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id="toc-Gramáticas_livres_de_contexto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gramáticas_livres_de_contexto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gramáticas livres de contexto</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gramáticas_livres_de_contexto-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Gramáticas livres de contexto</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gramáticas_livres_de_contexto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forma_Normal_de_Backus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forma_Normal_de_Backus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Forma Normal de Backus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forma_Normal_de_Backus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gramáticas_regulares" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gramáticas_regulares"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gramáticas regulares</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gramáticas_regulares-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hierarquia de Chomsky</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 36 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky-hi%C3%ABrargie" title="Chomsky-hiërargie — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chomsky-hiërargie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طبقات اللغات الصورية — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طبقات اللغات الصورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Йерархия на Чомски — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йерархия на Чомски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE" title="চম্‌স্কি স্তরক্রম — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চম্‌স্কি স্তরক্রম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomskyjeva_hijerarhija" title="Chomskyjeva hijerarhija — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Chomskyjeva hijerarhija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerarquia_de_Chomsky" title="Jerarquia de Chomsky — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jerarquia de Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsk%C3%A9ho_hierarchie" title="Chomského hierarchie — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chomského hierarchie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky-Hierarchie" title="Chomsky-Hierarchie — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chomsky-Hierarchie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A4%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Ιεραρχία Τσόμσκι — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιεραρχία Τσόμσκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy" title="Chomsky hierarchy — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chomsky hierarchy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerarqu%C3%ADa_de_Chomsky" title="Jerarquía de Chomsky — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jerarquía de Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%AA_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="وراثت چامسکی — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وراثت چامسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomskyn_hierarkia" title="Chomskyn hierarkia — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chomskyn hierarkia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C3%A9rarchie_de_Chomsky" title="Hiérarchie de Chomsky — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hiérarchie de Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="ההיררכיה של חומסקי — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ההיררכיה של חומסקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomskyjeva_hijerarhija" title="Chomskyjeva hijerarhija — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Chomskyjeva hijerarhija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerarchia_di_Chomsky" title="Gerarchia di Chomsky — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gerarchia di Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC%E9%9A%8E%E5%B1%A4" title="チョムスキー階層 — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チョムスキー階層" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჩომსკის იერარქია — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩომსკის იერარქია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Хомский иерархиясы — cazaque" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хомский иерархиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4_%EC%9C%84%EA%B3%84" title="촘스키 위계 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="촘스키 위계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchia_Chomskiana" title="Hierarchia Chomskiana — latim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hierarchia Chomskiana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Хиерархија на Чомски — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хиерархија на Чомски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomskyhi%C3%ABrarchie" title="Chomskyhiërarchie — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chomskyhiërarchie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomskyhierarkiet" title="Chomskyhierarkiet — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Chomskyhierarkiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomskyhierarkiet" title="Chomskyhierarkiet — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chomskyhierarkiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchia_Chomsky%E2%80%99ego" title="Hierarchia Chomsky’ego — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hierarchia Chomsky’ego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierarhia_Chomsky" title="Ierarhia Chomsky — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ierarhia Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Иерархия Хомского — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иерархия Хомского" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomskyjeva_hijerarhija" title="Chomskyjeva hijerarhija — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Chomskyjeva hijerarhija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy" title="Chomsky hierarchy — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chomsky hierarchy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsk%C3%A9ho_hierarchia" title="Chomského hierarchia — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chomského hierarchia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijerarhija_%C4%8Comskog" title="Hijerarhija Čomskog — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hijerarhija Čomskog" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky_hiyerar%C5%9Fisi" title="Chomsky hiyerarşisi — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chomsky hiyerarşisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ієрархія Чомскі — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ієрархія Чомскі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E8%B0%B1%E7%B3%BB" title="乔姆斯基谱系 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乔姆斯基谱系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190913#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div 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.tmbox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.tmbox img{max-width:none!important}</style><table class="box-Sem_fontes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Question_book.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Question_book.svg/40px-Question_book.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Question_book.svg/60px-Question_book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Question_book.svg/80px-Question_book.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="199" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Este artigo <b>não cita <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Verificabilidade" title="Wikipédia:Verificabilidade">fontes confiáveis</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Ajude a <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Cite_as_fontes" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes">inserir referências</a>. Conteúdo não <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Verificabilidade" title="Wikipédia:Verificabilidade">verificável</a> pode ser removido.—<small><i>Encontre fontes:</i> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/">ABW</a>  •  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br">CAPES</a>  •  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&as_epq=Hierarquia+de+Chomsky">Google</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=pt&tbm=nws&q=Hierarquia+de+Chomsky&oq=Hierarquia+de+Chomsky">N</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_epq=Hierarquia+de+Chomsky">L</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=pt&q=Hierarquia+de+Chomsky">A</a>)</span></small></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">Março de 2015</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Hierarquia_de_Chomsky.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hierarquia_de_Chomsky.PNG/350px-Hierarquia_de_Chomsky.PNG" decoding="async" width="350" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hierarquia_de_Chomsky.PNG/525px-Hierarquia_de_Chomsky.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Hierarquia_de_Chomsky.PNG 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Hierarquia de Chomsky</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hierarquia de Chomsky</b> é a classificação de gramáticas formais descrita em 1959 pelo linguista <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>. Esta classificação possui 4 níveis, sendo que os dois últimos níveis (os níveis 2 e 3) são amplamente utilizados na descrição de <a href="/wiki/Linguagem_de_programa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Linguagem de programação">linguagem de programação</a> e na implementação de <a href="/wiki/Interpretador" title="Interpretador">interpretadores</a> e <a href="/wiki/Compilador" title="Compilador">compiladores</a>. Mais especificamente, o nível 2 é utilizado em <a href="/wiki/An%C3%A1lise_sint%C3%A1tica_(computa%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Análise sintática (computação)">análise sintática (computação)</a> e o nível 3 em <a href="/wiki/An%C3%A1lise_l%C3%A9xica" title="Análise léxica">análise léxica</a>. </p><p>A classificação das gramáticas começa pelo tipo 0, com maior nível de liberdade em suas regras, e aumentam as restrições até o tipo 3. Cada nível é um super conjunto do próximo. Logo, uma gramática de tipo <i>n</i> é consequentemente uma linguagem de tipo <i>n - 1</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gramática_com_estrutura_de_frase"><span id="Gram.C3.A1tica_com_estrutura_de_frase"></span>Gramática com estrutura de frase</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarquia_de_Chomsky&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Gramática com estrutura de frase" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarquia_de_Chomsky&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Gramática com estrutura de frase"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica_com_estrutura_de_frase" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramática com estrutura de frase">Gramática com estrutura de frase</a></div> <p>Também conhecida como <b>Tipo 0</b>, são aquelas às quais nenhuma limitação é imposta. O <a href="/wiki/Universo" title="Universo">universo</a> das linguagens que se podem definir através dos mecanismos gerativos definidos pela gramática corresponde exatamente ao conjunto das linguagens que esta classe de gramática é capaz de gerar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gramáticas_sensíveis_ao_contexto"><span id="Gram.C3.A1ticas_sens.C3.ADveis_ao_contexto"></span>Gramáticas sensíveis ao contexto</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarquia_de_Chomsky&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Gramáticas sensíveis ao contexto" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarquia_de_Chomsky&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Gramáticas sensíveis ao contexto"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="/wiki/Gram%C3%A1ticas_sens%C3%ADveis_ao_contexto" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramáticas sensíveis ao contexto">Gramáticas sensíveis ao contexto</a></div> <p>Também conhecida como <b>Tipo 1</b>. Se as regras de substituição forem sujeitas à restrição de que nenhuma substituição possa reduzir o comprimento da forma sentencial à qual a substituição é aplicada, cria-se uma classe chamada <b>sensíveis ao contexto ou tipo 1</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gramáticas_livres_de_contexto"><span id="Gram.C3.A1ticas_livres_de_contexto"></span>Gramáticas livres de contexto</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarquia_de_Chomsky&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar secção: Gramáticas livres de contexto" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarquia_de_Chomsky&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Gramáticas livres de contexto"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="/wiki/Gram%C3%A1ticas_livres_de_contexto" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramáticas livres de contexto">Gramáticas livres de contexto</a></div> <p>Também conhecida como de <b>Tipo 2</b>, são aquelas em que é levantado o condicionamento das substituições impostas pelas regras definidas pelas produções. Este condicionamento é eliminado impondo às produções uma restrição adicional, que restringe as produções à forma geral </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\rightarrow \beta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>β</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\rightarrow \beta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a3517e4fc0ee8a19a56f9f2adee5edd9d6513620" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.689ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\rightarrow \beta }"></span> </p><p>onde <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\in V_{n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\in V_{n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/804ef41b72b9a619f76bd55e8461987122e65451" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.157ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\in V_{n}}"></span> e <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta \in (V_{n}\cup V_{t})^{*}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>∪</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta \in (V_{n}\cup V_{t})^{*}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1909c16537afc2de0fc57371c5cec8bad09df990" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.374ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta \in (V_{n}\cup V_{t})^{*}}"></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forma_Normal_de_Backus">Forma Normal de Backus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarquia_de_Chomsky&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar secção: Forma Normal de Backus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarquia_de_Chomsky&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Forma Normal de Backus"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="/wiki/Forma_Normal_de_Backus" class="mw-redirect" title="Forma Normal de Backus">Forma Normal de Backus</a></div> <p><b>Backus-Naur Form</b> ou somente BNF, é uma outra forma de representar as produções de <b>Gramáticas livres de contexto</b>. </p><p>Onde, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"></span> é substituído por ::= e os não terminais por <"nome" >. </p><p>Ela é usada para definir gramáticas com o lado esquerdo de cada regra composto por um único símbolo não terminal. </p> <pre>Exemplo: <Y> ::= y1 <Y> ::= y2  : <Y> ::= yn escreve-se: <Y> ::= y1| y2| ...| yn </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gramáticas_regulares"><span id="Gram.C3.A1ticas_regulares"></span>Gramáticas regulares</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarquia_de_Chomsky&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar secção: Gramáticas regulares" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarquia_de_Chomsky&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Gramáticas regulares"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="/wiki/Gram%C3%A1ticas_regulares" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramáticas regulares">Gramáticas regulares</a></div> <p>Também conhecida como de <b>Tipo 3</b>, é uma restrição sobre a forma das produções, pode-se criar uma nova classe de gramáticas de grande importância no estudo dos compiladores por possuírem propriedades adequadas para a obtenção de reconhecedores simples. Que também podem ser denominada de <a href="/wiki/Express%C3%A3o_regular" title="Expressão regular">Expressão regular</a>. </p> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" class="toccolours"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#ddd;"><a href="/wiki/Teoria_dos_aut%C3%B4matos" title="Teoria dos autômatos">Teoria de autômatos</a>: <a href="/wiki/Linguagem_formal" title="Linguagem formal">linguagem formal</a> e <a href="/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica_formal" title="Gramática formal">gramática formal</a> </th></tr> <tr align="left"> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hierarquia</a></b><br /><b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chomsky</a></b> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica_formal" title="Gramática formal">Gramática</a></b> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Linguagem_formal" title="Linguagem formal">Linguagem</a></b> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Reconhecedores" title="Reconhecedores">Reconhecedor</a></b> </th></tr> <tr align="left"> <td>Tipo-0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica_irrestrita" title="Gramática irrestrita">Irrestrita</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linguagem_de_recursividade_enumerada" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguagem de recursividade enumerada">Recursivamente enumerável</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_de_Turing" title="Máquina de Turing">Máquina de Turing</a> </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <td>-- </td> <td>-- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linguagem_recursiva" title="Linguagem recursiva">Recursiva</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_de_Turing_que_sempre_para" title="Máquina de Turing que sempre para">Máquina de Turing que sempre para</a> </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <td>Tipo-1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica_sens%C3%ADvel_ao_contexto" title="Gramática sensível ao contexto">Sensível ao contexto</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linguagem_sens%C3%ADvel_ao_contexto" title="Linguagem sensível ao contexto">Sensível ao contexto</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aut%C3%B4mato_linearmente_limitado" title="Autômato linearmente limitado">Autômato linearmente limitado</a> </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <td>Tipo-2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica_livre_de_contexto" title="Gramática livre de contexto">Livre de contexto</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linguagem_livre_de_contexto" title="Linguagem livre de contexto">Livre de contexto</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aut%C3%B4mato_de_pilha" class="mw-redirect" title="Autômato de pilha">Autômato com pilha</a> </td></tr> <tr align="left"> <td>Tipo-3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica_regular" title="Gramática regular">Regular</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linguagem_regular" title="Linguagem regular">Regular</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aut%C3%B4mato_finito" class="mw-redirect" title="Autômato finito">Autômato finito</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Noam_Chomsky" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Noam_Chomsky" title="Predefinição:Noam Chomsky"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Noam_Chomsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Noam Chomsky (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Noam_Chomsky&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Noam_Chomsky" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Hierarquia_de_Chomsky_*_&quot;Colorless_green_ideas_sleep_furiously&quot;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hierarquia de Chomsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Colorless_green_ideas_sleep_furiously" title="Colorless green ideas sleep furiously">Colorless green ideas sleep furiously</a>"</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bibliografia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguística</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_Structures" title="Syntactic Structures">Syntactic Structures</a></i> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Current_Issues_in_Linguistic_Theory" title="Current Issues in Linguistic Theory">Current Issues in Linguistic Theory</a></i> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aspects_of_the_Theory_of_Syntax" title="Aspects of the Theory of Syntax">Aspects of the Theory of Syntax</a></i> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Language_and_Mind" title="Language and Mind">Language and Mind</a></i> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_Pattern_of_English" title="The Sound Pattern of English">The Sound Pattern of English</a></i> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_Language" title="Reflections on Language">Reflections on Language</a></i> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Logical_Structure_of_Linguistic_Theory" title="The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory">The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory</a></i> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Government_and_Binding" title="Lectures on Government and Binding">Lectures on Government and Binding</a></i> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_Language" title="Knowledge of Language">Knowledge of Language</a></i> (1986)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Política</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/The_Responsibility_of_Intellectuals" title="The Responsibility of Intellectuals">The Responsibility of Intellectuals</a>" (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/American_Power_and_the_New_Mandarins" title="American Power and the New Mandarins">American Power and the New Mandarins</a></i> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Counter-Revolutionary_Violence" title="Counter-Revolutionary Violence">Counter-Revolutionary Violence</a></i> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fateful_Triangle" title="The Fateful Triangle">The Fateful Triangle</a></i> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent" title="Manufacturing Consent">Manufacturing Consent</a></i> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Necessary_Illusions" title="Necessary Illusions">Necessary Illusions</a></i> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Deterring_Democracy" title="Deterring Democracy">Deterring Democracy</a></i> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prosperous_Few_and_the_Restless_Many" title="The Prosperous Few and the Restless Many">The Prosperous Few and the Restless Many</a></i> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/World_Orders_Old_and_New" title="World Orders Old and New">World Orders Old and New</a></i> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_and_Liberal_Scholarship" title="Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship">Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship</a></i> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Hegemony_or_Survival" title="Hegemony or Survival">Hegemony or Survival</a></i> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Failed_States" title="Failed States">Failed States</a></i> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Requiem_for_the_American_Dream" title="Requiem for the American Dream">Requiem for the American Dream</a></i> (2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coleções</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Class_Warfare" title="Class Warfare">Class Warfare</a></i> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Illusions" title="Middle East Illusions">Middle East Illusions</a></i> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Ambitions" title="Imperial Ambitions">Imperial Ambitions</a></i> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Interventions" title="Interventions">Interventions</a></i> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gaza_in_Crisis" title="Gaza in Crisis">Gaza in Crisis</a></i> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/9-11_(Noam_Chomsky)" title="9-11 (Noam Chomsky)">9-11: Was There An Alternative?</a></i> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Making_the_Future" title="Making the Future">Making the Future</a></i> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Occupy" title="Occupy">Occupy</a></i> (2012)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Filmografia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Is_the_Man_Who_Is_Tall_Happy%3F" title="Is the Man Who Is Tall Happy?">Is the Man Who Is Tall Happy?</a></i> (2013)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Família</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Chomsky" title="William Chomsky">William Chomsky</a> (pai)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Chomsky" title="Carol Chomsky">Carol Chomsky</a> (esposa)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aviva_Chomsky" title="Aviva Chomsky">Aviva Chomsky</a> (filha)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtida de "<a dir="ltr" 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