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href="#Enslavement_of_Sub-Saharan_Africans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Enslavement of Sub-Saharan Africans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enslavement_of_Sub-Saharan_Africans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gitanos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gitanos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gitanos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gitanos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_of_scientific_racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_of_scientific_racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Spread of scientific racism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_of_scientific_racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xenophobia_among_ethnic_Spaniards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xenophobia_among_ethnic_Spaniards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Xenophobia among ethnic Spaniards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xenophobia_among_ethnic_Spaniards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racism_in_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racism_in_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Racism in football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racism_in_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_profiling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_profiling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Racial profiling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_profiling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> <b>Racism in Spain</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i>Racismo en España</i>) can be traced back to any <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">historical era</a>, during which social, economic and political conflicts have efficiently been justified by racial differences, be it in the form of racism as an <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> or in the form of racism as simple attitudes or behaviors towards those who are perceived as being different. More common than racism <i>per se</i> are the attitudes linked to <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> (specially the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a> ones), as well as religious and/or linguistic-cultural <a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">hatred</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_roots">Historical roots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Spain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical roots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>, the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mudejar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudejar">Muslims</a> were targeted the most. This policy was called <a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Limpieza de sangre</a> <i>(Blood Cleansing)</i>. Even after a Jew or a Muslim (<a href="/wiki/Muwallad" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwallad">Muwallad</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a>) converted to Christianity, the contemporary Spanish authorities referred to them and their descendants as <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a>, and as a result, they were the targets of popular and institutional discrimination and they were also the targets of suspicion by the Spanish Inquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Christians of Muslim heritage were referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">moriscos</a></i>, meaning <i>Moor-like</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those of Jewish heritage were termed <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Conversos</a> and those who secretly continued to practice Judaism were referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Marranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Marranos">marranos</a></i> (either from the Spanish word <i>marrar</i> which means to err/deviate or from the Spanish word <i>marrano</i> which means "swine".).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjars</a> (individual <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>, who remained in Iberia after the Christian <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> but were not converted to Christianity) remained in Spain as practicing Muslims and <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> were required to convert to Catholicism or leave the country in 1492. Attitudes towards Moriscos varied in different regions, but they were never the main targets of the Inquisition. A few decades after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Alpujarras" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Alpujarras">War of the Alpujarras</a>, during which the Muslim-majority population of Granada rebelled, the King of Spain ordered the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> from Spain, which was successfully implemented in the eastern region of Valencia and was less successfully implemented in the rest of Spain. While Medieval <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">persecutions of Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Muslims</a> were aimed at converting or eliminating non-Christians, <i>limpieza de sangre</i> was linked to the ancestry of the new Christians, regardless of their fervor or their lack of it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enslavement_of_Sub-Saharan_Africans">Enslavement of Sub-Saharan Africans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Spain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Enslavement of Sub-Saharan Africans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern era</a>, a small number of Sub-Saharan Africans were captured or bought and sold as slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slaves who were born in Sub-Saharan Africa were called <i><a href="/wiki/Bozal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bozal">bozales</a></i>. Their descendants were called <a href="/wiki/Black_Ladino" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Ladino">Black Ladinos</a> because they had a better command of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a>, the territories which were inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> were massively depopulated as a result of mass <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples#Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> illnesses and the hardships which were caused by the conquest and the exploitation which followed it. Sub-Saharan African slaves were <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish Empire">taken to the Indies as laborers</a>. Initially, they were taken from Spain and later, they were taken from Sub-Saharan Africa. Today, the descendants of these enslaved black people still populate the former Spanish colonies and as a result, they constitute a major community within the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gitanos">Gitanos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Spain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gitanos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Racism_in_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Racism in Spain">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Gitanos</a> are the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> who migrated from Northern Africa and France and arrived in Spain in the late Middle Ages. They lived a nomadic lifestyle until the 20th century and as a result, they were blamed for crime by the sedentary population. The authorities' treatment of the Gitanos varied from persecution to forcible assimilation. </p><p>The Gitanos are the descendants of Romani people who migrated from the Indian Subcontinent and began migrating towards Europe during the 10th and 11th centuries. The earliest documentation of Romani people’s presence in Spain is traced back to the 15th century. </p><p>The Roma population is the longest-standing ethnic minority in Spain and has a long history of being discriminated against and ostracized in both Spanish and European history. Discrimination based on ethnocultural differences and physical characteristics (such as skin color) has contributed to the exclusion of Roma populations and the historical persecution of the Roma in Spain. The Roma population is the most overlooked minority group in the formation of diversity policy in Spain. Demographic surveys taken from the years 2000 to 2007 found that 8% of the Spanish population was made up of Romani people. Many have assimilated into Spanish society, while others have continued to lead their traditional lives in small, isolated communities. </p><p>Discrimination against the Roma community in Spain has not ended, and the United Nations special rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights has spoken out about the mistreatment of the Roma/Gypsy community in Spain. In 2020 the UN reported that half of the 750,000 Roma living in Spain live below the poverty line and face contemporary forms of discrimination, such as job and housing discrimination. Socially, the Roma populations are less educated than the native Spanish population, and 70% of Roma adults in Spain are illiterate (European Roma and Travellers Forum). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spread_of_scientific_racism">Spread of scientific racism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Spain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spread of scientific racism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_%C3%81lvarez_Chillida" title="Gonzalo Álvarez Chillida">Gonzalo Álvarez Chillida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>, which was prevalent in Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries, can be considered a doctrine which "affirmed the inherited <a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">biological determinism</a> of the moral and intellectual capacities of an individual, and the division of groups of humans into <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">races</a> differentiated by physical traits associated to immutable, inherited moral and intellectual traits" and "affirms the superiority of certain races over others, protected by <a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">racial purity</a> and ruined through <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">racial mixing</a>", which "leads to the national right of superior races to impose themselves over the inferior". According to Chillida, such an ideology had difficulties in penetrating Spain due to the concept of "casticismo" which was inverted or ingrained in Spanish society, according to this concept, Spanish castes were considered religious lineages rather than races, in contraposition to the "Moor" and the "<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jew</a>". In the Spanish psyche, the Christian-Jewish dichotomy remained predominant over the more modern and racialized <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">aryan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Semitic_people" title="Semitic people">Semite</a> dichotomy, which was developed in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenic ideas</a> were slow to enter the country; the First Spanish Eugenics Conferences were held in 1928, and the second Spanish Eugenics conferences were held in 1933. <a href="/wiki/Luis_Recasens" title="Luis Recasens">Recasens Siches</a> defended racist stances in those conferences.<sup id="cite_ref-chillida224_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chillida224-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jurist Quintiliano Saldaña advocated the imposition of a national policy of sterilizations but he received a paltry amount of support in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-chillida224_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chillida224-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Xenophobia_among_ethnic_Spaniards">Xenophobia among ethnic Spaniards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Spain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Xenophobia among ethnic Spaniards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Racism_in_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Racism in Spain">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Along with the traditional racism against Jews, Muslims and Romani, Spaniards are known to have extremely <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobic attitudes</a> among themselves, depending on their region of origin and/or their mother tongue. Over the last 200 years, many Spaniards have nurtured a ferocious hatred for each other, depending on their <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">mother tongue</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist identity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan/Valencian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> speakers <i>versus</i> Spanish speakers; <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a> nationalists <i>versus</i> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish nationalists</a>). Nationalist antagonisms among Spaniards reached a climax during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> and they paralleled the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> <i>versus</i> <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> antagonism. The mass emigration of the Spanish-speaking population from the poorer regions of Spain to Catalonia and the Basque country exacerbated those antagonisms, because many Catalans, Valencians and Basques despised the newcomers because they were poor, a feeling which was exhacerbated by their fear that the Spanish central authorities were attempting to dilute ethnic Catalans, Valencians, Basques and northern Navarrese into the ethnic Spanish majority by using the newcomers as their tools. Nowadays, Spanish media outlets, particularly Spanish right-wing media outlets which are based in Madrid (specially journals like <i>ABC</i>, <i>La Razón</i>, <i>El Mundo</i>, <i>El Español</i>, <i>OKdiario</i>, <i>Periodista Digital</i>, <i>Vozpópuli</i>, <i>Libertad Digital</i> or even <i>El País</i>; as well as radio stations like <i>esRadio</i> or <i>Onda Cero</i>; and television channels like <i>Intereconomía</i> or <i>Telemadrid</i>), and Catalan (specially the main regional public television channel <i>TV3</i>, radio stations like <i>Catalunya Radio</i>, and journals like <i>Avui</i> or <i>El Nacional.cat</i>) and Basque nationalist (particularly the main regional public television channel <i>Euskal Irrati Telebista</i>) media outlets which are based in their respective regions, regularly tend to foment confrontations between Spaniards who are from different regions of Spain; these confrontations ultimately coincide with the conflicts of interest which exist between the Spanish central <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchies</a> which are based in Madrid, and the peripheral Catalan and Basque <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchies</a> which are based in Barcelona and Bilbao respectively. Most notably and particularly over the last decade, these conflicts have been exacerbated on account of the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Racism_in_football">Racism in football</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Spain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Racism in football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_La_Liga" title="1992–93 La Liga">1992–93 La Liga</a> season, the late <a href="/wiki/Rayo_Vallecano" title="Rayo Vallecano">Rayo Vallecano</a> goalkeeper <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Agbonavbare" title="Wilfred Agbonavbare">Wilfred Agbonavbare</a> was target of racist abuse from <a href="/wiki/Real_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Madrid">Real Madrid</a> fans, such as chants as <i>Negro, cabrón, recoge el algodón!</i> ("Nigger, motherfucker, go to <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">pick some cotton</a>!")<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a middle-aged man from Madrid saying on live TV that "that fucking nigger from Rayo" and the referee <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_And%C3%BAjar_Oliver" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Andújar Oliver">Juan Andújar Oliver</a> were to blame for Real Madrid's defeat, much to the amusement of the teenage fans who shouted "Ku Klux Klan".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same live TV report, a 13-year old Real Madrid fan took furiously the microphone and spat, making a verbal threat to the Nigerian goalkeeper saying "Sunday we'll go to beat to death the nigger, that son of a bitch, in Vallecas".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked about the abuse suffered, Wilfred stated "That's normal, I am dark-skinned and having made many saves, I expected people to shout at me. But i am a footballer and this is nothing, i am very focused on [playing] my match".<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bukaneros, a far-left ultras group from Rayo Vallecano, dedicated to Wilfred a graffiti with the dedication "For your defense of the Sash against racism, we will not forget you".<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1996, after his transfer from <a href="/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF" title="Real Madrid CF">Real Madrid</a> to <a href="/wiki/FC_Barcelona" title="FC Barcelona">FC Barcelona</a>, many supporter groups of Barcelona's rivals (Ultras Sur being the first) abused <a href="/wiki/Luis_Enrique" title="Luis Enrique">Luis Enrique</a> by chanting "Luis Enrique, tu padre es Amunike" (<i>Luis Enrique, your father is <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Amunike" title="Emmanuel Amunike">Amunike</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which referenced the Nigerian striker, who then, was his teammate for the <i>culés</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abuse still carried on such as in 2016, when a man abused Luis Enrique – now as Barcelona's coach – with said chant when the latter was getting out from the bus at <a href="/wiki/El_Prat_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="El Prat airport">El Prat airport</a> a day before the 2016-17 Champions League fourth group stage match against <a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C." title="Manchester City F.C.">Manchester City F.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C." title="Aston Villa F.C.">Aston Villa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dalian_Atkinson" title="Dalian Atkinson">Dalian Atkinson</a> returned from Spain after one season with <a href="/wiki/Real_Sociedad" title="Real Sociedad">Real Sociedad</a>, unhappy with the reception he received and identifying racial abuse as a major factor in his rapid departure from the Spanish club.<sup id="cite_ref-Centre_for_the_Sociology_of_Sport_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centre_for_the_Sociology_of_Sport-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ivorian midfielder <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Dja_Ettien" title="Félix Dja Ettien">Félix Dja Ettien</a> suffered racial abuse when he first signed for <a href="/wiki/Levante_UD" title="Levante UD">Levante</a> (where he stayed from 1997 to 2008); he was ignored by the coach due to his inability to speak <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and whenever he fell ill, he was accused of having <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> or <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a training session in 2004, a Spanish TV crew filmed <a href="/wiki/Spain_national_football_team" title="Spain national football team">Spain national team</a> head coach <a href="/wiki/Luis_Aragon%C3%A9s" title="Luis Aragonés">Luis Aragonés</a> trying to motivate <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Reyes" title="José Antonio Reyes">José Antonio Reyes</a> by making offensive and racist references to Reyes' then-teammate at <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_F.C." title="Arsenal F.C.">Arsenal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Henry" title="Thierry Henry">Thierry Henry</a>. The phrase used was "<i>Demuestra que eres mejor que ese negro de mierda</i>", translated as "Show that you're better than that fucking black guy". The incident caused uproar in the British media, with calls for Aragonés to be sacked. When Spain played <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Friendly_match" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendly match">friendly match</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Bernab%C3%A9u_Stadium" title="Santiago Bernabéu Stadium">Santiago Bernabéu Stadium</a> soon after, on 17 November 2004, the atmosphere was hostile. Whenever black England players touched the ball, a significant proportion of the Spanish crowd began to make monkey chants, in particular to <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Wright-Phillips" title="Shaun Wright-Phillips">Shaun Wright-Phillips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Cole" title="Ashley Cole">Ashley Cole</a>. Additionally, when England sang their national anthem before kick-off, Spanish fans also racially chanted English players. Aragonés' remarks were widely blamed by the British press for inciting the incident. After an investigation into the events during the match, <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a> fined the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Football_Federation" title="Royal Spanish Football Federation">Royal Spanish Football Federation</a> 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Swiss_francs" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss francs">CHF</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>87,000) and warned that any future incidents would be punished more severely.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident even drew reactions from then-<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> and Sports Minister <a href="/wiki/Richard_Caborn" title="Richard Caborn">Richard Caborn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the latter making the claim that the behaviour of Spanish fans was 20 or 30 years behind that of their British counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UEFA noted that possible punishments could include suspension from major international tournaments or the closure of Spain home international matches to supporters. On 7 February 2007, Aragonés won an appeal over the offence, with the misdemeanour being downgraded to "conduct which could be considered to be racist".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2005, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eto%27o" title="Samuel Eto'o">Samuel Eto'o</a> received racially driven verbal abuse from some <a href="/wiki/Real_Zaragoza" title="Real Zaragoza">Real Zaragoza</a> spectators during a match for <a href="/wiki/FC_Barcelona" title="FC Barcelona">Barcelona</a>. The fans began making monkey-like chants whenever Eto'o had possession of the ball and peanuts were hurled onto the pitch. Eto'o threatened to leave the pitch in the middle of the game, but was prevented by the intervention of his teammates and the referee, who rushed to the pitch to calm him down. His black teammate <a href="/wiki/Ronaldinho" title="Ronaldinho">Ronaldinho</a>, who has suffered similar abuses but less intensely, said he was fed-up with the sounds and that if Eto'o had left the pitch, he would have done the same. As Barcelona won 4–1, Eto'o danced like a monkey, saying rival fans were treating him as a monkey.<sup id="cite_ref-Eto'o_responds_to_racist_abuse_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eto'o_responds_to_racist_abuse-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referee Fernando Carmona Méndez did not mention the incidents in his match report, commenting only that the behaviour of the crowd was "normal".<sup id="cite_ref-Eto'o_responds_to_racist_abuse_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eto'o_responds_to_racist_abuse-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fans were identified to police by fellow spectators and they were fined and banned from attending sporting events for five months.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eto'o declared in the aftermath that the punishment was insufficient and that <a href="/wiki/La_Romareda" title="La Romareda">La Romareda</a>, Real Zaragoza's stadium, should have been closed for at least one year. However, Eto'o's coach, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Rijkaard" title="Frank Rijkaard">Frank Rijkaard</a>, told him to concentrate on football and to stop talking about the incident. Eto'o has stated that he does not take his children to football matches due to the prevalent racism<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has also suggested that players walk off if they become victims of racism.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many other African footballers have also been victims of racial abuse, such as the Cameroonian <a href="/wiki/Idriss_Carlos_Kameni" class="mw-redirect" title="Idriss Carlos Kameni">Carlos Kameni</a>, who was abused while playing for <a href="/wiki/RCD_Espanyol" title="RCD Espanyol">Espanyol</a> against <a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid" title="Atlético Madrid">Atlético Madrid</a>, who were fined €6,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Racism_in_European_football_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racism_in_European_football-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2009, the Royal Spanish Football Federation fined <a href="/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F." class="mw-redirect" title="Real Madrid C.F.">Real Madrid</a> approximately US$3,900 after a group of fans made <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> gestures and chanted fascist slogans at a match. Match referee Alfonso Pérez Burrull cited "extremist or radical symbolism", and chants making reference to "the gas chamber."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 April 2014, Barcelona player <a href="/wiki/Dani_Alves" title="Dani Alves">Dani Alves</a> was targeted by <a href="/wiki/Villarreal_CF" title="Villarreal CF">Villarreal</a> fans, who threw a banana at him. Alves picked up the banana, peeled it, and took a bite.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teammate and also Brazilian player <a href="/wiki/Neymar" title="Neymar">Neymar</a>'s response, to post a photograph of himself on social media also eating a banana, went viral.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other footballers have also since taken photographs of themselves eating bananas.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cyrille_Regis" title="Cyrille Regis">Cyrille Regis</a>, who had been racially abused while a player in the 1970s and '80s, expressed concern that the viral campaign would detract from the important issues of combating racism in the game.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alves said that whoever threw the banana at him should be publicly shamed,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 30 April 2014, a man was arrested in connection with the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villarreal were later fined €12,000 for the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early May 2014, Levante's <a href="/wiki/Papakouli_Diop" title="Papakouli Diop">Papakouli Diop</a> complained of receiving racist abuse from opposition Atlético Madrid fans.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Espanyol banned 12 supporters after they were identified as having subjected <a href="/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao" title="Athletic Bilbao">Atletico Bilbao</a> player <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1aki_Williams" title="Iñaki Williams">Iñaki Williams</a> to racist abuse in a match in January 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 April 2021, the players of <a href="/wiki/Valencia_CF" title="Valencia CF">Valencia</a> left the pitch during a La Liga game against <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_CF" title="Cádiz CF">Cádiz</a> after their player, <a href="/wiki/Mouctar_Diakhaby" title="Mouctar Diakhaby">Mouctar Diakhaby</a>, was allegedly subjected to racist abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2022, Real Madrid player <a href="/wiki/Vinicius_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinicius Jr">Vinicius Jr</a> was criticised on television for dancing whilst celebrating a goal; the player said that criticism, which compared him to a "monkey", was racist.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this, some fans of <a href="/wiki/Atletico_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Atletico Madrid">Atletico Madrid</a> were accused of singing racist songs about Vinicius,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was condemned by La Liga.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vinicius Jr later said that <a href="/wiki/La_Liga" title="La Liga">La Liga</a> did not do anything about racists,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a few days after which La Liga announced that they had filed charges against those accused.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2023 it was revealed that nobody in Spain "has been sentenced or punished for a racist incident related to football".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2024, a court in Spain sentenced three men to eight months in prison for racist chants at Real Madrid's game against <a href="/wiki/Valencia_CF" title="Valencia CF">Valencia</a> in May 2023. This is the first ever conviction for racist gestures in football in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2024, Fans of <a href="/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF" title="Real Madrid CF">Real Madrid</a> was have racism comentary and <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a> in El Clásico to FC Barcelona most player <a href="/wiki/Lamine_Yamal" title="Lamine Yamal">Lamine Yamal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Balde" title="Alejandro Balde">Alejandro Balde</a>...,LaLiga was punished for to football fans was have racism comentary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Racial_profiling">Racial profiling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Spain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Racial profiling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling#Spain" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling § Spain</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_profiling&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Racial profiling by police forces in Spain is a common practice.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valencia" title="University of Valencia">University of Valencia</a>, found that people of non-white aspect are up to ten times more likely to be stopped by the police on the street.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> accused Spanish authorities of using racial and ethnic profiling, with police singling out people who are not <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a> in the street and public places.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" title="International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD)</a> urged the Spanish government to take "effective measures" to ethnic profiling, including the modification of existing laws and regulations which permit its practice.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Special Rapporteur">UN Special Rapporteur</a>, Mutuma Ruteere, described the practice of ethnic profiling by Spanish law enforcement officers "a persisting and pervasive problem".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the Spanish government approved a law which prohibited racial profiling by police forces.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Spain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Antisemitism in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_conflict" title="Basque conflict">Basque conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental racism in Spain">Environmental racism in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">History of the Jews in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Spain" title="Human rights in Spain">Human rights in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Islam in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_Arana" title="Sabino Arana">Sabino Arana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%AD_Almirall_i_Llozer" title="Valentí Almirall i Llozer">Valentí Almirall i Llozer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Spain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Schroeder,_Stafford_Poole2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Schroeder" title="Susan Schroeder">Susan Schroeder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Poole" title="Stafford Poole">Stafford Poole</a> (2007). <i>Religion in New Spain</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico_Press" title="University of New Mexico Press">University of New Mexico Press</a>. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-3978-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-3978-2"><bdi>978-0-8263-3978-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+New+Spain&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-3978-2&rft.au=Susan+Schroeder%2C+Stafford+Poole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_C._Thomsett2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Thomsett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Thomsett (page does not exist)">Michael C. Thomsett</a> (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inquisitionhisto00thom"><i>The Inquisition: A History</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inquisitionhisto00thom/page/n160">152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4409-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4409-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-4409-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inquisition%3A+A+History&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4409-0&rft.au=Michael+C.+Thomsett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finquisitionhisto00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Brenner,_Jeremiah_Riemer2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brenner_(historian)" title="Michael Brenner (historian)">Michael Brenner</a>, Jeremiah Riemer (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofje00bren/page/122"><i>A Short History of the Jews</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofje00bren/page/122">122</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14351-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14351-4"><bdi>978-0-691-14351-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Jews&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14351-4&rft.au=Michael+Brenner%2C+Jeremiah+Riemer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistoryofje00bren%2Fpage%2F122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/african_laborers_for_a_new_emp/slavery_in_iberia_before_the_t">[1]</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/book/afro-latin-america-numbers-politics-census">[2]</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁlvarez_Chillida2002">Álvarez Chillida (2002)</a>, p. 216; 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chillida224-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chillida224_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chillida224_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez_Chillida2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_%C3%81lvarez_Chillida" title="Gonzalo Álvarez Chillida">Álvarez Chillida, Gonzalo</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fQ6DtgqAaDQC"><i>El antisemitismo en España: la imagen del judío, 1812-2002</i></a>. Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-95379-44-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-95379-44-9"><bdi>84-95379-44-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+antisemitismo+en+Espa%C3%B1a%3A+la+imagen+del+jud%C3%ADo%2C+1812-2002&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Marcial+Pons+Historia&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=84-95379-44-9&rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez+Chillida&rft.aufirst=Gonzalo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfQ6DtgqAaDQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBort/SD2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bort/SD, J. M. (4 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.levante-emv.com/deportes/2021/04/04/racismo-futbol-precedentes-caso-diakhaby-46087548.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Negro cabrón, recoge el algodón" y otros precedentes racistas en el fútbol español"</a>. <i>Levante-EMV</i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Levante-EMV&rft.atitle=%22Negro+cabr%C3%B3n%2C+recoge+el+algod%C3%B3n%22+y+otros+precedentes+racistas+en+el+f%C3%BAtbol+espa%C3%B1ol&rft.date=2021-04-04&rft.aulast=Bort%2FSD&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.levante-emv.com%2Fdeportes%2F2021%2F04%2F04%2Fracismo-futbol-precedentes-caso-diakhaby-46087548.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadilla2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Padilla, Toni (26 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://es.ara.cat/deportes/wilfred-portero-rayo-vallecano-simbolo-lucha-racismo_1_3631770.html">"Wilfred, el portero del Rayo convertido en símbolo de la lucha contra el racismo"</a>. <i>Ara en Castellano</i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ara+en+Castellano&rft.atitle=Wilfred%2C+el+portero+del+Rayo+convertido+en+s%C3%ADmbolo+de+la+lucha+contra+el+racismo&rft.date=2021-01-26&rft.aulast=Padilla&rft.aufirst=Toni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fes.ara.cat%2Fdeportes%2Fwilfred-portero-rayo-vallecano-simbolo-lucha-racismo_1_3631770.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManero" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Manero, Felipe de Luis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctxt.es/es/20210401/Firmas/35607/racismo-futbol-Cadiz-Valencia-Mouctar-Diakhaby-Juan-Cala-Felipe-de-Luis-Manero.htm">"El problema"</a>. <i>ctxt.es | Contexto y Acción</i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ctxt.es+%7C+Contexto+y+Acci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=El+problema&rft.aulast=Manero&rft.aufirst=Felipe+de+Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctxt.es%2Fes%2F20210401%2FFirmas%2F35607%2Fracismo-futbol-Cadiz-Valencia-Mouctar-Diakhaby-Juan-Cala-Felipe-de-Luis-Manero.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://as.com/futbol/2020/01/27/segunda/1580130506_538866.html">"Cinco años sin Willy"</a>. <i>AS.com</i> (in Spanish). 27 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AS.com&rft.atitle=Cinco+a%C3%B1os+sin+Willy&rft.date=2020-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fas.com%2Ffutbol%2F2020%2F01%2F27%2Fsegunda%2F1580130506_538866.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingthelines.com/historical/11056/">"The Tragic Story of Wilfred Agbonavbare"</a>. <i>Breaking The Lines</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Breaking+The+Lines&rft.atitle=The+Tragic+Story+of+Wilfred+Agbonavbare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbreakingthelines.com%2Fhistorical%2F11056%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marca.com/futbol/primera-division/2016/09/21/57e28819468aeb187e8b45cc.html">"Liga Santander: LaLiga denuncia los insultos a Luis Enrique en Leganés"</a>. <i>Marca.com</i> (in Spanish). 21 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marca.com&rft.atitle=Liga+Santander%3A+LaLiga+denuncia+los+insultos+a+Luis+Enrique+en+Legan%C3%A9s&rft.date=2016-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marca.com%2Ffutbol%2Fprimera-division%2F2016%2F09%2F21%2F57e28819468aeb187e8b45cc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.es/deportes/futbol/abci-amunike-padre-luis-enrique-no-pues-no-tengo-tiempo-para-chorradas-202011190107_noticia.html?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Fdeportes%2Ffutbol%2Fabci-amunike-padre-luis-enrique-no-pues-no-tengo-tiempo-para-chorradas-202011190107_noticia.html">"Amunike: "¿Soy el padre de Luis Enrique? No, pues no tengo tiempo para chorradas"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>abc</i> (in Spanish). 19 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=abc&rft.atitle=Amunike%3A+%22%C2%BFSoy+el+padre+de+Luis+Enrique%3F+No%2C+pues+no+tengo+tiempo+para+chorradas%22&rft.date=2020-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Fdeportes%2Ffutbol%2Fabci-amunike-padre-luis-enrique-no-pues-no-tengo-tiempo-para-chorradas-202011190107_noticia.html%3Fref%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.abc.es%252Fdeportes%252Ffutbol%252Fabci-amunike-padre-luis-enrique-no-pues-no-tengo-tiempo-para-chorradas-202011190107_noticia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.memedeportes.com/futbol/el-origen-del-cantico-entre-luis-enrique-y-amunike">"El origen del cántico entre Luis Enrique y Amunike"</a>. <i>Memedeportes</i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Memedeportes&rft.atitle=El+origen+del+c%C3%A1ntico+entre+Luis+Enrique+y+Amunike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.memedeportes.com%2Ffutbol%2Fel-origen-del-cantico-entre-luis-enrique-y-amunike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/es/article/537wmq/emmanuel-amunike-luis-enrique-petardos-campeolones-nigeria-futbol-oro-olimpicos">"Petardos: Emmanuel Amunike, el 'campeolón' que apadrinó a Luis Enrique"</a>. <i>www.vice.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vice.com&rft.atitle=Petardos%3A+Emmanuel+Amunike%2C+el+%27campeol%C3%B3n%27+que+apadrin%C3%B3+a+Luis+Enrique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fes%2Farticle%2F537wmq%2Femmanuel-amunike-luis-enrique-petardos-campeolones-nigeria-futbol-oro-olimpicos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Centre_for_the_Sociology_of_Sport-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Centre_for_the_Sociology_of_Sport_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051201005726/http://www.le.ac.uk/so/css/resources/factsheets/fs6.html">"Fact Sheet 6: Racism and Football"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+Sheet+6%3A+Racism+and+Football&rft.pub=University+of+Leicester&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.le.ac.uk%2Fso%2Fcss%2Fresources%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacism+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhil_Minshull2004" class="citation news cs1">Phil Minshull (17 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/4019643.stm">"Felix who?"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Racism in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Albania (page does not exist)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Finland" title="Racism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iceland" title="Racism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Latvia" title="Racism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Lithuania" title="Racism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Norway" title="Racism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Romania" title="Racism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sweden" title="Racism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racism_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racism in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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