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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vehicle de llançament</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> coet utilitzat per portar una càrrega útil de la superfície de la Terra a l'espai exterior </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Llengua" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Llengua</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Vehicle+de+llan%C3%A7ament&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Vigila</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Modifica</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>En l'<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astron%C3%A0utica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astronàutica">astronàutica</a>, un <b>vehicle de llançament</b> o <b>coet de càrrega</b> és un <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coet">coet</a> utilitzat per portar una <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A0rrega_%C3%BAtil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Càrrega útil">càrrega útil</a> de la superfície de la <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terra">Terra</a> a l'<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espai_exterior?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espai exterior">espai exterior</a>. Un <b>sistema de llançament</b> inclou el vehicle de llançament, la <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plataforma_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plataforma de llançament">plataforma de llançament</a> i altres infraestructures.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normalment la càrrega útil és un <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sat%C3%A8l%C2%B7lit_artificial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Satèl·lit artificial">satèl·lit artificial</a> col·locat en <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%92rbita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Òrbita">òrbita</a>, però alguns vols espacials són <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vol_suborbital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vol suborbital">suborbitals</a> mentre altres permeten al <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nau_espacial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nau espacial">vehicle espacial</a> escapar-se enterament de la Terra. Un vehicle de llançament que porta la seva càrrega útil en una trajectòria suborbital s'anomena sovint un <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coet_sonda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coet sonda">coet sonda</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxer:Proton_Zvezda_crop.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Proton_Zvezda_crop.jpg/220px-Proton_Zvezda_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Proton_Zvezda_crop.jpg/330px-Proton_Zvezda_crop.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Proton_Zvezda_crop.jpg/440px-Proton_Zvezda_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1466" data-file-height="2134"></a> <figcaption> Coet <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proton">Proton</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="ca" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contingut</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tipus"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Tipus</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Per_plataforma_de_llan%C3%A7ament"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Per plataforma de llançament</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Per_mida"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Per mida</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Suborbital"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Suborbital</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Orbital"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Orbital</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Translunar_i_interplanetari"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Translunar i interplanetari</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Muntatge"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Muntatge</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Terme_relacionat"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Terme relacionat</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Regulaci%C3%B3"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Regulació</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vegeu_tamb%C3%A9"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Vegeu també</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Refer%C3%A8ncies"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Referències</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Enlla%C3%A7os_externs"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Enllaços externs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Tipus">Tipus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Tipus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxer:Apollo_15_launch.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Apollo_15_launch.jpg/220px-Apollo_15_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2334" data-file-height="2916"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 275px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Apollo_15_launch.jpg/220px-Apollo_15_launch.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Apollo_15_launch.jpg/330px-Apollo_15_launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Apollo_15_launch.jpg/440px-Apollo_15_launch.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Un vehicle de llançament <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saturn_V?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> envia la missió <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_15?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> a la Lluna. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Els <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament_d%27un_sol_%C3%BAs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vehicle de llançament d'un sol ús">vehicles de llançament d'un sol ús</a> (<b>ELV</b> - <i><b>E</b>xpendable<b> L</b>aunch <b> V</b>ehicles</i> en <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angl%C3%A8s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglès">anglès</a>) es dissenyen per ser emprats una sola vegada. Generalment se separen de la seva càrrega útil i realitzen una <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reentrada_atmosf%C3%A8rica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reentrada atmosfèrica">reentrada atmosfèrica</a>. D'altra banda, els <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament_reutilitzable?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle de llançament reutilitzable">vehicles de llançament reutilitzables</a> (<b>RLV</b> - <i><b>R</b>eusable <b>L</b> aunch<b> V</b>ehicles</i>) tenen la possibilitat de recuperar el sistema intacte una vegada hagi estat usat, i d'aquesta forma pot ser emprat en diversos llançaments, disminuint els costos d'elaboració.</p> <p>El <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transbordador_Espacial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Transbordador Espacial">Transbordador Espacial</a> va ser un vehicle de llançament que gran part dels components foren reutilitzats en múltiples <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vol_espacial_orbital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vol espacial orbital">vols espacials orbitals</a>. <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SpaceX?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> està desenvolupant un <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Programa_de_desenvolupament_de_sistemes_de_llan%C3%A7ament_reutilitzables_de_SpaceX&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Programa de desenvolupament de sistemes de llançament reutilitzables de SpaceX (encara no existeix)">sistema de llançament de coets reutilitzables</a> pels seus vehicles <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Falcon_9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> i <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Falcon_Heavy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a>. En 2011 es va anunciar un disseny de segona generació de <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VTVL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="VTVL">VTVL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wp20110929_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wp20110929-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El programa de proves de vol a baixa altura d'un <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Grasshopper_(coet)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Grasshopper (coet) (encara no existeix)">vehicle de llançament de demostració tecnològica experimental</a> va començar el 2012, que van continuar amb proves de vol a alta altitud amb vols comercials del Falcon 9 sobre un vaixell/plataforma autònoma en l'oceà Atlàntic.<sup id="cite_ref-nsw20130328_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nsw20130328-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Les alternatives de <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Llan%C3%A7ament_espacial_sense_coet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Llançament espacial sense coet">llançament espacial sense coet</a> encara estan en fases de disseny i teòrics, encara que se sap que algunes empreses estan desenvolupant plataformes de llançament reals, com l'empresa espanyola <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zero2infinity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero2infinity">zero2infinity</a> amb el <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rockoon&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Rockoon (encara no existeix)">rockoon</a> "<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bloostar&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bloostar (encara no existeix)">bloostar</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Els vehicles de llançament sovint es classifiquen per la quantitat de massa que poden portar a l'òrbita. Per exemple, un <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coet_Proton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Coet Proton">coet Proton</a> pot aixecar 22.000 kg en <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%92rbita_terrestre_baixa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Òrbita terrestre baixa">òrbita terrestre baixa</a> (LEO). Els vehicles de llançament també es caracteritzen pel seu nombre de <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coet_multitram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coet multitram">trams</a>. Coets amb un màxim de cinc trams s'han llançat amb èxit, i s'han realitzat dissenys per a diversos vehicles del tipus <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%92rbita_en_un_tram&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Òrbita en un tram (encara no existeix)">òrbita en un tram</a> (<i>single-stage-to-orbit</i> o SSTO en anglès). A més, els vehicles de llançament són sovint acompanyats amb impulsadors (<i>boosters</i> en anglès) de reforç que subministren una alta empenta els primers minuts de llançament, normalment utilitzant altres motors. Els impulsors permeten que els motors restants ser més petits, reduint la massa dels trams posteriors i permetent càrregues útils més pesants.</p> <p>Altres característiques dels vehicles de llançament són la nació o l'agència espacial i l'empresa o consorci de fabricació i posada en marxa del vehicle. Per exemple, l'<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ag%C3%A8ncia_Espacial_Europea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agència Espacial Europea">Agència Espacial Europea</a> és responsable de l'<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ariane_V?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariane V">Ariane V</a>, i <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a> fabrica i llança els coets <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coet_Delta_IV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Coet Delta IV">Delta IV</a> i <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atlas_V?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a>. Molts vehicles de llançament es consideren part d'una línia històrica de vehicles del mateix nom o similar; p.e., l'Atlas V és l'últim coet <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atlas_(fam%C3%ADlia_de_coets)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas (família de coets)">Atlas</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Per_plataforma_de_llançament"><span id="Per_plataforma_de_llan.C3.A7ament"></span>Per plataforma de llançament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Per plataforma de llançament" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Terrestre: <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Port_espacial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Port espacial">port espacial</a> i <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plataforma_de_llan%C3%A7ament_de_m%C3%ADssils?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plataforma de llançament de míssils">sitja de míssils</a> fixa<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Strela_(coet)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Strela (coet) (encara no existeix)">Strela</a>) per a <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%ADssil_bal%C3%ADstic_intercontinental?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Míssil balístic intercontinental">ICBMs</a> transformats.</li> <li>Marítima: plataforma fixa (<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plataforma_de_San_Marco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Plataforma de San Marco">San Marco</a>), plataforma mòbil (<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sea_Launch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sea Launch">Sea Launch</a>), <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament_submar%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Vehicle de llançament submarí (encara no existeix)">submarí</a> (<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Shtil'&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Shtil' (encara no existeix)">Shtil'</a>, <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Volna&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Volna (encara no existeix)">Volna</a>) per a <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%ADssil_bal%C3%ADstic_de_llan%C3%A7ament_submar%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Míssil balístic de llançament submarí">SLBMs</a>.</li> <li>Aèria: aeronaus (<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pegasus_(coet)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pegasus (coet) (encara no existeix)">Pegasus</a>, <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virgin_Galactic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a> <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LauncherOne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a>, <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Stratolaunch_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Stratolaunch Systems (encara no existeix)">Stratolaunch Systems</a>), globus (<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bloostar&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bloostar (encara no existeix)">Bloostar</a> de <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zero2infinity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero2infinity">Zero2infinity</a>, <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=ARCASPACE&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="ARCASPACE (encara no existeix)">ARCASPACE</a>), <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=JP_Aerospace&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="JP Aerospace (encara no existeix)">JP Aerospace</a> Orbital Ascender, proposta d'un <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Llan%C3%A7ament_espacial_sense_coet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Llançament espacial sense coet">port espacial flotant</a> permanent.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Per_mida">Per mida</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Per mida" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Els vehicles de llançament es caracteritzen per la quantitat de càrrega útil que són capaços d'elevar a una òrbita donada. Per exemple, un <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proton_(coet)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (coet)">coet Proton</a> té una capacitat de llançament de 30.000 kg a una <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%92rbita_baixa_terrestre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Òrbita baixa terrestre">òrbita baixa terrestre</a> (LEO). Hi ha moltes maneres de classificar les mides dels vehicles de llançament. L'agència espacial civil dels Estats Units, la NASA, utilitza un esquema de classificació<sup id="cite_ref-classes_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-classes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup title="El text on hi ha aquest avís necessita una citació." class="noprint"><span class="noprint" style="color:blue;">[<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Citau_les_fonts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viquipèdia:Citau les fonts"><i>cal citació</i></a>]</span></sup> que va ser articulada per la <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee (encara no existeix)">Comissió Augustine</a> creada per revisar els plans per a la substitució del <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transbordador_Espacial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Transbordador Espacial">Transbordador Espacial</a>:</p> <ul> <li>Un <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coet_sonda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coet sonda">coet sonda</a>, utilitzat per estudiar l'atmosfera o realitzar breus experiments, només és capaç del <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vol_suborbital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vol suborbital">vol suborbital</a> i no pot arribar a l'òrbita.</li> <li>Un <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament_lleuger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vehicle de llançament lleuger">vehicle de llançament lleuger</a> és capaç d'aixecar fins a 2.000 kg de càrrega útil en <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%92rbita_terrestre_baixa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Òrbita terrestre baixa">òrbita terrestre baixa</a> (LEO).<sup id="cite_ref-classes_7-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-classes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Un <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament_mitj%C3%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vehicle de llançament mitjà">vehicle de llançament mitjà</a> és capaç d'aixecar entre 2.000 i 20.000 kg de càrrega útil en LEO.<sup id="cite_ref-classes_7-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-classes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Un <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament_pesant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vehicle de llançament pesant">vehicle de llançament pesant</a> és capaç d'aixecar entre 20.000 i 50.000 kg de càrrega útil en LEO.<sup id="cite_ref-classes_7-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-classes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Un <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament_superpesant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vehicle de llançament superpesant">vehicle de llançament superpesant</a> és capaç d'aixecar més de 50.000 kg de càrrega útil en LEO.<sup id="cite_ref-classes_7-4" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-classes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hsf200910_8-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hsf200910-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <p>El proveïdor de serveis de llançament a Europa, <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arianespace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a>, també utilitza la designació "pesant" pel seu vehicle de llançament <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ariane_5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ariane 5">Ariane 5</a> superior a 20.000 kg a <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%92rbita_terrestre_baixa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Òrbita terrestre baixa">LEO</a><sup id="cite_ref-arianspace201408_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-arianspace201408-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i "mitjà" per la seva gamma de vehicles de llançament que aixequen entre 2.000 i 20.000 kg a LEO, incloent el <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Soiuz_ST&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Soiuz ST (encara no existeix)">Soiuz ST</a> de <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Starsem&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Starsem (encara no existeix)">Starsem</a>/Arianespace<sup id="cite_ref-arianespace2009_10-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-arianespace2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i les seves versions anteriors el 1999 de l'Ariane 5. Es refereixen al seu vehicle de llançament <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vega_(coet)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vega (coet)">Vega</a> de 1.500 kg a LEO com a "lleuger".<sup id="cite_ref-arianespace2009_10-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-arianespace2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Suborbital">Suborbital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Suborbital" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r30997230">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Vegeu també: <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vol_espacial_suborbital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vol espacial suborbital">Vol espacial suborbital</a> </div> <p>Els llançadors suborbitals no són capaços de prendre les seves càrregues útils a la velocitat horitzontal mínim necessària per assolir l'òrbita terrestre baixa amb un <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perigeu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perigeu">perigeu</a> inferior al radi mitjà de la Terra, que es tracta a velocitat de 7.800 m/s. Els <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coet_sonda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coet sonda">coets sonda</a> han estat utilitzats durant breus experiments espacials de microgravetat no tripulats de baix cost. El primer programa de vols espacials tripulats dels Estats Units, el <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projecte_Mercury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Projecte Mercury">Projecte Mercury</a>, va utilitzar un sol tram <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle">derivada de la família de coets Redstone</a> per enlairar els seus dos primers astronautes, <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedom_7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom 7">Alan Shephard</a> i <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liberty_Bell_7&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Liberty Bell 7 (encara no existeix)">Gus Grissom</a> en vols suborbitals, abans d'enviar astronautes en òrbita en els vols posteriors. Els actuals vehicles de llançament suborbital tripulats, inclouen l'<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SpaceShipOne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a> i l'<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SpaceShipTwo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a>, entre d'altres (vegeu <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turisme_espacial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turisme espacial">turisme espacial</a>).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Orbital">Orbital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Orbital" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r30997230"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Vegeu també: <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vol_espacial_orbital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vol espacial orbital">Vol espacial orbital</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxer:Zenit-2_rocket_ready_for_launch.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Zenit-2_rocket_ready_for_launch.jpg/220px-Zenit-2_rocket_ready_for_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="392"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 321px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Zenit-2_rocket_ready_for_launch.jpg/220px-Zenit-2_rocket_ready_for_launch.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="321" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Zenit-2_rocket_ready_for_launch.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> LV <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Zenit-2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Zenit-2 (encara no existeix)">Zenit-2</a> ucraïnès preparat per al llançament. </figcaption> </figure> <p>El <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delta-v?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delta-v">delta-v</a> necessari per al llançament orbital des de la superfície de la Terra és més gran que la velocitat mínima orbital; almenys 9.300 m/s, a causa de la resistència aerodinàmica, (determinat pel <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Coeficient_bal%C3%ADstic&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Coeficient balístic (encara no existeix)">coeficient balístic</a>), així com les <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arrossegament_la_gravetat&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Arrossegament la gravetat (encara no existeix)">pèrdues de gravetat</a>, i l'<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energia_potencial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energia potencial">energia potencial</a> necessària si es desitja una major altitud. <sup title="El text on hi ha aquest avís necessita una citació." class="noprint"><span class="noprint" style="color:blue;">[<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Citau_les_fonts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viquipèdia:Citau les fonts"><i>cal citació</i></a>]</span></sup></p> <p>Reduint al mínim la resistència de l'aire requereix un coeficient balístic raonablement alt, una relació de longitud al diàmetre més gran que deu. Això es tradueix generalment en un vehicle de llançament que és almenys 20 m de llarg. En sortir de l'atmosfera tan aviat en el vol com sigui possible proporciona una pèrdua de velocitat a causa de la resistència de l'aire del voltant de 300 m/s.</p> <p>El càlcul de la delta-v total per al llançament és complexa, i en gairebé tots els casos s'utilitza integració numèrica; afegint diversos valors de delta-v proporciona un resultat pessimista, ja que el coet pot empènyer mentre en un angle determinat per tal d'aconseguir l'òrbita, amb el consegüent estalvi de combustible, ja que pot guanyar alçada i la velocitat horitzontal simultàniament.<sup title="El text on hi ha aquest avís necessita una citació." class="noprint"><span class="noprint" style="color:blue;">[<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Citau_les_fonts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viquipèdia:Citau les fonts"><i>cal citació</i></a>]</span></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Translunar_i_interplanetari">Translunar i interplanetari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Translunar i interplanetari" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r30997230"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Vegeu també: <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Injecci%C3%B3_translunar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Injecció translunar">Injecció translunar</a> i <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vol_espacial_interplanetari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vol espacial interplanetari">Vol espacial interplanetari</a> </div> <p>Per a una nau espacial amb l'objectiu d'arribar a la Lluna, la <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Velocitat_d'escapament_de_la_Terra&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Velocitat d'escapament de la Terra (encara no existeix)">velocitat d'escapament de la Terra</a> de 11.200 m/s no es requerit, però una velocitat propera col·loca la nau en una òrbita de la Terra amb un <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apogeu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apogeu">apogeu</a> prou alt que, si s'inicia en el moment correcte, se l'emporta a un punt on la gravetat de la Lluna pot capturar-lo.</p> <p>El vol interplanetari requereix una velocitat d'escapament superior; és l'excés de velocitat o bé la suma a la velocitat orbital de la Terra al voltant del Sol per poder arribar als planetes exteriors o asteroides, o restant-la per arribar a Venus o Mercuri, depenent de la direcció en la qual s'arriba a la velocitat terminal.</p> <p>Els vehicles de llançament de mida suficient són capaços de llançar càrregues útils més petites que la seva capacitat orbital, a la Lluna o més enllà. Els vols interplanetaris o translunars es llancen comunament amb el tram final del vehicle en una òrbita d'estacionament temporal, per permetre la comprovació de la nau espacial, i un control més precís de la maniobra d'injecció final, en lloc de ser llançat directament a la velocitat terminal.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Muntatge">Muntatge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Muntatge" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Cada tram individual d'un coet generalment es munta en el seu lloc de fabricació i enviat a la base de llançament; aquí el terme <b>muntatge de vehicles</b> es refereix a la unió de tram(s) de coet amb la càrrega útil/nau espacial en un únic conjunt conegut com a <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_espacial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle espacial">vehicle espacial</a>. Els vehicles d'un sol tram (com els coets sonda), i els vehicles <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coet_multitram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coet multitram">multitram</a> més petits, en general poden ser muntats verticalment, directament a la plataforma de llançament aixecant cada tram i la nau espacial de forma seqüencial en el seu lloc mitjançant una grua.</p> <p>Això generalment no és pràctic per a grans vehicles espacials, els quals s'acoblen fora de la plataforma i es traslladen a la zona de llançament a través de diversos mètodes. El vehicle d'allunatge tripulat <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Programa_Apollo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Programa Apollo">Apollo</a>/<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saturn_V?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> de la NASA, i el <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transbordador_Espacial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Transbordador Espacial">Transbordador Espacial</a>, van ser muntats verticalment sobre <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plataforma_m%C3%B2bil_del_llan%C3%A7ador&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Plataforma mòbil del llançador (encara no existeix)">plataformes mòbils</a> amb torres umbilicals de llançament connectades, en el <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_Assembly_Building&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Vehicle Assembly Building (encara no existeix)">Vehicle Assembly Building</a>, i després un <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Transportador_d'erugues&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Transportador d'erugues (encara no existeix)">transportador d'erugues</a> especial trasllada tot el conjunt de vehicle a la plataforma de llançament en una posició vertical. A diferència, els vehicles com ara el <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soiuz_(fam%C3%ADlia_de_coets)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soiuz (família de coets)">coet Soiuz</a> rus i el <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Falcon_9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> de <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SpaceX?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> són muntats horitzontalment en un hangar de processament, transportats en forma horitzontal i després moguts en posició vertical a la plataforma.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Terme_relacionat">Terme relacionat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Terme relacionat" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>De l'anglès, s'utilitzava el mot <i>carrier rocket</i> (en català <i>coet transportador</i>), que també es diu ocasionalment al Regne Unit.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Regulació"><span id="Regulaci.C3.B3"></span>Regulació</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Regulació" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Les operacions dels vehicles de llançament estan regulades sota lleis internacionals, segons les lleis nacionals del territori on es produeixi el llançament i han de cobrir en qualsevol cas els danys materials i humans que es produïssin per l'error o reentrada atmosfèrica del vehicle de llançament. A causa d'això alguns països requereixen que els constructors de coets s'adhereixin a regulacions específiques per tal d'indemnitzar i protegir la gent i a les propietats, augmentant la seguretat dels vols.</p> <p>Als Estats Units, qualsevol llançament de coet no classificat com a <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Astromodelisme&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Astromodelisme (encara no existeix)">amateur</a>, i a més no és del govern ha de ser aprovat per l'<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation (encara no existeix)">Office of Commercial Space Transportation</a> (FAA/AST) de la <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>, ubicada a Washington, DC.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avi%C3%B3_espacial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avió espacial">Avió espacial</a></li> <li><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exploraci%C3%B3_espacial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exploració espacial">Exploració espacial</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Referències" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Per exemple: <span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20021013181710/http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/fl_clcs_020918.html">NASA Kills 'Wounded' Launch System Upgrade at KSC</a>» (en anglès). Florida Today. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/fl_clcs_020918.html">original</a> el 2002-10-13. [Consulta: 22 juny 2009].</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id%3DCNG.13fe8544a6e090af0506874197e65650.271%26show_article%3D1">SpaceX says 'reusable rocket' could help colonize Mars</a>». Agence France-Presse. [Consulta: 4 octubre 2011].</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-wp20110929-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wp20110929_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"> «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/elon-musk-says-spacex-will-attempt-to-develop-fully-reusable-space-launch-vehicle/2011/09/29/gIQAnN9E8K_story.html">Elon Musk says SpaceX will attempt to develop fully reusable space launch vehicle</a>». <i>Washington Post</i>, 29-09-2011 [Consulta: 11 octubre 2011]. «<i>Both of the rocket’s stages would return to the launch site and touch down vertically, under rocket power, on landing gear after delivering a spacecraft to orbit.</i>»</span> <span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001052541/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/elon-musk-says-spacex-will-attempt-to-develop-fully-reusable-space-launch-vehicle/2011/09/29/gIQAnN9E8K_story.html">Còpia arxivada</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/elon-musk-says-spacex-will-attempt-to-develop-fully-reusable-space-launch-vehicle/2011/09/29/gIQAnN9E8K_story.html">original</a> el 2011-10-01. [Consulta: 24 abril 2016].</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-nsw20130328-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nsw20130328_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLindsey2013"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lindsey</span>, Clark «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.newspacewatch.com/articles/spacex-moving-quickly-towards-fly-back-first-stage.html">SpaceX moving quickly towards fly-back first stage</a>». <i>NewSpace Watch</i>, 28-03-2013 [Consulta: 29 març 2013].</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416030256/http://www.newspacewatch.com/articles/spacex-moving-quickly-towards-fly-back-first-stage.html">Arxivat</a> 2013-04-16 a <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416030256/http://www.newspacewatch.com/articles/spacex-moving-quickly-towards-fly-back-first-stage.html">Còpia arxivada</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.newspacewatch.com/articles/spacex-moving-quickly-towards-fly-back-first-stage.html">original</a> el 2013-04-16. [Consulta: 24 abril 2016].</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFReyes2014"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Reyes</span>, Tim «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.universetoday.com/115391/balloon-launcher-zero2infinity-sets-its-sights-to-the-stars/">Balloon launcher Zero2Infinity Sets Its Sights to the Stars</a>». <i>Universe Today</i>, 17-10-2014 [Consulta: 9 juliol 2015].</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">no hi ha <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Llan%C3%A7ador_m%C3%B2bil&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Llançador mòbil (encara no existeix)">llançadors mòbils</a> russos per a llançaments de naus espacials.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-classes-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-classes_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-classes_7-1">7,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-classes_7-2">7,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-classes_7-3">7,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-classes_7-4">7,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/500393main_TA01-LaunchPropulsion-DRAFT-Nov2010-A.pdf">NASA Space Technology Roadmaps - Launch Propulsion Systems, p.11</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324110232/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/500393main_TA01-LaunchPropulsion-DRAFT-Nov2010-A.pdf">Arxivat</a> 2016-03-24 a <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.: "Small: 0-2t payloads, Medium: 2-20t payloads, Heavy: 20-50t payloads, Super Heavy: >50t payloads"</span></li> <li id="cite_note-hsf200910-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-hsf200910_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/396093main_HSF_Cmte_FinalReport.pdf">HSF Final Report: Seeking a Human Spaceflight Program Worthy of a Great Nation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216063908/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/396093main_HSF_Cmte_FinalReport.pdf">Arxivat</a> 2019-02-16 a <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., October 2009, <i>Review of U.S. Human Spaceflight Plans Committee</i>, p. 64-66: "5.2.1 The Need for Heavy Lift ... require a “super heavy-lift” launch vehicle ... range of 25 to 40 mt, setting a notional lower limit on the size of the super heavy-lift launch vehicle if refueling is available ... this strongly favors a minimum heavy-lift capacity of roughly 50 mt ..."</span></li> <li id="cite_note-arianspace201408-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-arianspace201408_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.arianespace.com/launch-services-ariane5/milestones.asp">Launch services—milestones</a>». Arianespace. [Consulta: 19 agost 2014].</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-arianespace2009-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-arianespace2009_10-0">10,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-arianespace2009_10-1">10,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185100/http://www.arianespace.com/spaceport-intro/spaceport-brochure-2009-en.pdf">Welcome to French Guiana</a>». Arianespace. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.arianespace.com/spaceport-intro/spaceport-brochure-2009-en.pdf">original</a> el 2015-09-23. [Consulta: 19 agost 2014].</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=T%C3%ADtol_51_del_codi_dels_Estats_Units&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Títol 51 del codi dels Estats Units (encara no existeix)">51 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/51/50901">§ 50901</a>, <i>Commercial space launch activities: Findings and purposes</i>[</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-center{clear:both;margin:auto}}</style> <div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> A <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%25C3%25A0gina_principal?uselang%3Dca">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: <i><b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Space_launch_vehicles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Space launch vehicles">Vehicle de llançament</a></b></i> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li>S. A. Kamal, A. Mirza: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414071325/http://www10.brinkster.com/drakamal/pub/confabst.htm%23C66:">The Multi-Stage-Q System and the Inverse-Q System for Possible application in SLV</a></i>, Proc. IBCAST 2005, Volume 3, Control and Simulation, Edited by Hussain SI, Munir A, Kiyani J, Samar R, Khan MA, National Center for Physics, Bhurban, KP, Pakistan, 2006, pp 27–33 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ngds-ku.org/Papers/C66.pdf">Free Full Text</a></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Obtingut de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DVehicle_de_llan%C3%A7ament%26oldid%3D33195966">https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_de_llançament&oldid=33195966</a>» </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25AE_%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2584" title="صاروخ حامل - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صاروخ حامل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanzadera_espacial" title="Llanzadera espacial - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llanzadera espacial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%25C5%259F%25C4%25B1y%25C4%25B1c%25C4%25B1_raket" title="Daşıyıcı raket - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Daşıyıcı raket" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25B1%25D1%2596%25D1%2582" title="Ракета-носьбіт - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ракета-носьбіт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25B1%25D1%2596%25D1%2582" title="Ракета-носьбіт - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ракета-носьбіт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB" title="Ракета носител - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ракета носител" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2589%25E0%25A7%258E%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%2595_%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8" title="উৎক্ষেপক যান - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উৎক্ষেপক যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D9%2588%25D8%25B4%25DB%2595%25DA%25A9_%25DA%25BE%25DB%2595%25DA%25B5%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B1" title="مووشەک ھەڵگر - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مووشەک ھەڵگر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosn%25C3%25A1_raketa" title="Nosná raketa - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nosná raketa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%25C3%25A4gerrakete" title="Trägerrakete - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trägerrakete" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2591%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BB%25CF%258E%25CF%2583%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BC%25CE%25BF_%25CF%2583%25CF%258D%25CF%2583%25CF%2584%25CE%25B7%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1_%25CE%25B5%25CE%25BA%25CF%2584%25CF%258C%25CE%25BE%25CE%25B5%25CF%2585%25CF%2583%25CE%25B7%25CF%2582" title="Αναλώσιμο σύστημα εκτόξευσης - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναλώσιμο σύστημα εκτόξευσης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Launch vehicle" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan%25C4%2589o-veturilo" title="Lanĉo-veturilo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lanĉo-veturilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanzadera_espacial" title="Lanzadera espacial - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lanzadera espacial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanderakett" title="Kanderakett - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kanderakett" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espazio-anezka" title="Espazio-anezka - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espazio-anezka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B1" title="پرتابگر - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرتابگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantoraketti" title="Kantoraketti - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kantoraketti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanceur_(astronautique)" title="Lanceur (astronautique) - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lanceur (astronautique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feithicil_lainse%25C3%25A1la" title="Feithicil lainseála - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Feithicil lainseála" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259E%25D7%25A9%25D7%2592%25D7%25A8_%25D7%259C%25D7%2595%25D7%2595%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%259D_%25D7%2595%25D7%2597%25D7%259C%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA" title="משגר לוויינים וחלליות - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משגר לוויינים וחלליות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raketa-nosa%25C4%258D" title="Raketa-nosač - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Raketa-nosač" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordoz%25C3%25B3rak%25C3%25A9ta" title="Hordozórakéta - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hordozórakéta" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25BF%25D6%2580%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B2_%25D5%25B0%25D6%2580%25D5%25A9%25D5%25AB%25D5%25BC" title="Կրող հրթիռ - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրող հրթիռ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahana_peluncur_antariksa" title="Wahana peluncur antariksa - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wahana peluncur antariksa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vettore_spaziale" title="Vettore spaziale - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vettore spaziale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%25AD%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2581%25E3%2583%25BB%25E3%2583%25B4%25E3%2582%25A3%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AB" title="ローンチ・ヴィークル - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローンチ・ヴィークル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2590-%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2598" title="რაკეტა-მატარებელი - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რაკეტა-მატარებელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D1%258B%25D0%25BC%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD-%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%258B%25D2%2593%25D1%258B%25D1%2588" title="Зымыран-тасығыш - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зымыран-тасығыш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%2589%25E0%25B2%25A1%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25A1%25E0%25B2%25AF%25E0%25B2%25A8_%25E0%25B2%25B5%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B9%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B2%2597%25E0%25B2%25B3%25E0%25B3%2581" title="ಉಡ್ಡಯನ ವಾಹನಗಳು - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಡ್ಡಯನ ವಾಹನಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%259A%25B0%25EC%25A3%25BC%25EB%25B0%259C%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25B2%25B4" title="우주발사체 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우주발사체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drorak%25C3%25A9it" title="Drorakéit - luxemburguès" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Drorakéit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%25C5%25A1an%25C4%258Dioji_raketa" title="Nešančioji raketa - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nešančioji raketa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nes%25C4%2593jra%25C4%25B7ete" title="Nesējraķete - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nesējraķete" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D1%2587%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0" title="Носечка ракета - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Носечка ракета" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B7%25E0%25B5%2587%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B4%25A3_%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B9%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%2582" title="വിക്ഷേപണ വാഹനം - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിക്ഷേപണ വാഹനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D3%25A9%25D3%25A9%25D1%2580%25D0%25B3%25D3%25A9%25D1%2585_%25D1%2582%25D3%25A9%25D1%2585%25D3%25A9%25D3%25A9%25D1%2580%25D3%25A9%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B6" title="Хөөргөх төхөөрөмж - mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хөөргөх төхөөрөмж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draagraket" title="Draagraket - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Draagraket" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bererakett" title="Bererakett - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bererakett" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25A6rerakett" title="Bærerakett - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bærerakett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakieta_no%25C5%259Bna" title="Rakieta nośna - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rakieta nośna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%25C3%25ADculo_de_lan%25C3%25A7amento" title="Veículo de lançamento - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Veículo de lançamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicul_de_lansare" title="Vehicul de lansare - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vehicul de lansare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C" title="Ракета-носитель - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ракета-носитель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle - escocès" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Launch vehicle" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raketa-nosa%25C4%258D" title="Raketa-nosač - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Raketa-nosač" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Launch vehicle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosn%25C3%25A1_raketa" title="Nosná raketa - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nosná raketa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raketa_nosilka" title="Raketa nosilka - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Raketa nosilka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D1%2587" title="Ракета-носач - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ракета-носач" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rymdraket" title="Rymdraket - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rymdraket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%2581_%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D" title="செலுத்து வாகனம் - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செலுத்து வாகனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%25C4%25B1rlatma_arac%25C4%25B1" title="Fırlatma aracı - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fırlatma aracı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2596%25D0%25B9" title="Ракета-носій - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ракета-носій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltuvchi_raketa" title="Eltuvchi raketa - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eltuvchi raketa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C3%25AAn_l%25E1%25BB%25ADa_%25C4%2591%25E1%25BA%25A9y" title="Tên lửa đẩy - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tên lửa đẩy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25BF%2590%25E8%25BD%25BD%25E7%2581%25AB%25E7%25AE%25AD" title="运载火箭 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="运载火箭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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