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interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Кобальтавая гармата – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кобальтавая гармата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobaltkanone" title="Kobaltkanone – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kobaltkanone" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapia_de_cobalto" title="Terapia de cobalto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Terapia de cobalto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9cobalth%C3%A9rapie" title="Télécobalthérapie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Télécobalthérapie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapia_de_cobalto" title="Terapia de cobalto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terapia de cobalto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecobaltoterapia" title="Telecobaltoterapia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Telecobaltoterapia" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cobalt_therapy" title="Special:EditPage/Cobalt therapy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cobalt+therapy%22">"Cobalt therapy"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cobalt+therapy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cobalt+therapy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cobalt+therapy%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cobalt+therapy%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cobalt+therapy%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Cobalt therapy</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nci-vol-1819-300_cobalt_60_therapy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nci-vol-1819-300_cobalt_60_therapy.jpg/280px-Nci-vol-1819-300_cobalt_60_therapy.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nci-vol-1819-300_cobalt_60_therapy.jpg/420px-Nci-vol-1819-300_cobalt_60_therapy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nci-vol-1819-300_cobalt_60_therapy.jpg/560px-Nci-vol-1819-300_cobalt_60_therapy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1779" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Cobalt-60 therapy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Oncology</td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1512385" class="extiw" title="d:Q1512385">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cobalt therapy</b> is the medical use of <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotope</a> <a href="/wiki/Cobalt-60" title="Cobalt-60">cobalt-60</a> to treat conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>. Beginning in the 1950s, cobalt-60 was widely used in <a href="/wiki/External_beam_radiotherapy" title="External beam radiotherapy">external beam radiotherapy</a> (teletherapy) machines, which produced a beam of gamma rays which was directed into the patient's body to kill tumor tissue. Because these "cobalt machines" were expensive and required specialist support, they were often housed in <i>cobalt units</i>. Cobalt therapy was a revolutionary advance in radiotherapy in the post-World War II period but is now being replaced by other technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Linear_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear accelerator">linear accelerators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt_therapy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cobalt_therapy" title="Special:EditPage/Cobalt therapy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cobalt+therapy%22">"Cobalt therapy"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cobalt+therapy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cobalt+therapy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cobalt+therapy%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cobalt+therapy%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cobalt+therapy%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Before the development of medical <a href="/wiki/Linear_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear accelerator">linear accelerators</a> in the 1970s, the only artificial radiation source used for <a href="/wiki/Teletherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Teletherapy">teletherapy</a> was the <a href="/wiki/X-ray_tube" title="X-ray tube">x-ray tube</a>. Researchers found ordinary x-ray tubes, which used voltages of 50-150 keV, could treat superficial tumors, but did not have the energy to reach tumors deep in the body. To have the penetrating ability to reach deep-seated tumors without subjecting healthy tissue to dangerous radiation doses required rays with energy around a million electron volts (MeV), called "megavoltage" radiation. To produce a significant amount of MeV x-rays required potentials on the tube of 3-5 million volts (3-5 megavolts), necessitating huge, expensive x-ray machines. By the late 1930s these were being built, but they were available at only a few hospitals. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eldorado_A.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Eldorado_A.jpeg/290px-Eldorado_A.jpeg" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Eldorado_A.jpeg/435px-Eldorado_A.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Eldorado_A.jpeg/580px-Eldorado_A.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="8906" data-file-height="8897" /></a><figcaption>The first cobalt machine in Italy, installed in <a href="/wiki/Borgo_Valsugana" title="Borgo Valsugana">Borgo Valsugana</a> in 1953.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">Radioisotopes</a> produced <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a> in the megavolt range, but prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> virtually the only radioisotope available for radiotherapy was naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> (producing 1-2 MeV gamma rays), which was extremely expensive due to its low occurrence in ores. In 1937 the price of radium <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$25,000</span> (equivalent to $546,817 in 2024)<span class="nowrap"> </span>per<span class="nowrap"> </span>gram,<sup id="cite_ref-Time_1937_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_1937-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the total worldwide supply of radium available for beam radiotherapy (teletherapy) was 50<span class="nowrap"> </span>grams. </p><p>The invention of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> during World War II made possible the creation of artificial radioisotopes for radiotherapy. <a href="/wiki/Cobalt-60" title="Cobalt-60">Cobalt-60</a>, produced by neutron irradiation of ordinary <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> metal in a reactor, is a high activity gamma-ray emitter, emitting 1.17 and 1.33 MeV gamma rays with an activity of 44 <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">TBq</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a> (1,200 <a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">Ci</a>/g). The main reason for its wide use in radiotherapy is that it has a longer <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a>, 5.27 years, than many other gamma emitters. However, this half-life still requires cobalt sources to be replaced about every 5 years. </p><p>In 1949, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Johns" title="Harold E. Johns">Harold E. Johns</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">University of Saskatchewan</a> sent a request to the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (Canada)">National Research Council</a> (NRC) of Canada asking it to produce cobalt-60 isotopes for use in a cobalt therapy unit prototype. Two cobalt-60 apparatuses were then built, one in <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a> in the cancer wing of the University of Saskatchewan and the other in <a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London, Ontario</a>. Johns collected depth-dose data at the University of Saskatchewan which would later become the world standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Cobal60_usask_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cobal60_usask-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first patient to be treated with cobalt-60 radiation was treated on October 27, 1951, at the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Hospital_at_London_Health_Sciences_Centre" title="Children's Hospital at London Health Sciences Centre">War Memorial Children's Hospital</a> in London, Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-HeritageAssessment2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeritageAssessment2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LHSC_2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LHSC_2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961 cobalt therapy was expected to replace X-ray radiotherapy.<sup id="cite_ref-SydneyMorningHerald_1961_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SydneyMorningHerald_1961-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 14">: 14 </span></sup> In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>'s lung cancer was treated with this procedure, but could not prevent his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Markel_Disney_2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markel_Disney_2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">United States Atomic Energy Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winner and former chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>, dedicated the first cobalt facility of the new Radiation Therapy and Nuclear Medicine Wing of the <a href="/wiki/Cedars_of_Lebanon_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedars of Lebanon Hospital">Cedars of Lebanon Hospital</a> on January 11, 1963 supervised by Dr. Henry L. Jaffe, Director of the new department. A pioneer in the use of the nicknamed "cobalt bomb" the Cedars unit was licensed in 1948 by the Atomic Energy Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_use">Current use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt_therapy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Current use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role of the cobalt unit has partly been replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Linear_particle_accelerator#Medical_linacs" title="Linear particle accelerator">linear accelerator</a>, which can generate higher-energy radiation, and does not produce the <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">radioactive waste</a> that <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a> do with their attendant disposal problems. Cobalt treatment still has a useful role to play in certain applications and is still in widespread use worldwide, since the machinery is relatively reliable and simple to maintain compared to the modern linear accelerator.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotope">Isotope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt_therapy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Isotope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As used in <a href="/wiki/External_beam_radiotherapy#X-rays_and_gamma_rays" title="External beam radiotherapy">radiotherapy</a>, cobalt units produce stable, dichromatic beams of 1.17<span class="nowrap"> </span>and<span class="nowrap"> </span>1.33 MeV, resulting in an average beam energy of 1.25<span class="nowrap"> </span>MeV. Cobalt-60 has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 5.2713<span class="nowrap"> </span>years.<sup id="cite_ref-ICRP107_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICRP107-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 39">: 39 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt_therapy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma knife">Gamma knife</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt_therapy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.irsn.fr/sites/default/files/documents/professionnels_sante/documentation/syllabus_chapitre_5.pdf">https://www.irsn.fr/sites/default/files/documents/professionnels_sante/documentation/syllabus_chapitre_5.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time_1937-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time_1937_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,758086,00.html">"Science: Radium"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 9 August 1937. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1311479">1311479</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220622155908/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,758086,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2022</span>. <q>Present price of radium is $25 per milligram, $25,000 per gram, $700,000 per ounce.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Science%3A+Radium&rft.date=1937-08-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1311479&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C758086%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cobal60_usask-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cobal60_usask_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cobalt60.usask.ca/">"Cobalt-60: Explore our legacy of nuclear medicine innovation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">University of Saskatchewan</a></i>. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308050325/https://cobalt60.usask.ca/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2022</span>. <q>In 1951, University of Saskatchewan medical physicist Dr. Harold Johns and his graduate students became the first researchers in the world to successfully treat a cancer patient using cobalt-60 radiation therapy. This innovative technology—dubbed the "cobalt bomb" by the media—revolutionized cancer treatment and saved the lives of millions of cancer patients around the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Saskatchewan&rft.atitle=Cobalt-60%3A+Explore+our+legacy+of+nuclear+medicine+innovation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcobalt60.usask.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeritageAssessment2011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HeritageAssessment2011_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.london.ca/business/Planning-Development/secondary-plans/Documents/Old%20Victoria%20Hospital/Cultural-Heritage-Asssessment-South-Street-Hospital-Buildings.pdf#page=46">"Cultural Heritage Assessment: Buildings in the South Street Hospital Complex, London, Ontario"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200504041250/https://www.london.ca/business/Planning-Development/secondary-plans/Documents/Old%20Victoria%20Hospital/Cultural-Heritage-Asssessment-South-Street-Hospital-Buildings.pdf#page=46">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2020</span>. <q>It is perhaps fitting, given the symbolic emphasis that the War Memorial Children's Hospital placed on turning the spoils of war to the benefits of peace, that this facility became the first place in the world to use the Cobalt-60 Beam Therapy Unit (the Cobalt Bomb) in the treatment of a Cancer patient, on October 27, 1951.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cultural+Heritage+Assessment%3A+Buildings+in+the+South+Street+Hospital+Complex%2C+London%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=46&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.london.ca%2Fbusiness%2FPlanning-Development%2Fsecondary-plans%2FDocuments%2FOld%2520Victoria%2520Hospital%2FCultural-Heritage-Asssessment-South-Street-Hospital-Buildings.pdf%23page%3D46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LHSC_2011-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LHSC_2011_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lhsc.on.ca/about-lhsc/celebrating-the-60th-anniversary-of-the-worlds-first-cancer-treatment-with-cobalt-60">"Celebrating the 60th anniversary of the world's first cancer treatment with Cobalt-60 radiation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/London_Health_Sciences_Centre" title="London Health Sciences Centre">London Health Sciences Centre</a></i>. 27 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220427192817/https://www.lhsc.on.ca/about-lhsc/celebrating-the-60th-anniversary-of-the-worlds-first-cancer-treatment-with-cobalt-60">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2022</span>. <q>On October 27, 1951, the world's first cancer treatment with Cobalt-60 radiation took place at Victoria Hospital. This marked an important milestone for both the fight against cancer and Canada's emergence as a leader in the field of radiotherapy. Today, London Health Sciences Centre is pleased to acknowledge the 60th anniversary of this tremendous medical breakthrough.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+Health+Sciences+Centre&rft.atitle=Celebrating+the+60th+anniversary+of+the+world%27s+first+cancer+treatment+with+Cobalt-60+radiation&rft.date=2011-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lhsc.on.ca%2Fabout-lhsc%2Fcelebrating-the-60th-anniversary-of-the-worlds-first-cancer-treatment-with-cobalt-60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SydneyMorningHerald_1961-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SydneyMorningHerald_1961_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19611101&id=DIgVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RuYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=790,7885261">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"New Era" In Cobalt Treatment Of Cancer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>. No. 29649 (Late ed.). 1 November 1961. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0312-6315">0312-6315</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/sn84035933">sn84035933</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/226369741">226369741</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528151121/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19611101&id=DIgVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RuYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=790,7885261">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_News" title="Google News">Google News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=%22New+Era%22+In+Cobalt+Treatment+Of+Cancer&rft.issue=29649&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1961-11-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F226369741&rft.issn=0312-6315&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2Fsn84035933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1301%26dat%3D19611101%26id%3DDIgVAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DRuYDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D790%2C7885261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markel_Disney_2018-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Markel_Disney_2018_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkel2018" class="citation news cs1">Markel, Howard (17 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/how-a-strange-rumor-of-walt-disneys-death-became-legend">"How a strange rumor of Walt Disney's death became legend"</a>. Health. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS_NewsHour" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS NewsHour">PBS NewsHour</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220618120446/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/how-a-strange-rumor-of-walt-disneys-death-became-legend">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2022</span>. <q>The always energetic man struggled to go back to the Disney studios after the operation, but the chemotherapy and cobalt X-ray treatments drained him of both his creative and physical powers. He was rushed back to St. Joseph's Hospital two weeks later and died of "circulatory collapse" on the morning of Dec. 15.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PBS+NewsHour&rft.atitle=How+a+strange+rumor+of+Walt+Disney%27s+death+became+legend&rft.date=2018-12-17&rft.aulast=Markel&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fhealth%2Fhow-a-strange-rumor-of-walt-disneys-death-became-legend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/bbh/1963/01/11/01/article/20/?e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxTI--------------1">"Nuclear Medicine Dedication At Cedars Hospital"</a>. <i>National Library of Israel</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Medicine+Dedication+At+Cedars+Hospital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nli.org.il%2Fen%2Fnewspapers%2Fbbh%2F1963%2F01%2F11%2F01%2Farticle%2F20%2F%3Fe%3D-------en-20--1--img-txIN%257ctxTI--------------1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redjournal.org/article/S0360-3016(13)03678-X/fulltext">"Cobalt, Linac, or Other: What Is the Best Solution for Radiation Therapy in Developing Countries? - International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cobalt%2C+Linac%2C+or+Other%3A+What+Is+the+Best+Solution+for+Radiation+Therapy+in+Developing+Countries%3F+-+International+Journal+of+Radiation+Oncology%2C+Biology%2C+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redjournal.org%2Farticle%2FS0360-3016%2813%2903678-X%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICRP107-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICRP107_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEckermanEndo2008" class="citation book cs1">Eckerman, K.; Endo, A. (2008). "Annex A. Radionuclides of the ICRP-07 collection". <i>Annals of the ICRP | Nuclear Decay Data for Dosimetric Calculations</i>. ICRP Publication 107. Vol. 38. <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Radiological_Protection" title="International Commission on Radiological Protection">International Commission on Radiological Protection</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">35–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icrp.2008.10.002">10.1016/j.icrp.2008.10.002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-3475-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-3475-6"><bdi>978-0-7020-3475-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-6453">0146-6453</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/78647961">78647961</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19285593">19285593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Annex+A.+Radionuclides+of+the+ICRP-07+collection&rft.btitle=Annals+of+the+ICRP+%7C+Nuclear+Decay+Data+for+Dosimetric+Calculations&rft.series=ICRP+Publication+107&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=International+Commission+on+Radiological+Protection&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icrp.2008.10.002&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F78647961&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19285593&rft.issn=0146-6453&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-3475-6&rft.aulast=Eckerman&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Endo%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACobalt+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt_therapy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=1819">public domain image of cobalt machine</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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