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photodegradation</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: photodegradation"> <meta name="keywords" content="photodegradation"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="photodegradation"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 70</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: photodegradation</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">70</span> Semiconductor Supported Gold Nanoparticles for Photodegradation of Rhodamine B</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Alshammari">Ahmad Alshammari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulaziz%20Bagabas"> Abdulaziz Bagabas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhamad%20Assulami"> Muhamad Assulami</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rhodamine B (RB) is a toxic dye used extensively in textile industry, which must be remediated before its drainage to the environment. In the present study, supported gold nanoparticles on commercially available titania and zincite were successfully prepared and then their activity on the photodegradation of RB under UV-A light irradiation were evaluated. The synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by ICP, BET, XRD, and TEM. Kinetic results showed that Au/TiO2 was an inferior photocatalyst to Au/ZnO. This observation could be attributed to the strong reflection of UV irradiation by gold nanoparticles over TiO2 support. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supported%20AuNPs" title="supported AuNPs">supported AuNPs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semiconductor%20photocatalyst" title=" semiconductor photocatalyst"> semiconductor photocatalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation" title=" photodegradation"> photodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rhodamine%20B" title=" rhodamine B "> rhodamine B </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20579/semiconductor-supported-gold-nanoparticles-for-photodegradation-of-rhodamine-b" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20579.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">454</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">69</span> Efficient Photodegradation of Methyl Red Dye by Kaolin Clay Supported Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Their Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Idrees%20Khan">Idrees Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhang%20Baoliang"> Zhang Baoliang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Kaolin clay (KC) supported Zinc oxide (ZnO/KC) and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by a chemical reduction process and used for the photodegradation of methyl red (MR) as photocatalysts. Due to the interlayered porous structure of KC, we achieved a perfect association between ZnO NPs and KC. SEM image showed the irregular morphology of ZnO NPs, while ZnO/KC NCs were predominately round-shaped. Moreover, in both cases, NPs were present in dispersed and agglomerated forms with an average particle size way below 100 nm. The results acquired from photodegradation analyses showed that ZnO NPs and ZnO/KC NCs degraded about 82% and 99% of MR under UV light in a short irradiation time within 10 min. The recovered and re-recovered ZnO NPs and ZnO/KC NCs were also considerably photodegraded MR in an aqueous medium. The same NPs also exhibit promising bioactivities against two pathogenic bacteria, i.e., Citrobacter and Providencia. ZnO/KC NCs' antioxidant activity reached a reasonable 70% compared to the 88% activity of the standard ascorbic acid. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticles" title="nanoparticles">nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocatalyst" title=" photocatalyst"> photocatalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation" title=" photodegradation"> photodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zinc%20oxide" title=" zinc oxide"> zinc oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methyl%20red" title=" methyl red"> methyl red</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167979/efficient-photodegradation-of-methyl-red-dye-by-kaolin-clay-supported-zinc-oxide-nanoparticles-with-their-antibacterial-and-antioxidant-activities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167979.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">79</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">68</span> Photodegradation of Profoxydim Herbicide in Amended Paddy Soil-Water System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Cervantes-Diaz">A. Cervantes-Diaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Sevilla-Moran"> B. Sevilla-Moran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manuel%20Alcami"> Manuel Alcami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Al%20Mokhtar%20Lamsabhi"> Al Mokhtar Lamsabhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20L.%20Alonso-Prados"> J. L. Alonso-Prados</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Sandin-Espa%C3%B1a"> P. Sandin-España</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Profoxydim is a post-emergence herbicide belonging to the cyclohexanedione oxime family, used to control weeds in rice crops. The use of soil organic amendments has increased significantly in the last decades, and their effects on the behavior of many herbicides are still unknown. Additionally, it is known that photolysis is an important degradation process to be considered when evaluating the persistence of this family of herbicides in the environment. In this work, the photodegradation of profoxydim in an amended paddy soil-water system with alperujo compost was studied. Photodegradation experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions using simulated solar light (Suntest equipment) in order to evaluate the reaction kinetics of the active substance. The photochemical behavior of profoxydim was investigated in soil with and without alperujo amendment. Furthermore, due to the rice crop characteristics, profoxydim photodegradation in water in contact with these types of soils was also studied. Determination of profoxydim degradation kinetics was performed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection (HPLC-DAD). Furthermore, we followed the evolution of resulting transformation by-products, and their tentative identification was achieved by mass spectrometry. All the experiments allowed us to fit the data of profoxydim photodegradation to a first-order kinetic. Photodegradation of profoxydim was very rapid in all cases. The half-lives in aqueous matrices were in the range of 86±0.3 to 103±0.5 min. The addition of alperujo amendment to the soil produced an increase in the half-life from 62±0.2 min (soil) to 75±0.3 min (amended soil). In addition, a comparison to other organic amendments was also performed. Results showed that the presence of the organic amendment retarded the photodegradation in paddy soil and water. Regarding degradation products, the main process involved was the cleavage of the oxime moiety giving rise to the formation of the corresponding imine compound. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=by-products" title="by-products">by-products</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbicide" title=" herbicide"> herbicide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20amendment" title=" organic amendment"> organic amendment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation" title=" photodegradation"> photodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=profoxydim" title=" profoxydim"> profoxydim</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164086/photodegradation-of-profoxydim-herbicide-in-amended-paddy-soil-water-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164086.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">79</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">67</span> Preparation and Characterization of BaMnO₃ Application to the Photocatalytic Oxidation of Paracetamol under Solar Light</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dahmane%20Mohamed">Dahmane Mohamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tab%20Asma"> Tab Asma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trari%20Mohamed"> Trari Mohamed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> BaMnO₃ nanoparticles were synthesized by a nitrate route. Its structure and physical properties were characterized by means of X-ray powder diffraction, radio crystallographic analysis, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy in diffuse reflectance mode, infrared spectroscopy, and electrochemical measurements. The optical study showed that barium manganese oxide presents a direct transition with band energy 2.13 eV. The electrochemical study allowed us to identify the redox peaks and the corrosion parameters. Capacitance measurement clearly showed n-type conductivity. The photodegradation of paracetamol by BaMnO₃ was followed by UV-visible spectrophotometry; the results were then confirmed by HPLC. BaMnO₃ has shown its photocatalytic efficiency in the photodegradation of 10 mg/L paracetamol under solar irradiation, with a yield of ≈ 88%. The kinetic study has shown that paracetamol degrades with first-order kinetics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BaMnO%E2%82%83" title="BaMnO₃">BaMnO₃</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation" title=" photodegradation"> photodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paracetamol" title=" paracetamol"> paracetamol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical%20measurements" title=" electrochemical measurements"> electrochemical measurements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20light" title=" solar light"> solar light</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166634/preparation-and-characterization-of-bamno3-application-to-the-photocatalytic-oxidation-of-paracetamol-under-solar-light" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166634.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">103</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">66</span> TiO2 Nanowires as Efficient Heterogeneous Photocatalysts for Waste-Water Treatment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gul%20Afreen">Gul Afreen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sreedevi%20Upadhyayula"> Sreedevi Upadhyayula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahendra%20K.%20Sunkara"> Mahendra K. Sunkara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures like nanowires, nanotubes, and nanorods find variety of practical application owing to their unique physico-chemical properties. In this work, TiO<sub>2</sub> nanowires were synthesized by direct oxidation of titanium particles in a unique microwave plasma jet reactor. The prepared TiO<sub>2 </sub>nanowires manifested the flexible features, and were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analyzer, UV-Visible and FTIR spectrophotometers, Scanning electron microscope, and Transmission electron microscope. Further, the photodegradation efficiency of these nanowires were tested against toxic organic dye like methylene blue (MB) and the results were compared with the commercial TiO<sub>2</sub>. It was found that TiO<sub>2</sub> nanowires exhibited superior photocatalytic performance (89%) as compared to commercial TiO<sub>2 </sub>(75%) after 60 min of reaction. This is attributed to the lower recombination rate and increased interfacial charge transfer in TiO<sub>2</sub> nanowire. Pseudo-first order kinetic modelling performed with the experimental results revealed that the rate constant of photodegradation in case of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanowire was 1.3 times higher than that of commercial TiO<sub>2</sub>. Superoxide radical (O<sub>2</sub>˙<sup>−</sup>) was found to be the major contributor in the photodegradation mechanism. Based on the trapping experiments, a plausible mechanism of the photocatalytic reaction is discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterogeneous%20catalysis" title="heterogeneous catalysis">heterogeneous catalysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation" title=" photodegradation"> photodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reactive%20oxygen%20species" title=" reactive oxygen species"> reactive oxygen species</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TiO%E2%82%82%20nanowires" title=" TiO₂ nanowires"> TiO₂ nanowires</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113364/tio2-nanowires-as-efficient-heterogeneous-photocatalysts-for-waste-water-treatment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113364.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">65</span> Effective Photodegradation of Tetracycline by a Heteropoly Acid/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Based on Uio-66</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anasheh%20Maridiroosi">Anasheh Maridiroosi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Reza%20Mahjoub"> Ali Reza Mahjoub</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanieh%20Fakhri"> Hanieh Fakhri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Heteropoly acid nanoparticles anchored on graphene oxide based on UiO-66 were synthesized via in-situ growth hydrothermal method and tested for photodegradation of a tetracycline as critical pollutant. Results showed that presence of graphene oxide and UiO-66 with high specific surface area, great electron mobility and various functional groups make an excellent support for heteropoly acid and improve photocatalytic efficiency up to 95% for tetracycline. Furthermore, total organic carbon (TOC) analysis verified 79% mineralization of this pollutant under optimum condition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heteropoly%20acid" title="heteropoly acid">heteropoly acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graphene%20oxide" title=" graphene oxide"> graphene oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MOF" title=" MOF"> MOF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tetracycline" title=" tetracycline"> tetracycline</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115134/effective-photodegradation-of-tetracycline-by-a-heteropoly-acidgraphene-oxide-nanocomposite-based-on-uio-66" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115134.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">64</span> Studying the Photodegradation Behavior of Microplastics Released from Agricultural Plastic Products to the Farmland</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Salehi">Maryam Salehi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gholamreza%20Bonyadinejad"> Gholamreza Bonyadinejad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The application of agricultural plastic products like mulch, greenhouse covers, and silage films is increasing due to their economic benefits in providing an early and better-quality harvest. In 2015, the 4 million tons (valued a 10.6 million USD) global market for agricultural plastic films was estimated to grow by 5.6% per year through 2030. Despite the short-term benefits provided by plastic products, their long-term sustainability issues and negative impacts on soil health are not well understood. After their removal from the field, some plastic residuals remain in the soil. Plastic residuals in farmlands may fragment to small particles called microplastics (d<5mm). The microplastics' exposure to solar radiation could alter their surface chemistry and make them susceptible to fragmentation. Thus, this study examined the photodegradation of low density polyethylene as the model microplastics that are released to the agriculture farmland. The variation of plastic’s surface chemistry, morphology, and bulk characteristics were studied after accelerated UV-A radiation experiments and sampling from an agricultural field. The Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrated the formation of oxidized surface functional groups onto the microplastics surface due to the photodegradation. The Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed an increased crystallinity for the photodegraded microplastics compared to the new samples. The gel permeation chromatography (GPC) demonstrated the reduced molecular weight for the polymer due to the photodegradation. This study provides an important opportunity to advance understanding of soil pollution. Understanding the plastic residuals’ variations as they are left in the soil is providing a critical piece of information to better estimate the microplastics' impacts on environmental biodiversity, ecosystem sustainability, and food safety. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20health" title="soil health">soil health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plastic%20pollution" title=" plastic pollution"> plastic pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation" title=" photodegradation"> photodegradation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141044/studying-the-photodegradation-behavior-of-microplastics-released-from-agricultural-plastic-products-to-the-farmland" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141044.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">220</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">63</span> Doped and Co-doped ZnO Based Nanoparticles and their Photocatalytic and Gas Sensing Property</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neha%20Verma">Neha Verma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manik%20Rakhra"> Manik Rakhra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Statement of the Problem: Nowadays, a tremendous increase in population and advanced industrialization augment the problems related to air and water pollutions. Growing industries promoting environmental danger, which is an alarming threat to the ecosystem. For safeguard, the environment, detection of perilous gases and release of colored wastewater is required for eutrophication pollution. Researchers around the globe are trying their best efforts to save the environment. For this remediation advanced oxidation process is used for potential applications. ZnO is an important semiconductor photocatalyst with high photocatalytic and gas sensing activities. For efficient photocatalytic and gas sensing properties, it is necessary to prepare a doped/co-doped ZnO compound to decrease the electron-hole recombination rates. However, lanthanide doped and co-doped metal oxide is seldom studied for photocatalytic and gas sensing applications. The purpose of this study is to describe the best photocatalyst for the photodegradation of dyes and gas sensing properties. Methodology & Theoretical Orientation: Economical framework has to be used for the synthesis of ZnO. In the depth literature survey, a simple combustion method is utilized for gas sensing and photocatalytic activities. Findings: Rare earth doped and co-doped ZnO nanoparticles were the best photocatalysts for photodegradation of organic dyes and different gas sensing applications by varying various factors such as pH, aging time, and different concentrations of doping and codoping metals in ZnO. Complete degradation of dye was observed only in min. Gas sensing nanodevice showed a better response and quick recovery time for doped/co-doped ZnO. Conclusion & Significance: In order to prevent air and water pollution, well crystalline ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by rapid and economic method, which is used as photocatalyst for photodegradation of organic dyes and gas sensing applications to sense the release of hazardous gases from the environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ZnO" title="ZnO">ZnO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocatalyst" title=" photocatalyst"> photocatalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation%20of%20dye" title=" photodegradation of dye"> photodegradation of dye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20sensor" title=" gas sensor"> gas sensor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142117/doped-and-co-doped-zno-based-nanoparticles-and-their-photocatalytic-and-gas-sensing-property" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142117.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">62</span> Methyl Red Adsorption and Photodegradation on TiO₂ Modified Mesoporous Carbon Photocatalyst</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyyed%20Ershad%20Moradi">Seyyed Ershad Moradi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Javad%20Khodaveisi"> Javad Khodaveisi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atefeh%20Nasrollahpour"> Atefeh Nasrollahpour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the highly ordered mesoporous carbon molecular sieve with high surface area and pore volume have been synthesized and modified by TiO₂ doping. The titanium oxide modified mesoporous carbon (Ti-OMC) was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), BET surface area, DRS also XRD analysis (low and wide angle). Degradation experiments were conducted in batch mode with the variables such as amount of contact time, initial solution concentration, and solution pH. The optimal conditions for the degradation of methyl red (MR) were 100 mg/L dye concentration, pH of 7, and 0.12 mg/L of TiO₂ modified mesoporous carbon photocatalyst dosage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mesoporous%20carbon" title="mesoporous carbon">mesoporous carbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation" title=" photodegradation"> photodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20modification" title=" surface modification"> surface modification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=titanium%20oxide" title=" titanium oxide"> titanium oxide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78833/methyl-red-adsorption-and-photodegradation-on-tio2-modified-mesoporous-carbon-photocatalyst" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78833.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">195</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">61</span> Synthesis of ZnFe₂O₄-AC/CeMOF for Improvement Photodegradation of Textile Dyes Under Visible-light: Optimization and Statistical Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Esraa%20Mohamed%20El-Fawal">Esraa Mohamed El-Fawal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A facile solvothermal procedure was applied to fabricate zinc ferrite nanoparticles (ZnFe₂O₄ NPs). Activated carbon (AC) derived from peanut shells is synthesized using a microwave through the chemical activation method. The ZnFe₂O₄-AC composite is then mixed with a cerium-based metal-organic framework (CeMOF) by solid-state adding to formulate ZnFe₂O₄-AC/CeMOF composite. The synthesized photo materials were tested by scanning/transmission electron microscope (SEM/TEM), Photoluminescence (PL), (XRD) X-Ray diffraction, (FTIR) Fourier transform infrared, (UV-Vis/DRS) ultraviolet-visible/diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The prepared ZnFe₂O₄-AC/CeMOFphotomaterial shows significantly boosted efficiency for photodegradation of methyl orange /methylene blue (MO/MB) compared with the pristine ZnFe₂O₄ and ZnFe₂O₄-AC composite under the irradiation of visible-light. The favorable ZnFe₂O₄-AC/CeMOFphotocatalyst displays the highest photocatalytic degradation efficiency of MB/MO (R: 91.5-88.6%, consecutively) compared with the other as-prepared materials after 30 min of visible-light irradiation. The apparent reaction rate K: 1.94-1.31 min-1 is also calculated. The boosted photocatalytic proficiency is ascribed to the heterojunction at the interface of prepared photo material that assists the separation of the charge carriers. To reach optimization, statistical analysis using response surface methodology was applied. The effect of independent parameters (such as A (pH), B (irradiation time), and (c) initial pollutants concentration on the response function (%)photodegradation of MB/MO dyes (as examples of azodyes) was investigated via using central composite design. At the optimum condition, the photodegradation efficiency (%) of the MB/MO is 99.8-97.8%, respectively. ZnFe2O₄-AC/CeMOF hybrid reveals good stability over four consecutive cycles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=azo-dyes" title="azo-dyes">azo-dyes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photo-catalysis" title=" photo-catalysis"> photo-catalysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zinc%20ferrite" title=" zinc ferrite"> zinc ferrite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=response%20surface%20methodology" title=" response surface methodology"> response surface methodology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140849/synthesis-of-znfe2o4-accemof-for-improvement-photodegradation-of-textile-dyes-under-visible-light-optimization-and-statistical-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140849.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">168</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">60</span> Photocatalytic Degradation of Toxic Phenols Using Zinc Oxide Doped Prussian Blue Nanocomposite</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rachna">Rachna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uma%20Shanker"> Uma Shanker</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aromatic phenols, being priority pollutants, are found in various industrial effluents and seeking the attention of environmentalists worldwide, owing to their life-threatening effects. In the present study, the coupling of zinc oxide with Prussian blue was achieved involving co-precipitation synthesis process using Azadirachta indica plant extract. The fabricated nanocatalyst was employed for the sunlight mediated photodegradation of various phenols (Phenol, 3-Aminophenol, and 2,4-Dinitrophenol). Doping of zinc oxide with Prussian blue caused an increase in the surface area to value 80.109 m²g⁻¹ and also enhanced the semiconducting tendency of the nanocomposite with band gap energy 1.101 eV. The experiment was performed at different parameters of phenols concentration, catalyst amount, pH, time, and exposure of sunlight. The obtained results showed a lower elimination of 2,4-DNP (93%) than 3-AP (97%) and phenol (95%) owing to their molecular weight and basicity differences. In comparison to the starting material (zinc oxide and Prussian blue), nanocomposite was more capable in degrading the phenols and lowered the t1/2 value of phenol (4.405 h), 3-AP (4.04 h) and 2,4-DNP (4.68 h) to a greater extent. Effect of different foreign anions was also studied to check nanocomposite’s liability under natural conditions. The extent of charge recombination being the most limiting factor in the photodegradation of pollutants was determined through the photoluminescence. Sunlight active ZnO@FeHCF nanocomposite was proven to exhibit good catalytic ability up to 10 cycles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanocomposite" title="nanocomposite">nanocomposite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenols" title=" phenols"> phenols</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation" title=" photodegradation"> photodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sunlight" title=" sunlight"> sunlight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title=" water"> water</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112289/photocatalytic-degradation-of-toxic-phenols-using-zinc-oxide-doped-prussian-blue-nanocomposite" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112289.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">126</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">59</span> Facile Synthesis of Heterostructured Bi₂S₃-WS₂ Photocatalysts for Photodegradation of Organic Dye</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20V.%20Prabhakar%20Vattikuti">S. V. Prabhakar Vattikuti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chan%20Byon"> Chan Byon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we report a facile synthetic strategy of randomly disturbed Bi₂S₃ nanorods on WS₂ nanosheets, which are synthesized via a controlled hydrothermal method without surfactant under an inert atmosphere. We developed a simple hydrothermal method for the formation of heterostructured of Bi₂S₃/WS₂ with a large scale (>95%). The structural features, composition, and morphology were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM, HRTEM, XPS, UV-vis spectroscopy, N₂ adsorption-desorption, and TG-DTA measurements. The heterostructured Bi₂S₃/WS₂ composite has significant photocatalytic efficiency toward the photodegradation of organic dye. The time-dependent UV-vis absorbance spectroscopy measurement was consistent with the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation with the diminishing carrier recombination for the Bi₂S₃/WS₂ photocatalyst. Due to their marked synergistic effects, the supported Bi₂S₃ nanorods on WS₂ nanosheet heterostructures exhibit significant visible-light photocatalytic activity and stability for the degradation of RhB. A possible reaction mechanism is proposed for the Bi₂S₃/WS₂ composite. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocatalyst" title="photocatalyst">photocatalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterostructures" title=" heterostructures"> heterostructures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transition%20metal%20disulfides" title=" transition metal disulfides"> transition metal disulfides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20dye" title=" organic dye"> organic dye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanorods" title=" nanorods"> nanorods</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51906/facile-synthesis-of-heterostructured-bi2s3-ws2-photocatalysts-for-photodegradation-of-organic-dye" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51906.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">296</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">58</span> Removal of Maxilon Red Dye by Adsorption and Photocatalysis: Optimum Conditions, Equilibrium, and Kinetic Studies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aid%20Asma">Aid Asma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dahdouh%20Nadjib"> Dahdouh Nadjib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amokrane%20Samira"> Amokrane Samira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ladjali%20Samir"> Ladjali Samir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nibou%20Djamel"> Nibou Djamel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present work has for main objective the elimination of the textile dye Maxilon Red (MR) by two processes, adsorption on activated clay followed by photocatalysis in presence of ZnO as a photocatalyst. The influence of the physical parameters like the initial pH, adsorbent dose of the activated clay, the MR concentration and temperature has been studied. The best adsorption yield occurs at neutral pH ~ 7 within 60 min with an uptake percentage of 97% for a concentration of 25 mg L⁻¹ and a dose of 0.5 g L⁻¹. The adsorption data were suitably fitted by the Langmuir model with a maximum capacity of 176 mg g⁻¹. The MR adsorption is well described by the pseudo second order kinetic. The second part of this work was dedicated to the photocatalytic degradation onto ZnO under solar irradiation of the residual MR concentration, remained after adsorption. The effect of ZnO dose and MR concentration has also been investigated. The parametric study showed that the elimination is very effective by this process, based essentially on the in situ generation of free radicals *OH which are non-selective and very reactive. The photodegradation process follows a first order kinetic model according to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maxilon%20red" title="maxilon red">maxilon red</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adsorption" title=" adsorption"> adsorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation" title=" photodegradation"> photodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ZnO" title=" ZnO"> ZnO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coupling" title=" coupling"> coupling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96695/removal-of-maxilon-red-dye-by-adsorption-and-photocatalysis-optimum-conditions-equilibrium-and-kinetic-studies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96695.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">186</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">57</span> Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Undoped and Fe Doped TiO₂ (Ti₁₋ₓFeₓO₂; X=0.01, 0.02, 0.03) Nanoparticles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sudhakar%20Saroj">Sudhakar Saroj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satya%20Vir%20Singh"> Satya Vir Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Undoped and Fe doped TiO₂, Ti₁₋ₓFeₓO₂ (x=0.00, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07 and 0.09) have been synthesized by solution combustion method using Titanium (IV) oxide as a precursor, and also were characterized by XRD, DRS, FTIR, XPS, SEM, and EDX. The formation of anatase phase of undoped and Fe TiO₂ nanoparticles were confirmed by XRD, and the average crystallite size was determined by Debye-Scherer's equation. The DRS analysis indicates the shifting of light absorbance in visible region from UV region with increasing the doping concentration in TiO₂. The vibrational band of the Ti-O lattice was confirmed by the FT-IR spectrum. The XPS results confirm the presence of elements of titanium, oxygen and iron in the synthesized samples and determine the binding energy of elements. SEM image of the above-synthesized nanoparticles showed the spherical shape of nanoparticles. The purities of the synthesized nanoparticles were confirmed by EDX analysis. The photocatalytic activities of the synthesized nanoparticles were tested by studying the degradation of dye (Direct Blue 199) in the photocatalytic reactor. The Ti₀.₉₇Fe₀.₀₃O₂ photocatalyst shows highest photodegradation activity among all the synthesized undoped and Fe doped TiO₂ photocatalyst. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=direct%20blue%20199" title="direct blue 199">direct blue 199</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticles" title=" nanoparticles"> nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TiO%E2%82%82" title=" TiO₂"> TiO₂</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation" title=" photodegradation"> photodegradation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85357/synthesis-characterization-and-application-of-undoped-and-fe-doped-tio2-ti1feo2-x001-002-003-nanoparticles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85357.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">236</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">56</span> TiO2 Adsorbed on Cement Balls for Effective Photomineralization of Organic Pollutants under UV Light Irradiation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarun%20Jain">Tarun Jain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lovnish%20Gupta"> Lovnish Gupta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soumen%20Basu"> Soumen Basu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Organic pollutants like phenols and organic dyes present in industrial waste water are posing a hazardous threat to aquatic ecosystem. Several measures have been adopted for the neutralization and photodecomposition of these harmful organic moieties, among these semiconductor photocatalysis has been provided a major thrust after the discovery of Honda-Fujishema effect. Present study demonstrates the adsorption of TiO2- P25 in nano size (~36 nm) on cement balls for effective photodegradation of Alizarin and penta chlorophenol (PCP) under UV light illumination. Triton-X was used as a stabilizer for effective adsorption of TiO2 on cement balls (TCB) followed by calcination at ~300oC for 4 h. The TCB’s were dispersed randomly in a self designed reactor for phototcatalytic performance as shown in scheme 1. The change in concentration of alizarin and PCP was observed under UV-Vis spectroscopy, PCP was detoxified within 40 min while alizarin photodecomposed within 15 min of UV light irradiation. Taking into consideration the go green slogan and future prospective this technique can be also utilized under visible light and on mass scale because this is an effective tool for environmental remediation and waste water treatment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20pollutants" title="organic pollutants">organic pollutants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TiO2%20cement%20balls" title=" TiO2 cement balls"> TiO2 cement balls</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation" title=" photodegradation"> photodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UV%20light%20irradiation" title=" UV light irradiation"> UV light irradiation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45486/tio2-adsorbed-on-cement-balls-for-effective-photomineralization-of-organic-pollutants-under-uv-light-irradiation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45486.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">262</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">55</span> Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange by Ag Doped La₂Ti₂O₇</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hong%20Zhang">Hong Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Photocatalytic degradation is an appealing process to remove organic contaminants from industrial wastewater, but usually impeded by less effective photocatalysts. Here, we successfully synthesized Ag doped La₂Ti₂O₇ via a simple sol-gel route for photocatalytic methyl orange (MO) degradation. Their crystal structures, morphology, surface area and optical absorption activity were systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, BET N₂ adsorption-desorption study, and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by MO photodegradation under a 300 W xenon lamp. The results indicate that the doping of Ag has effectively narrowed the band gap, increased the specific area of La2Ti2O7, and supressed the recombination of photogenerated carriers. Compared with the pristine La₂Ti₂O₇, La₁.₉Ag₀.₁Ti₂O₇-δ revealed a superior performance for MO degradation with a degradation rate of 97% in only 60 min. Also, the pseudo-first order kinetic constant for La₁.₉Ag₀.₁Ti₂O₇-δ is ~ 11 times higher than that of undoped sample. The outstanding performance of Ag modified La₂Ti₂O₇ is probably attributed to the integrated factors. Active species trapping experiments indicated that h+ plays a critical role in MO degradation, while •O₂− has slight effect on the photocatalytic activity and the function of •OH can almost be neglected. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ag%20doped%20La%E2%82%82Ti%E2%82%82O%E2%82%87" title="Ag doped La₂Ti₂O₇">Ag doped La₂Ti₂O₇</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methyl%20orange" title=" methyl orange"> methyl orange</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation" title=" photodegradation"> photodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20plasmon%20resonance" title=" surface plasmon resonance"> surface plasmon resonance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153252/photocatalytic-degradation-of-methyl-orange-by-ag-doped-la2ti2o7" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153252.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">107</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">54</span> Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye Using Pure and Ag-Doped SnO₂ Nanoparticles as Catalyst</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20Abd%20El-Sadek">M. S. Abd El-Sadek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmoud%20A.%20Omar"> Mahmoud A. Omar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gharib%20M.%20Taha"> Gharib M. Taha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Photodegradation of methylene blue in the presence of tin dioxide (SnO₂) nanoparticles under solar light irradiation are known to be an effective photocatalytic process. In this study, pure and silver (Ag) doped tin dioxide (SnO₂) nanoparticles were prepared at calcination temperature (800ºC) by a modified sol-gel method and studied for their photocatalytic activity with methylene blue as a test contaminant. The characterization of undoped and doped SnO₂ photocatalyst was studied by X-rays diffraction patterns (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis (EDX). The catalytic degradation of methylene blue in aqueous media was studied using UV-Vis spectrophotometer to monitor the degradation process by measuring its absorption spectra. The main absorption peak of methylene blue is observed at λ= 664 nm. The change in the percent of silver in the catalyst affects the photoactivity of SnO₂ on the degradation of methylene blue. The photoactivity of pure SnO₂ was found to be a maximum at dose 0.2 gm of the catalyst with 100 ml of 5 ppm methylene blue in the water. Within 210 min of photodegradation (under sunlight) after leaving the reaction for 90 minutes in the dark to avoid the effect of adsorption, the pure SnO₂ at calcination temperature 800ºC exhibited the best photocatalytic degradation with removal percentage of 93.66% on methylene blue degradation under solar light. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SnO%E2%82%82%20nanoparticles" title="SnO₂ nanoparticles">SnO₂ nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methylene%20blue%20degradation" title=" methylene blue degradation"> methylene blue degradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocatalysis" title=" photocatalysis"> photocatalysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silver%20doped-SnO%E2%82%82" title=" silver doped-SnO₂"> silver doped-SnO₂</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108988/photocatalytic-degradation-of-methylene-blue-dye-using-pure-and-ag-doped-sno2-nanoparticles-as-catalyst" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108988.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">53</span> Synthesis of Novel Nanostructure Copper(II) Metal-Organic Complex for Photocatalytic Degradation of Remdesivir Antiviral COVID-19 from Aqueous Solution: Adsorption Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sam%20Bahreini">Sam Bahreini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Payam%20Hayati"> Payam Hayati</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Metal-organic coordination [Cu(L)₄(SCN)₂] was synthesized applying ultrasonic irradiation, and its photocatalytic performance for the degradation of Remdesivir (RS) under sunlight irradiation was systematically explored for the first time in this study. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized photocatalyst were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) techniques. Systematic examinations were carried out by changing irradiation time, temperature, solution pH value, contact time, RS concentration, and catalyst dosage. The photodegradation kinetic profiles were modeled in pseudo-ﬁrst order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion models reflected that photodegradation onto [Cu(L)₄(SCN)₂] catalyst follows pseudo-ﬁrst order kinetic model. The fabricated [Cu(L)₄(SCN)₂] nanostructure bandgap was determined as 2.60 eV utilizing the Kubelka-Munk formula from the diffuse reflectance spectroscopy method. Decreasing chemical oxygen demand (COD) (from 70.5 mgL-1 to 36.4 mgL-1) under optimal conditions well confirmed mineralizing of the RS drug. The values of ΔH° and ΔS° was negative, implying the process of adsorption is spontaneous and more favorable in lower temperatures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Photocatalytic%20degradation" title="Photocatalytic degradation">Photocatalytic degradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19" title=" COVID-19"> COVID-19</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=density%20functional%20theory%20%28DFT%29" title=" density functional theory (DFT)"> density functional theory (DFT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecular%20electrostatic%20potential%20%28MEP%29" title=" molecular electrostatic potential (MEP)"> molecular electrostatic potential (MEP)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142939/synthesis-of-novel-nanostructure-copperii-metal-organic-complex-for-photocatalytic-degradation-of-remdesivir-antiviral-covid-19-from-aqueous-solution-adsorption-kinetic-and-thermodynamic-studies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142939.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">169</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">52</span> Brief Inquisition of Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dyes by Magnetically Enhanced Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thian%20Khoon%20Tan">Thian Khoon Tan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Poi%20Sim%20Khiew"> Poi Sim Khiew</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wee%20Siong%20Chiu"> Wee Siong Chiu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chin%20Hua%20Chia"> Chin Hua Chia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigates the efficacy of magnetically enhanced zinc oxide (MZnO) nanoparticles as a photocatalyst in the photodegradation of synthetic dyes, especially azo dyes. This magnetised zinc oxide has been simply fabricated by mechanical mixing through low-temperature calcination. This MZnO has been analysed through several analytical measurements, including FESEM, XRD, BET, EDX, and TEM, as well as VSM analysis which reflects successful fabrication. A high volume of azo dyes was found in industries effluent wastewater. They contribute to serious environmental stability and are very harmful to human health due to their high stability and carcinogenic properties. Therefore, five azo dyes, Reactive Red 120 (RR120), Disperse Blue 15 (DB15), Acid Brown 14 (AB14), Orange G (OG), and Acid Orange 7 (AO7), have been randomly selected to study their photodegradation property with reference to few characteristics, such as number of azo functional groups, benzene groups, molecular mass, and absorbance. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency was analysed by using a UV-vis spectrophotometer, where the reaction rate constant was obtained. It was found that azo dyes were significantly degraded through the first-order rate constant, which shows a higher kinetic constant as the number of azo functional groups and benzene group increases. However, the kinetic constant is inversely proportional to the molecular weight of these azo dyes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticles" title="nanoparticles">nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocatalyst" title=" photocatalyst"> photocatalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetically%20enhanced" title=" magnetically enhanced"> magnetically enhanced</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater" title=" wastewater"> wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synthetic%20dyes" title=" synthetic dyes"> synthetic dyes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=azo%20dyes" title=" azo dyes"> azo dyes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193545/brief-inquisition-of-photocatalytic-degradation-of-azo-dyes-by-magnetically-enhanced-zinc-oxide-nanoparticles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193545.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">11</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">51</span> Effect of Barium Doping on Structural, Morphological, Optical and Photocatalytic Properties of Sprayed ZnO Thin Films</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Djaaboube">H. Djaaboube</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Loucif"> I. Loucif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Bouachiba"> Y. Bouachiba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Aouati"> R. Aouati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Maameri"> A. Maameri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Taabouche"> A. Taabouche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Bouabellou"> A. Bouabellou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Thin films of pure and barium-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) were prepared using a spray pyrolysis process. The films were deposited on glass substrates at 450°C. The different samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction patterns reveal the formation of a single ZnO Wurtzite structure and the good crystallinity of the films. The substitution of Ba ions influences the texture of the layers and makes the (002) plane a preferential growth plane. At concentrations below 6% Ba, the hexagonal structure of ZnO undergoes compressive stresses due to barium ions which have a radius twice of the Zn ions. This result leads to the decrees of a and c parameters and, therefore, the volume of the unit cell. This result is confirmed by the decrease in the number of crystallites and the increase in the size of the crystallites. At concentrations above 6%, barium substitutes the zinc atom and modifies the structural parameters of the thin layers. The bandgap of ZnO films decreased with increasing doping; this decrease is probably due to the 4d orbitals of the Ba atom due to the sp-d spin-exchange interactions between the band electrons and the localized d-electrons of the substituted Ba ion. Although, the Urbache energy undergoes an increase which implies the creation of energy levels below the conduction band and decreases the band gap width. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO doped 9% Ba was evaluated by the photodegradation of methylene blue under UV irradiation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barium" title="barium">barium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=doping" title=" doping"> doping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation" title=" photodegradation"> photodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spray%20pyrolysis" title=" spray pyrolysis"> spray pyrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ZnO" title=" ZnO"> ZnO</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160203/effect-of-barium-doping-on-structural-morphological-optical-and-photocatalytic-properties-of-sprayed-zno-thin-films" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160203.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">83</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">50</span> ZnO / TiO2 Nanoparticles for Degradation of Cyanide Ion </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoumeh%20Tabatabaee">Masoumeh Tabatabaee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahra%20Shahryarzadeh"> Zahra Shahryarzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoud%20R.%20Shishebor"> Masoud R. Shishebor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Advanced oxidation process (AOPs) is alternative method for the complete degradation many organic pollutants. When a photocatalyst absorbs radiation whose energy hν > Eg an ē from its filled valance band (VB) is promoted to its conduction band (CB) and valance band holes h+ are formed. Electron would reduce any available species, including O2, water and hydroxide ion to form hydroxyl radicals. ZnO and TiO2 are important photocatalysts with high catalytic activity that have attracted much research attention. TiO2 can only absorb a small portion of solar spectrum in the UV region and many methods such as dye sensitization, doping of other metals and using TiO2 with another semiconductor have been used to improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 under solar irradiation. Studies have shown that the use of metal oxides or sulfide such as WO3, MoO3, SiO2, MgO, ZnO, and CdS with TiO2 can significantly enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. Due to similarity of photodegradation mechanism of ZnO with TiO2, it is a suitable semiconductor using with TiO2 and recently nanosized bicomponent TiO2-ZnO photocatalysts were prepared and used for degradation of some pollutants. In this study, Nano-sized ZnO/TiO2 composite was synthesized. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the structure and morphology of it. The effect of photocatalytic activity of prepared ZnO/TiO2 on the degradation of cyanide ion under UV was investigated. The effect of various parameters such as ZnO/TiO2 concentration, amount of photocatalyst, amount of H2O2, initial dye or cyanide ion concentration, pH and irradiation time on were investigated. Results show that more than 95% of 4 mgL-1 cyanide ion degraded after 60-min reaction time and under UV irradiation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation" title="photodegradation">photodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ZnO%2FTiO2" title=" ZnO/TiO2"> ZnO/TiO2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticle" title=" nanoparticle"> nanoparticle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyanide%20ion" title=" cyanide ion "> cyanide ion </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34128/zno-tio2-nanoparticles-for-degradation-of-cyanide-ion" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34128.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">395</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">49</span> Nitrogen/Platinum Co-Doped TiO₂ for Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Brilliant Black </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarre%20Nzaba">Sarre Nzaba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bulelwa%20Ntsendwana"> Bulelwa Ntsendwana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bekkie%20Mamba"> Bekkie Mamba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alex%20Kuvarega"> Alex Kuvarega</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Elimination of toxic organic compounds from wastewater is currently one of the most important subjects in water pollution control. The discharge of azo dyes such as Brilliant black (BB) into the water bodies has carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on humankind and the ecosystem. Conventional water treatment techniques fail to degrade these dyes completely thereby posing more problems. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are promising technologies in solving the problem. Anatase type nitrogen-platinum (N,Pt) co-doped TiO₂ photocatalyts were prepared by a modified sol-gel method using amine terminated polyamidoamine generation 1 (PG1) as a template and source of nitrogen. SEM/ EDX, TEM, XRD, XPS, TGA, FTIR, RS, PL and UV-Vis were used to characterize the prepared nanomaterials. The synthesized photocatalysts exhibited lower band gap energies as compared to the commercial TiO₂ revealing a shift in band gap towards the visible light absorption region. Photocatalytic activity of N,Pt co-doped TiO₂ was measured by the reaction of photocatalytic degradation of BB dye. Enhanced photodegradation efficiency of BB was achieved after 180 min reaction time with initial concentration of 50 ppm BB solution. This was attributed to the rod-like shape of the materials, larger surface area, and enhanced absorption of visible light induced by N,Pt co-doping. The co-doped N,Pt also exhibited pseudo-first order kinetic behaviour with half-life and rate constant of 0.37 min 0.1984 min⁻¹ and respectively. N doped TiO₂ and N,Pt co-doped TiO₂ exhibited enhanced photocatalytic performances for the removal of BB from water. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N" title="N">N</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pt%20co-doped%20TiO%E2%82%82" title="Pt co-doped TiO₂">Pt co-doped TiO₂</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dendrimer" title=" dendrimer"> dendrimer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation" title=" photodegradation"> photodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visible-light" title=" visible-light"> visible-light</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78458/nitrogenplatinum-co-doped-tio2-for-enhanced-visible-light-photocatalytic-degradation-of-brilliant-black" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78458.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">170</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">48</span> Effect of Barium Doping on Structural, Morphological, Optical, and Photocatalytic Properties of Sprayed ZnO Thin Films</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Halima%20Djaaboube">Halima Djaaboube</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Redha%20Aouati"> Redha Aouati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibtissem%20Loucif"> Ibtissem Loucif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yassine%20Bouachiba"> Yassine Bouachiba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mouad%20Chettab"> Mouad Chettab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adel%20Taabouche"> Adel Taabouche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sihem%20Abed"> Sihem Abed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salima%20Ouendadji"> Salima Ouendadji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abderrahmane%20Bouabellou"> Abderrahmane Bouabellou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Thin films of pure and barium-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) were prepared using spray pyrolysis process. The films were deposited on glass substrates at 450°C. The different samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction patterns reveal the formation of a single ZnO Wurtzite structure and the good crystallinity of the films. The substitution of Ba ions influences the texture of the layers and makes the (002) plane a preferential growth plane. At concentrations below 6% Ba, the hexagonal structure of ZnO undergoes compressive stresses due to barium ions which have a radius twice of the Zn ions. This result leads to the decrees of a and c parameters and therefore the volume of the unit cell. This result is confirmed by the decrease in the number of crystallites and the increase in the size of the crystallites. At concentrations above 6%, barium substitutes the zinc atom and modifies the structural parameters of the thin layers. The bandgap of ZnO films decreased with increasing doping, this decrease is probably due to the 4d orbitals of the Ba atom due to the sp-d spin-exchange interactions between the band electrons and the localized d-electrons of the substituted Ba ion. Although, the Urbache energy undergoes an increase which implies the creation of energy levels below the conduction band and decreases the band gap width. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO doped 9% Ba was evaluated by the photodegradation of methylene blue under UV irradiation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barium" title="barium">barium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=doping" title=" doping"> doping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation" title=" photodegradation"> photodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spray%20pyrolysis" title=" spray pyrolysis"> spray pyrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ZnO." title=" ZnO."> ZnO.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167927/effect-of-barium-doping-on-structural-morphological-optical-and-photocatalytic-properties-of-sprayed-zno-thin-films" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167927.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">120</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">47</span> Environmental Photodegradation of Tralkoxydim Herbicide and Its Formulation in Natural Waters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mar%C3%ADa%20Jos%C3%A9%20Pati%C3%B1o-Ropero">María José Patiño-Ropero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manuel%20Alcam%C3%AD"> Manuel Alcamí</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Al%20Mokhtar%20Lamsabhi"> Al Mokhtar Lamsabhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20Luis%20Alonso-Prados"> José Luis Alonso-Prados</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pilar%20Sand%C3%ADn-Espa%C3%B1a"> Pilar Sandín-España</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tralkoxydim, commercialized under different trade names, among them Splendor® (25% active ingredient), is a cyclohexanedione herbicide used in wheat and barley fields for the post-emergence control of annual winter grass weeds. Due to their physicochemical properties, herbicides belonging to this family are known to be susceptible to reaching natural waters, where different degradation pathways can take place. Photolysis represents one of the main routes of abiotic degradation of these herbicides in water. This transformation pathway can lead to the formation of unknown by-products, which could be more toxic and/or persistent than the active substances themselves. Therefore, there is a growing need to understand the science behind such dissipation routes, which is key to estimating the persistence of these compounds and ensuring the accurate assessment of environmental behavior. However, to our best knowledge, any information regarding the photochemical behavior of tralkoxydim under natural conditions in an aqueous environment has not been available till now in the literature. This work has focused on investigating the photochemical behavior of tralkoxydim herbicide and its commercial formulation (Splendor®) in the ultrapure, river and spring water using simulated solar radiation. Besides, the evolution of detected degradation products formed in the samples has been studied. A reversed-phase HPLC-DAD (high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector) method was developed to evaluate the kinetic evolution and to obtain the half-lives. In both cases, the degradation rates of active ingredient tralkoxydim in natural waters were lower than in ultrapure water following the order; river water < spring water < ultrapure water, and with first-order half-life values of 5.1 h, 2.7 h and 1.1 h, respectively. These findings indicate that the photolytical behavior of active ingredients is largely affected by the water composition, and these components can exert an internal filter effect. In addition, tralkoxydim herbicide and its formulation showed the same half-lives for each one of the types of water studied, showing that the presence of adjuvants in the commercial formulation has not any effect on the degradation rates of the active ingredient. HPLC-MS (high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry) experiments were performed to study the by-products deriving from the photodegradation of tralkoxydim in water. Accordingly, three compounds were tentatively identified. These results provide a better understanding of the tralkoxydim herbicide behavior in natural waters and its fate in the environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=by-products" title="by-products">by-products</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20waters" title=" natural waters"> natural waters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation" title=" photodegradation"> photodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tralkoxydim%20herbicide" title=" tralkoxydim herbicide"> tralkoxydim herbicide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164068/environmental-photodegradation-of-tralkoxydim-herbicide-and-its-formulation-in-natural-waters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164068.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">92</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">46</span> Semiconductor Properties of Natural Phosphate Application to Photodegradation of Basic Dyes in Single and Binary Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Roumila">Y. Roumila</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Meziani"> D. Meziani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Bagtache"> R. Bagtache</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Abdmeziem"> K. Abdmeziem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Trari"> M. Trari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Heterogeneous photocatalysis over semiconductors has proved its effectiveness in the treatment of wastewaters since it works under soft conditions. It has emerged as a promising technique, giving rise to less toxic effluents and offering the opportunity of using sunlight as a sustainable and renewable source of energy. Many compounds have been used as photocatalysts. Though synthesized ones are intensively used, they remain expensive, and their synthesis involves special conditions. We thus thought of implementing a natural material, a phosphate ore, due to its low cost and great availability. Our work is devoted to the removal of hazardous organic pollutants, which cause several environmental problems and health risks. Among them, dye pollutants occupy a large place. This work relates to the study of the photodegradation of methyl violet (MV) and rhodamine B (RhB), in single and binary systems, under UV light and sunlight irradiation. Methyl violet is a triarylmethane dye, while RhB is a heteropolyaromatic dye belonging to the Xanthene family. In the first part of this work, the natural compound was characterized using several physicochemical and photo-electrochemical (PEC) techniques: X-Ray diffraction, chemical, and thermal analyses scanning electron microscopy, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance measurements, and FTIR spectroscopy. The electrochemical and photoelectrochemical studies were performed with a Voltalab PGZ 301 potentiostat/galvanostat at room temperature. The structure of the phosphate material was well characterized. The photo-electrochemical (PEC) properties are crucial for drawing the energy band diagram, in order to suggest the formation of radicals and the reactions involved in the dyes photo-oxidation mechanism. The PEC characterization of the natural phosphate was investigated in neutral solution (Na₂SO₄, 0.5 M). The study revealed the semiconducting behavior of the phosphate rock. Indeed, the thermal evolution of the electrical conductivity was well fitted by an exponential type law, and the electrical conductivity increases with raising the temperature. The Mott–Schottky plot and current-potential J(V) curves recorded in the dark and under illumination clearly indicate n-type behavior. From the results of photocatalysis, in single solutions, the changes in MV and RhB absorbance in the function of time show that practically all of the MV was removed after 240 mn irradiation. For RhB, the complete degradation was achieved after 330 mn. This is due to its complex and resistant structure. In binary systems, it is only after 120 mn that RhB begins to be slowly removed, while about 60% of MV is already degraded. Once nearly all of the content of MV in the solution has disappeared (after about 250 mn), the remaining RhB is degraded rapidly. This behaviour is different from that observed in single solutions where both dyes are degraded since the first minutes of irradiation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title="environment">environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20pollutant" title=" organic pollutant"> organic pollutant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phosphate%20ore" title=" phosphate ore"> phosphate ore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation" title=" photodegradation"> photodegradation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113573/semiconductor-properties-of-natural-phosphate-application-to-photodegradation-of-basic-dyes-in-single-and-binary-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113573.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">132</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">45</span> ZnO Nanoparticles as Photocatalysts: Synthesis, Characterization and Application </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pachari%20Chuenta">Pachari Chuenta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suwat%20Nanan"> Suwat Nanan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> ZnO nanostructures have been synthesized successfully in high yield via catalyst-free chemical precipitation technique by varying zinc source (either zinc nitrate or zinc acetate) and oxygen source (either oxalic acid or urea) without using any surfactant, organic solvent or capping agent. The ZnO nanostructures were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), UV-vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The FTIR peak in the range of 450-470 cm-1 corresponded to Zn-O stretching in ZnO structure. The synthesized ZnO samples showed well crystalized hexagonal wurtzite structure. SEM micrographs displayed spherical droplet of about 50-100 nm. The band gap of prepared ZnO was found to be 3.4-3.5 eV. The presence of PL peak at 468 nm was attributed to surface defect state. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO was studied by monitoring the photodegradation of reactive red (RR141) azo dye under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. Blank experiment was also separately carried out by irradiating the aqueous solution of the dye in absence of the photocatalyst. The initial concentration of the dye was fixed at 10 mgL-1. About 50 mg of ZnO photocatalyst was dispersed in 200 mL dye solution. The sample was collected at a regular time interval during the irradiation and then was analyzed after centrifugation. The concentration of the dye was determined by monitoring the absorbance at its maximum wavelength (λₘₐₓ) of 544 nm using UV-vis spectroscopic analysis technique. The sources of Zn and O played an important role on photocatalytic performance of the ZnO photocatalyst. ZnO nanoparticles which prepared by zinc acetate and oxalic acid at molar ratio of 1:1 showed high photocatalytic performance of about 97% toward photodegradation of reactive red azo dye (RR141) under UV light irradiation for only 60 min. This work demonstrates the promising potential of ZnO nanomaterials as photocatalysts for environmental remediation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=azo%20dye" title="azo dye">azo dye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20precipitation" title=" chemical precipitation"> chemical precipitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocatalytic" title=" photocatalytic"> photocatalytic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ZnO" title=" ZnO"> ZnO</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81626/zno-nanoparticles-as-photocatalysts-synthesis-characterization-and-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81626.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">44</span> Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity of Electrospun Zinc and/or Titanium Oxide Nanofibers for Methylene Blue Degradation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zainab%20Dahrouch">Zainab Dahrouch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beatrix%20Petrovi%C4%8Dov%C3%A1"> Beatrix Petrovičová</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claudia%20Triolo"> Claudia Triolo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fabiola%20Pant%C3%B2"> Fabiola Pantò</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Angela%20Malara"> Angela Malara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salvatore%20Patan%C3%A8"> Salvatore Patanè</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Allegrini"> Maria Allegrini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saveria%20Santangelo"> Saveria Santangelo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Synthetic dyes dispersed in water cause environmental damage and have harmful effects on human health. Methylene blue (MB) is broadly used as a dye in the textile, pharmaceutical, printing, cosmetics, leather, and food industries. The complete removal of MB is difficult due to the presence of aromatic rings in its structure. The present study is focused on electrospun nanofibers (NFs) with engineered architecture and surface to be used as catalysts for the photodegradation of MB. Ti and/or Zn oxide NFs are produced by electrospinning precursor solutions with different Ti: Zn molar ratios (from 0:1 to 1:0). Subsequent calcination and cooling steps are operated at fast rates to generate porous NFs with capture centers to reduce the recombination rate of the photogenerated charges. The comparative evaluation of the NFs as photocatalysts for the removal of MB from an aqueous solution with a dye concentration of 15 µM under UV irradiation shows that the binary (wurtzite ZnO and anatase TiO₂) oxides exhibit higher catalytic activity compared to ternary (ZnTiO₃ and Zn₂TiO₄) oxides. The higher band gap and lower crystallinity of the ternary oxides are responsible for their lower photocatalytic activity. It has been found that the optimal load for the wurtzite ZnO is 0.66 mg mL⁻¹, obtaining a degradation rate of 7.94.10⁻² min⁻¹. The optimal load for anatase TiO₂ is lower (0.33 mg mL⁻¹) and the corresponding rate constant (1.12×10⁻¹ min⁻¹) is higher. This finding (higher activity with lower load) is of crucial importance for the scaling up of the process on an industrial scale. Indeed, the anatase NFs outperform even the commonly used P25-TiO₂ benchmark. Besides, they can be reused twice without any regeneration treatment, with 5.2% and 18.7% activity decrease after second and third use, respectively. Thanks to the scalability of the electrospinning technique, this laboratory-scale study provides a perspective towards the sustainable large-scale manufacture of photocatalysts for the treatment of industry effluents. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anatase" title="anatase">anatase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capture%20centers" title=" capture centers"> capture centers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methylene%20blue%20dye" title=" methylene blue dye"> methylene blue dye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanofibers" title=" nanofibers"> nanofibers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation" title=" photodegradation"> photodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zinc%20oxide" title=" zinc oxide"> zinc oxide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144148/synthesis-characterization-and-photocatalytic-activity-of-electrospun-zinc-andor-titanium-oxide-nanofibers-for-methylene-blue-degradation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144148.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">157</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">43</span> Green and Facile Fabrication and Characterization of Fe/ZnO Hollow Spheres and Photodegradation of Azo Dyes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Mohsen%20Mousavi">Seyed Mohsen Mousavi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Reza%20Mahjoub"> Ali Reza Mahjoub</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bahjat%20Afshari%20Razani"> Bahjat Afshari Razani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, Fe/ZnO hollow spherical structures with high surface area using the template glucose was prepared by the hydrothermal method using an ultrasonic bath at room temperature was produced and were identified by FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM and BET. The photocatalytic activity of synthesized spherical Fe/ZnO hollow sphere were studied in the destruction of Congo Red and Methylene Blue as Azo dyes. The results showed that the photocatalytic activity of Fe/ZnO hollow spherical structures is improved compared with ZnO hollow sphere and other morphologys. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=azo%20dyes" title="azo dyes">azo dyes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fe%2FZnO%20hollow%20sphere" title=" Fe/ZnO hollow sphere"> Fe/ZnO hollow sphere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hollow%20sphere%20nanostructures" title=" hollow sphere nanostructures"> hollow sphere nanostructures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocatalyst" title=" photocatalyst"> photocatalyst</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56367/green-and-facile-fabrication-and-characterization-of-fezno-hollow-spheres-and-photodegradation-of-azo-dyes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56367.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">370</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">42</span> Desulphurization of Waste Tire Pyrolytic Oil (TPO) Using Photodegradation and Adsorption Techniques</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moshe%20Mello">Moshe Mello</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hilary%20Rutto"> Hilary Rutto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tumisang%20Seodigeng"> Tumisang Seodigeng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The nature of tires makes them extremely challenging to recycle due to the available chemically cross-linked polymer and, therefore, they are neither fusible nor soluble and, consequently, cannot be remolded into other shapes without serious degradation. Open dumping of tires pollutes the soil, contaminates underground water and provides ideal breeding grounds for disease carrying vermins. The thermal decomposition of tires by pyrolysis produce char, gases and oil. The composition of oils derived from waste tires has common properties to commercial diesel fuel. The problem associated with the light oil derived from pyrolysis of waste tires is that it has a high sulfur content (> 1.0 wt.%) and therefore emits harmful sulfur oxide (SOx) gases to the atmosphere when combusted in diesel engines. Desulphurization of TPO is necessary due to the increasing stringent environmental regulations worldwide. Hydrodesulphurization (HDS) is the commonly practiced technique for the removal of sulfur species in liquid hydrocarbons. However, the HDS technique fails in the presence of complex sulfur species such as Dibenzothiopene (DBT) present in TPO. This study aims to investigate the viability of photodegradation (Photocatalytic oxidative desulphurization) and adsorptive desulphurization technologies for efficient removal of complex and non-complex sulfur species in TPO. This study focuses on optimizing the cleaning (removal of impurities and asphaltenes) process by varying process parameters; temperature, stirring speed, acid/oil ratio and time. The treated TPO will then be sent for vacuum distillation to attain the desired diesel like fuel. The effect of temperature, pressure and time will be determined for vacuum distillation of both raw TPO and the acid treated oil for comparison purposes. Polycyclic sulfides present in the distilled (diesel like) light oil will be oxidized dominantly to the corresponding sulfoxides and sulfone via a photo-catalyzed system using TiO2 as a catalyst and hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent and finally acetonitrile will be used as an extraction solvent. Adsorptive desulphurization will be used to adsorb traces of sulfurous compounds which remained during photocatalytic desulphurization step. This desulphurization convoy is expected to give high desulphurization efficiency with reasonable oil recovery. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adsorption" title="adsorption">adsorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asphaltenes" title=" asphaltenes"> asphaltenes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocatalytic%20oxidation" title=" photocatalytic oxidation"> photocatalytic oxidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyrolysis" title=" pyrolysis"> pyrolysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41197/desulphurization-of-waste-tire-pyrolytic-oil-tpo-using-photodegradation-and-adsorption-techniques" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41197.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">272</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">41</span> Facile Fabrication of Nickel/Zinc Oxide Hollow Spheres Nanostructure and Photodegradation of Congo Red</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Mohsen%20Mousavi">Seyed Mohsen Mousavi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Reza%20Mahjoub"> Ali Reza Mahjoub</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Behjat%20Afshari"> Behjat Afshari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, Nickel/Zinc Oxide hollow spherical structures with high surface area using the template Fructose was prepared by the hydrothermal method using a ultrasonic bath at room temperature was produced and were identified by FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM. The photocatalytic activity of synthesized hollow spherical Nickel/Zinc Oxide was studied in the destruction of Congo red as Azo dye. The results showed that the photocatalytic activity of Nickel/ Zinc Oxide hollow spherical nanostructures is improved compared with zinc oxide hollow sphere and other morphologies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=azo%20dye" title="azo dye">azo dye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hollow%20spheres" title=" hollow spheres"> hollow spheres</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocatalyst" title=" photocatalyst"> photocatalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nickel%2Fzinc%20oxide" title=" nickel/zinc oxide"> nickel/zinc oxide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36139/facile-fabrication-of-nickelzinc-oxide-hollow-spheres-nanostructure-and-photodegradation-of-congo-red" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36139.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">637</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodegradation&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a 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