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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_lowering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Vowel lowering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_lowering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Backing_of_/a_ã/" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Backing_of_/a_ã/"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Backing of /a ã/</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Backing_of_/a_ã/-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absence_of_fricatives_and_nasals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" 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href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%9Dakalia_lingvo" title="Maŝakalia lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maŝakalia lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxakali" title="Maxakali – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maxakali" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren_Maxakal%C3%AD" title="Yaren Maxakalí – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaren Maxakalí" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_maxakali" title="Lenga maxakali – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga maxakali" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_maxacali" title="Língua maxacali – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua maxacali" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Машакали – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Машакали" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Macro-Jê language spoken in Brazil</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Maxakalí</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Tikmũũn yĩy ax, Mãxakani yĩy ax<sup id="cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva-2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɪjmɨ̃ˈʔ̰ɨ̃ɰ̃ə̯̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲɪ̃j̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔɑj]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɒ̃tɕakaˈd̪i<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲɪ̃j̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔɑj]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2,076 (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%ADan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxakalían">Maxakalían</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Maxakalí</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mbl" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mbl">mbl</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/west2636">west2636</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2997">Maxakalí</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Maxakalí</b> (<i>Tikmũũn yĩy ax</i>, <i>Mãxakani yĩy ax</i><sup id="cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva-2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%ADan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxakalían">Maxakalían language</a> spoken in four villages in <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, by more than 2,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva-2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxakal%C3%AD_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No dialectal differences are known. Extinct varieties such as <a href="/wiki/Kapox%C3%B3_language" title="Kapoxó language">Kapoxó</a>, Kumanaxó, <a href="/wiki/Makun%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makuní language">Makuní</a>, Panháme, and the 19th century "Maxakalí", which were sometimes taken to be dialects of Maxakalí, are now generally considered to represent a distinct variety of the <a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%ADan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxakalían">Maxakalían family</a>, very close to <a href="/wiki/Ritual_Maxakal%C3%AD_language" title="Ritual Maxakalí language">Ritual Maxakalí</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva-2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39–42">: 39–42 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Curt_Nimuendaju" class="mw-redirect" title="Curt Nimuendaju">Curt Nimuendaju</a> collected a wordlist of a variety known as <i>Mašakarí/Monačóbm</i> in 1939, which was shown by Araújo (1996) to be an early attestion of Maxakalí.<sup id="cite_ref-Araújo-1996_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Araújo-1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spoken Maxakalí is different from the variety used in the Maxakalí ritual songs, <a href="/wiki/Ritual_Maxakal%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritual Maxakalí">Ritual Maxakalí</a>, though both are classified as <a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%ADan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxakalían">Maxakalían</a> languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxakal%C3%AD_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maxakalí was originally spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Mucuri_River" title="Mucuri River">Mucuri River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itanh%C3%A9m_River" title="Itanhém River">Itanhém River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jequitinhonha_River" title="Jequitinhonha River">Jequitinhonha River</a> areas. Today, Maxakalí is found in four main communities (<i>aldeias</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, with a total ethnic population of about 2,000:<sup id="cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva-2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>Pradinho (Maxakalí name: <i>Pananiy</i>), in <a href="/wiki/Bert%C3%B3polis" title="Bertópolis">Bertópolis</a>, Minas Gerais</li> <li>Água Boa (Maxakalí name: <i>Kõnãg Mai</i> or <i>Akmamo</i>), in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Helena_de_Minas" title="Santa Helena de Minas">Santa Helena de Minas</a>, Minas Gerais</li> <li>Aldeia Verde (Maxakalí name: <i>Apne Yĩxux</i>), in <a href="/wiki/Ladainha,_Minas_Gerais" title="Ladainha, Minas Gerais">Ladainha</a>, Minas Gerais</li> <li>Cachoeirinha (Maxakalí name: <i>Ĩmmoknãg</i>), in <a href="/wiki/Te%C3%B3filo_Otoni" title="Teófilo Otoni">Teófilo Otoni</a>, Minas Gerais</li></ul> <p><b>Old Machacari</b> is attested from the 19th century. Reported varieties include Monoxó, Makoni, Kapoxó, Kumanaxó, and Panhame. After the dispersion of its speakers in the 1750s, they lived between the upper <a href="/wiki/Mucuri_River" title="Mucuri River">Mucuri River</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Mateus_River" title="São Mateus River">São Mateus River</a> (near the present-day city of <a href="/wiki/Te%C3%B3filo_Otoni" title="Teófilo Otoni">Teófilo Otoni</a>, Minas Gerais), possibly up to <a href="/wiki/Jequitinhonha" title="Jequitinhonha">Jequitinhonha</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Sua%C3%A7u%C3%AD_Grande_River" title="Suaçuí Grande River">Suaçuí Grande River</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Doce_River" title="Doce River">Doce River</a>, in the south. After 1750, the southward migration of the <a href="/wiki/Botocudo" class="mw-redirect" title="Botocudo">Botocudos</a> forced the Machacari to seek refuge in Portuguese settlements on the Atlantic coast (in an area ranging from the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Mucuri_River" title="Mucuri River">Mucuri River</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Itanha%C3%A9m_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Itanhaém River">Itanhaém River</a>), in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alto_dos_Bois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alto dos Bois (page does not exist)">Alto dos Bois</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Minas_Novas" title="Minas Novas">Minas Novas</a>), and in <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%A7anha" title="Peçanha">Peçanha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramirez_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramirez-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Saint-Hilaire (2000: 170),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Monoxó lived in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuyat%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuyaté (page does not exist)">Cuyaté</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doce_River" title="Doce River">Doce River</a>, near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Sua%C3%A7u%C3%AD_Grande_River" title="Suaçuí Grande River">Suaçuí Grande River</a>) probably around 1800, before seeking refuge in Peçanha.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramirez_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramirez-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of the 19th century, the Panhame and other Maxakali groups allied with the Portuguese to fight the Botocudos.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramirez_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramirez-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Modern Maxakali</b> (called <b>Monaxobm</b> by <a href="/wiki/Curt_Nimuendaj%C3%BA" title="Curt Nimuendajú">Curt Nimuendajú</a>) is distinct from Old Machacari. It was historically spoken from the <a href="/wiki/Mucuri_River" title="Mucuri River">Mucuri River</a> valley up to the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Itanha%C3%A9m_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Itanhaém River">Itanhaém River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramirez_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramirez-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxakal%C3%AD_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maxakalí has ten vowels, including five oral vowels and their nasal counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva-2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the table below, their orthographic representation is given in angle brackets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxakal%C3%AD_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨i, ĩ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɨ̃</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨u, ũ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨o, õ⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨e, ẽ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨a, ã⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Silva (2020) describes two nasal spread processes which affect vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva-2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowel_lowering">Vowel lowering</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxakal%C3%AD_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowel lowering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Silva (2020), all vowels except /a ã/ have lowered allophones.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva-2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 102">: 102 </span></sup> </p><p>The vowels /ɛ ɛ̃ i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ/ are lowered to [æ æ̃ ɪ ɪ̃ ɨ ɨ̃ ʊ ʊ̃], respectively, preceding a palatal coda. Examples include <i>tex ~ tehex</i> [ˈt̪æj ~ t̪æˈɦæj] ‘rain’, <i>yẽy</i> [ˈɲæ̃j] ‘to shut up, to be silent’, <i>pix</i> [ˈpɪj] ‘wash (<i>realis</i>)’, <i>mĩy</i> [ˈmɪ̃j] ‘make (<i>realis</i>)’, <i>kux</i> [ˈkɨ̞j] ‘to end; forehead’, <i>mũy</i> [ˈmɨ̞̃j̃] ‘to hold, to grab (<i>irrealis</i>)’, <i>tox</i> [ˈt̪ʊj ~ ˈt̪uwɪ] ‘long’, <i>nõy</i> [ˈn̪ʊ̃j] ‘other; same-sex sibling’. </p><p>The vowels /ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ/ are further lowered to [ɘ ɘ̃ o õ], respectively, preceding a velar coda, as in <i>tuk</i> [ˈt̪ɘɰ] ‘to grow up’, <i>yũmũg</i> [ɲɨˈ̃mɘ̃ɰ̃] ‘to know, to understand, to learn’, <i>ponok</i> [puˈd̪oɰ] ‘white’, <i>mõg</i> [ˈmõɰ̃] ‘to go (<i>realis</i>)’. The front vowels /ɛ ɛ̃ i ĩ/ are never followed by a surface velar coda, because underlying velar codas are palatalized to palatal codas in this environment. </p><p>In addition, /ɨ̃/ surfaces as [ɘ̃] word-finally, as in <i>yõgnũ</i> [ɲõɰ̃ŋ̞̊ˈn̪ɘ̃ʔ] ‘it is mine’, <i>xõnnũ</i> [ʨũːˈn̪ɘ̃ʔ] ‘son! (<i>vocative</i>)’, <i>nũ</i> [ˈn̪ɘ̃ʔ] ‘this; to come (<i>irrealis</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Backing_of_/a_ã/"><span id="Backing_of_.2Fa_.C3.A3.2F"></span>Backing of /a ã/</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxakal%C3%AD_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Backing of /a ã/"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vowels /a ã/ are backed to [ɑ ɑ̃] preceding a coronal (dental or palatal) coda.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva-2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 109–10">: 109–10 </span></sup> Examples include <i>put(ah)at</i> [pɨˈt̪(ɑɦ)ɑə̯] ‘road’, <i>n(ãh)ãn</i> [ˈn̪(ɑ̃ɦ)ɑ̃ə̯̃] ‘achiote’, <i>hax</i> [ˈhɑj] ‘smell, to smell’, <i>gãx</i> [ˈɡɑ̃j] ‘angry’.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva-2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 109–10">: 109–10 </span></sup> </p><p>The vowels /a ã/ are backed and rounded in open syllables following a labial onset, as in <i>kopa</i> [kuˈpɒʔ] ‘inside’, <i>hõmã</i> [hũˈmɒ̃ʔ] ‘long ago’.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva-2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 110">: 110 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxakal%C3%AD_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">Voiceless</a> <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><i>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced">Voiced</a> <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasals</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n̪</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ɟ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The nasals [m n̪ ɲ] have been analyzed as allophones of /b d̪ dʑ/ preceding nasal nuclei, but the contrast between /m n̪ ɲ/ and /b d̪ dʑ/ is emerging in Portuguese borrowings and in diminutives.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva-2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 155–63">: 155–63 </span></sup> </p><p>In the coda position, only the place of articulation is contrastive, the possibilities being labial (orthographic <i>-p ~ -m</i>), dental (<i>-t ~ -n</i>), palatal (<i>-x ~ -y</i>), and velar (<i>-k ~ -g</i>). The typical realization of the codas involves prevocalization, the consonantal element itself being optional.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva-2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absence_of_fricatives_and_nasals">Absence of fricatives and nasals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxakal%C3%AD_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Absence of fricatives and nasals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maxakalí has been analyzed as having no contrastive fricative or nasal consonants, with the exception of the glottal continuant /h/.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phonological status of the nasal consonants is ambiguous; Silva (2020) argues that in modern Maxakalí they are becoming contrastive through phonologization, even though until recently nasal consonants occurred only as allophones of voiced obstruents.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva-2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 155–63">: 155–63 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxakal%C3%AD_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxakal%C3%AD_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common word order in Maxakalí is SOV. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Kakxop</p><p style="margin: 0px;">child</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ERG</a></abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xok-hep</p><p style="margin: 0px;">animal-liquid</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xo’op</p><p style="margin: 0px;">drink</p></div><p style="display: none;">Kakxop te xok-hep xo’op</p><p style="display: none;">child ERG animal-liquid drink</p><p style="clear: left;">"The child drinks milk"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronominal_forms_and_morphosyntactic_alignment">Pronominal forms and morphosyntactic alignment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxakal%C3%AD_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pronominal forms and morphosyntactic alignment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most clause types in Maxakalí are characterized by the ergative–absolutive morphosyntactic alignment. The agents of transitive verbs are marked by the <a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative</a> postposition <i>te</i>, whereas the patients of transitive verbs and the intransitive subjects are unmarked. Absolutive pronominal participants are expressed by person prefixes; ergative pronominal participants take special forms upon receiving the ergative postposition <i>te</i>. The same forms are found with other postpositions; furthermore, <i>ã</i> and <i>xa</i> occur as the irregular inflected forms of the dative postposition <i>pu</i> in the first person singular and in the second person, respectively. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">Person</a> </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Postpositional_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Postpositional case">Postpositional</a> </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a> </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">Ergative</a> </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">Absolutive</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="left">1<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number#Singular_versus_plural" title="Grammatical number">SG</a> </th> <td align="center">ã </td> <td align="center">ã </td> <td align="center">ã te </td> <td align="center">ũg </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left">2 </th> <td align="center">xa </td> <td align="center">xa </td> <td align="center">xa te </td> <td align="center">ã </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left">3 </th> <td align="center">tu </td> <td align="center">tu </td> <td align="center">tu te </td> <td align="center">ũ </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_and_exclusive_we" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive and exclusive we">1INCL</a> </th> <td align="center">yũmũ’ã </td> <td align="center">yũmũ’ã </td> <td align="center">yũmũ’ã te </td> <td align="center">yũmũg </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_and_exclusive_we" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive and exclusive we">1EXCL</a> </th> <td align="center">ũgmũ’ã </td> <td align="center">ũgmũ’ã </td> <td align="center">ũgmũ’ã te </td> <td align="center">ũgmũg </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ũgmũg</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="exclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">EXCL</a></abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="absolutive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">ABS</a></abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mõ-g</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Realis_mood" title="Realis mood">REAL</a></abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nãpet</p><p style="margin: 0px;">market</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ha</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nũy</p><p style="margin: 0px;">in-order-to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular">2sg</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">DAT</a></abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hãpxop</p><p style="margin: 0px;">food</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ũm</p><p style="margin: 0px;">some</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pop</p><p style="margin: 0px;">buy</p></div><p style="display: none;">ũgmũg mõ-g nãpet ha nũy xa hãpxop ũm pop</p><p style="display: none;">1PL.EXCL.ABS go-REAL market to in-order-to 2sg:DAT food some buy</p><p style="clear: left;">"We (excluding you) are going to the market to buy you (indirect object) some food."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxakal%C3%AD_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mood_inflection">Mood inflection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxakal%C3%AD_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mood inflection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maxakalí verbs inflect for mood. The <a href="/wiki/Realis_mood" title="Realis mood">realis mood</a> is the most common one, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Irrealis_mood" title="Irrealis mood">irrealis mood</a> is used in imperative and purpose clauses. The morphological exponence of the mood inflection follows one of at least 7 patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxakal%C3%AD_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbal_number"><a href="/wiki/Verbal_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbal number">Verbal number</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxakal%C3%AD_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Verbal number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some verbs form number pairs, whereby the choice of the verb depends on the number of the <a href="/wiki/Ergative-absolutive_alignment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative-absolutive alignment">absolutive</a> participant (i.e., the subject of an intransitive verb or the <a href="/wiki/Patient_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient (linguistics)">patient</a> of a transitive verb). The noun phrase which encodes the participant does not receive any overt marking. </p><p><b>Subject number</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Tik</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/tik</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>yũm</b>.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ɟɨ̃p/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sit.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Singular_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Singular number">SG</a></abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Realis_mood" title="Realis mood">REAL</a></abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Tik <b>yũm</b>.</p><p style="display: none;">/tik ɟɨ̃p/</p><p style="display: none;">man sit.SG.REAL</p><p style="clear: left;">‘The man sits/sat.’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Tik</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/tik</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>mãm</b>.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bãp/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sit.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Plural_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural number">PL</a></abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Realis_mood" title="Realis mood">REAL</a></abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Tik <b>mãm</b>.</p><p style="display: none;">/tik bãp/</p><p style="display: none;">man sit.PL.REAL</p><p style="clear: left;">‘The men sit/sat.’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><b>Patient number</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Tik</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/tik</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ERG</a></abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">koktix</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kuktik</p><p style="margin: 0px;">monkey</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>putex</b>.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ptek/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kill.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Singular_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Singular number">SG</a></abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Realis_mood" title="Realis mood">REAL</a></abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Tik te koktix <b>putex</b>.</p><p style="display: none;">/tik te kuktik ptek/</p><p style="display: none;">man ERG monkey kill.SG.REAL</p><p style="clear: left;">‘The man killed the monkey.’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Tik</p><p style="margin: 0px;">/tik</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ERG</a></abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">koktix</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kuktik</p><p style="margin: 0px;">monkey</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kix</b>.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ki-k/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kill.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Plural_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural number">PL</a></abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Realis_mood" title="Realis mood">REAL</a></abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Tik te koktix <b>kix</b>.</p><p style="display: none;">/tik te kuktik ki-k/</p><p style="display: none;">man ERG monkey kill.PL-REAL</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_compounding">Noun compounding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxakal%C3%AD_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Noun compounding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maxakalí nouns readily form compounds, here are some examples: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yĩy-kox-xax</p><p style="margin: 0px;">speak-hole-cover</p></div><p style="display: none;">yĩy-kox-xax</p><p style="display: none;">speak-hole-cover</p><p style="clear: left;">‘lips’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ãmot-xuxpex</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sand-tasty</p></div><p style="display: none;">ãmot-xuxpex</p><p style="display: none;">sand-tasty</p><p style="clear: left;">‘salt’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yĩm-kutok</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hand-child</p></div><p style="display: none;">yĩm-kutok</p><p style="display: none;">hand-child</p><p style="clear: left;">‘finger’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxakal%C3%AD_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maxakalí has a number of lexical loans from one of the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_Geral" class="mw-redirect" title="Língua Geral">Língua Geral</a> varieties, such as <i>ãmãnex</i> ‘priest’, <i>tãyũmak</i> ‘money’, <i>kãmãnok</i> ‘horse’, <i>tapayõg</i> ‘Black man’.<sup id="cite_ref-Nikulin-Silva-Maxakalí-Krenák_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikulin-Silva-Maxakalí-Krenák-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a> are extremely numerous. Examples include <i>kapex</i> ‘coffee’, <i>komenok</i> ‘blanket’, <i>kapitõg</i> ‘captain’, <i>pẽyõg</i> ‘beans’, <i>mug</i> ‘bank’, <i>tenemiyam</i> ‘TV’ (borrowed from Portuguese <i>café</i>, <i>cobertor</i>, <i>capitão</i>, <i>feijão</i>, <i>banco</i>, <i>televisão</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Nikulin-Silva-Maxakalí-Krenák_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikulin-Silva-Maxakalí-Krenák-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxakal%C3%AD_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_Maxakal%C3%AD_language" title="Ritual Maxakalí language">Ritual Maxakalí language</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxakal%C3%AD_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxakalí Sign Language (page does not exist)">Maxakalí Sign Language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxakal%C3%AD_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Silva-2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva-2020_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSilva2020" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Silva, Mário André Coelho da (2020). <i>Tikmũũn yĩy ax tinã xohi xi xahĩnãg – Sons e pedaços da língua Maxakalí: descrição da fonologia e morfologia de uma língua Macro-Jê</i> (Ph.D. thesis) (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1843%2F33613">1843/33613</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Tikm%C5%A9%C5%A9n+y%C4%A9y+ax+tin%C3%A3+xohi+xi+xah%C4%A9n%C3%A3g+%E2%80%93+Sons+e+peda%C3%A7os+da+l%C3%ADngua+Maxakal%C3%AD%3A+descri%C3%A7%C3%A3o+da+fonologia+e+morfologia+de+uma+l%C3%ADngua+Macro-J%C3%AA&rft.degree=Ph.D.&rft.inst=Universidade+Federal+de+Minas+Gerais&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1843%2F33613&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1rio+Andr%C3%A9+Coelho+da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxakal%C3%AD+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pib.socioambiental.org/pt/Quadro_Geral_dos_Povos">"Quadro Geral dos Povos"</a>. <i>SIASI/SESAI apud Instituto Socioambiental</i> (in Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Native Reaction and Phonetic Similarity in Maxakalí Phonology". <i>Language</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 77–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F412408">10.2307/412408</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/412408">412408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Native+Reaction+and+Phonetic+Similarity+in+Maxakal%C3%AD+Phonology&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-88&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F412408&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F412408%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gudschinsky&rft.aufirst=Sarah+C.&rft.au=Popovich%2C+Harold&rft.au=Popovich%2C+Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxakal%C3%AD+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvaNikulin2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Silva, Mário André Coelho da; Nikulin, Andrey (2020). "Morfologia verbal flexional da língua Maxakalí". In Miranda, Maxwell; Borges, Águeda Aparecida da Cruz; Santana, Áurea Cavalcante; Sousa, Suseile Andrade (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://araguaia2.ufmt.br/ebook/ebook1.pdf"><i>Línguas e culturas Macro-Jê: saberes entrecruzados</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Barra do Garças: GEDDELI/Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. pp. 329–351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-65-00-02975-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-65-00-02975-8"><bdi>978-65-00-02975-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Morfologia+verbal+flexional+da+l%C3%ADngua+Maxakal%C3%AD&rft.btitle=L%C3%ADnguas+e+culturas+Macro-J%C3%AA%3A+saberes+entrecruzados&rft.place=Barra+do+Gar%C3%A7as&rft.pages=329-351&rft.pub=GEDDELI%2FUniversidade+Federal+de+Mato+Grosso&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-65-00-02975-8&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1rio+Andr%C3%A9+Coelho+da&rft.au=Nikulin%2C+Andrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faraguaia2.ufmt.br%2Febook%2Febook1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxakal%C3%AD+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nikulin-Silva-Maxakalí-Krenák-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nikulin-Silva-Maxakalí-Krenák_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nikulin-Silva-Maxakalí-Krenák_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikulinSilva2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nikulin, Andrey; Silva, Mário André Coelho da (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etnolinguistica.org/article:vol8n1-1">"As línguas Maxakalí e Krenák dentro do tronco Macro-Jê"</a>. <i>Cadernos de Etnolingüística</i> (in Portuguese). <b>8</b> (1): 1–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cadernos+de+Etnoling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica&rft.atitle=As+l%C3%ADnguas+Maxakal%C3%AD+e+Kren%C3%A1k+dentro+do+tronco+Macro-J%C3%AA&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-64&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Nikulin&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rft.au=Silva%2C+M%C3%A1rio+Andr%C3%A9+Coelho+da&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etnolinguistica.org%2Farticle%3Avol8n1-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxakal%C3%AD+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibeiro2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ribeiro, Eduardo Rivail (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20396%2Fliames.v0i12.1489">"Final consonants in Maxakalí and their comparative status"</a>. <i>LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 189–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20396%2Fliames.v0i12.1489">10.20396/liames.v0i12.1489</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LIAMES%3A+L%C3%ADnguas+Ind%C3%ADgenas+Americanas&rft.atitle=Final+consonants+in+Maxakal%C3%AD+and+their+comparative+status&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=189-193&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.20396%2Fliames.v0i12.1489&rft.aulast=Ribeiro&rft.aufirst=Eduardo+Rivail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.20396%252Fliames.v0i12.1489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxakal%C3%AD+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxakal%C3%AD_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Proel: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proel.org/mundo/mashakali.htm">Lengua Mashakalí</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/14/55/09/145509957847017110684483630170626218516/MXDicEN.pdf">Maxakalí–English grammar and dictionary</a></li> <li>Information on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etnolinguistica.org/lingua:maxakali">Maxakalí</a> at Etnolinguistica.Org's Catalogue of South American Languages</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cerrado" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerrado_languages" title="Cerrado languages">Cerrado</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goyaz_J%C3%AA_languages" title="Goyaz Jê languages">Goyaz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Panará</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kayap%C3%B3_language" title="Southern Kayapó language">Southern Kayapó</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panar%C3%A1_language" title="Panará language">Panará</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_J%C3%AA_languages" title="Northern Jê languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apinay%C3%A9_language" title="Apinayé language">Apinajé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayapo_language" title="Kayapo language">Mẽbêngôkre (dialects: Kayapó, Xikrín)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Suya language">Kĩsêdjê (Suyá)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapayuna_language" title="Tapayuna language">Tapayuna</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Timbira" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timbira_language" title="Timbira language">Timbira</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canela_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Canela language">Canela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krah%C3%B4_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Krahô language">Krahô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pykobj%C3%AA_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pykobjê language">Pykobjê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kr%C4%A9kat%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Krĩkatí language">Krĩkatí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkat%C3%AAj%C3%AA_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkatêjê language">Parkatêjê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%BB%B3ikat%C3%AAj%C3%AA_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kỳikatêjê language">Kỳikatêjê</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kr%E1%BA%BDje_language" title="Krẽje language">Krẽjê</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_J%C3%AA_languages" title="Central Jê languages">Central (Akuwẽ)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acro%C3%A1_language" title="Acroá language">Acroá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xakriab%C3%A1_language" title="Xakriabá language">Xakriabá</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavante_language" title="Xavante language">Xavánte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xer%C3%A9nte_language" title="Xerénte language">Akwẽ-Xerénte (Xerénte)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jê_of_Paraná" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_J%C3%AA_languages" title="Paraná Jê languages">Jê of Paraná</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ingain_language" title="Ingain language">Ingain</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_J%C3%AA_languages" title="Southern Jê languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaingang_language" title="Kaingang language">Kaingáng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xokleng_language" title="Xokleng language">Laklãnõ (Xokléng)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaik%C3%B3_language" title="Jaikó language">Jaikó</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93S%C3%A3o_Francisco_languages" title="Trans–São Francisco languages">Trans–São Francisco</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Krenak_languages" title="Krenak languages">Krenák</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guer%C3%A9n_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerén language">Guerén</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krenak_language" title="Krenak language">Krenak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nakreh%C3%A9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakrehé language">Nakrehé</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%ADan_languages" title="Maxakalían languages">Maxakalían</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Malal%C3%AD_language" title="Malalí language">Malalí</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maxakalí</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ritual_Maxakal%C3%AD_language" title="Ritual Maxakalí language">Ritual Maxakalí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patax%C3%B3_language" title="Pataxó language">Pataxó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makon%C3%AD_language" title="Makoní language">Makoní</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kapox%C3%B3_language" title="Kapoxó language">Kapoxó</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kamak%C3%A3_languages" title="Kamakã languages">Kamakã</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamak%C3%A3_language" title="Kamakã language">Kamakã</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kotox%C3%B3_language" title="Kotoxó language">Kotoxó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masakar%C3%A1_language" title="Masakará language">Masakará</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meni%C3%A9n_language" title="Menién language">Menién</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mato Grosso</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ofay%C3%A9_language" title="Ofayé language">Ofayé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikbaktsa_language" title="Rikbaktsa language">Rikbáktsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jabutian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabutian languages">Jabutian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arikap%C3%BA_language" title="Arikapú language">Arikapú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djeoromitxi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Djeoromitxi language">Djeoromitxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language" title="Karajá language">Karajá</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language" title="Karajá language">Karajá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bororoan_languages" title="Bororoan languages">Borôro</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Umotina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umotina language">Umutína</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bororo_language" title="Bororo language">Boróro</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bororo_of_Caba%C3%A7al" title="Bororo of Cabaçal">Bororo of Cabaçal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Otuke_language" title="Otuke language">Otuke</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgotoqui_language" title="Gorgotoqui language">Gorgotoqui</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kariri_languages" title="Kariri languages">Karirí</a></i> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dzubuku%C3%A1_language" title="Dzubukuá language">Dzubukuá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamur%C3%BA_language" title="Kamurú language">Kamurú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kipe%C3%A1_language" title="Kipeá language">Kipeá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabuj%C3%A1_language" title="Sabujá language">Sabujá</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Purian_languages" title="Purian languages">Purian</a></i> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Corop%C3%B3_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Coropó language">Coropó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puri_language" title="Puri language">Puri</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maxakalí_language&oldid=1238284593">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maxakalí_language&oldid=1238284593</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maxakal%C3%ADan_languages" title="Category:Maxakalían languages">Maxakalían languages</a></li><li><a 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