilonius_color_scheme.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Franciscus_Aguilonius_color_scheme.png/465px-Franciscus_Aguilonius_color_scheme.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Franciscus_Aguilonius_color_scheme.png/620px-Franciscus_Aguilonius_color_scheme.png 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>The color scheme of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Aguilon" title="François d'Aguilon">François d'Aguilon</a>, where the two simple colors of white (albus) and black (niger) are mixed to the "noble" colors of yellow (flavus), red (rubeus), and blue (caeruleus). Orange (aureus), purple (purpureus), and green (viridis) are each combinations of two noble colors.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light_and_color_vision">Light and color vision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_color&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Light and color vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> used the term "primary color" to describe the colored spectral components of sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of color theorists did not agree with Newton's work. <a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">David Brewster</a> advocated that red, yellow, and blue light could be combined into any spectral hue late into the 1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a> proposed red, green, and violet as the three primary colors, while <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> favored changing violet to blue.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> proposed "a slightly purplish red, a vegetation-green, slightly yellowish, and an ultramarine-blue" as a trio.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newton, Young, Maxwell, and Helmholtz were all prominent contributors to "modern color science"<sup id="cite_ref-Mollon2003_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mollon2003-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–39">: 1–39 </span></sup> that ultimately described the perception of color in terms of the three types of retinal photoreceptors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colorants">Colorants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_color&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Colorants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Gage_(art_historian)" title="John Gage (art historian)">John Gage</a>'s <i>The Fortunes Of Apelles</i> provides a summary of the history of primary colors<sup id="cite_ref-gage_apelles_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gage_apelles-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as pigments in painting and describes the evolution of the idea as complex. Gage begins by describing <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>'s account of notable Greek painters who used four primaries.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pliny distinguished the pigments (i.e., substances) from their apparent colors: white from Milos (<i>ex albis</i>), red from Sinope (<i>ex rubris</i>), Attic yellow (<i>sil</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Atramentum" title="Atramentum">atramentum</a> (<i>ex nigris</i>). Sil was historically confused as a blue pigment between the 16th and 17th centuries, leading to claims about white, black, red, and blue being the fewest colors required for painting. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bardwell" title="Thomas Bardwell">Thomas Bardwell</a>, an 18th century Norwich portrait painter, was skeptical of the practical relevance of Pliny's account.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>, the Irish chemist, introduced the term <i>primary color</i> in English in 1664 and claimed that there were five primary colors (white, black, red, yellow, and blue).<sup id="cite_ref-Boyle1664_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyle1664-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German painter <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Sandrart" title="Joachim von Sandrart">Joachim von Sandrart</a> eventually proposed removing white and black from the primaries and that one only needed red, yellow, blue, and green to paint "the whole creation".<sup id="cite_ref-gage_apelles_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gage_apelles-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Partial list of authors describing red, yellow, and blue as the (chromatic) primary colors before 18th century (adapted from Shamey and Kuehni)<sup id="cite_ref-renzoshamey2020_76-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renzoshamey2020-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108">: 108 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Author</th> <th>Color terms</th> <th>Descriptive term </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 325</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chalcidius" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcidius">Chalcidius</a></td> <td>Pallidus, rubeus, cyaneus</td> <td>Generic colors </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 1266</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></td> <td>Glaucus, rubeus, viriditas</td> <td>Principal species </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 1609</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anselmus_de_Boodt" title="Anselmus de Boodt">Anselmus de Boodt</a></td> <td>Flavus, ruber, caeruleus</td> <td>Principal colors </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 1613</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Aguilon" title="François d'Aguilon">François d'Aguilon</a></td> <td>Flavus, rubeus, caeruleus</td> <td>Simple colors </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 1664</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></td> <td>Yellow, red, blue</td> <td>Simple, primary </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 1680</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_F%C3%A9libien" title="André Félibien">André Félibien</a></td> <td>Jaune, rouge, bleu</td> <td>Principal, primitive </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Red, yellow, and blue as primaries became a popular notion in the 18th and 19th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Christoph_Le_Blon" title="Jacob Christoph Le Blon">Jacob Christoph Le Blon</a>, an engraver, was the first to use separate plates for each color in <a href="/wiki/Mezzotint" title="Mezzotint">mezzotint</a> <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaking</a>: yellow, red, and blue, plus black to add shades and contrast. Le Blon used <i>primitive</i> in 1725 to describe red, yellow, and blue in a very similar sense as Boyle used <i>primary</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mollon2003_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mollon2003-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page / location: 6
Quotation: "In 1725, however, he published a slender volume entitled Coloritto, in which he sets out the principle of trichromatic color mixing (Figure 1.4). It is interesting that he gives the same primaries in the same order (yellow, red, and blue) as does the anonymous author of the 1708 text, and uses the same term for them, couleurs primitives"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">6</span> </sup> <a href="/wiki/Moses_Harris" title="Moses Harris">Moses Harris</a>, an entomologist and engraver, also describes red, yellow, and blue as "primitive" colors in 1766.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onor_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Léonor Mérimée">Léonor Mérimée</a> described red, yellow, and blue in his book on painting (originally published in French in 1830) as the three simple/primitive colors that can make a "great variety" of tones and colors found in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Field_(chemist)" title="George Field (chemist)">George Field</a>, a chemist, used the word <i>primary</i> to describe red, yellow, and blue in 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a>, also a chemist, discussed red, yellow, and blue as "primary" colors in 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_order_systems">Color order systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_color&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Color order systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lambert_Farbenpyramide_1772.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Lambert_Farbenpyramide_1772.jpg/250px-Lambert_Farbenpyramide_1772.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Lambert_Farbenpyramide_1772.jpg/330px-Lambert_Farbenpyramide_1772.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Lambert_Farbenpyramide_1772.jpg/500px-Lambert_Farbenpyramide_1772.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1813" data-file-height="2339" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a>'s "Farbenpyramide" tetrahedron published in 1772. Gamboge (yellow), carmine (red), and Prussian blue pigments are used the corner swatches of each "level" of lightness with mixtures filling the others and white at the top.<sup id="cite_ref-Lambert1772_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambert1772-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runge_RYB_sketch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Runge_RYB_sketch.png/220px-Runge_RYB_sketch.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Runge_RYB_sketch.png/330px-Runge_RYB_sketch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Runge_RYB_sketch.png/440px-Runge_RYB_sketch.png 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Philipp Otto Runge</a>'s sketch showing bl (blue), g (yellow) and r (red) as the fundamental colors<sup id="cite_ref-Lambert1772_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambert1772-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 86">: 86 </span></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Historical perspectives<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on color order systems<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("catalogs" of color) that were proposed in the 18th and 19th centuries describe them as using red, yellow, and blue pigments as chromatic primaries. <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Mayer" title="Tobias Mayer">Tobias Mayer</a> (a German mathematician, physicist, and astronomer) described a <a href="/wiki/Triangular_bipyramid" title="Triangular bipyramid">triangular bipyramid</a> with red, yellow and blue at the 3 vertices in the same plane, white at the top vertex, and black and the bottom vertex in a public lecture in 1758.<sup id="cite_ref-renzoshamey2020_76-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renzoshamey2020-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 115">: 115 </span></sup> There are 11 planes of colors between the white and black vertices inside the triangular bipyramid. Mayer did not seem to distinguish between colored light and colorant though he used vermilion, <a href="/wiki/Orpiment" title="Orpiment">orpiment</a> (King’s yellow), and Bergblau (<a href="/wiki/Azurite" title="Azurite">azurite</a>) in partially complete colorings of planes in his solid.<sup id="cite_ref-runge2003_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-runge2003-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 79">: 79 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> (a Swiss mathematician, physicist, and astronomer) proposed a triangular pyramid with <a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">gamboge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">carmine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a> as primaries and only white at the top vertex (since Lambert could produce a mixture that was sufficiently black with those pigments).<sup id="cite_ref-renzoshamey2020_76-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renzoshamey2020-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 123">: 123 </span></sup> Lambert's work on this system was published in 1772.<sup id="cite_ref-Lambert1772_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambert1772-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Philipp Otto Runge</a> (the Romantic German painter) firmly believed in the theory of red, yellow and blue as the primary colors<sup id="cite_ref-runge2003_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-runge2003-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 87">: 87 </span></sup> (again without distinguishing light color and colorant). His color sphere was ultimately described in an essay titled <i>Farben-Kugel</i><sup id="cite_ref-runge2003_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-runge2003-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (color ball) published by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a> in 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-runge2003_98-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-runge2003-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 84">: 84 </span></sup> His spherical model of colors equally spaced red, yellow, and blue longitudinally with orange, green, and violet between them, and white and black at opposite poles.<sup id="cite_ref-runge2003_98-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-runge2003-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85">: 85 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red,_yellow,_and_blue_as_primary_colors"><span id="Red.2C_yellow.2C_and_blue_as_primary_colors"></span>Red, yellow, and blue as primary colors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_color&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Red, yellow, and blue as primary colors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Red, Blue, and Yellow" redirects here. For the video games, see <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Red,_Blue,_and_Yellow" title="Pokémon Red, Blue, and Yellow">Pokémon Red, Blue, and Yellow</a>.</div> <p>Numerous authors have taught that red, yellow, and blue (RYB) are the primary colors in art education materials since at least the 19th century, following the ideas tabulated above from earlier centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A wide variety of contemporary educational sources also describe the RYB primaries. These sources range from children's books<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and art material manufacturers<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to painting<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and color guides.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Art education materials often suggest that RYB primaries can be mixed to create <i>all</i> other colors.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism">Criticism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_color&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Henry_Munsell" title="Albert Henry Munsell">Albert Munsell</a>, an American painter (and creator of the <a href="/wiki/Munsell_color_system" title="Munsell color system">Munsell color system</a>), referred to the notion of RYB primaries as "mischief", "a widely accepted error", and underspecified in his book <i>A Color Notation</i>, first published in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Itten's ideas about RYB primaries have been criticized as ignoring modern color science<sup id="cite_ref-renzoshamey2020_76-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renzoshamey2020-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page / location: 282
Quotation: "For a three-dimensional model, Itten ignored the quantitative systems produced by Munsell and Ostwald and used a simple sphere externally resembling the one published by Runge in 1810."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">282</span> </sup> with demonstrations that some of Itten's claims about mixing RYB primaries are impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_color&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RYB_color_model" title="RYB color model">RYB color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_color&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-handprintprimaries-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-handprintprimaries_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handprintprimaries_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce MacEvoy. "Do 'Primary' Colors Exist?" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/color6.html#imaginary">imaginary or imperfect primaries section</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080717034228/http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/color6.html#imaginary">Archived</a> 17 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). <i>Handprint</i>. Accessed 10 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.howstuffworks.com/primary-colors.htm">Primary Colors Are Red, Yellow and Blue, Right? Well, Not Exactly</a>, <i>HowStuffWorks</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/lightandcolor/primarycolorsintro/">Introduction to the Primary Colors</a>, <i>Olympus Life Science</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWestlandCheung2012" class="citation book cs1">Westland, Stephen; Cheung, Vien (2012). Chen, Janglin; Cranton, Wayne; Fihn, Mark (eds.). <i>Handbook of visual display technology</i> (2nd ed.). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-79567-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-79567-4"><bdi>978-3-540-79567-4</bdi></a>. <q>Color vision is based upon the responses of three classes of cones in the retina, each of which has broadband sensitivity but maximum sensitivity at different wavelengths. A consequence of this is that color reproduction is trichromatic – the use of three primaries allows a wide range of colors to be reproduced.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+visual+display+technology&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=155&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-540-79567-4&rft.aulast=Westland&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Cheung%2C+Vien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowmaker1998" class="citation journal cs1">Bowmaker, James K (May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Feye.1998.143">"Evolution of colour vision in vertebrates"</a>. <i>Eye</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 543. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Feye.1998.143">10.1038/eye.1998.143</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9775215">9775215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eye&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+colour+vision+in+vertebrates&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=543&rft.date=1998-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Feye.1998.143&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9775215&rft.aulast=Bowmaker&rft.aufirst=James+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Feye.1998.143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStockman2016" class="citation book cs1">Stockman, Andrew (2016). "Cone Fundamentals". <i>Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">541–</span>546. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-8071-7_85">10.1007/978-1-4419-8071-7_85</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-8070-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-8070-0"><bdi>978-1-4419-8070-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cone+Fundamentals&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Color+Science+and+Technology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E541-%3C%2Fspan%3E546&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4419-8071-7_85&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-8070-0&rft.aulast=Stockman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScholtyßekKelber2017" class="citation journal cs1">Scholtyßek, C.; Kelber, A. (November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00347-017-0543-6">"Farbensehen der Tiere: Von farbenblinden Seehunden und tetrachromatischen Vögeln"</a>. <i>Der Ophthalmologe</i>. <b>114</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">978–</span>985. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00347-017-0543-6">10.1007/s00347-017-0543-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28752388">28752388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Ophthalmologe&rft.atitle=Farbensehen+der+Tiere%3A+Von+farbenblinden+Seehunden+und+tetrachromatischen+V%C3%B6geln&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E978-%3C%2Fspan%3E985&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00347-017-0543-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28752388&rft.aulast=Scholty%C3%9Fek&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Kelber%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs00347-017-0543-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJordanDeebBostenMollon2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jordan, G.; Deeb, S. S.; Bosten, J. M.; Mollon, J. D. (20 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1167%2F10.8.12">"The dimensionality of color vision in carriers of anomalous trichromacy"</a>. <i>Journal of Vision</i>. <b>10</b> (8): 12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1167%2F10.8.12">10.1167/10.8.12</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20884587">20884587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vision&rft.atitle=The+dimensionality+of+color+vision+in+carriers+of+anomalous+trichromacy&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2010-07-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1167%2F10.8.12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20884587&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Deeb%2C+S.+S.&rft.au=Bosten%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Mollon%2C+J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1167%252F10.8.12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williamson1983-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williamson1983_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williamson1983_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williamson1983_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williamson1983_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1983" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Samuel J. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lightcolorinnatu00will/page/17/mode/2up"><i>Light and color in nature and art</i></a>. New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471083747" title="Special:BookSources/0471083747"><bdi>0471083747</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+and+color+in+nature+and+art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0471083747&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Samuel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flightcolorinnatu00will%2Fpage%2F17%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReinhardKhanAkyuzJohnson2008" class="citation book cs1">Reinhard, Erik; Khan, Arif; Akyuz, Ahmet; Johnson, Garrett (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=suLqBgAAQBAJ&q=grassman%27s+laws+additive&pg=PA364"><i>Color imaging : fundamentals and applications</i></a>. Wellesley, Mass: A.K. Peters. pp. <span class="nowrap">364–</span>365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56881-344-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56881-344-8"><bdi>978-1-56881-344-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+imaging+%3A+fundamentals+and+applications&rft.place=Wellesley%2C+Mass&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E364-%3C%2Fspan%3E365&rft.pub=A.K.+Peters&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-56881-344-8&rft.aulast=Reinhard&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Khan%2C+Arif&rft.au=Akyuz%2C+Ahmet&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Garrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsuLqBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgrassman%2527s%2Blaws%2Badditive%26pg%3DPA364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerns2019" class="citation book cs1">Berns, Roy S. (2019). <i>Billmeyer and Saltzman's principles of color technology</i> (Fourth ed.). Hoboken, NJ. pp. <span class="nowrap">54–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119367192" title="Special:BookSources/9781119367192"><bdi>9781119367192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billmeyer+and+Saltzman%27s+principles+of+color+technology&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781119367192&rft.aulast=Berns&rft.aufirst=Roy+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrillRobertson2007" class="citation book cs1">Brill, Michael H.; Robertson, Alan R. (27 July 2007). "Open Problems on the Validity of Grassmann's Laws". <i>Colorimetry</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">245–</span>259. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470175637.ch10">10.1002/9780470175637.ch10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470175637" title="Special:BookSources/9780470175637"><bdi>9780470175637</bdi></a>. <q>Grassmann's laws are known not to be exactly true in human color matching. Symmetry could be called into question by color difference formulas, such as CIE94,3 that are asymmetric between batch and standard. Transitivity can be considered to be violated if we take the term <i>color match</i> to mean that two colors are within a just-noticeable difference of each other. In this case, adding two subthreshold differences together could produce a combined difference that is above thresh- old. Proportionality and additivity can also be compromised. Besides the three cone types that herald the trichromacy of vision at high (photopic) light intensities, a fourth photoreceptor type (rods) contributes to vision at low (mesopic and scotopic) light intensities and away from the center of vision (fovea). At very high light intenities, unbleached photopigments deplete and, in aggregate, change their action spectrum. At still higher light intensities, a photopigment molecule can absorb multiple photons but respond as if it absorbed only one photon. All these effects compromise Grassmann's laws, but the successful application of the laws, for example, in photography and television, has led us to believe that the compromises are not serious.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Open+Problems+on+the+Validity+of+Grassmann%27s+Laws&rft.btitle=Colorimetry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E259&rft.date=2007-07-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470175637.ch10&rft.isbn=9780470175637&rft.aulast=Brill&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Alan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFairmanBrillHemmendinger1997" class="citation journal cs1">Fairman, Hugh S.; Brill, Michael H.; Hemmendinger, Henry (February 1997). "How the CIE 1931 color-matching functions were derived from Wright-Guild data". <i>Color Research & Application</i>. <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">11–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291520-6378%28199702%2922%3A1%3C11%3A%3AAID-COL4%3E3.0.CO%3B2-7">10.1002/(SICI)1520-6378(199702)22:1<11::AID-COL4>3.0.CO;2-7</a>. <q>The first of the resolutions offered to the 1931 meeting defined the color-matching functions of the soon-to-be-adopted standard observer in terms of Guild's spectral primaries centered on wavelengths 435.8, 546.1, and 700nm. Guild approached the problem from the viewpoint of a standardization engineer. In his mind, the adopted primaries had to be producible with national-standardizing-laboratory accuracy. The first two wavelengths were mercury excitation lines, and the last named wavelength occurred at a location in the human vision system where the hue of spectral lights was unchanging with wavelength. Slight inaccuracy in production of the wavelength of this spectral primary in a visual colorimeter, it was reasoned, would introduce no error at all.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Color+Research+%26+Application&rft.atitle=How+the+CIE+1931+color-matching+functions+were+derived+from+Wright-Guild+data&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=1997-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291520-6378%28199702%2922%3A1%3C11%3A%3AAID-COL4%3E3.0.CO%3B2-7&rft.aulast=Fairman&rft.aufirst=Hugh+S.&rft.au=Brill%2C+Michael+H.&rft.au=Hemmendinger%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTooms2016" class="citation book cs1">Tooms, Michael S. (26 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nQslCgAAQBAJ"><i>Colour Reproduction in Electronic Imaging Systems: Photography, Television, Cinematography</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-02176-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-02176-6"><bdi>978-1-119-02176-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>. <q>If we now define the primaries in terms of the three colours which together in various ratios produce the largest gamut of colours in the eye–brain complex, then, as reasoned above, the primary colours are red, green and blue.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colour+Reproduction+in+Electronic+Imaging+Systems%3A+Photography%2C+Television%2C+Cinematography&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016-01-26&rft.isbn=978-1-119-02176-6&rft.aulast=Tooms&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnQslCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoynton" class="citation web cs1">Poynton, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poynton.ca/PDFs/ColorFAQ.pdf">"Frequently Asked Questions about Color"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Charles Poynton, PhD</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219004614/http://poynton.ca/PDFs/ColorFAQ.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-02-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>The NTSC in 1953 specified a set of primaries that were representative of phosphors used in color CRTs of that era. But phosphors changed over the years, primarily in response to market pressures for brighter receivers, and by the time of the first the videotape recorder the primaries in use were quite different from those "on the books". So although you may see the NTSC primary chromaticities documented, they are of no use today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charles+Poynton%2C+PhD&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+about+Color&rft.aulast=Poynton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoynton.ca%2FPDFs%2FColorFAQ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestlandCheung2016" class="citation book cs1">Westland, Stephen; Cheung, Vien (2016). Chen, Janglin; Cranton, Wayne; Fihn, Mark (eds.). <i>Handbook of visual display technology</i> (2nd ed.). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">171–</span>177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-14347-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-14347-7"><bdi>978-3-319-14347-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+visual+display+technology&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-14347-7&rft.aulast=Westland&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Cheung%2C+Vien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerns2019" class="citation book cs1">Berns, Roy S. (9 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8GGLDwAAQBAJ"><i>Billmeyer and Saltzman's Principles of Color Technology</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">195–</span>209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-36722-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-36722-2"><bdi>978-1-119-36722-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billmeyer+and+Saltzman%27s+Principles+of+Color+Technology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2019-04-09&rft.isbn=978-1-119-36722-2&rft.aulast=Berns&rft.aufirst=Roy+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8GGLDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevoy" class="citation web cs1">Levoy, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://graphics.stanford.edu/courses/cs178-10/applets/colormixing.html">"Additive versus subtractive color mixing"</a>. <i>graphics.stanford.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>. <q>On the other hand, if you reflect light from a colored surface, or if you place a colored filter in front of a light, then some of the wavelengths present in the light may be partially or fully absorbed by the colored surface or filter. If we characterize the light as an SPD, and we characterize absorption by the surface or filter using a spectrum of reflectivity or transmissivity, respectively, i.e. the percentage of light reflected or transmitted at each wavelength, then the SPD of the outgoing light can be computed by multiplying the two spectra. This multiplication is (misleadingly) called subtractive mixing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=graphics.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Additive+versus+subtractive+color+mixing&rft.aulast=Levoy&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgraphics.stanford.edu%2Fcourses%2Fcs178-10%2Fapplets%2Fcolormixing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuehni2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kuehni, Rolf (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.10686">"Color mixture"</a>. <i>Scholarpedia</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 10686. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SchpJ...610686K">2011SchpJ...610686K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.10686">10.4249/scholarpedia.10686</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scholarpedia&rft.atitle=Color+mixture&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10686&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.10686&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011SchpJ...610686K&rft.aulast=Kuehni&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4249%252Fscholarpedia.10686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharma2018" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Abhay (2018). <i>Understanding color management</i> (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119223634" title="Special:BookSources/9781119223634"><bdi>9781119223634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+color+management&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=235&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781119223634&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Abhay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestlandCheung2012" class="citation book cs1">Westland, Stephen; Cheung, Vien (2012). Chen, Janglin; Cranton, Wayne; Fihn, Mark (eds.). <i>Handbook of visual display technology</i> (2nd ed.). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-79567-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-79567-4"><bdi>978-3-540-79567-4</bdi></a>. <q>The optimum primaries of the subtractive color system are cyan, magenta, and yellow. The use of cyan, magenta, and yellow subtractive primaries allows a surprisingly large – albeit limited – gamut of colors to be reproduced.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+visual+display+technology&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=155&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-540-79567-4&rft.aulast=Westland&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Cheung%2C+Vien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoynton" class="citation web cs1">Poynton, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poynton.ca/notes/colour_and_gamma/ColorFAQ.html#RTFToC25">"Color FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions Color"</a>. <i>poynton.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>Printing black by overlaying cyan, yellow and magenta ink in offset printing has three major problems. First, coloured ink is expensive. Replacing coloured ink by black ink – which is primarily carbon – makes economic sense. Second, printing three ink layers causes the printed paper to become quite wet. If three inks can be replaced by one, the ink will dry more quickly, the press can be run faster, and the job will be less expensive. Third, if black is printed by combining three inks, and mechanical tolerances cause the three inks to be printed slightly out of register, then black edges will suffer coloured tinges. Vision is most demanding of spatial detail in black and white areas. Printing black with a single ink minimizes the visibility of registration errors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=poynton.ca&rft.atitle=Color+FAQ+-+Frequently+Asked+Questions+Color&rft.aulast=Poynton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoynton.ca%2Fnotes%2Fcolour_and_gamma%2FColorFAQ.html%23RTFToC25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErvin_Sidney_Ferry1921" class="citation book cs1">Ervin Sidney Ferry (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3rYXAAAAIAAJ&q=date:0-1923+additive+color+mixing+primary&pg=PA621"><i>General Physics and Its Application to Industry and Everyday Life</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Physics+and+Its+Application+to+Industry+and+Everyday+Life&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1921&rft.au=Ervin+Sidney+Ferry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3rYXAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Ddate%3A0-1923%2Badditive%2Bcolor%2Bmixing%2Bprimary%26pg%3DPA621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.color.org/chardata/fogra.xalter">"FOGRA characterization data"</a>. <i>International Color Consortium</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Color+Consortium&rft.atitle=FOGRA+characterization+data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.color.org%2Fchardata%2Ffogra.xalter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHomann2009" class="citation book cs1">Homann, Jan-Peter (2009). <i>Digital color management : principles and strategies for the standardized print production</i>. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540693772" title="Special:BookSources/9783540693772"><bdi>9783540693772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+color+management+%3A+principles+and+strategies+for+the+standardized+print+production&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783540693772&rft.aulast=Homann&rft.aufirst=Jan-Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itten1961-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-itten1961_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-itten1961_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFItten1961" class="citation book cs1">Itten, Johannes (1961). <i>The art of color : the subjective experience and objective rationale of color</i>. New York: Reinhold Pub. Corp. pp. <span class="nowrap">34–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0442240376" title="Special:BookSources/0442240376"><bdi>0442240376</bdi></a>. <q>By way of introduction to color design, let us develop the 12-hue color circle from the primaries –  yellow, red, and blue. As we know, a person with normal vision can identify a red that is neither bluish, nor yellowish; a yellow that is neither greenish, nor reddish: and a blue that is neither greenish, nor reddish. In examining each color, it is important to view it against a neutral-gray background.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+of+color+%3A+the+subjective+experience+and+objective+rationale+of+color&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=Reinhold+Pub.+Corp&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=0442240376&rft.aulast=Itten&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-o'connor-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-o'connor_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> O'Connor, Zena. "Traditional colour theory: A review." Color Research & Application, 8 January 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZena_O’Connor2021" class="citation book cs1">Zena O’Connor (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-642-27851-8_453-1">"RYB Color"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology – Living Edition</i>. Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-27851-8_453-1">10.1007/978-3-642-27851-8_453-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-27851-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-27851-8"><bdi>978-3-642-27851-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241083080">241083080</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=RYB+Color&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Color+Science+and+Technology+%E2%80%93+Living+Edition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241083080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-27851-8_453-1&rft.isbn=978-3-642-27851-8&rft.au=Zena+O%E2%80%99Connor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Freferenceworkentry%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-27851-8_453-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBonnie_E._Snow_and_Hugo_B._Froehlich1920" class="citation book cs1">Bonnie E. Snow and Hugo B. Froehlich (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-_kjAAAAMAAJ&q=snow+%22the+theory+and+practice+of+color%22"><i>The Theory and Practice of Color</i></a>. Prang. p. 14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+and+Practice+of+Color&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Prang&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Bonnie+E.+Snow+and+Hugo+B.+Froehlich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-_kjAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsnow%2B%2522the%2Btheory%2Band%2Bpractice%2Bof%2Bcolor%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGage1982" class="citation journal cs1">Gage, John (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29543325">"Colour at the Bahaus"</a>. <i>AA Files</i> (2): <span class="nowrap">50–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-6823">0261-6823</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29543325">29543325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AA+Files&rft.atitle=Colour+at+the+Bahaus&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29543325%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0261-6823&rft.aulast=Gage&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29543325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaleigh1968" class="citation journal cs1">Raleigh, Henry P. (1968). "Johannes Itten and the Background of Modern Art Education". <i>Art Journal</i>. <b>27</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">284–</span>302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F775089">10.2307/775089</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/775089">775089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+Journal&rft.atitle=Johannes+Itten+and+the+Background+of+Modern+Art+Education&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E284-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F775089&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F775089%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Raleigh&rft.aufirst=Henry+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeaird2010" class="citation book cs1">Beaird, Jason (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FxejBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22traditional+color+theory%22+red+yellow+blue&pg=PA55"><i>The Principles of Beautiful Web Design</i></a>. SitePoint. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781457192449" title="Special:BookSources/9781457192449"><bdi>9781457192449</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Beautiful+Web+Design&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=SitePoint&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781457192449&rft.aulast=Beaird&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFxejBgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522traditional%2Bcolor%2Btheory%2522%2Bred%2Byellow%2Bblue%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestland2016" class="citation book cs1">Westland, Stephen (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rd.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-14346-0_11.pdf"><i>Handbook of Visual Display Technology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Springer International Publishing. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-14346-0_11">10.1007/978-3-319-14346-0_11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319143460" title="Special:BookSources/9783319143460"><bdi>9783319143460</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2017</span>. <q>A common misapprehension is that it is possible to define three color primaries that could create any color by mixture. Unfortunately, the range of reproducible colors (or gamut) for a trichromatic additive (or subtractive) system is limited and is always smaller than the gamut of all the colors possible in the world. However, the gamut is smaller or larger depending upon the choice of primaries. Pragmatically, for additive color mixing the largest gamut is achieved when the primaries are red, green, and blue.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Visual+Display+Technology&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-14346-0_11&rft.isbn=9783319143460&rft.aulast=Westland&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frd.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-14346-0_11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stjohn-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stjohn_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stjohn_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stjohn_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSt._John1924" class="citation journal cs1">St. John, Eugene (February 1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nxUhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA8-PA805">"Some Practical Hints on Presswork"</a>. <i>The Inland Printer</i>. <b>72</b> (5): 805. <q>While Prussian blue and crimson lake are available in three-color work, a broken yellow like Dutch pink is not, unless green and purple values may be sacrificed to obtain black. So a fourth printing in weak black or gray was added, and the three-color became the four-color process. At the same time, peacock blue was substituted to a large extent for Prussian blue. ... While process yellow may be considered lemon yellow, process red, carmine lake, three-color process blue, Prussian blue, and four-color process blue, peacock blue, many variations are encountered in practice; ... Bright reds may be mixed from process red and vermilion, chrome greens from process blue and process yellow, and useful purples from process red and reflex blue.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Inland+Printer&rft.atitle=Some+Practical+Hints+on+Presswork&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=805&rft.date=1924-02&rft.aulast=St.+John&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnxUhAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA8-PA805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-raymer-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-raymer_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaymer1921" class="citation book cs1">Raymer, Percy C. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R8B_pwhP9tgC&pg=PA73"><i>Photo-engravers' Hand-book on Etching & Finishing</i></a>. Effingham Republican. p. 52<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>The so-called pure 'primary red pigment' (more correctly 'magenta') printed onto white paper absorbs the green light (its complementary) and the pure 'blue primary pigment', which is practically a strong cyan or peacock blue, absorbs the bright orange-red light (its complementary).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photo-engravers%27+Hand-book+on+Etching+%26+Finishing&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Effingham+Republican&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Raymer&rft.aufirst=Percy+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR8B_pwhP9tgC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-draftsman-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-draftsman_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-draftsman_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Bureau_of_Naval_Personnel1967" class="citation book cs1">United States Bureau of Naval Personnel (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PzlVzeq0VCUC&pg=PA82"><i>Illustrator Draftsman 1 & C</i></a>. U.S. GPO. p. 82<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>This is based on the fact that most colors can be approximated from a mixture of the primary colors – red, yellow, and blue. However, in process colors, the red is closer to a magenta than a vermilion, the blue is rather pale and greenish, and only the yellow is the bright, clear shade we usually think of as a primary color.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrator+Draftsman+1+%26+C&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=U.S.+GPO&rft.date=1967&rft.au=United+States+Bureau+of+Naval+Personnel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPzlVzeq0VCUC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1909" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Birge (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCdNRQ20kTYC"><i>Landscape Painting</i></a>. Scribbner. p. 118. <q>The expert cannot be bothered with useless pigments. He selects the few that are really essential and throws aside the rest as useless lumber. The distinguished Swedish artist, Zorn, uses but two colors—vermilion and yellow ochre; his two other pigments black and white, being the negation of color. With this palette, simple to the point of poverty, he nevertheless finds it possible to paint an immense variety of landscape and figure subjects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landscape+Painting&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Scribbner&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Birge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCdNRQ20kTYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuehni, Rolf G. "Development of the idea of simple colors in the 16th and early 17th centuries". <i>Color Research & Application</i> 32.2 (2007): 92–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gage_apelles-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gage_apelles_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gage_apelles_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gage_apelles_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGage1999" class="citation book cs1">Gage, John (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oq_GtjmoTNgC&q=color+and+culture&pg=PA7"><i>Color and Culture: Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22225-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22225-0"><bdi>978-0-520-22225-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+and+Culture%3A+Practice+and+Meaning+from+Antiquity+to+Abstraction&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22225-0&rft.aulast=Gage&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doq_GtjmoTNgC%26q%3Dcolor%2Band%2Bculture%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyle1664-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyle1664_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyle1664_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyle1664" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, Robert (1664). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14504"><i>Experiments and Considerations touching Colours</i></a>. Henry Herringman. p. 220. <q>But I think I may easily be excus'd (though I do not altogether pass it by) if I restrain my self to the making of a Transient mention of some few of their Practices about this matter; and that only so far forth, as may warrant me to observe to you, that there are but few Simple and Primary Colours (if I may so call them) from whose Various Compositions all the rest do as it were Result. For though Painters can imitate the Hues (though not always the Splendor) of those almost Numberless differing Colours that are to be met with in the Works of Nature, and of Art, I have not yet found, that to exhibit this strange Variety they need imploy any more than White, and Black, and Red, and Blew, and Yellow; these five, Variously Compounded, and (if I may so speak) Decompounded, being sufficient to exhibit a Variety and Number of Colours, such, as those that are altogether Strangers to the Painters Pallets, can hardly imagine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Experiments+and+Considerations+touching+Colours&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Henry+Herringman&rft.date=1664&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F14504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRood1973" class="citation book cs1">Rood, Ogden (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/service/gdc/scd0001/2010/20100701001mo//20100701001mo.pdf"><i>Modern chromatics; students' text-book of color, with applications to art and industry</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-442-27028-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-442-27028-3"><bdi>0-442-27028-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118111614/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/service/gdc/scd0001/2010/20100701001mo/20100701001mo.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-01-18. <q>It is well known to painters that approximate representations of all colours can be produced by the use of very few pigments. Three pigments or coloured powders will suffice, a red, yellow, and a blue; for example, crimson lake, gamboge, and Prussian blue. The red and yellow mingled in various proportions will furnish different shades of orange and orange-yellow; the blue and yellow will give a great variety of greens; the red and blue all the purple and violet hues. There have been instances of painters in water-colours who used only these three pigments, adding lampblack for the purpose of darkening them and obtaining the browns and greys.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+chromatics%3B+students%27+text-book+of+color%2C+with+applications+to+art+and+industry.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold+Co&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-442-27028-3&rft.aulast=Rood&rft.aufirst=Ogden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fservice%2Fgdc%2Fscd0001%2F2010%2F20100701001mo%2F%2F20100701001mo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNyholm1914" class="citation journal cs1">Nyholm, Arvid (1914). "Anders Zorn: The Artist and the Man". <i>Fine Arts Journal</i>. <b>31</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">469–</span>481. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25587278">10.2307/25587278</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25587278">25587278</a>. <q>It is true that Zorn uses only a very limited palette, especially when he paints indoors, when he considers that black, white, red and yellow should be enough for all ordinary purposes, except when a very decided color is present, as, for instance, a light blue or a positive green in a drapery.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fine+Arts+Journal&rft.atitle=Anders+Zorn%3A+The+Artist+and+the+Man&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E469-%3C%2Fspan%3E481&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25587278&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25587278%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nyholm&rft.aufirst=Arvid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMunsell1907" class="citation book cs1">Munsell, Albert H. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/26054/26054-h/26054-h.htm"><i>A Color Notation</i></a>. <q>Studio and school-room practice still cling to the discredited theory, claiming that, if it fails to describe our color sensations, yet it may be called practically true of pigments, because a red, yellow, and blue pigment suffice to imitate most natural colors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Color+Notation&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Munsell&rft.aufirst=Albert+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F26054%2F26054-h%2F26054-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLintott1926" class="citation book cs1">Lintott, E. Barnard (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ycNNAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Art of Water Colour Painting</i></a>. C. Scribner's Sons. p. 25. <q>For a young student there cannot be a better way of entering upon the study of water colour than by rigorously banishing all but two colours from his palette. It is the best and surest way to the study of full colour. The colours should be a cold and warm one; cobalt blue and warm sienna—or Prussian blue and burnt sienna—are two combinations which lend themselves to a great variety of treatment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Water+Colour+Painting&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Lintott&rft.aufirst=E.+Barnard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DycNNAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEastaughWalshChaplinSiddall2007" class="citation book cs1">Eastaugh, Nicholas; Walsh, Valentine; Chaplin, Tracey; Siddall, Ruth (30 March 2007). <i>Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-37386-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-37386-2"><bdi>978-1-136-37386-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pigment+Compendium%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Historical+Pigments&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-03-30&rft.isbn=978-1-136-37386-2&rft.aulast=Eastaugh&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Valentine&rft.au=Chaplin%2C+Tracey&rft.au=Siddall%2C+Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBall2002" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Philip (2002) [2001]. <i>Bright earth : art and the invention of color</i> (1st American ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226036286" title="Special:BookSources/0226036286"><bdi>0226036286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bright+earth+%3A+art+and+the+invention+of+color&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+American&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0226036286&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacEvoy" class="citation web cs1">MacEvoy, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/intstud.html">"handprint : learning color through paints"</a>. <i>www.handprint.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.handprint.com&rft.atitle=handprint+%3A+learning+color+through+paints&rft.aulast=MacEvoy&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.handprint.com%2FHP%2FWCL%2Fintstud.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacEvoy" class="citation web cs1">MacEvoy, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/paletfs.html">"palette paintings"</a>. <i>www.handprint.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.handprint.com&rft.atitle=palette+paintings&rft.aulast=MacEvoy&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.handprint.com%2FHP%2FWCL%2Fpaletfs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGurney2010" class="citation book cs1">Gurney, James (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MvddjqkQy9UC&q=%22limited%20palette%22"><i>Color and Light: A Guide for the Realist Painter</i></a>. Kansas City, Missouri: Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7407-9771-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7407-9771-2"><bdi>978-0-7407-9771-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+and+Light%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Realist+Painter&rft.place=Kansas+City%2C+Missouri&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Andrews+McMeel+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7407-9771-2&rft.aulast=Gurney&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMvddjqkQy9UC%26q%3D%2522limited%2520palette%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaaseMeyer1992" class="citation journal cs1">Haase, Chet S.; Meyer, Gary W. (1 October 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F146443.146452">"Modeling pigmented materials for realistic image synthesis"</a>. <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. <b>11</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">305–</span>335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F146443.146452">10.1145/146443.146452</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6890110">6890110</a>. <q>Section 2 develops some of the significant differences in additive and subtractive color mixing and discusses the need for different mixing theory for pigmented materials.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Transactions+on+Graphics&rft.atitle=Modeling+pigmented+materials+for+realistic+image+synthesis&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E335&rft.date=1992-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F146443.146452&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6890110%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Haase&rft.aufirst=Chet+S.&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Gary+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F146443.146452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuDiVerdiChenBarnes2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lu, Jingwan; DiVerdi, Stephen; Chen, Willa A.; Barnes, Connelly; Finkelstein, Adam (8 August 2014). "RealPigment: paint compositing by example". <i>Proceedings of the Workshop on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering</i>: <span class="nowrap">21–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2630397.2630401">10.1145/2630397.2630401</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1415118">1415118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Workshop+on+Non-Photorealistic+Animation+and+Rendering&rft.atitle=RealPigment%3A+paint+compositing+by+example&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2014-08-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2630397.2630401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1415118%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=Jingwan&rft.au=DiVerdi%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Chen%2C+Willa+A.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Connelly&rft.au=Finkelstein%2C+Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCurtisAndersonSeimsFleischer1997" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Cassidy J.; Anderson, Sean E.; Seims, Joshua E.; Fleischer, Kurt W.; Salesin, David H. (1997). "Computer-generated watercolor". <i>Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH '97</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">421–</span>430. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F258734.258896">10.1145/258734.258896</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0897918967" title="Special:BookSources/0897918967"><bdi>0897918967</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3051452">3051452</a>. <q>In summary, the fact that the KM model appears to work so well could actually be considered quite surprising, given the number of basic assumptions of the model violated by watercolor. We suspect that while the results of the model are probably not very physically accurate, they at least provide very plausible physical approximations, which appear quite adequate for many applications.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Computer-generated+watercolor&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+24th+annual+conference+on+Computer+graphics+and+interactive+techniques+-+SIGGRAPH+%2797&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E421-%3C%2Fspan%3E430&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3051452%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F258734.258896&rft.isbn=0897918967&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Cassidy+J.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Sean+E.&rft.au=Seims%2C+Joshua+E.&rft.au=Fleischer%2C+Kurt+W.&rft.au=Salesin%2C+David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowell2012" class="citation book cs1">Powell, William F. (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RsGJFZs5yyIC"><i>1,500 Color Mixing Recipes for Oil, Acrylic & Watercolor: Achieve Precise Color when Painting Landscapes, Portraits, Still Lifes, and More</i></a>. 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Part 1</i>. Vienna, Austria: Commission internationale de l'eclairage. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783901906466" title="Special:BookSources/9783901906466"><bdi>9783901906466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+chromaticity+diagram+with+physiological+axes.+Part+1.&rft.place=Vienna%2C+Austria&rft.pub=Commission+internationale+de+l%27eclairage&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783901906466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvrl.org/cvrlfunctions.htm">"CVRL functions - 2-deg fundamentals based on the Stiles and Burch 10-deg CMFs adjusted to 2-deg"</a>. <i>www.cvrl.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cvrl.org&rft.atitle=CVRL+functions+-+2-deg+fundamentals+based+on+the+Stiles+and+Burch+10-deg+CMFs+adjusted+to+2-deg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvrl.org%2Fcvrlfunctions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sRGBVsAdobeRGB-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sRGBVsAdobeRGB_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/sRGB-AdobeRGB1998.htm">"sRGB vs. Adobe RGB 1998"</a>. <i>Cambridge in Colour</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+in+Colour&rft.atitle=sRGB+vs.+Adobe+RGB+1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgeincolour.com%2Ftutorials%2FsRGB-AdobeRGB1998.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schanda2007-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schanda2007_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schanda2007_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schanda2007_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schanda2007_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schanda2007_64-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schanda2007_64-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchanda2007" class="citation book cs1">Schanda, János, ed. 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(17 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15502724.2020.1864395">"Impact of Color-Matching Primaries on Observer Matching: Part I – Accuracy"</a>. <i>LEUKOS</i>. <b>18</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">104–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15502724.2020.1864395">10.1080/15502724.2020.1864395</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LEUKOS&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Color-Matching+Primaries+on+Observer+Matching%3A+Part+I+%E2%80%93+Accuracy&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=2021-02-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15502724.2020.1864395&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Jiaye&rft.au=Hanselaer%2C+Peter&rft.au=Smet%2C+Kevin+A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F15502724.2020.1864395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sRGB_orig-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sRGB_orig_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_StokesMatthew_AndersonSrinivasan_ChandrasekarRicardo_Motta1996" class="citation web cs1">Michael Stokes; Matthew Anderson; Srinivasan Chandrasekar; Ricardo Motta (5 November 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/Graphics/Color/sRGB.html">"A Standard Default Color Space for the Internet – sRGB, Version 1.10"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Standard+Default+Color+Space+for+the+Internet+%E2%80%93+sRGB%2C+Version+1.10&rft.date=1996-11-05&rft.au=Michael+Stokes&rft.au=Matthew+Anderson&rft.au=Srinivasan+Chandrasekar&rft.au=Ricardo+Motta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FGraphics%2FColor%2FsRGB.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iec-standard-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iec-standard_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHPMicrosoftIEC2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a>; <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>; <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> (23 January 2003). IEC (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/6171">"Multimedia systems and equipment - Colour measurement and management - Part 2-2: Colour management - Extended RGB colour space - scRGB"</a>. <i>IEC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEC&rft.atitle=Multimedia+systems+and+equipment+-+Colour+measurement+and+management+-+Part+2-2%3A+Colour+management+-+Extended+RGB+colour+space+-+scRGB&rft.date=2003-01-23&rft.au=HP&rft.au=Microsoft&rft.au=IEC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebstore.iec.ch%2Fpublication%2F6171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFairchild2013" class="citation book cs1">Fairchild, Mark D. (2013). <i>Color Appearance Models</i> (3rd ed.). Hoboken: Wiley. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119967033" title="Special:BookSources/9781119967033"><bdi>9781119967033</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+Appearance+Models.&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=287&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781119967033&rft.aulast=Fairchild&rft.aufirst=Mark+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHering1920" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hering, Ewald (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1xVAAAAMAAJ"><i>Grundzüge der Lehre vom Lichtsinn</i></a> (in German). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-42174-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-42174-1"><bdi>978-3-662-42174-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundz%C3%BCge+der+Lehre+vom+Lichtsinn&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=1920&rft.isbn=978-3-662-42174-1&rft.aulast=Hering&rft.aufirst=Ewald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM1xVAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHering1964" class="citation book cs1">Hering, Ewald (1964). <i>Outlines of a theory of the light sense</i>. Harvard Univ. Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+a+theory+of+the+light+sense.&rft.pub=Harvard+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Hering&rft.aufirst=Ewald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurner1994" class="citation book cs1">Turner, R. Steven (1994). <i>In the eye's mind : vision and the Helmholtz-Hering controversy</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">130–</span>133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400863815" title="Special:BookSources/9781400863815"><bdi>9781400863815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+eye%27s+mind+%3A+vision+and+the+Helmholtz-Hering+controversy&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781400863815&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=R.+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConway2009" class="citation journal cs1">Conway, Bevil R. (12 May 2009). "Color Vision, Cones, and Color-Coding in the Cortex". <i>The Neuroscientist</i>. <b>15</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">274–</span>290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1073858408331369">10.1177/1073858408331369</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19436076">19436076</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9873100">9873100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Neuroscientist&rft.atitle=Color+Vision%2C+Cones%2C+and+Color-Coding+in+the+Cortex&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E274-%3C%2Fspan%3E290&rft.date=2009-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9873100%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19436076&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1073858408331369&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=Bevil+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacLeod2010" class="citation book cs1">MacLeod, Donald (21 May 2010). Cohen, Jonathan; Matthen, Mohan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-SYTDgAAQBAJ&q=Into+the+Neural+Maze.+In%3A+Color+Ontology+and+Color+Science.&pg=PA151"><i>Color Ontology and Color Science</i></a>. MIT Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">159–</span>162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01385-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01385-7"><bdi>978-0-262-01385-7</bdi></a>. <q>Many color scientists, acknowledging that the color opponent signals observed in the pathway to cortex have no relation to the psychological primaries, do nevertheless take it for granted that a color opponent neural representation capable of accounting for the phenomenally simple or unitary quality of the psychological primaries must exist somewhere in the brain—in a region that is directly reflected in phenomenal experience, instead of merely conveying signals from the eye. This tenet was long maintained in the absence of neurophysiological evidence, and continues to be maintained even though current neurophysiological evidence does not support it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+Ontology+and+Color+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2010-05-21&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01385-7&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-SYTDgAAQBAJ%26q%3DInto%2Bthe%2BNeural%2BMaze.%2BIn%253A%2BColor%2BOntology%2Band%2BColor%2BScience.%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hunterlab.com/media/documents/duplicate-of-an-1005-hunterlab-vs-cie-lab.pdf">"Application Note AN 1005.00 Measuring color using Hunter L, a, b versus CIE 1976 L*a*b*"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>HunterLab</i>. Hunter Associates Laboratory Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829054654/https://www.hunterlab.com/media/documents/duplicate-of-an-1005-hunterlab-vs-cie-lab.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>Hunter L, a, b and CIE 1976 L*a*b* (CIELAB) are both color scales based on the Opponent-Color Theory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HunterLab&rft.atitle=Application+Note+AN+1005.00+Measuring+color+using+Hunter+L%2C+a%2C+b+versus+CIE+1976+L%2Aa%2Ab%2A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hunterlab.com%2Fmedia%2Fdocuments%2Fduplicate-of-an-1005-hunterlab-vs-cie-lab.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaffi1997" class="citation book cs1">Maffi, Luisa (1997). Hardin, C.L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ix8l5X5ZBogC&q=%22natural+color+system%22&pg=PA163"><i>Color categories in thought and language</i></a> (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">163–</span>192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49800-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49800-5"><bdi>978-0-521-49800-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+categories+in+thought+and+language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-49800-5&rft.aulast=Maffi&rft.aufirst=Luisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dix8l5X5ZBogC%26q%3D%2522natural%2Bcolor%2Bsystem%2522%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-renzoshamey2020-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-renzoshamey2020_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-renzoshamey2020_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-renzoshamey2020_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-renzoshamey2020_76-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-renzoshamey2020_76-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-renzoshamey2020_76-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-renzoshamey2020_76-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-renzoshamey2020_76-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShameyKuehni2020" class="citation book cs1">Shamey, Renzo; Kuehni, Rolf G. (2020). <i>Pioneers of Color Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-30811-1">10.1007/978-3-319-30811-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-30809-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-30809-8"><bdi>978-3-319-30809-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241801540">241801540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneers+of+Color+Science&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241801540%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-30811-1&rft.isbn=978-3-319-30809-8&rft.aulast=Shamey&rft.aufirst=Renzo&rft.au=Kuehni%2C+Rolf+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeran2014" class="citation journal cs1">Beran, Ondrej (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211104829/http://wittgensteinrepository.org/agora-alws/article/view/2704/3132">"The Essence (?) of Color, According to Wittgenstein"</a>. <i>From the ALWS Archives: A Selection of Papers from the International Wittgenstein Symposia in Kirchberg Am Wechsel</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wittgensteinrepository.org/agora-alws/article/view/2704/3132">the original</a> on 2017-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=From+the+ALWS+Archives%3A+A+Selection+of+Papers+from+the+International+Wittgenstein+Symposia+in+Kirchberg+Am+Wechsel&rft.atitle=The+Essence+%28%3F%29+of+Color%2C+According+to+Wittgenstein&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Beran&rft.aufirst=Ondrej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwittgensteinrepository.org%2Fagora-alws%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2704%2F3132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWittgenstein2005" class="citation book cs1">Wittgenstein, Ludwig (2005). <i>The Big Typescript, TS. 213</i> (German-English scholar's ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405106993" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405106993"><bdi>978-1405106993</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Typescript%2C+TS.+213&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.edition=German-English+scholar%27s&rft.pub=Blackwell+Pub&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1405106993&rft.aulast=Wittgenstein&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacEvoy" class="citation web cs1">MacEvoy, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/color6.html">"do "primary" colors exist?"</a>. <i>handprint : colormaking attributes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>From a modern perspective, the most peculiar feature of d'Aguilon's theory is that these three "noble" hues were themselves created from the mysterious blending of white and black, or light and dark (upper curved lines in the figure), so that light and dark were the two "simple" or primary colors. The "composite" hues green, orange (gold), and purple (lower curved lines) were mixed from the "noble" triad colors. D'Aguilon's diagram was reprinted by the Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher in his optical treatise Ars magna lucis et umbrae (The Great Art of Light and Shadow, 1646). Both sources were widely read in the 17th century, and shaped the explanation of color mixing dominant during the Baroque.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=handprint+%3A+colormaking+attributes&rft.atitle=do+%22primary%22+colors+exist%3F&rft.aulast=MacEvoy&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.handprint.com%2FHP%2FWCL%2Fcolor6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewton1730" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Isaac (1730). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/33504/33504-h/33504-h.htm"><i>Opticks: Or, A Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections and Colours of Light</i></a>. William Innys at the West-End of St. Paul's. p. 135. <q>Whiteness and all grey Colours between white and black, may be compounded of Colours, and the whiteness of the Sun's Light is compounded of all the primary Colours mix'd in a due Proportion</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opticks%3A+Or%2C+A+Treatise+of+the+Reflections%2C+Refractions%2C+Inflections+and+Colours+of+Light&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=William+Innys+at+the+West-End+of+St.+Paul%27s.&rft.date=1730&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F33504%2F33504-h%2F33504-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewton1671" class="citation journal cs1">Newton, Isaac (19 February 1671). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215225401/https://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP00006">"A Letter of Mr. Isaac Newton … containing his New Theory about Light and Color"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</i> (80): <span class="nowrap">3075–</span>3087. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP00006">the original</a> on 15 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>. <q>The Original or primary colours are, Red, Yellow, Green, Blew, and a Violet-purple, together with Orange, Indico, and an indefinite variety of Intermediate gradations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=A+Letter+of+Mr.+Isaac+Newton+%E2%80%A6+containing+his+New+Theory+about+Light+and+Color&rft.issue=80&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3075-%3C%2Fspan%3E3087&rft.date=1671-02-19&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk%2Fview%2Ftexts%2Fnormalized%2FNATP00006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoker" class="citation web cs1">Boker, Steven M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.virginia.edu/~smb3u/ColorVision2/node6.html">"The Representation of Color Metrics and Mappings in Perceptual Color Space"</a>. <i>The Representation of Color Metrics and Mappings in Perceptual Color Space</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Representation+of+Color+Metrics+and+Mappings+in+Perceptual+Color+Space&rft.atitle=The+Representation+of+Color+Metrics+and+Mappings+in+Perceptual+Color+Space&rft.aulast=Boker&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.virginia.edu%2F~smb3u%2FColorVision2%2Fnode6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacEvoy" class="citation web cs1">MacEvoy, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/color6.html">"handprint : colormaking attributes"</a>. <i>www.handprint.com</i>. <q>The Scottish physicist David Brewster (1781-1868) was an especially pugnacious holdout, arguing as late as the 1840's that all spectral hues could be explained by red, yellow, and blue fundamental colors of light, which Brewster equated with three colored filters or transmittance curves that could reproduce the entire spectrum...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.handprint.com&rft.atitle=handprint+%3A+colormaking+attributes&rft.aulast=MacEvoy&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.handprint.com%2FHP%2FWCL%2Fcolor6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell2013" class="citation book cs1">Maxwell, James Clerk (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EA7CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA449"><i>The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell</i></a>. Courier Corporation. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-78322-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-78322-2"><bdi>978-0-486-78322-2</bdi></a>. <q>The experiments with pigments do not indicate what colours are to be considered as primary; but experiments on the prismatic spectrum shew that all the colours of the spectrum, and therefore all the colours in nature, are equivalent to mixtures of three colours of the spectrum itself, namely, red, green (near the line E), and blue (near the line G). Yellow was found to be a mixture of red and green.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Papers+of+James+Clerk+Maxwell&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-486-78322-2&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=James+Clerk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEA7CAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_Daniell1904" class="citation book cs1">Alfred Daniell (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oPQZAAAAYAAJ&q=primary+red-green-and-violet+maxwell&pg=PA575"><i>A text book of the principles of physics</i></a>. Macmillan and Co. p. 575.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+text+book+of+the+principles+of+physics&rft.pages=575&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Alfred+Daniell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoPQZAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dprimary%2Bred-green-and-violet%2Bmaxwell%26pg%3DPA575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mollon2003-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mollon2003_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mollon2003_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMollon2003" class="citation book cs1">Mollon, J.D. (2003). <i>The science of color</i> (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.583.1688">10.1.1.583.1688</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-444-51251-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-444-51251-9"><bdi>0-444-51251-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+science+of+color&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.583.1688%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.isbn=0-444-51251-9&rft.aulast=Mollon&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"32". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:phi,0978,001:35"><i>Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Book XXXV. An Account of Paintings and Colours</i></a>. <q>It was with four colours only, that Apelles, Echion, Melanthius, and Nicomachus, those most illustrous painters, executed their immortal works; melinum for the white, Attic sil for the yellow, Pontic sinopis for the red, and atramentum for the black; and yet a single picture of theirs has sold before now for the treasures of whole cities. But at the present day, when purple is employed for colouring walls even, and when India sends to us the slime of her rivers, and the corrupt blood of her dragons and her elephants, there is no such thing as a picture of high quality produced. Everything, in fact, was superior at a time when the resources of art were so much fewer than they now are. Yes, so it is; and the reason is, as we have already stated, that it is the material, and not the efforts of genius, that is now the object of research.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=32&rft.btitle=Pliny+the+Elder%2C+The+Natural+History%2C+Book+XXXV.+An+Account+of+Paintings+and+Colours.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Aabo%3Aphi%2C0978%2C001%3A35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBardwellRichardsonMillarDodsley1756" class="citation book cs1">Bardwell, Thomas; Richardson, Samuel; Millar, Andrew; Dodsley, Robert; Dodsley, James; Rivington, John; Rivington, James; Vivarès, François (1756). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/practiceofpainti00bard/page/n15/mode/2up?q=ancients"><i>The practice of painting and perspective made easy : in which is contained, the art of painting in oil, with the method of colouring ... and a new, short, and familiar account of the art of perspective, illustrated with copper-plates, engraved by Mr. Vivares</i></a>. London : Printed by S. Richardson, for the author, and sold by him ... and by A. Millar ... R. and J. Dodsley ..., and J. and J. Rivington ... <q>How it really was, Time has put it out of our Power to determine : But if we ſuppoſe thoſe four principal Colours in Perfection, then, I think, it can be no longer doubted, but that from them might be made all the various Colours in Nature. For my part, I cannot believe, that the four capital Colours of the Antients would mix to that ſurpriſing Perfection we ſee in the Works of Titian and Rubens. And if we have no certain Knowlege of their Method of Colouring who lived In the laſt Century, how ſhould we underſtand theirs who lived near Two thouſand Years ago ?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+practice+of+painting+and+perspective+made+easy+%3A+in+which+is+contained%2C+the+art+of+painting+in+oil%2C+with+the+method+of+colouring+...+and+a+new%2C+short%2C+and+familiar+account+of+the+art+of+perspective%2C+illustrated+with+copper-plates%2C+engraved+by+Mr.+Vivares&rft.pub=London+%3A+Printed+by+S.+Richardson%2C+for+the+author%2C+and+sold+by+him+...+and+by+A.+Millar+...+R.+and+J.+Dodsley+...%2C+and+J.+and+J.+Rivington+...&rft.date=1756&rft.aulast=Bardwell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Samuel&rft.au=Millar%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Dodsley%2C+Robert&rft.au=Dodsley%2C+James&rft.au=Rivington%2C+John&rft.au=Rivington%2C+James&rft.au=Vivar%C3%A8s%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpracticeofpainti00bard%2Fpage%2Fn15%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dancients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBriggs" class="citation web cs1">Briggs, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huevaluechroma.com/062.php">"The Dimensions of Colour, primary colours"</a>. <i>www.huevaluechroma.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.huevaluechroma.com&rft.atitle=The+Dimensions+of+Colour%2C+primary+colours&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huevaluechroma.com%2F062.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarris1766" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Moses (1766). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/50048542/"><i>The natural system of colours : wherein is displayed the regular and beautiful order and arrangement, arising from the three premitives, red, blue, and yellow, the manner in which each colour is formed, and its composition, the dependance [sic] they have on each other, and by their harmonious connections are produced the teints, or colours, of every object in the creation, and those teints, tho' so numerous as 660, are all comprised in thirty three terms, only</i></a>. Laidler's office, Princes-Street, Licester-Fields.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+natural+system+of+colours+%3A+wherein+is+displayed+the+regular+and+beautiful+order+and+arrangement%2C+arising+from+the+three+premitives%2C+red%2C+blue%2C+and+yellow%2C+the+manner+in+which+each+colour+is+formed%2C+and+its+composition%2C+the+dependance+%5Bsic%5D+they+have+on+each+other%2C+and+by+their+harmonious+connections+are+produced+the+teints%2C+or+colours%2C+of+every+object+in+the+creation%2C+and+those+teints%2C+tho%27+so+numerous+as+660%2C+are+all+comprised+in+thirty+three+terms%2C+only&rft.pub=Laidler%27s+office%2C+Princes-Street%2C+Licester-Fields&rft.date=1766&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Moses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F50048542%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMériméeTaylor1839" class="citation book cs1">Mérimée, Jean-François-Léonor; Taylor, William Benjamin Sarsfield (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artpaintinginoi01taylgoog/page/n300/mode/2up?q=simple"><i>The Art of Painting in Oil and in Fresco, Being a History of the Various Processes and Materials Employed, from Its Discovery</i></a>. Whittaker & co. p. 245. <q>Although painters usually have arranged on their palettes a good many pigments of various deno- minations, yet they do not always seem to know, that three simple colours (yellow, red, and blue) can, by proper combination, be made to produce that great variety of tones and colours that we find in nature. United in pairs, these three primitive colours give birth to three other colours, as distinct and as brilliant as their originals; as thus, the yellow, mixed with red, gives the orange; the red and blue, violet; and the green is obtained by mixing blue and yellow, and, according to the preponderance of one or other colour in the mixture, will the tint incline towards that colour; and as these proportions are graduated, we pass progressively from one colour to another, and from whatever point we begin, we return to it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Painting+in+Oil+and+in+Fresco%2C+Being+a+History+of+the+Various+Processes+and+Materials+Employed%2C+from+Its+Discovery&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Whittaker+%26+co.&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois-L%C3%A9onor&rft.au=Taylor%2C+William+Benjamin+Sarsfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartpaintinginoi01taylgoog%2Fpage%2Fn300%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dsimple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFField1835" class="citation book cs1">Field, George (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PDMAAAAAQAAJ&q=%22primary+colours%22+yellow+red+blue+%22entire+colours%22&pg=PA38"><i>Chromatography; Or, A Treatise on Colours and Pigments: And of Their Powers in Painting</i></a>. Tilt and Bogue. <q>The Primary Colours are such as yield others by being compounded, but are not themselves capable of being produced by composition by other colours. They are three only, yellow, red, and blue...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chromatography%3B+Or%2C+A+Treatise+on+Colours+and+Pigments%3A+And+of+Their+Powers+in+Painting&rft.pub=Tilt+and+Bogue&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPDMAAAAAQAAJ%26q%3D%2522primary%2Bcolours%2522%2Byellow%2Bred%2Bblue%2B%2522entire%2Bcolours%2522%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChevreul,_Michel_Eugène1861" class="citation book cs1">Chevreul, Michel Eugène (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawscontrastcol00chevgoog"><i>The Laws of Contrast of Colour</i></a>. London: Routledge, Warne, and Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawscontrastcol00chevgoog/page/n70">25</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Laws+of+Contrast+of+Colour&rft.place=London&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Warne%2C+and+Routledge&rft.date=1861&rft.au=Chevreul%2C+Michel+Eug%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flawscontrastcol00chevgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span> – English translation by John Spanton</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacEvoy" class="citation web cs1">MacEvoy, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/chevreul.html">"handprint : colormaking attributes"</a>. <i>www.handprint.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.handprint.com&rft.atitle=handprint+%3A+colormaking+attributes&rft.aulast=MacEvoy&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.handprint.com%2FHP%2FWCL%2Fchevreul.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert1772-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert1772_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert1772_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lambert1772_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLambert1772" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, J.H. (1772). <i>Beschreibung einer mit Calauischem Wachse ausgeführten Farbenpyramide</i>. Berlin: Haude und Spener.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beschreibung+einer+mit+Calauischem+Wachse+ausgef%C3%BChrten+Farbenpyramide&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Haude+und+Spener&rft.date=1772&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacEvoy" class="citation web cs1">MacEvoy, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/color6.html#solidmodels">"handprint : colormaking attributes"</a>. <i>www.handprint.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.handprint.com&rft.atitle=handprint+%3A+colormaking+attributes&rft.aulast=MacEvoy&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.handprint.com%2FHP%2FWCL%2Fcolor6.html%23solidmodels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuehni2003" class="citation book cs1">Kuehni, Rolf G. (2003). <i>Color space and its divisions : color order from antiquity to the present</i>. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-43226-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-43226-5"><bdi>978-0-471-43226-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+space+and+its+divisions+%3A+color+order+from+antiquity+to+the+present&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-471-43226-5&rft.aulast=Kuehni&rft.aufirst=Rolf+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-runge2003-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-runge2003_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-runge2003_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-runge2003_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-runge2003_98-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-runge2003_98-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuehni" class="citation web cs1">Kuehni, Rolf G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iscc-archive.org/pdf/RungeFarben-Kugel.pdf">"Philipp Otto Runge's Color Sphere A translation, with related materials and an essay"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190120190655/http://iscc-archive.org/pdf/RungeFarben-Kugel.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2019-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philipp+Otto+Runge%27s+Color+Sphere+A+translation%2C+with+related+materials+and+an+essay&rft.aulast=Kuehni&rft.aufirst=Rolf+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iscc-archive.org%2Fpdf%2FRungeFarben-Kugel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOsborn1856" class="citation book cs1">Osborn, Laughton (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K81NAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22primary+colors%22+painting&pg=PA382"><i>Handbook of Young Artists and Amateurs in Oil Painting: Being Chiefly a Condensed Compilation from the Celebrated Manual of Bouvier ... Appended, A New Explanatory and Critical Vocabulary</i></a>. J. Wiley & son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Young+Artists+and+Amateurs+in+Oil+Painting%3A+Being+Chiefly+a+Condensed+Compilation+from+the+Celebrated+Manual+of+Bouvier+...+Appended%2C+A+New+Explanatory+and+Critical+Vocabulary&rft.pub=J.+Wiley+%26+son&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Osborn&rft.aufirst=Laughton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK81NAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3D%2522primary%2Bcolors%2522%2Bpainting%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalkins1888" class="citation book cs1">Calkins, Norman Allison (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3wwUAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22primary+colors%22&pg=PA186"><i>Primary Object Lessons: For Training the Senses and Developing the Faculties of Children ...</i></a> Harper & Bros. p. 195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primary+Object+Lessons%3A+For+Training+the+Senses+and+Developing+the+Faculties+of+Children+...&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Bros.&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Calkins&rft.aufirst=Norman+Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3wwUAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3D%2522primary%2Bcolors%2522%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKing1923" class="citation book cs1">King, John L. (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ColorMixingGuideForArtistsPaintersDecoratorsPrintingPressmenShow/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Color mixing guide for artists, painters, decorators, printing pressmen, show card writers, sign painters, color mixers, give color mixtures by parts</i></a>. Fine Arts Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+mixing+guide+for+artists%2C+painters%2C+decorators%2C+printing+pressmen%2C+show+card+writers%2C+sign+painters%2C+color+mixers%2C+give+color+mixtures+by+parts.&rft.pub=Fine+Arts+Publishing&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FColorMixingGuideForArtistsPaintersDecoratorsPrintingPressmenShow%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVance2008" class="citation book cs1">Vance, Cynthia (2008). <i>Red, yellow, blue, and you</i> (1st ed.). New York: Abbeville Kids. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780789209696" title="Special:BookSources/9780789209696"><bdi>9780789209696</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red%2C+yellow%2C+blue%2C+and+you&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Abbeville+Kids&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780789209696&rft.aulast=Vance&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crayola.com/faq/another-topic/what-are-the-primary-colors/">"Crayola Support FAQ-What are the primary colors?"</a>. <i>www.crayola.com</i>. <q>What are the primary colors? Primary colors include red, blue, and yellow. Primary colors cannot be mixed from other colors. They are the source of all other colors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.crayola.com&rft.atitle=Crayola+Support+FAQ-What+are+the+primary+colors%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crayola.com%2Ffaq%2Fanother-topic%2Fwhat-are-the-primary-colors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPitcher2011" class="citation book cs1">Pitcher, Colette (16 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_eu_9qDLhUC&q=%22primary%20colors%22%20"><i>Watercolor Painting For Dummies</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-05200-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-05200-6"><bdi>978-1-118-05200-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watercolor+Painting+For+Dummies&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-03-16&rft.isbn=978-1-118-05200-6&rft.aulast=Pitcher&rft.aufirst=Colette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm_eu_9qDLhUC%26q%3D%2522primary%2520colors%2522%2520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Quiller2002" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Quiller (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jiUTZQj_v5QC&dq=what-is-a-color-wheel+spaced+red+yellow+blue&pg=PA12"><i>Color Choices</i></a>. Watson–Guptill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-0697-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8230-0697-2"><bdi>0-8230-0697-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+Choices&rft.pub=Watson%E2%80%93Guptill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8230-0697-2&rft.au=Stephen+Quiller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjiUTZQj_v5QC%26dq%3Dwhat-is-a-color-wheel%2Bspaced%2Bred%2Byellow%2Bblue%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.gov/education/teachers/lessons-activities/elements-of-art/color.html">"Color"</a>. <i>www.nga.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2017</span>. <q>Red, blue, and yellow are the primary colors. With paints of just these three colors, artists can mix them to create all the other colors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nga.gov&rft.atitle=Color&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.gov%2Feducation%2Fteachers%2Flessons-activities%2Felements-of-art%2Fcolor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeidtke2018" class="citation book cs1">Leidtke, Amy (20 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GvF6DwAAQBAJ"><i>Leonardo's Art Workshop: Invent, Create, and Make STEAM Projects like a Genius</i></a>. Rockport Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63159-522-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63159-522-6"><bdi>978-1-63159-522-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo%27s+Art+Workshop%3A+Invent%2C+Create%2C+and+Make+STEAM+Projects+like+a+Genius&rft.pub=Rockport+Publishers&rft.date=2018-11-20&rft.isbn=978-1-63159-522-6&rft.aulast=Leidtke&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGvF6DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMunsell1907" class="citation book cs1">Munsell, A.H. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/26054/26054-h/26054-h.htm"><i>A Color Notation</i></a>. <q>The wide discrepancies of red, yellow, and blue, which have been falsely taught as primary colors, can no more be tuned by a child than the musical novice can tune his instrument. Each of these hues has three variable factors (see page 14, paragraph 14), and scientific tests are necessary to measure and relate their uneven degrees of Hue, Value, and Chroma.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Color+Notation&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Munsell&rft.aufirst=A.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F26054%2F26054-h%2F26054-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHirschlerCsillagManyéNeder2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hirschler, Robert; Csillag, Paula; Manyé, Pablo; Neder, Mônica (December 2018). "How much colour science is not too much?". <i>Color Research & Application</i>. <b>43</b> (6): 987. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcol.22275">10.1002/col.22275</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125461782">125461782</a>. <q>One of the most typical problems is that of trying to reproduce Itten's colour circle following his instructions. Students may get frustrated, because it is simply not possible to achieve acceptable results using the RYB 'primaries'. Figure 16 illustrates why it is impossible to reproduce Itten's colour circle following strictly his instructions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Color+Research+%26+Application&rft.atitle=How+much+colour+science+is+not+too+much%3F&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=987&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcol.22275&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A125461782%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hirschler&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Csillag%2C+Paula&rft.au=Many%C3%A9%2C+Pablo&rft.au=Neder%2C+M%C3%B4nica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimary+color" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_chemicals" title="Color of chemicals">Color of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">Color psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_preferences" title="Color preferences">Color preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_color_test" title="Lüscher color test">Lüscher color test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Color cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">Grisaille</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Color" title="Category:Color">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Photography477" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography477" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Film photography">Film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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