CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>M. P. T. Acharya - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"49926a1c-59b8-492f-9a05-f35dc808764f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"M._P._T._Acharya","wgTitle":"M. P. T. Acharya","wgCurRevisionId":1187987495,"wgRevisionId":1187987495,"wgArticleId":17996509,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use Indian English from May 2016","All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English","Use dmy dates from August 2020","Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations","Articles with hCards","1887 births","1954 deaths","20th-century Indian politicians","Communist Party of India politicians from Tamil Nadu","Hindu–German Conspiracy","India House","Indian anarchists", "Indian anti-capitalists","Indian revolutionaries","Politicians from Chennai"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"M._P._T._Acharya","wgRelevantArticleId":17996509,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6712976","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs", "site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Mandayam_Parthasarathi_Tirumal_Acharya.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1659"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Mandayam_Parthasarathi_Tirumal_Acharya.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1106"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mandayam_Parthasarathi_Tirumal_Acharya.jpg/640px-Mandayam_Parthasarathi_Tirumal_Acharya.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="885"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="M. P. T. Acharya - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._P._T._Acharya"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._P._T._Acharya"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-M_P_T_Acharya rootpage-M_P_T_Acharya skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=M.+P.+T.+Acharya" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=M.+P.+T.+Acharya" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=M.+P.+T.+Acharya" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=M.+P.+T.+Acharya" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-England-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle England subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>India House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_Savarkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_Savarkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>With Savarkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_Savarkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_India_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_India_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>End of India House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_India_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Socialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Communism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Communism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Communism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_Party_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_Party_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Communist Party of India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_Party_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Return to India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">M. P. T. Acharya</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6712976#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/M._P._T._Acharya" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:M._P._T._Acharya" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/M._P._T._Acharya"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/M._P._T._Acharya"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/M._P._T._Acharya" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/M._P._T._Acharya" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&oldid=1187987495" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=M._P._T._Acharya&id=1187987495&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FM._P._T._Acharya"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FM._P._T._Acharya"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=M._P._T._Acharya&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6712976" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian nationalist, anarchist, and communist (1887–1954)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">M. P. T. Acharya</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandayam_Parthasarathi_Tirumal_Acharya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mandayam_Parthasarathi_Tirumal_Acharya.jpg/220px-Mandayam_Parthasarathi_Tirumal_Acharya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mandayam_Parthasarathi_Tirumal_Acharya.jpg/330px-Mandayam_Parthasarathi_Tirumal_Acharya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mandayam_Parthasarathi_Tirumal_Acharya.jpg/440px-Mandayam_Parthasarathi_Tirumal_Acharya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="986" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1887-04-15</span>)</span>April 15, 1887<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 20, 1954<span style="display:none">(1954-03-20)</span> (aged 66)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, India</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">M. P. B. T. Acharya</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization(s)</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_Indian_Society" title="Paris Indian Society">Paris Indian Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/League_against_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="League against imperialism">League against imperialism</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu-German_Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-German Conspiracy">Hindu-German Conspiracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magda_Nachman_Acharya" title="Magda Nachman Acharya">Magda Nachman Acharya</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Communism_in_India" title="Category:Communism in India">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">Communism in India</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg/150px-South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg/225px-South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg/300px-South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. P. T. Acharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shripad_Amrit_Dange" title="Shripad Amrit Dange">Shripad Amrit Dange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abani_Mukherji" title="Abani Mukherji">Abani Mukherji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashpal" title="Yashpal">Yashpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Gopalan" title="A. K. Gopalan">A. K. Gopalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Ranadive" title="B. T. Ranadive">B. T. Ranadive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nripen_Chakraborty" title="Nripen Chakraborty">Nripen Chakraborty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Krishna_Pillai" title="P. Krishna Pillai">P. Krishna Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puran_Chand_Joshi" title="Puran Chand Joshi">Puran Chand Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_Dharmananda_Kosambi" title="Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi">Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajoy_Ghosh" title="Ajoy Ghosh">Ajoy Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.K._Limaye" title="S.K. Limaye">S.K. Limaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promode_Dasgupta" title="Promode Dasgupta">Promode Dasgupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Subbiah" title="V. Subbiah">V. Subbiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puchalapalli_Sundarayya" title="Puchalapalli Sundarayya">Puchalapalli Sundarayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondapalli_Seetharamaiah" title="Kondapalli Seetharamaiah">Kondapalli Seetharamaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saroj_Dutta" title="Saroj Dutta">Saroj Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupesh_Gupta" title="Bhupesh Gupta">Bhupesh Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Konar" title="Hare Krishna Konar">Hare Krishna Konar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasarath_Deb" title="Dasarath Deb">Dasarath Deb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishan_Singh_Surjeet" title="Harkishan Singh Surjeet">Harkishan Singh Surjeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Nagi_Reddy" title="T. Nagi Reddy">T. Nagi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Lyallpuri" title="Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri">Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu_Majumdar" title="Charu Majumdar">Charu Majumdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrajit_Gupta" title="Indrajit Gupta">Indrajit Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._K._Nayanar" title="E. K. Nayanar">E. K. Nayanar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibdas_Ghosh" title="Shibdas Ghosh">Shibdas Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._S._Achuthanandan" title="V. S. Achuthanandan">V. S. Achuthanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geeta_Mukherjee" title="Geeta Mukherjee">Geeta Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohit_Sen" title="Mohit Sen">Mohit Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._G._Noorani" title="A. G. Noorani">A. G. Noorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biman_Bose" title="Biman Bose">Biman Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhadeb_Bhattacharjee" title="Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee">Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinarayi_Vijayan" title="Pinarayi Vijayan">Pinarayi Vijayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinod_Mishra" title="Vinod Mishra">Vinod Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manik_Sarkar" title="Manik Sarkar">Manik Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">D. Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapathy_(Maoist)" title="Ganapathy (Maoist)">Ganapathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobad_Ghandy" title="Kobad Ghandy">Kobad Ghandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikash_Ranjan_Bhattacharya" title="Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya">Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Yechury" title="Sitaram Yechury">Sitaram Yechury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradha_Ghandy" title="Anuradha Ghandy">Anuradha Ghandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Salim_(politician)" title="Mohammed Salim (politician)">Mohammed Salim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Colonial period and partition</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_involvement_in_the_Indian_independence_movement" title="Communist involvement in the Indian independence movement">Communism in the independence movement</a></li> <li>Conspiracy cases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Conspiracy_Cases" title="Peshawar Conspiracy Cases">Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Bolshevik_Conspiracy_Case" title="Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case">Kanpur Bolshevik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerut_Conspiracy_Case" title="Meerut Conspiracy Case">Meerut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_the_Communist_Party_of_India" title="Foundation of the Communist Party of India">Foundation of the CPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanka_movement" title="Tanka movement">Tanka movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Rebellion" title="Telangana Rebellion">Telangana Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">1946 Naval Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebhaga_movement" title="Tebhaga movement">Tebhaga movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punnapra-Vayalar_uprising" title="Punnapra-Vayalar uprising">Punnapra-Vayalar uprising</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Post-independence and Cold War</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_India" title="2nd Congress of the Communist Party of India">2nd Congress of the CPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_liberation_movement" title="Goa liberation movement">Goa liberation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Indian_general_election_in_Kerala" title="1957 Indian general election in Kerala">1957 general election in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angamaly_police_firing" title="Angamaly police firing">Angamaly police firing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_split_in_the_Communist_Party_of_India" title="1964 split in the Communist Party of India">1964 split in the CPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Eight_Documents" title="Historic Eight Documents">Historic Eight Documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naxalbari_uprising" title="Naxalbari uprising">Naxalbari uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Timeline of the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li>Left Front <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_Front_(Tripura)" title="Left Front (Tripura)">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Front_(West_Bengal)" title="Left Front (West Bengal)">West Bengal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajan_case" title="Rajan case">Rajan case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barga" title="Operation Barga">Operation Barga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">Left Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Indravelli_massacre" title="1981 Indravelli massacre">Indravelli massacre</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Contemporary history</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bara_massacre" title="Bara massacre">Bara massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxmanpur_Bathe_massacre" title="Laxmanpur Bathe massacre">Laxmanpur Bathe massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_involvement_during_Nandigram_protests" title="Maoist involvement during Nandigram protests">Maoism in the Nandigram violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salwa_Judum" title="Salwa Judum">Salwa Judum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Naxal_attack_in_Darbha_valley" title="2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley">2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_India" title="Land reform in India">Land reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Kerala" title="Land reform in Kerala">in Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">People's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Current organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Forward_Bloc" title="All India Forward Bloc">AIFB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_Coordination_Centre" title="Trade Union Coordination Centre">TUCC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Party_of_India" title="Bolshevik Party of India">BPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Students%27_Federation" title="All India Students' Federation">AISF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Trade_Union_Congress" title="All India Trade Union Congress">AITUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Youth_Federation" title="All India Youth Federation">AIYF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Khet_Mazdoor_Union" title="Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union">BKMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Indian_Women" title="National Federation of Indian Women">NFIW</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Democratic_Women%27s_Association" title="All India Democratic Women's Association">AIDWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha_(36_Canning_Lane)" title="All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)">AIKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_of_Indian_Trade_Unions" title="Centre of Indian Trade Unions">CITU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Youth_Federation_of_India" title="Democratic Youth Federation of India">DYFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students%27_Federation_of_India" title="Students' Federation of India">SFI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Maoist)" title="Communist Party of India (Maoist)">CPI (Maoist)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krantikari_Adivasi_Mahila_Sangathan" title="Krantikari Adivasi Mahila Sangathan">KAMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Guerrilla_Army_(India)" title="People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (India)">PLGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Youth_League" title="Radical Youth League">RYL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_Liberation" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation">CPI(ML)L</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Mahasabha" title="All India Kisan Mahasabha">AIKM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Students_Association" title="All India Students Association">AISA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_New_Democracy" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) New Democracy">CPIML ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_Communist_Party_of_India_(United)" title="Marxist Communist Party of India (United)">MCPI(U)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Centre_of_Trade_Unions" title="All India Centre of Trade Unions">AICTU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_Forward_Bloc" title="Marxist Forward Bloc">MFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist_Party_of_India_(Red_Flag)" title="Marxist-Leninist Party of India (Red Flag)">MLPI (Red Flag)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Socialist_Alternative_(India)" title="New Socialist Alternative (India)">NSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_India" title="Revolutionary Communist Party of India">RCPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Marxist_Party_of_India" title="Revolutionary Marxist Party of India">RMPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)">RSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Centre_of_India_(Communist)" title="Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)">SUCI(C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Communist_Party_of_India" title="United Communist Party of India">UCPI</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Defunct organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Communist_Party" title="All India Communist Party">AICP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevik%E2%80%93Leninist_Party_of_India,_Ceylon_and_Burma" title="Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma">BLPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_of_Indian_Communists" title="Centre of Indian Communists">CIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Consolidation" title="Communist Consolidation">CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Marxist_Party" title="Communist Marxist Party">Communist Marxist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_French_India" title="Communist Party of French India">Communist Party of French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comrades_Association" title="Comrades Association">Comrades Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)">CPI (ML)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">HSRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquilabi_Communist_Sangathan" title="Inquilabi Communist Sangathan">ICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Communist_Party_Hind_Union" title="Lal Communist Party Hind Union">Lal Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Sena" title="Lal Sena">Lal Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Kisan_Party_of_Hindustan" title="Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan">LKPH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_Communist_Party_of_India" title="Marxist Communist Party of India">MCPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_and_Peasants_Party_(India)" title="Workers and Peasants Party (India)">WPP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Deshabhimani" title="Deshabhimani">Deshabhimani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganashakti" title="Ganashakti">Ganashakti</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeftWord_Books" title="LeftWord Books">LeftWord Books</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nava_Telangana" title="Nava Telangana">Nava Telangana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_(newspaper)" title="People's Democracy (newspaper)">People's Democracy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prajasakti" title="Prajasakti">Prajasakti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaumi_Jang" title="Qaumi Jang">Qaumi Jang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theekkathir" title="Theekkathir">Theekkathir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visalaandhra" title="Visalaandhra">Visalaandhra</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">Anarchism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Communism in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Communism in Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_movements_in_India" title="Communist movements in India">Communist movements in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Gandhian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquilab_Zindabad" title="Inquilab Zindabad">Inquilab Zindabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Salam" title="Lal Salam">Lal Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties_in_India" title="List of communist parties in India">List of communist parties in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_corridor" title="Red corridor">Red corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_socialist_orientation" title="State of socialist orientation">State of socialist orientation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism_in_India" title="Template:Communism in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism_in_India" title="Template talk:Communism in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mandayam Parthasarathi Tirumal Acharya</b> (15 April 1887<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 1954) was an Indian <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">nationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> who was among the founding members of the Communist Party of India (Tashkent group).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a long political and activist life, Acharya was at various times associated with <a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hindu-German_Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-German Conspiracy">Hindu-German Conspiracy</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> when, as a key functionary of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a>, he along with <a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a> sought to establish the Indian Volunteer Corps with Indian prisoners of war from the battlefields of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">Europe</a>. Acharya subsequently moved in 1919 after the end of the war to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, where he was one of the founding members of the Communist Party of India at <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>. However, disappointed with the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>, Acharya returned to Europe in the 1920s where he was involved with the <a href="/wiki/League_against_Imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="League against Imperialism">League against Imperialism</a> and subsequently was involved with the international anarchist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Radhan119_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radhan119-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Radhan120_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radhan120-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>M.P.T. Acharya was born in 1887 in <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> to a family of <a href="/wiki/Aiyangar_brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiyangar brahmin">Aiyangar brahmins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, M.P. Narasimha Aiyangar, was an employee in the Madras Public Works Department whose family had originally migrated from the state of <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young M.P.T. was exposed to nationalism from childhood, with his family playing a prominent role in the rise of Indian nationalism in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His close relatives included M.C. Alasinga Perumal, one of the co-founders of the <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmavadin" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmavadin">Brahmavadin</a></i> journal, as well as Prof. Rangachari of <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Presidency College">Madras Presidency College</a>. Acharya himself was an admirer of <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> in his childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-Radhan119_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radhan119-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yadav3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1900, a young Acharya, along with <a href="/wiki/Subramanya_Bharathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Subramanya Bharathi">Subramanya Bharathi</a>, had begun publication of the weekly journal called <i>India</i>, and worked hard to popularise the publication within a short time. However, the journal's nationalist editorials and critical and satirical cartoons quickly drew the attention of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">The Raj</a>, forcing the young editors to quietly shift to the <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French</a> enclave of <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a>, following the trail of notable numbers who migrated to the enclave as refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav3_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publication also acquired popularity in Pondicherry. </p><p>Work of the press continued unabated for M.P.T. Acharya, and was expanded to publications of revolutionary literature. The British government began to seek French assistance to ban the publications which were deemed "seditious literature". Under pressure from British colonial authorities, the French authorities in Pondicherry relented, allowing the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Imperial_Police" title="Indian Imperial Police">Indian Imperial Police</a> to establish surveillance centres to monitor the activities of the revolutionaries. Attempts were also made at this time to extradite the Indians to British custody.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subramania Bharaty, along with S.N.T. Acharya (owner of the <i>India</i> magazine) and the latter's cousin, were forced to flee to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav3_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although some French officials did indeed harbour sympathies for the Indian revolutionaries,<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter also faced some resistance among the local Francophile and Europeanised Indians who saw the "new immigrants" somewhat contemptuously.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The refugee cause was, however, taken up by a number of sympathetic French lawyers. Acharya found assistance from this group to help fight against his expulsion from Pondicherry.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav4_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="England">England</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Faced with the threat of persecution, M.P.T. Acharya made up his mind to leave India. He left for Britain. Acharya visited his ailing father at Shiyali and, although an orthodox <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a>, shaved off his long hair (<i>Juttoo</i>). At this time, Acharya was still unable to decide whether he wished to move to somewhere in Asia or to Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav4_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finally deciding to head for <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, a city he had visited earlier. His savings was a sum of three hundred <a href="/wiki/Rupees" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupees">Rupees</a>, which allowed him money for travel but not any luggage.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav4_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Colombo, Acharya proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a>, for which he was able to acquire a third class ticket for eleven <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pounds</a>, nearly half his savings. It is said that during the voyage to Marseilles, as an orthodox Brahmin he was unable to bring himself to eat non-Indian food – he was forbidden from taking even coffee or bread by his orthodox beliefs – and decided to observe a fast for the twenty-two days the voyage lasted.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav4_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Marseilles, short of money, Acharya proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> where he hoped to find Indian expatriates who might have been able to help him both financially and with jobs. He had, while editing Anglo-Tamil newspaper and journals in India, been in touch with Indians living in France and in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yadav6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Paris, he established contact with Professor Moniers Vinson and a few Indian expatriates. He was able to support himself with help from this circle for some time. In his reminiscences, Acharya mentions an unnamed Parisian Indian acquaintance who, having invited him home one afternoon and being told by a penniless Acharya that he would have to walk to his house, handed him the money for his train fare.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav6_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India_House">India House</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: India House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></div> <p>While in Paris, urged by his friends, Acharya wrote to <a href="/wiki/V.V.S._Iyer" class="mw-redirect" title="V.V.S. Iyer">V.V.S. Iyer</a>, an Indian barrister originally from <a href="/wiki/Truchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Truchi">Truchi</a> who practiced in London. Iyer was actively involved with the <a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a>, which was established in London in 1905 ostensibly to support Indian students and offer scholarships. India House was also a fertile ground for the exchange of nationalist opinions among students. It promoted nationalistic work and had the support of notable Indian nationalists such as <a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madame_Bhikaji_Cama" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Bhikaji Cama">Madame Bhikaji Cama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bhavans_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhavans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iyer responded promptly, inviting Acharya to London. It was here in London that Acharya was introduced to the nationalism of India House.<sup id="cite_ref-Radhan119_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radhan119-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yadav7_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In London, the India House settled Acharya's short-term worries of food and shelter. With financial support from the organisation, Acharya was able to enroll to learn <a href="/wiki/Photoengraving" title="Photoengraving">photoengraving</a> at the trade school of the <a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav9_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, India House, by this time, was considered "The most dangerous organisation outside India"<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav7_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had attracted enough attention for its nationalist opinions to be discussed in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British Parliament</a>. Prominent London newspapers including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> demanded that <a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a>, the founder of India House, be prosecuted for preaching "disloyal sentiments" to Indian students. By September 1907, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i>, published by the India House, was deemed "seditious literature" and was banned in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was at India House that Acharya was introduced to <a href="/wiki/V.D._Savarkar" class="mw-redirect" title="V.D. Savarkar">V.D. Savarkar</a>. </p><p>Acharya was quick to realise that the residents of India House were shadowed by detectives from <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav9_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fear of repercussions due to an association with India House built an invisible barrier that prevented other Indian students from visiting or receiving residents of the house.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav9_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This careerist and self-critical attitude of his fellow Indians, compared to the polite and helpful nature of Englishmen, is believed to have disappointed Acharya deeply.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav9_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one point, Acharya described Indian students treating the India House as a "Leper's Home".<sup id="cite_ref-Owen73_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen73-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_Savarkar">With Savarkar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: With Savarkar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/V.D._Savarkar" class="mw-redirect" title="V.D. Savarkar">V.D. Savarkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madame_Cama" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Cama">Madame Cama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></div> <p>Through his prolonged stay in India House, however, Acharya gradually became deeply involved in its activities. Scotland Yard had at one point been able to infiltrate the organisation with an Indian student by the name of Kritikar, who had arrived at the organisation with a story similar to that of Acharya, and had for some time been able to report to Scotland Yard about its activities before he was uncovered and forced by Savarkar to confess at gunpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav11_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav11-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, Kirtikar's reports are believed to have been regularly screened by Savarkar before they were passed on to Scotland Yard. For some time, Acharya himself had been under suspicion of being a Scotland Yard mole before he was able to convince his fellow residents of his integrity and commitment to the nationalist cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav10_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav10-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that Acharya was instructed by V.V.S. Iyer and V.D. Savarkar to set himself up as an informer to Scotland Yard, which they reasoned would allow them to carefully feed information to the police and also help them provide a corroboration to the version of reports that were being sent by Kritikar.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav12_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav12-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his reports, Acharya took five pounds (later doubled) which also eased from his fellow house-mates the financial strain of supporting him.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav12_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav12-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>V.D. Savarkar had by this time developed a reputation of an avid orator and a staunch nationalist. In London, Savarkar researched through the <a href="/wiki/India_Office" title="India Office">India Office</a> library and archives. Even those who did not dare attend the Sunday night meetings at the India House were of the opinion that he was an erudite orator and a learned scholar.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav9_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acharya became deeply involved in the activities of the house, working with Savarkar and others in the house to produce nationalist pamphlets and publications including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bande_Mataram" class="mw-redirect" title="Bande Mataram">Bande Mataram</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Talvar" title="Talvar">Talvar</a></i>, which called for India's freedom and voiced what at the time were seen as "inflammatory and seditious" nationalist sentiments.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav11_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav11-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The celebrations in Britain marking the 50th anniversary of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Rebellion_of_1847&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian Rebellion of 1847 (page does not exist)">Indian Rebellion of 1847</a> were met by India House with the publication of a nationalist history of the revolt, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_War_of_Independence_(book)" title="The Indian War of Independence (book)">The Indian War of Independence</a></i>, penned by Savarkar with records from the India Office archives.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav14_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav14-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project received support from Indian nationalists in Britain including the likes of <a href="/wiki/Madame_Cama" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Cama">Madame Cama</a>, Iyer, as well as Indian students who had dare not show their support or sympathy for India House openly.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav14_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav14-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Publishers in Britain refused to publish the book, which was ultimately published from the Netherlands. The book was rejected for publication from publishers. Acharya was, with a number of other residents of the India House, involved in raising funds, organising and in other ways helped with the project.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav15_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav15-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clandestinely, the residents also trained for organising revolutions in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav11_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav11-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acharya, along with <a href="/wiki/Madan_Lal_Dhingra" title="Madan Lal Dhingra">Madan Lal Dhingra</a>, <a href="/wiki/V.V.S._Iyer" class="mw-redirect" title="V.V.S. Iyer">V.V.S. Iyer</a> and others, practiced shooting at a range in <a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road" title="Tottenham Court Road">Tottenham Court Road</a> and acquired considerable skills with the revolver.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav15_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav15-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_India_House">End of India House</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: End of India House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1909, India House was under strong surveillance from Scotland Yard. Savarkar's elder brother <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Ganesh Damodar Savarkar">Ganesh Savarkar</a> was arrested in India in June that year, and was subsequently tried and transported for life for publication of seditious literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav15_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav15-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Savarkar's speeches grew increasingly virulent and called for revolution, widespread violence, and murder of all Englishmen in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav15_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav15-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The culmination of these events was the assassination of <a href="/wiki/William_Hutt_Curzon_Wyllie" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hutt Curzon Wyllie">William Hutt Curzon Wyllie</a>, the political <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">ADC</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Madanlal_Dhingra" class="mw-redirect" title="Madanlal Dhingra">Madanlal Dhingra</a> on the evening of 1 July 1909 at a meeting of Indian students in the Imperial Institute in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav15_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav15-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dhingra was arrested and later tried and executed. In the aftermath of the assassination, the India House was rapidly liquidated. The investigations in the aftermath of the assassination were expanded to look for broader conspiracies originating from the India house, and <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a> brought pressure on the inmates to leave England. While some of its leaders, like Krishna Varma, fled to Europe, others like Chattopadhyaya, moved to Germany and many others moved to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhavans_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhavans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was suggested to Acharya at this time by one Syed Hyder Reza, probably on instructions from Scotland Yard, that Acharya move to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav16_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav16-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Acharya remained in London for sometime, lodging at <a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Pal's</a> boarding house. He attended along with Savarkar, Iyer and other ex-residents of the house a meeting of Indians called by the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khan</a> to demonstrate their loyalty to the empire and offer condolences to the Wyllie family, where they opposed the unanimous acceptance of a resolution of condemnation against Dhingra.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav17_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav17-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a scuffle that ensued between Savarkar and a London barrister by the name of Palmer, Acharya is known to have come to Savarkar's aid, hitting Palmer with a stick and apparently not shooting Palmer with his revolver only under indications from Savarkar not to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav18_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav18-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interviewed repeatedly in the investigations following the Wyillie murder, it became clear to Acharya that staying in Britain was not safe for him. Neither could he return to India, for he was sure to be picked up by Indian police.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav19_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav19-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not wish to waste the experiences he had gained studying and training for revolution at the India House. He also wanted first-hand experiences of the battlefield. Indian revolutionaries in Europe at this time used to send recruits to work with Irish, Egyptian and Turkish groups for training and experience. </p><p>Acharya's attention was turned towards the <a href="/wiki/Rif_War_(1909)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rif War (1909)">Spanish-Moroccan war</a>, where he believed the <a href="/wiki/Rifians" title="Rifians">Rifian</a> people fighting the <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a> imperialist <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> would welcome him and allow exposure to guerrilla warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav20_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav20-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After consulting with V.V.S. Iyer, Acharya and another Indian revolutionary by the name of Sukhsagar Dutt were selected to be sent to train with the Rifians. Guns, uniforms and funds were obtained by the remnants of the India House, and the two were given a hearty farewell from Savarkar and Iyer.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav21_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav21-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Moroccan mission was, however, a dismal failure.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav22_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav22-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither the Rifians nor the Spanish troops were willing to recruit the two Indians for suspicion of being spies from the opposing camp. Penniless and emaciated, Dutt and Acharya were left with no option but to leave the country. Writing to London, Acharya asked for help to be moved to a different country, and if possible, to India.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav21_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav21-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two were sent enough money to reach Portugal, where they were instructed to meet an Indian contact. Dutt returned to London, later joining the Paris Indian Society.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav21_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav21-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acharya, meanwhile, proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>. He had wished to settle in Portugal, but the terms of residency offered by Portuguese Interior affairs minister instructed him to place himself under police supervision, not change residences without police permission and a number of other conditions which to Acharya meant he could not live as a free man. Broke and depressed, Acharya returned to London. The whole affair had cost nearly three hundred pounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav22_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav22-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large number of Indian nationalists had (as explained above) moved to Europe in the aftermath of Curzon Wyllie's assassination. Among them were <a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhikhaji_Cama" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikhaji Cama">Bhikhaji Cama</a>. Madame Cama founded the <a href="/wiki/Bande_Mataram" class="mw-redirect" title="Bande Mataram">Bande Mataram</a> in Paris in September 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar49_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar49-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Paris, Madame Cama arranged for Indian students to be supported in Russia, Germany, Japan and other countries where they could train in explosives, military tactics, arrange for arms shipments to India and also facilitate continental connections.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav22_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav22-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Savarkar's arrest in 1910 Acharya and V.V.S. Iyer took the prudent decision of leaving for Paris, where Acharya worked for Madame Cama's publication. He continued to maintain contacts with revolutionaries in India, including <a href="/wiki/Subramanya_Bharathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Subramanya Bharathi">Subramanya Bharathi</a> with whom he had worked in <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a>, and with M.S. Acharya.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav23_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav23-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significantly, at this time, in addition to his works in promoting and clandestine distribution of the <i>Bande Mataram</i>, Acharya, in a train of thought that arose among Indian revolutionaries at this time, began efforts to spread nationalist sentiments amongst the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav23_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav23-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influx of seditious literature from Europe was quickly noted by the British colonial authorities. A report by the Director of Criminal intelligence bureau described the effects and sentiments that these literature were promoting amongst the "ignorant peasantry", urging the ban on such publications emanating in Europe from entering India.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav24_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav24-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Press_Act,_1910" title="Indian Press Act, 1910">Indian Press Act, 1910</a> which restricted publication of sedtious material in India and the entry of such literature from outside. A number of newspaper proprietors, journalists and editors within India were imported or transported under the act.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav24_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav24-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publication found their way in nonetheless. Among Acharya's ploys was to send these literature from different countries and use different secret code numbers to prevent Indian postal authorities from deciphering or tracing them.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav24_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav24-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialism">Socialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Socialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was also in Paris that Acharya's thoughts were first turned towards <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav24_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav24-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was similar to the lines of thought that appeared in the Indian revolutionary circles in Europe, especially in France, at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav24_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav24-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was introduced to the Socialist circle in Paris in 1910, and enjoyed the congenial atmosphere and the thoughts and ideas that he shared.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav24_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav24-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also with the help of the Paris Socialist circle, notably <a href="/wiki/Jean_Longuet" title="Jean Longuet">Jean Longuet</a>, that the Paris Indian Society- which included Acharya, <a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madam_Cama" class="mw-redirect" title="Madam Cama">Madam Cama</a> and other notable names- brought pressure on the French Government when Savarkar was rearrested at <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a> after escaping from a ship that was deporting him to India.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav25_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav25-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acharya made the most of the available press freedom and the socialist platform to press for the re-extradition of his erstwhile leader to France and build French public opinion in support of such moves. Under public pressure at home, the French Government conceded to make such a request to Britain. The matter was ultimately settled in the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">the Hague</a>, which ruled in favour of Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav25_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav25-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acharya became extensively involved in the socialist movement. The Paris Indian Society at this time grew to be one of the most powerful Indian organisations outside India at the time,<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav26_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav26-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and grew to initiate contacts with not only French Socialists, but also those in continental Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav26_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav26-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It sent delegates at this time to the International Socialist Congress in August 1910, where <a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a> and V.V.S. Iyer succeeded in having a resolution passed demanding Savarkar's release and his extradition to France.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav25_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav25-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also succeeded in bringing to the attention of the organisation the state of affairs in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav26_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav26-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Paris, the Indian Society also held regular meetings and sought to train its members in skills necessary for revolution, which included training in firearms, learning military tactics, as well as organising the publication of revolutionary literature. It also sent recruits other countries and, after training, some were sent back to India to carry on propaganda work<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav26_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav26-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acharya himself at this time learnt printing and engraving, and after sometime, was sent to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> along with V.V.S Iyer, where they were met by <a href="/wiki/Champakaraman_Pillai" class="mw-redirect" title="Champakaraman Pillai">Champakaraman Pillai</a>, who headed and Indian revolutionary group there.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav26_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav26-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observing Pillai's work, Acharya and Iyer suggested to the Paris Indian Society that their work by expanded beyond the work of the Paris publication. Accordingly, with funds from Madam Cama, <a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a> was sent to Berlin to begin publication of the <a href="/wiki/Talvar" title="Talvar">Talvar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav26_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav26-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National fund scheme was initiated of which Madam Cama was the biggest contributor with (then) 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Franc" title="Franc">Francs</a>. The funds were strictly regulated to fund revolutionary activities in India, as well as fund Savarkar's trial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War">First World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu-German_Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-German Conspiracy">Hindu-German Conspiracy</a></div> <p>In the meantime, work on Bande Mataram and other publications continued unabated. These were shipped by Acharya to India through contacts in <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a>, and at times under false covers including those of <a href="/wiki/The_Pickwick_Papers" title="The Pickwick Papers">The Pickwick Papers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav27_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav27-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chirol149_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chirol149-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V.V.S. Iyer later returned to India, where he began training the Indian underground movement on explosives and bombs. On 17 June 1911, a young Indian revolutionary by the name of <a href="/wiki/Vanchi_Iyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanchi Iyer">Vanchi Iyer</a> fatally shot Robert D'escourt Ashe at <a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli" title="Tirunelveli">Tirunelveli</a>. Ashe had been a district collector who had earned notoriety for himself for his role in suppression of nationalist agitation and <a href="/wiki/Swadeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Swadeshi">Swadeshi</a> movement in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhavans2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhavans2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vanchi himself had learnt to shoot from Iyer in Pondicherry. The 1918 <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowlatt committee">sedition committee report</a> blamed Acharya for instigating, organising and planning the assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav4_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1911, Acharya arrived in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> on the Paris Indian society's directions to seek Turkish help for Indian movement. Turkey and Persia had already been a centre for revolutionary activities by groups led by <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Ajit_Singh" title="Sardar Ajit Singh">Sardar Ajit Singh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sufi_Amba_Prasad" title="Sufi Amba Prasad">Sufi Amba Prasad</a> who had worked there since 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav29_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav29-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recruits to these groups included young nationalists of the likes of Rhishikesh Letha, Zia-ul-Haq, and Thakur Das. By 1910, the activities of these groups and their publication, the <i>Hayat</i>, had been noticed by British intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav30_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav30-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports as early as 1910 indicated German efforts to unite Turkey and Persia and proceed to Afghanistan to threaten British India.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav30_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav30-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ajit Singh's departure in 1911 brought the Indian revolutionary activities to a grinding halt, while British representations to <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> successfully curbed whatever activity that remained in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav30_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav30-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this situation, Acharya's mission was without much success. A similar effort by <a href="/wiki/Maulavi_Barkatullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulavi Barkatullah">Barkatullah</a> a year later also would experience a similar fate.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav29_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav29-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the beginning of the war, the Indian efforts began in earnest to subverting the sepoys of the British Indian Army and to fund and arm a revolution in India in <a href="/wiki/Hindu-German_Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-German Conspiracy">a massive conspiracy</a> that spanned the globe. The <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_bureau_for_the_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence bureau for the East">German intelligence agency for the East</a> was formed at this time and actively sought to destabilize British possessions in India and the Middle East. In this, they allied with the Indian revolutionaries and also sought Har Dayal's aid. At the time that the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> broke out, Acharya had reached Berlin and was one of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a> that reorganised the liaison's and terms of German help for revolution in India, which had initially faltered on account of differences between Har Dayal and German Foreign office.<sup id="cite_ref-Radhan119_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radhan119-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yadav34_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav34-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Har Dayal's work United States promoting nationalist sentiments in Indian groups in North America before his deportation to Switzerland in 1913, as well as from the links of the committee members with other revolutionary groups around the globe, the Berlin committee had strong links with Indian revolutionary groups in India, Europe, Far-east as well as nationalist groups in the US and Canada, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadar Party</a>. It sent members including <a href="/wiki/Herambalal_Gupta" title="Herambalal Gupta">Herambalal Gupta</a> and Chandra Kanta Chakraverty to the United States to begin arrangements for arms shipment (which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Annie_Larsen_affair" title="Annie Larsen affair">Annie Larsen fiasco</a>). Acharya himself sought to focus on organising recruits for the intended revolution. A prime target was Turkey, which had a substantial Indian presence, both <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> pilgrims and as Indian residents. </p><p>With the efforts of the Berlin Committee and the Paris Indian Society, Har Dayal reached Istanbul following another Indian revolutionary by the name of P.N. Dutta.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav34_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav34-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Istanbul, Har Dayal was joined by <a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Khankoje" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandurang Khankoje">Pandurang Khankoje</a>. However, Har Dayal's efforts were short-lived due to his apprehensions of Turkish Pan-Islamic ambitions and interference from the German Foreign office.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav34_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav34-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1915, Acharya had reached <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> on the committee's initiative. Here, <a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a> had begun work earlier but left due to apprehensions on the issues of conflict of Hindu and Muslim interests, Turkey's pan-Islamic ambitions and interference from the German foreign office. The Berlin committee reorganised and negotiated the terms of their liaison, and after assurances from the Germans, rededicated itself to the same task. Acharya's efforts were directed at forming the Indian National Volunteer Corps with the help of Indian civilians in Turkey, in addition to recruiting Indian Prisoners of War.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav36_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav36-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is known to have worked in <a href="/wiki/Bushire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushire">Bushire</a> amongst Indian troops with <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wassmuss" title="Wilhelm Wassmuss">Wilhelm Wassmuss</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav35_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav35-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while one story describes Acharya and a fellow revolutionary by the name of Birendranth Dasgupta as having swum across the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> at one point to contact troops of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Radhan119_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radhan119-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communism">Communism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Communism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acharya later returned to Berlin and over the course of the war, was in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> briefly along with <a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a>. In Stockholm in May 1917, Acharya and Chattopadhyaya formed a Propaganda Bureau and later joined by Har Dayal. This bureau worked independently of the Berlin Committee and the German foreign office.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav40_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav40-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duo are known to have met with the Bolshevik ideologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstantin_Troyonovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstantin Troyonovsky (page does not exist)">Konstantin Troyonovsky</a> at this time and explained the Indian situation, winning approval from the latter for the Indian cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav43_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav43-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Paris Indian society had been in touch with Russian communists before the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian revolution</a>. Nicholas Safransky, a Russian bomb expert, is known to have been involved in training the Indian revolutionaries in bomb manufacture and explosives.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav43_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav43-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Acharya was greatly impressed by the revolution itself, hailed at the time as a watershed in the struggle of colonial people against imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav43_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav43-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publication of a manifesto by the Soviet Union declaring support for colonies against imperialism was attractive to the Indian nationalists, who saw Soviet Russia as a future centre for coordinating activities, and also intended Russia to be a channel for Indian nationalists in any peace negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav44_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav44-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was also the time that the Swedish government under diplomatic pressure from Britain, gradually was leaning on the Indian propaganda bureau, while relationship of the Berlin committee with the German foreign office was also strained on apprehensions of German imperial designs and over allocation of funds.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav44_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav44-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chatto and Acharya arranged for Troionovsky to be provided with a large amount of the committee's literature to acquaint the Soviets with the Indian situation when the latter left Stockholm for Petrograd. However, Acharya was ultimately disappointed with the Socialist conference in Stockholm, which in his opinion entirely skirted the issue of the colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav50_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav50-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of 1918, Acharya returned to Berlin along with Chatto.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav45_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav45-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At Berlin at the time was also <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Pratap" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahendra Pratap">Mahendra Pratap</a>, who had in 1915 travelled to <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> at the head of a <a href="/wiki/Niedermayer-Hentig_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Niedermayer-Hentig expedition">Turco-German-Indian expedition</a> through Persia with the aim to try and rally the Afghan Emir into the war on the Entente side. Although mostly unsuccessful in their aim, the Indian nationalists established in Kabul the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a>, as the head of which Pratap attempted to garner support from Soviet Russia through <a href="/wiki/Trotsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotsky">Trotsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Joffe" title="Adolph Joffe">Joffe</a>. In 1918, Pratap was in Berlin, where he was reunited with Acharya and Chatto and the rest of the Berlin committee. In December 1918, Chatto, Acharya and Pratap left for <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a>, where they worked with Russian Propaganda centre with Troionovsky. Other Indians at this centre at the time included <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Shahid_Suhrawardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein Shahid Suhrawardy">Hussein Shahid Suhrawardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Jabbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Jabbar">Abdul Jabbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Sattar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Sattar">Abdul Sattar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalip_Singh_Gill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalip Singh Gill (page does not exist)">Dalip Singh Gill</a> as well as a number of others. In 1918 Acharya moved to <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> to join <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Pratap" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahendra Pratap">Mahendra Pratap</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">mission</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emir of Afghanistan">Emir</a> to declare war against British India.<sup id="cite_ref-Radhan119_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radhan119-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acharya was a member of <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Pratap" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahendra Pratap">Mahendra Pratap</a>'s delegation when they met <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in May 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-Radhan119_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radhan119-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_Party_of_India">Communist Party of India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Communist Party of India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/M_N_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="M N Roy">M N Roy</a></div> <p>The time of Acharya's meeting with Lenin in 1919 was also when the war in Europe was coming to an end. The Berlin committee was dissolved and a large number of the Indian revolutionaries were turning towards <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav43_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav43-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acharya was one of the key functionaries of the group that included Abdur Rab, Virendranath, <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Smedley" title="Agnes Smedley">Agnes Smedley</a>, <a href="/wiki/C.R._Pillai" class="mw-redirect" title="C.R. Pillai">C.R. Pillai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhupendranath_Dutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhupendranath Dutta">Bhupendranath Dutta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shafiq_Ahmad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shafiq Ahmad (page does not exist)">Shafiq Ahmad</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amin_Faruqui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amin Faruqui (page does not exist)">Amin Faruqui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nalini_Gupta" title="Nalini Gupta">Nalini Gupta</a>, <a href="/wiki/M.N._Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="M.N. Roy">M.N. Roy</a>. These members were the amongst the first active members and founding fathers of the Indian communism.<sup id="cite_ref-Radhan120_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radhan120-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ashraf123_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashraf123-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Price445_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price445-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kaye169_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaye169-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abdul Rab and Acharya worked avidly in Soviet Turkestan, founding the Indian revolutionary association.<sup id="cite_ref-Radhan120_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radhan120-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acharya was constantly on the move between Kabul and Tashkent, and attended the second congress of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>. In October 1920 in Tashkent, Acharya was one of the founding members and a member of the executive of the Communist Party of India (Tashkent group)<sup id="cite_ref-Radhan120_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radhan120-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Acharya differed from <a href="/wiki/M.N._Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="M.N. Roy">M.N. Roy</a>, and differences emerged between the two from quite early on.<sup id="cite_ref-Radhan120_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radhan120-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yadav53_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav53-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1921 a split in the CPI emerged, between factions siding with <a href="/wiki/M.N._Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="M.N. Roy">M.N. Roy</a>, and those who favoured the approaches of <a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Chatto</a>. Acharya was in the latter group.<sup id="cite_ref-Radhan120_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radhan120-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the beginning of the end of Acharya's associations with the <a href="/wiki/World_Communist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="World Communist Movement">international Communist movement</a>. </p><p>In 1922 Acharya returned to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, working with the Indian independence committee and subsequently with the <a href="/wiki/League_against_Imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="League against Imperialism">League against Imperialism</a>. He remained deeply critical of the Communist International, and some have described his political views at the time as anarcho-syndicalist.<sup id="cite_ref-Radhan120_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radhan120-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained in Berlin till the early days of Hitler's rise to power, and leaders of the Indian movement who visited Europe at various times, Including <a href="/wiki/Nehru" class="mw-redirect" title="Nehru">Nehru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhas Bose">Subhas Bose</a>, are believed to have met with him.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadav59_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadav59-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1920s, Acharya had begun exploring <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a>. He took an active role in promoting Anarchist works in and was contributed at this time to the Russian <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">Anarchist</a> publication <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabotchi_Put&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabotchi Put (page does not exist)">Rabotchi Put</a></i>. In 1931, he lived in Amsterdam working with the school of Anarcho-syndicalism. Acharya came to be acquainted in early 1930s acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a>-leaning Indian industrialist from Bombay, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranchoddas_Bhavan_Lotvala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranchoddas Bhavan Lotvala (page does not exist)">Ranchoddas Bhavan Lotvala</a>. Lotvala had financed <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Socialist_(Indian_newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Socialist (Indian newspaper) (page does not exist)">The Socialist</a></i>, one of the first Marxist periodicals in India. Lotvala also financed the translation and publication of many leftist literature including the <a href="/wiki/Communist_manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist manifesto">Communist manifesto</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_India">Return to India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Return to India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British-Indian ban on Acharya was lifted in 1935 and he returned to Bombay that same year, where he managed a living as a journalist. During this time, Acharya wrote eight articles which would later be collated to be published as a book called <i>Reminiscences of an Indian revolutionary</i>. From Bombay, Acharya established correspondence with Japanese anarchist <a href="/wiki/Taiji_Yamaga" title="Taiji Yamaga">Taiji Yamaga</a> and Chinese anarchist <a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a>. The result of the correspondences led to the three establishing contacts with <i>Commission de Relations de l’Internationale Anarchiste</i> (Liaison Commission of the Anarchist International). In the following years, Acharya contributed to anarchist publications such as <i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_(British_newspaper)" title="Freedom (British newspaper)">Freedom</a></i> in London, <i><a href="/wiki/Tierra_y_Libertad_(newspaper)" title="Tierra y Libertad (newspaper)">Tierra y Libertad</a></i> in Mexico and an anarchist publication called <i>Contre Courant</i> in Paris. He also remained in correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Meltzer" title="Albert Meltzer">Albert Meltzer</a> for more than fifteen years. </p><p>In the following years Acharya was appointed secretary of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Institute_of_Sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian Institute of Sociology (page does not exist)">Indian Institute of Sociology</a>, established under Lotvala's patronage in the 1930s. In later years, Acharya's influence on the institute saw it adopt a number of statutes in 1947 and subsequently the institute adopted the name of Libertarian Socialist Institute. His views on economic matters were profound and in 1951, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Society_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Society Group (page does not exist)">Free Society Group</a> of Chicago published his work <i>How Long Can Capitalism Survive?</i><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1951. Acharya also contributed essays and critiques on capitalism, colonialism, communism as well as nationalism to the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Harijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Harijan">Harijan</a></i>, commissioned by its editor K.G. Mashruwala, and later M.P. Desai. His contributions to <i>Harijan</i>, accumulating to nearly thirty essays, were his primary source of income before his death in March 1954. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acharya married the artist <a href="/wiki/Magda_Nachman" class="mw-redirect" title="Magda Nachman">Magda Nachman</a> in 1921 in Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGuru_Rajesh" class="citation book cs1">Guru Rajesh, K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c_dLCgAAQBAJ&dq=M.+P.+T.+Acharya+April+15+%2C+1887&pg=PT341"><i>Sarfarosh: A Naadi Exposition of the Lives of Indian Revolutionaries</i></a>. Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789352061730" title="Special:BookSources/9789352061730"><bdi>9789352061730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarfarosh%3A+A+Naadi+Exposition+of+the+Lives+of+Indian+Revolutionaries&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.isbn=9789352061730&rft.aulast=Guru+Rajesh&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc_dLCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DM.%2BP.%2BT.%2BAcharya%2BApril%2B15%2B%252C%2B1887%26pg%3DPT341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+P.+T.+Acharya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaursen2020" class="citation journal cs1">Laursen, Ole Birk (2020). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Anarchism, pure and simple': M. P. T. Acharya, anti-colonialism and the international anarchist movement". <i>Postcolonial Studies</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 241–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13688790.2020.1751914">10.1080/13688790.2020.1751914</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1368-8790">1368-8790</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219058356">219058356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postcolonial+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Anarchism%2C+pure+and+simple%27%3A+M.+P.+T.+Acharya%2C+anti-colonialism+and+the+international+anarchist+movement&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=241-255&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219058356%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1368-8790&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13688790.2020.1751914&rft.aulast=Laursen&rft.aufirst=Ole+Birk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+P.+T.+Acharya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radhan119-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radhan119_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radhan119_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radhan119_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radhan119_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radhan119_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radhan119_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radhan119_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadhan2002">Radhan 2002</a>, p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radhan120-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radhan120_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radhan120_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radhan120_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radhan120_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radhan120_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radhan120_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radhan120_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadhan2002">Radhan 2002</a>, p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yadav2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav3_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav3_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav3_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav3_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav3_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav4_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav4_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav4_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav4_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav4_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav4_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav5-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yadav5_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav6-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav6_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav6_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav7-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav7_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav7_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav7_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhavans-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhavans_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhavans_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhavans.info/heritage/champakchatto.asp">"Champak-Chatto" And the Berlin Committee"</a>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Champak-Chatto%22+And+the+Berlin+Committee&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhavans.info%2Fheritage%2Fchampakchatto.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+P.+T.+Acharya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav9-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav9_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav9_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav9_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav9_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav9_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav8-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yadav8_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Owen73-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Owen73_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwen2007">Owen 2007</a>, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav11-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav11_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav11_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav11_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav10-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yadav10_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav12-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav12_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav12_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav14-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav14_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav14_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav15-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav15_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav15_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav15_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav15_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav15_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav16-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yadav16_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav17-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yadav17_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav18-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yadav18_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav19-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yadav19_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav20-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yadav20_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav21-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav21_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav21_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav21_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav22-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav22_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav22_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav22_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar49-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar49_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKumar1993">Kumar 1993</a>, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav23-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav23_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav23_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav24-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav24_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav24_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav24_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav24_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav24_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav24_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav25-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav25_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav25_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav25_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav26-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav26_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav26_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav26_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav26_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav26_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav26_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav27-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yadav27_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chirol149-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chirol149_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChirol2000">Chirol 2000</a>, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhavans2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bhavans2_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhavans.info/heritage/vanchi.asp">"Vanchi Assassinates Ashe"</a>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vanchi+Assassinates+Ashe&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhavans.info%2Fheritage%2Fvanchi.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+P.+T.+Acharya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav29-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav29_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav29_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav30-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav30_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav30_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav30_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav34-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav34_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav34_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav34_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav36-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yadav36_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav35-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yadav35_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav40-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yadav40_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav43-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav43_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav43_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav43_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav43_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav44-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav44_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadav44_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav50-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yadav50_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav45-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yadav45_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashraf123-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ashraf123_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshrafSyomin1977">Ashraf & Syomin 1977</a>, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Price445-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Price445_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2005">Price 2005</a>, p. 445</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaye169-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaye169_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKayeRoySaha1971">Kaye, Roy & Saha 1971</a>, p. 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav53-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yadav53_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadav59-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yadav59_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadav1992">Yadav 1992</a>, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/mpt-acharya-what-is-anarchism-and-how-long-can-capitalism-survive"><i>Two Essays by Acharya</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Essays+by+Acharya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Fmpt-acharya-what-is-anarchism-and-how-long-can-capitalism-survive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+P.+T.+Acharya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlammRaev2018" class="citation book cs1">Flamm, Christoph; Raev, Ada (17 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M-d_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145"><i>Transcending the Borders of Countries, Languages, and Disciplines in Russian Émigré Culture</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527523562" title="Special:BookSources/9781527523562"><bdi>9781527523562</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcending+the+Borders+of+Countries%2C+Languages%2C+and+Disciplines+in+Russian+%C3%89migr%C3%A9+Culture&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.date=2018-12-17&rft.isbn=9781527523562&rft.aulast=Flamm&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Raev%2C+Ada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM-d_DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+P.+T.+Acharya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshrafSyomin1977" class="citation cs2">Ashraf, A; Syomin, G.A (1977), <i>October Revolution and India's Independence</i>, Sterling Publishers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=October+Revolution+and+India%27s+Independence&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Ashraf&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Syomin%2C+G.A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+P.+T.+Acharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrich1988" class="citation cs2">Avrich, P (1988), <i>Anarchist portraits</i>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00609-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00609-1"><bdi>0-691-00609-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchist+portraits&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-691-00609-1&rft.aulast=Avrich&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+P.+T.+Acharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChirol2000" class="citation cs2">Chirol, Valentine (2000), <i>Indian Unrest</i>, Adamant Media Corporation, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-543-94122-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-543-94122-1"><bdi>0-543-94122-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Unrest&rft.pub=Adamant+Media+Corporation&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-543-94122-1&rft.aulast=Chirol&rft.aufirst=Valentine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+P.+T.+Acharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristie2004" class="citation cs2">Christie, Staurt (2004), <i>Edward Heath made me angry</i>, ChristieBooks.com, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873976-23-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-873976-23-2"><bdi>1-873976-23-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Heath+made+me+angry&rft.pub=ChristieBooks.com&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-873976-23-2&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=Staurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+P.+T.+Acharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayeRoySaha1971" class="citation cs2">Kaye, Cecil; Roy, Subodh; Saha, Mahadeva (1971), <i>Communism in India</i>, Editions Indian</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism+in+India&rft.pub=Editions+Indian&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Kaye&rft.aufirst=Cecil&rft.au=Roy%2C+Subodh&rft.au=Saha%2C+Mahadeva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+P.+T.+Acharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar1993" class="citation cs2">Kumar, R (1993), <i>The History of Doing: An illustrated account of movements for women's rights and Feminism in India, 1800–1990</i>, Zubaan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85107-76-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-85107-76-9"><bdi>81-85107-76-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Doing%3A+An+illustrated+account+of+movements+for+women%27s+rights+and+Feminism+in+India%2C+1800%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=Zubaan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=81-85107-76-9&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+P.+T.+Acharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2007" class="citation cs2">Owen, N (2007), <i>The British Left and India</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923301-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923301-4"><bdi>978-0-19-923301-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Left+and+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923301-4&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+P.+T.+Acharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2005" class="citation cs2">Price, Ruth (2005), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesofagnessmed00pric"><i>The Lives of Agnes Smedley</i></a></span>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514189-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514189-X"><bdi>0-19-514189-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+Agnes+Smedley&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-514189-X&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesofagnessmed00pric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+P.+T.+Acharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhan2002" class="citation cs2">Radhan, O.P (2002), <i>Encyclopaedia of Political Parties</i>, Anmol Publications Pvt ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7488-865-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7488-865-9"><bdi>81-7488-865-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Political+Parties&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+Pvt+ltd&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-7488-865-9&rft.aulast=Radhan&rft.aufirst=O.P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+P.+T.+Acharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubhramaniam1995" class="citation cs2">Subhramaniam, c.s (1995), <i>M.P.T. Acharya: His life and times : revolutionary trends in the early anti-imperialist movements in South India and abroad</i>, Institute of South Indian Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M.P.T.+Acharya%3A+His+life+and+times+%3A+revolutionary+trends+in+the+early+anti-imperialist+movements+in+South+India+and+abroad&rft.pub=Institute+of+South+Indian+Studies.&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Subhramaniam&rft.aufirst=c.s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+P.+T.+Acharya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadav1992" class="citation cs2">Yadav, B.D (1992), <i>M.P.T. Acharya, Reminiscences of an Indian Revolutionary</i>, Anmol Publications Pvt ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7041-470-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7041-470-9"><bdi>81-7041-470-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M.P.T.+Acharya%2C+Reminiscences+of+an+Indian+Revolutionary&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+Pvt+ltd&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=81-7041-470-9&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=B.D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+P.+T.+Acharya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-activist-acharya/article5408508.ece">The activist Acharya, The Hindu</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="India_House" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India_House" title="Template:India House"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India_House" title="Template talk:India House"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India_House" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India House"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India_House" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">revolutionary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Committee_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="British Committee of the Indian National Congress">British Committee of the Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._R._Rana" title="S. R. Rana">S. R. Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyndman" title="Henry Hyndman">Henry Hyndman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_Society" title="Indian Home Rule Society">Indian Home Rule Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">V. D. Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._V._S._Aiyar" title="V. V. S. Aiyar">V. V. S. Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">V. N. Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senapati_Bapat" class="mw-redirect" title="Senapati Bapat">P.M. Bapat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M.P.T. Acharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Lal_Dhingra" title="Madan Lal Dhingra">Madanlal Dhingra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hafiz_Mohamed_Barakatullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah">Mohamed Barkatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">B.C. Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._S._Khaparde" title="G. S. Khaparde">G. S. Khaparde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat_Society" title="Abhinav Bharat Society">Abhinav Bharat Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_India_Society" title="Free India Society">Free India Society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_War_of_Independence_(book)" title="The Indian War of Independence (book)">The Indian War of Independence</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Indian_Society" title="Paris Indian Society">Paris Indian Society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bande_Mataram_(Paris_publication)" title="Bande Mataram (Paris publication)">Bande Mataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talvar" title="Talvar">Talvar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:India_House" title="Category:India House">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu–German_Conspiracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu-German_Conspiracy" title="Template:Hindu-German Conspiracy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu-German_Conspiracy" title="Template talk:Hindu-German Conspiracy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu-German_Conspiracy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu-German Conspiracy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu–German_Conspiracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">militant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alipore_Bomb_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Alipore Bomb Case">Alipore Bomb Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:India_House" title="Category:India House"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg/80px-Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg/120px-Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg/160px-Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="539" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghadar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Hardayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Singh_Bhakna" title="Sohan Singh Bhakna">Sohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Sadashiv_Khankhoje" title="Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje">Pandurang Khankhoje</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Ghadar" title="Hindustan Ghadar">Hindustan Ghadar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_di_gunj" title="Ghadar di gunj">Ghadar di gunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guran_Ditt_Kumar" title="Guran Ditt Kumar">Guran Ditt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Gurdit_Singh" title="Baba Gurdit Singh">Baba Gurdit Singh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Komagata_Maru_incident" title="Komagata Maru incident">Komagata Maru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwan_Singh_Gyanee" title="Bhagwan Singh Gyanee">Bhagwan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Parmanand" title="Bhai Parmanand">Bhai Parmanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Bharadwaj" title="Ram Chandra Bharadwaj">Ram Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartar_Singh_Sarabha" title="Kartar Singh Sarabha">Kartar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Ganesh_Pingle" title="Vishnu Ganesh Pingle">Vishnu Pingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Kanshi_Ram" title="Pandit Kanshi Ram">Kanshi Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Smedley" title="Agnes Smedley">Agnes Smedley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ghadar_Party" title="Category:Ghadar Party"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Chatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chempakaraman_Pillai" title="Chempakaraman Pillai">Champak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._R._Pillai" title="A. R. Pillai">A. R. Pillai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. P. T. Acharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hafiz_Mohamed_Barakatullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah">Barkatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendranath_Datta" title="Bhupendranath Datta">Bhupendranath Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinash_Bhattacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhinash Bhattacharya">Abhinash Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Pratap" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahendra Pratap">Mahendra Pratap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herambalal_Gupta" title="Herambalal Gupta">Herambalal Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachindra_Nath_Sanyal" title="Sachindra Nath Sanyal">Sachin Sanyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giani_Pritam_Singh_Dhillon" title="Giani Pritam Singh Dhillon">Pritam Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarendranath_Chatterjee" title="Amarendranath Chatterjee">Amarendranath Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atulkrishna_Ghosh" title="Atulkrishna Ghosh">Atulkrishna Ghosh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud al-Hasan">Mahmud al-Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_Amba_Prasad" title="Sufi Amba Prasad">Sufi Amba Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Zimmermann" title="Arthur Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_for_the_East" title="Intelligence Bureau for the East">Intelligence Bureau for the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Oppenheim" title="Max von Oppenheim">Max von Oppenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Bernstorff" title="Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff">von Bernstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodiek" title="George Rodiek">George Rodiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Otto_von_Hentig" title="Werner Otto von Hentig">Hentig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_von_Niedermayer" title="Oskar von Niedermayer">Niedermayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conspiracy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Larsen_affair" title="Annie Larsen affair">Annie Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Maverick" title="SS Maverick">SS <i>Maverick</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Mutiny" title="Ghadar Mutiny">February plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Conspiracy_Case_trial" title="Lahore Conspiracy Case trial">Lahore Conspiracy Case trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Letter_Movement" title="Silk Letter Movement">Silk Letter Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niedermayer%E2%80%93Hentig_Expedition" title="Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition">Kabul Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy_Trial" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial">Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_counter-intelligence_against_the_Indian_revolutionary_movement_during_World_War_I" title="British counter-intelligence against the Indian revolutionary movement during World War I">Counter-intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._C._Hopkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="W. C. Hopkinson">W. C. Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wallinger" title="John Wallinger">John Wallinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Political_Intelligence_Office" title="Indian Political Intelligence Office">Indian Political Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Thomson" title="Basil Thomson">Basil Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5(g)" title="MI5(g)">MI5(g)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Kell" title="Vernon Kell">Vernon Kell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nathan_(intelligence_officer)" title="Robert Nathan (intelligence officer)">Robert Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirpal_Singh_(spy)" title="Kirpal Singh (spy)">Kirpal Singh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oren_(spy)" title="Oren (spy)">Oren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Kraft" title="Vincent Kraft">Vincent Kraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Wiseman,_10th_Baronet" title="Sir William Wiseman, 10th Baronet">William Wiseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tegart" title="Charles Tegart">Charles Tegart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gaunt" title="Guy Gaunt">Guy Gaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seistan_Force" title="Seistan Force">East Persia Cordon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">Lawrence of Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_Act_1915" title="Defence of India Act 1915">Defence of India Act 1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingress_into_India_Ordinance,_1914" title="Ingress into India Ordinance, 1914">Ingress into India Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rowlatt" title="Sidney Rowlatt">Sidney Rowlatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dyama_Mitsuru" title="Tōyama Mitsuru">Tōyama Mitsuru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_Revolutionary_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Template:Indian Revolutionary Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Revolutionary Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Revolutionary Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_Revolutionary_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Indian Revolutionary Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat_Society" title="Abhinav Bharat Society">Abhinav Bharat Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Volunteers" title="Bengal Volunteers">Bengal Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Consolidation" title="Communist Consolidation">Communist Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Anushilan_Samiti" title="Dhaka Anushilan Samiti">Dhaka Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadar Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a> (Yugantar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naujawan_Bharat_Sabha" title="Naujawan Bharat Sabha">Naujawan Bharat Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Indian_Society" title="Paris Indian Society">Paris Indian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_and_Peasants_Party_(India)" title="Workers and Peasants Party (India)">Workers and Peasants Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinash_Chandra_Bhattacharya" title="Abinash Chandra Bhattacharya">Abinash Chandra Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambika_Chakrabarty" title="Ambika Chakrabarty">Ambika Chakrabarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajoy_Ghosh" title="Ajoy Ghosh">Ajoy Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anant_Laxman_Kanhere" title="Anant Laxman Kanhere">Anant Laxman Kanhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_Singh" title="Ananta Singh">Ananta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantahari_Mitra" title="Anantahari Mitra">Anantahari Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atul_Krishna_Ghosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Atul Krishna Ghosh">Atul Krishna Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badal_Gupta" title="Badal Gupta">Badal Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikuntha_Shukla" title="Baikuntha Shukla">Baikuntha Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banwari_Lal_(revolutionary)" title="Banwari Lal (revolutionary)">Banwari Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanta_Kumar_Biswas" title="Basanta Kumar Biswas">Basanta Kumar Biswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batukeshwar_Dutt" title="Batukeshwar Dutt">Batukeshwar Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoy_Basu" title="Benoy Basu">Benoy Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwan_Singh_Gyanee" title="Bhagwan Singh Gyanee">Bhagwan Singh Gyanee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwati_Charan_Vohra" title="Bhagwati Charan Vohra">Bhagwati Charan Vohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Balmukund" title="Bhai Balmukund">Bhai Balmukund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Parmanand" title="Bhai Parmanand">Bhai Parmanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendranath_Datta" title="Bhupendranath Datta">Bhupendranath Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bina_Das" title="Bina Das">Bina Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binod_Bihari_Chowdhury" title="Binod Bihari Chowdhury">Binod Bihari Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Behari_Ganguli" title="Bipin Behari Ganguli">Bipin Behari Ganguli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chempakaraman_Pillai" title="Chempakaraman Pillai">Chempakaraman Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittapriya_Ray_Chaudhuri" title="Chittapriya Ray Chaudhuri">Chittapriya Ray Chaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deba_Gupta" title="Deba Gupta">Deba Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Gupta" title="Dinesh Gupta">Dinesh Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgawati_Devi" title="Durgawati Devi">Durgawati Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Ganesh Damodar Savarkar">Ganesh Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Ghosh" title="Ganesh Ghosh">Ganesh Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaya_Prasad_Katiyar" title="Gaya Prasad Katiyar">Gaya Prasad Katiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Kaur" title="Gulab Kaur">Gulab Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guran_Ditt_Kumar" title="Guran Ditt Kumar">Guran Ditt Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Konar" title="Hare Krishna Konar">Hare Krishna Konar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridas_Dutta" title="Haridas Dutta">Haridas Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harigopal_Bal" title="Harigopal Bal">Harigopal Bal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Kishan_Talwar" title="Hari Kishan Talwar">Hari Kishan Talwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnam_Singh_Saini" title="Harnam Singh Saini">Harnam Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemchandra_Kanungo" title="Hemchandra Kanungo">Hemchandra Kanungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadugopal_Mukherjee" title="Jadugopal Mukherjee">Jadugopal Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiban_Ghoshal" title="Jiban Ghoshal">Jiban Ghoshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanendra_Das_Gupta" title="Jnanendra Das Gupta">Jnanendra Das Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogesh_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee">Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanailal_Dutta" title="Kanailal Dutta">Kanailal Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpana_Datta" title="Kalpana Datta">Kalpana Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Das" title="Kalyani Das">Kalyani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaji_Gopal_Karve" title="Krishnaji Gopal Karve">Krishnaji Gopal Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartar_Singh_Sarabha" title="Kartar Singh Sarabha">Kartar Singh Sarabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Kishori_Lal" title="Pandit Kishori Lal">Kishori Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Pratap_Singh_Barhath" title="Kunwar Pratap Singh Barhath">Kunwar Pratap Singh Barhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushal_Konwar" title="Kushal Konwar">Kushal Konwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokenath_Bal" title="Lokenath Bal">Lokenath Bal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Lal_Dhingra" title="Madan Lal Dhingra">Madan Lal Dhingra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Singh_(revolutionary)" title="Mahavir Singh (revolutionary)">Mahavir Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmath_Nath_Gupta" title="Manmath Nath Gupta">Manmath Nath Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoranjan_Bhattacharya_(revolutionary)" title="Manoranjan Bhattacharya (revolutionary)">Manoranjan Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangini_Hazra" title="Matangini Hazra">Matangini Hazra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohit_Moitra" title="Mohit Moitra">Mohit Moitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Kishore_Namadas" title="Mohan Kishore Namadas">Mohan Kishore Namadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Roy" title="Motilal Roy">Motilal Roy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. P. T. Acharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundi_Lal" title="Mukundi Lal">Mukundi Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsha_Singh_Dukhi" title="Munsha Singh Dukhi">Munsha Singh Dukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Mohan_Sen" title="Narendra Mohan Sen">Narendra Mohan Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niranjan_Sengupta" title="Niranjan Sengupta">Niranjan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Jibon_Ghosh" title="Nirmal Jibon Ghosh">Nirmal Jibon Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Kanshi_Ram" title="Pandit Kanshi Ram">Pandit Kanshi Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchanan_Chakraborty" title="Panchanan Chakraborty">Panchanan Chakraborty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Mahadev_Bapat" title="Pandurang Mahadev Bapat">Pandurang Mahadev Bapat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Sadashiv_Khankhoje" title="Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje">Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramod_Ranjan_Choudhury" title="Pramod Ranjan Choudhury">Pramod Ranjan Choudhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratul_Chandra_Ganguli" title="Pratul Chandra Ganguli">Pratul Chandra Ganguli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradyot_Kumar_Bhattacharya" title="Pradyot Kumar Bhattacharya">Pradyot Kumar Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Krishna_Khanna" title="Prem Krishna Khanna">Prem Krishna Khanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulin_Behari_Das" title="Pulin Behari Das">Pulin Behari Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Kurian" title="P. V. Kurian">P. V. Kurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajat_Sen" title="Rajat Sen">Rajat Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Lahiri" title="Rajendra Lahiri">Rajendra Lahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Bharadwaj" title="Ram Chandra Bharadwaj">Ram Chandra Bharadwaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Biswas" title="Ramakrishna Biswas">Ramakrishna Biswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Rakha" title="Ram Rakha">Ram Rakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshan_Singh" title="Roshan Singh">Roshan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachindra_Bakshi" title="Sachindra Bakshi">Sachindra Bakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachindra_Nath_Sanyal" title="Sachindra Nath Sanyal">Sachindra Nath Sanyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosh_Kumar_Mitra" title="Santosh Kumar Mitra">Santosh Kumar Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Bosu" title="Satyendranath Bosu">Satyendranath Bosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Sardar" title="Satish Sardar">Satish Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Verma" title="Shiv Verma">Shiv Verma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaram_Rajguru" title="Shivaram Rajguru">Shivaram Rajguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrish_Chandra_Ghosh" title="Shrish Chandra Ghosh">Shrish Chandra Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Singh_Bhakna" title="Sohan Singh Bhakna">Sohan Singh Bhakna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohanlal_Pathak" title="Sohanlal Pathak">Sohanlal Pathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srish_Pal" title="Srish Pal">Srish Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subodh_Roy" title="Subodh Roy">Subodh Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhdev_Thapar" title="Sukhdev Thapar">Sukhdev Thapar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suniti_Choudhury" title="Suniti Choudhury">Suniti Choudhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarakeswar_Dastidar" title="Tarakeswar Dastidar">Tarakeswar Dastidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarakeswar_Sengupta" title="Tarakeswar Sengupta">Tarakeswar Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Kesari_Singh_Barhath" title="Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath">Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Zorawar_Singh_Barhath" title="Thakur Zorawar Singh Barhath">Thakur Zorawar Singh Barhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh" title="Udham Singh">Udham Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullaskar_Dutta" title="Ullaskar Dutta">Ullaskar Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._V._S._Aiyar" title="V. V. S. Aiyar">V. V. S. Aiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Bhai_Kotwal" title="Veer Bhai Kotwal">Veer Bhai Kotwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Ganesh_Pingle" title="Vishnu Ganesh Pingle">Vishnu Ganesh Pingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Vaishampayan" title="Vishwanath Vaishampayan">Vishwanath Vaishampayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bande_Mataram_(publication)" title="Bande Mataram (publication)">Bande Mataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bande_Mataram_(Paris_publication)" title="Bande Mataram (Paris publication)">Bande Mataram (Paris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Ghadar" title="Hindustan Ghadar">Hindustan Ghadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar_Patrika" title="Jugantar Patrika">Jugantar Patrika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore_Bomb_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Alipore Bomb case">Alipore Bomb case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barisal_Conspiracy_Case" title="Barisal Conspiracy Case">Barisal Conspiracy Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Armoury_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittagong Armoury Raid">Chittagong Armoury Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi conspiracy case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Conspiracy_Commission" title="Delhi Conspiracy Commission">Delhi Conspiracy Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Mutiny" title="Ghadar Mutiny">Ghadar Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy_Trial" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial">Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah-Sibpur_Conspiracy_case" title="Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case">Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Conspiracy_Case_trial" title="Lahore Conspiracy Case trial">Lahore Conspiracy Case trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodda_company_arms_heist" title="Rodda company arms heist">Rodda company arms heist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6712976#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6712976#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6712976#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000008207031X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/25434331">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/297023/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgH97dMxKx7RmqdQPKWXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120462486">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n89283452">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p182931439">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987009899380205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&oldid=1187987495">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&oldid=1187987495</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1887_births" title="Category:1887 births">1887 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1954_deaths" title="Category:1954 deaths">1954 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Indian_politicians" title="Category:20th-century Indian politicians">20th-century Indian politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communist_Party_of_India_politicians_from_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Tamil Nadu">Communist Party of India politicians from Tamil Nadu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:India_House" title="Category:India House">India House</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_anarchists" title="Category:Indian anarchists">Indian anarchists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_anti-capitalists" title="Category:Indian anti-capitalists">Indian anti-capitalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_revolutionaries" title="Category:Indian revolutionaries">Indian revolutionaries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Chennai" title="Category:Politicians from Chennai">Politicians from Chennai</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_May_2016" title="Category:Use Indian English from May 2016">Use Indian English from May 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2020">Use dmy dates from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_person_with_multiple_organizations" title="Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations">Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 December 2023, at 18:28<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._P._T._Acharya&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-w49w4","wgBackendResponseTime":1286,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.894","walltime":"1.101","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4531,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":113023,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2563,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":120273,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 885.428 1 -total"," 26.79% 237.163 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.22% 179.029 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 13.55% 119.999 1 Template:Communism_in_India"," 13.08% 115.806 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 10.08% 89.235 2 Template:Cite_book"," 8.97% 79.455 45 Template:Harvnb"," 8.16% 72.240 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.79% 60.164 12 Template:Citation"," 6.26% 55.400 4 Template:Br_separated_entries"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.478","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9983919,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAshrafSyomin1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvrich1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChirol2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristie2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlammRaev2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuru_Rajesh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKayeRoySaha1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaursen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadhan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubhramaniam1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYadav1992\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Communism in India\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Acharya, M. P. T.\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 45,\n [\"Hindu-German Conspiracy\"] = 1,\n [\"India House\"] = 1,\n [\"Indian Revolutionary Movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-w49w4","timestamp":"20241124175259","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"M. P. T. Acharya","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M._P._T._Acharya","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6712976","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6712976","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-06-17T22:55:42Z","dateModified":"2023-12-02T18:28:12Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/be\/Mandayam_Parthasarathi_Tirumal_Acharya.jpg","headline":"Indian nationalist, anarchist, and communist"}</script> </body> </html>