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id="toc-Predecessors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_flutes_(1000–1400)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_flutes_(1000–1400)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Medieval flutes (1000–1400)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_flutes_(1000–1400)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_to_17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_to_17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Renaissance to 17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_to_17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traverso" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traverso"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Traverso</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traverso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boehm_flute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boehm_flute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Boehm flute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boehm_flute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th-century_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-century_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>19th-century variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-century_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modified_Boehm_flute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modified_Boehm_flute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modified Boehm flute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modified_Boehm_flute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Construction_and_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_and_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Construction and materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_and_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Head_joint_shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_joint_shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Head joint shape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_joint_shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tubing_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tubing_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Tubing materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tubing_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pad_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pad_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Pad materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pad_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keywork" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keywork"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Keywork</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keywork-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_options" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_options"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mechanical options</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_options-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Classical music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pop,_jazz,_and_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pop,_jazz,_and_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pop, jazz, and rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pop,_jazz,_and_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="mw-page-title-main">Western concert flute</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Querfl%C3%B6te" title="Querflöte – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Querflöte" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A" title="فلوت عرضي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلوت عرضي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%AD%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_fl%C3%A9tna" title="Příčná flétna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Příčná flétna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeharkako_txirula" title="Zeharkako txirula – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zeharkako txirula" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%98%EC%84%9C%ED%8A%B8_%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%ED%8A%B8" title="콘서트 플루트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콘서트 플루트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%86%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%BF%D5%A1" title="Համերգային ֆլեյտա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համերգային ֆլեյտա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seruling_konser_Barat" title="Seruling konser Barat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seruling konser Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Everflauta" title="Þverflauta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þverflauta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flauto_da_concerto" title="Flauto da concerto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Flauto da concerto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Querfl%C3%BCtt" title="Querflütt – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Querflütt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuvola" title="Fuvola – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fuvola" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="フルート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フルート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitu" title="Pitu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pitu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Современная флейта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Современная флейта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prie%C4%8Dna_flauta" title="Priečna flauta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Priečna flauta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C4%8Dna_flavta" title="Prečna flavta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prečna flavta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poikkihuilu" title="Poikkihuilu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Poikkihuilu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Флейта (поперечна) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Флейта (поперечна)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%AC%9B" title="长笛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="长笛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%AC%9B" title="长笛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="长笛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q209554#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Western+concert+flute%22">"Western concert flute"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Western+concert+flute%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Western+concert+flute%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Western+concert+flute%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Western+concert+flute%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Western+concert+flute%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Flute</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fl%C3%BBte_traversi%C3%A8re.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fl%C3%BBte_traversi%C3%A8re.png/250px-Fl%C3%BBte_traversi%C3%A8re.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fl%C3%BBte_traversi%C3%A8re.png/375px-Fl%C3%BBte_traversi%C3%A8re.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fl%C3%BBte_traversi%C3%A8re.png/500px-Fl%C3%BBte_traversi%C3%A8re.png 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f4bf92"><a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">Woodwind instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Transverse flute</li><li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_Boehm" title="Theobald Boehm">Boehm</a> flute</li><li>C flute</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edge-blown_aerophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge-blown aerophone">Edge-blown aerophone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">421.121.12<br />(open side-blown flute with fingerholes)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f4bf92"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Playing range</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Concert_flute_range.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Concert_flute_range.svg/200px-Concert_flute_range.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Concert_flute_range.svg/300px-Concert_flute_range.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Concert_flute_range.svg/400px-Concert_flute_range.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> The range of the standard C concert flute is C<sub>4</sub> to C<sub>7</sub>, although higher notes are possible. Some professional models may have a key for low B<sub>3</sub>.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f4bf92"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <a href="/wiki/Flute_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Flute family">Flute family</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">Piccolo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Treble_flute" title="Treble flute">Treble</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_flute" title="Soprano flute">Soprano</a></li><li><b>C flute</b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%BBte_d%27amour" title="Flûte d'amour">Flûte d'amour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alto_flute" title="Alto flute">Alto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_flute" title="Bass flute">Bass</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Contra-alto_flute" title="Contra-alto flute">Contra-alto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Contrabass_flute" title="Contrabass flute">Contrabass</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Subcontrabass_flute" title="Subcontrabass flute">Subcontrabass</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Double_contrabass_flute" class="mw-redirect" title="Double contrabass flute">Double Contrabass</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbass_flute" title="Hyperbass flute">Hyperbass</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Western concert flute</b> refers to both the family of <a href="/wiki/Transverse_flute" title="Transverse flute">transverse</a> (side-blown) <a href="/wiki/Woodwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodwind">woodwind</a> instruments made of metal or wood and its most common member. A musician who plays the flute is called a “flautist” in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, and a “flutist” in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This type of flute is used in many ensembles, including <a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">concert bands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">military bands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">marching bands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flute_choir" class="mw-redirect" title="Flute choir">flute ensembles</a>, and occasionally jazz combos and <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big bands</a>. Other flutes in this family include the <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alto_flute" title="Alto flute">alto flute</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bass_flute" title="Bass flute">bass flute</a>. A large <a href="/wiki/Flute_Repertoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Flute Repertoire">repertory of works</a> has been composed for flute. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predecessors">Predecessors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Predecessors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">Flute</a></div> <p>The flute is one of the oldest and most widely used wind instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precursors of the modern concert flute were keyless wooden transverse flutes similar to <a href="/wiki/Fife_(instrument)" title="Fife (instrument)">modern fifes</a>. These were later modified to include between one and eight keys for chromatic notes. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header"><a href="/wiki/Partita_in_A_minor_for_solo_flute_(Bach)" title="Partita in A minor for solo flute (Bach)">Partita for solo flute (BWV 1013)</a> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> performed on an 18th-century traverso by Alex Murray</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Traverso_-_1._Allemande.ogg" title="File:Bach - Partita For Solo Flute - Traverso - 1. Allemande.ogg">1. Allemande</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="249" data-mwtitle="Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Traverso_-_1._Allemande.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Traverso_-_1._Allemande.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Traverso_-_1._Allemande.ogg/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Traverso_-_1._Allemande.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Traverso_-_2._Courante.ogg" title="File:Bach - Partita For Solo Flute - Traverso - 2. Courante.ogg">2. Courante</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="170" data-mwtitle="Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Traverso_-_2._Courante.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Traverso_-_2._Courante.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Traverso_-_2._Courante.ogg/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Traverso_-_2._Courante.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Traverso_-_3._Sarabande.ogg" title="File:Bach - Partita For Solo Flute - Traverso - 3. Sarabande.ogg">3. Sarabande</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="200" data-mwtitle="Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Traverso_-_3._Sarabande.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Traverso_-_3._Sarabande.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Traverso_-_3._Sarabande.ogg/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Traverso_-_3._Sarabande.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Traverso_-_4._Bouree.ogg" title="File:Bach - Partita For Solo Flute - Traverso - 4. Bouree.ogg">4. Bourrée</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="119" data-mwtitle="Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Traverso_-_4._Bouree.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Traverso_-_4._Bouree.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Traverso_-_4._Bouree.ogg/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Traverso_-_4._Bouree.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>"Six-finger" D is the most common pitch for keyless wooden transverse flutes, which continue to be used today, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Irish traditional music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">historically informed performances</a> of early music, including <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a>. During the Baroque era the traditional transverse flute was redesigned and eventually developed as the modern <a href="#Traverso"><i>traverso</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_flutes_(1000–1400)"><span id="Medieval_flutes_.281000.E2.80.931400.29"></span>Medieval flutes (1000–1400)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medieval flutes (1000–1400)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries, transverse flutes were very uncommon in Europe, with the <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorder</a> being more prominent. The transverse flute arrived in Europe from Asia via the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, where it migrated to Germany and France. These flutes became known as "German flutes" to distinguish them from others, such as the recorder.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flute became used in court music, along with the <a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viol</a>, and was used in <a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">secular music</a>, although only in France and Germany. It would not spread to the rest of Europe for nearly a century. The first literary appearance of the transverse flute was made in 1285 by <a href="/wiki/Adenet_le_Roi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenet le Roi">Adenet le Roi</a> in a list of instruments he played. After this, a period of 70 years follows in which few references to the flute are found. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_to_17th_century">Renaissance to 17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Renaissance to 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in the 1470s, a <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military revival</a> in Europe led to a revival in the flute. The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss army">Swiss army</a> used flutes for signalling, and this helped the flute spread to all of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 16th century, flutes began to appear in court and theatre music (predecessors of the orchestra), and the first flute solos. </p><p>Following the 16th-century court music, flutes began appearing in <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber ensembles</a>. These flutes were often used as the <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> voice. However, flutes varied greatly in size and range. This made <a href="/wiki/Transposition_(music)" title="Transposition (music)">transposition</a> necessary, which led flautists to use Guidonian <a href="/wiki/Hexachord" title="Hexachord">hexachords</a> (used by singers and other musicians since their introduction in the 11th century) to transpose music more easily.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 16th and early 17th centuries in Europe, the transverse flute was available in several sizes, in effect forming a <a href="/wiki/Consort_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Consort music">consort</a> in much the same way recorders and other instruments were used in consorts. At this stage, the transverse flute was usually made in one section (or two for the larger sizes) and had a cylindrical bore. As a result, this flute had a rather soft sound and was used primarily in the "soft consort". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traverso">Traverso</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Traverso"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Traverso" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Traverso_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Traverso (disambiguation)">Traverso (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traverso_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Traverso_007.jpg/220px-Traverso_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Traverso_007.jpg/330px-Traverso_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Traverso_007.jpg/440px-Traverso_007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2414" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>A modern copy of an 18th-century French <i>traverso</i>, by flute-maker Boaz Berney</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> period, the transverse flute was redesigned. Now often called the <i>traverso</i> (from the Italian), it was made in three or four sections or joints (the head, upper-body, lower-body and foot joint).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the traverso was made with a conical bore from the head joint down.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conical bore design gave the flute a wider range and more penetrating sound without sacrificing the softer, expressive qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head joint of the traverso contains one embouchure hole across which air is blown. Additionally, the two body pieces (upper-body and lower-body) each contain three equally sized finger holes. There is one key on the baroque flute and it is on the foot-joint. This key is usually made out of <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traverso was made with a variety of materials including various types of wood, most often boxwood, as well as ivory and metal.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While very few flutes remain from the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> eras, many Baroque flutes have been preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The role of the flute began to change as well. During the Renaissance and Medieval eras, the flute was often only used in ensembles and group performances. With the onset of the Baroque era, the traverso began to take on a role as a <a href="/wiki/Soloist_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soloist (music)">soloist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Baroque era, composers began to write more music for the flute, such as <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a>, and even solos.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first written work for the solo traverso was a piece written by <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_la_Barre" title="Michel de la Barre">Michael de la Barre</a> entitled “Pièces pour la flute traversiere avec la basse-continue” in 1702.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable baroque flute composers include, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">Praetorius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Schütz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Rebille_Philbert" title="Philippe Rebille Philbert">Rebillé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantz" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantz">Quantz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach">J.S Bach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemann">Telemann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Blavet" title="Michel Blavet">Blavet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vivaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Martin_Hotteterre" title="Jacques-Martin Hotteterre">Hotteterre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handel" class="mw-redirect" title="Handel">Handel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from the composition of new music, several books were published during this time that dove into the study of the Baroque flute. In 1707, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Martin_Hotteterre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Martin Hotteterre">Jacques Martin Hotteterre</a> wrote the first method book on playing the flute: <i>Principes de la flûte traversière</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1730s brought an increase in operatic and chamber music feature of flutes. The end of this era found the publication of <i>Essay of a Method of Playing the Transverse Flute</i> by <a href="/wiki/Quantz" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantz">Quantz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flutes_and_recorders_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flutes_and_recorders_Berlin.jpg/220px-Flutes_and_recorders_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flutes_and_recorders_Berlin.jpg/330px-Flutes_and_recorders_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flutes_and_recorders_Berlin.jpg/440px-Flutes_and_recorders_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption>Various Baroque Flutes and Recorders in the Berlin Museum of Musical Instruments</figcaption></figure> <p>When compared to the modern flute, the Baroque flute requires less airflow, and produces much softer, mellower sounds: often blending in with other instruments in the orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, when compared to the modern flute, the baroque flute requires the player to adjust with each note in order to make sure it is in tune. More adjustments are needed when playing notes outside of the <a href="/wiki/D_major" title="D major">D major</a> scale. The flutist can change this pitch through small adjustments in the mouth and by turning the flute towards or away from the player.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This need for continued adjustment was alleviated with the creation of more modern flutes. </p><p>With the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic era</a>, flutes began to lose favor: symphony orchestras rather featured <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass</a> and <a href="/wiki/String_(music)" title="String (music)">strings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the 21st century has brought a rise in the popularity of the Baroque flute, most notably led by flutist <a href="/wiki/Barthold_Kuijken" title="Barthold Kuijken">Barthold Kuijken</a>, and others such as <a href="/wiki/Frans_Br%C3%BCggen" title="Frans Brüggen">Frans Bruggen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emi_Ferguson" title="Emi Ferguson">Emi Ferguson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Holtslag" title="Peter Holtslag">Peter Holtslag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These baroque flutists perform in popular <a href="/wiki/Baroque_orchestra" title="Baroque orchestra">Baroque orchestras</a> that travel the world playing music using Baroque instruments and performance techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_concert_flute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Western_concert_flute.jpg/300px-Western_concert_flute.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Western_concert_flute.jpg/450px-Western_concert_flute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Western_concert_flute.jpg/600px-Western_concert_flute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="64" /></a><figcaption>A 1911 illustration of a Western Classical Flute</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header"><a href="/wiki/Partita_in_A_minor_for_solo_flute_(Bach)" title="Partita in A minor for solo flute (Bach)">Partita for solo flute (BWV 1013)</a> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> performed on a modern flute by Scott Goff</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Modern_Flute_-_1._Allemande.ogg" title="File:Bach - Partita For Solo Flute - Modern Flute - 1. Allemande.ogg">1. Allemande</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="182" data-mwtitle="Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Modern_Flute_-_1._Allemande.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Modern_Flute_-_1._Allemande.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Modern_Flute_-_1._Allemande.ogg/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Modern_Flute_-_1._Allemande.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Modern_Flute_-_2._Courante.ogg" title="File:Bach - Partita For Solo Flute - Modern Flute - 2. Courante.ogg">2. Courante</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="157" data-mwtitle="Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Modern_Flute_-_2._Courante.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Modern_Flute_-_2._Courante.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Modern_Flute_-_2._Courante.ogg/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Modern_Flute_-_2._Courante.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Modern_Flute_-_3._Sarabande.ogg" title="File:Bach - Partita For Solo Flute - Modern Flute - 3. Sarabande.ogg">3. Sarabande</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="133" data-mwtitle="Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Modern_Flute_-_3._Sarabande.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Modern_Flute_-_3._Sarabande.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Modern_Flute_-_3._Sarabande.ogg/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Modern_Flute_-_3._Sarabande.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Modern_Flute_-_4._Bouree.ogg" title="File:Bach - Partita For Solo Flute - Modern Flute - 4. Bouree.ogg">4. Bourrée</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_7" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="82" data-mwtitle="Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Modern_Flute_-_4._Bouree.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Modern_Flute_-_4._Bouree.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Modern_Flute_-_4._Bouree.ogg/Bach_-_Partita_For_Solo_Flute_-_Modern_Flute_-_4._Bouree.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boehm_flute">Boehm flute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Boehm flute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boehm_system" title="Boehm system">Boehm system</a></div> <p>In the nineteenth century, the great flautist, composer, acoustician, and silversmith <a href="/wiki/Theobald_Boehm" title="Theobald Boehm">Theobald Boehm</a> began to make flutes. Keys were added to the flute, and the taper was changed to strengthen its lower register.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dimensions and key system of the modern western concert flute and its close relatives are strongly influenced by Boehm's design, which he patented in 1847. Minor additions to and variations on his key system are common, but the acoustical structure of the tube remains almost exactly as he designed it. Major innovations were the change to metal instead of wood, large straight tube bore, "parabolic" tapered headjoint bore, very large tone holes covered by keys, and the linked key system, which simplified fingering somewhat. The most substantial departures from Boehm's original description are the universal elimination of the "crutch" for the left hand and almost universal adoption of Briccialdi's thumb key mechanism and a closed-standing G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> key over an additional G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> tone hole.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boehm's <a href="/wiki/Boehm_system" title="Boehm system">key system</a>, with minor variations, remains regarded as the most effective system of any modern woodwind, allowing trained instrumentalists to perform with facility and extraordinary velocity and brilliance in all keys. </p><p>The modern flute has three <a href="/wiki/Octaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Octaves">octaves</a> plus C<sub>7</sub>–C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span><sub>7</sub>–D<sub>7</sub> in the fourth octave. Many modern composers used the high D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span><sub>7</sub> and, while such extremes are not commonly used, the modern flute can produce even higher notes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th-century_variants">19th-century variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th-century variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:327px;max-width:327px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Meyer and Giorgi flutes</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HF_Meyer_Flute_in_Case.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="H.F. Meyer flute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/HF_Meyer_Flute_in_Case.jpg/145px-HF_Meyer_Flute_in_Case.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/HF_Meyer_Flute_in_Case.jpg/218px-HF_Meyer_Flute_in_Case.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/HF_Meyer_Flute_in_Case.jpg/290px-HF_Meyer_Flute_in_Case.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">An early keyed H.F. Meyer all-wood construction flute in case</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Tommaso_Giorgi_and_his_Giorgi_flute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Carlo Tommaso Giorgi and his Giorgi flute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Carlo_Tommaso_Giorgi_and_his_Giorgi_flute.jpg/120px-Carlo_Tommaso_Giorgi_and_his_Giorgi_flute.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Carlo_Tommaso_Giorgi_and_his_Giorgi_flute.jpg/180px-Carlo_Tommaso_Giorgi_and_his_Giorgi_flute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Carlo_Tommaso_Giorgi_and_his_Giorgi_flute.jpg/240px-Carlo_Tommaso_Giorgi_and_his_Giorgi_flute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Carlo Tommaso Giorgi and his Giorgi flute. The flute was end-blown.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:52px;max-width:52px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giorgi_flute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Giorgi flute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Giorgi_flute.jpg/50px-Giorgi_flute.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Giorgi_flute.jpg/75px-Giorgi_flute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Giorgi_flute.jpg/100px-Giorgi_flute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="141" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Giorgi flute</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Meyer flute was a popular flute in the mid 19th century. Including and derived from the instruments built by H.F. Meyer from 1850 to the late 1890s, it could have up to 12 keys and was built with head joints of either metal-lined ivory or wood. The final form was a combination of a traditional keyed flute and the Viennese flute, and became the most common throughout Europe and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a>. This form had 12 keys, a body of wood, a head joint of metal and ivory, and was common at the end of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quite at the opposite end of the spectrum, in terms of the complexity of the key system developed by Boehm, was the <b>Giorgi flute</b>, an advanced form of the ancient holed flute. Patented in 1897, the Giorgi flute was designed without any mechanical keys, though the patent allows for the addition of keys as options. Giorgi enabled the performer to play equally true in all musical keys, as does the Boehm system. Giorgi flutes are now rarities, found in museums and private collections. The underlying principles of both flute patterns are virtually identical, with tone holes spaced as required to produce a fully chromatic scale. The player, by opening and closing holes, adjusts the effective length of the tube, and thus the rate of oscillation, which defines the audible pitch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modified_Boehm_flute">Modified Boehm flute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modified Boehm flute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Cooper_(flute_maker)" title="Albert Cooper (flute maker)">Albert Cooper</a> modified the Boehm flute to make playing modern music easier. The flute was tuned to A440, and the <a href="/wiki/Embouchure#Flute_embouchure" title="Embouchure"><i>embouchure</i> hole</a> was cut in a new way to change the <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>. These flutes became the most used flutes by professionals and amateurs.<sup id="cite_ref-wye_intone_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wye_intone-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Br%C3%B6gger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan Brögger (page does not exist)">Johan Brögger</a> modified the Boehm flute by fixing two major problems that had existed for nearly 150 years: maladjustment between certain keys and problems between the G and B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> keys. The result was non-rotating shafts, which gave a quieter sound and less friction on moving parts. Also, the modifications allowed for springs to be adjusted individually, and the flute was strengthened. The Brögger flute is only made by the <a href="/wiki/Brannen_Brothers" title="Brannen Brothers">Brannen Brothers</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Miyazawa Flutes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_musician_playing_transverse_flute_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/A_musician_playing_transverse_flute_2.jpg/220px-A_musician_playing_transverse_flute_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/A_musician_playing_transverse_flute_2.jpg/330px-A_musician_playing_transverse_flute_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/A_musician_playing_transverse_flute_2.jpg/440px-A_musician_playing_transverse_flute_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A flautist playing a Western concert flute</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tv%C3%A4rfl%C3%B6jt_-_1987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tv%C3%A4rfl%C3%B6jt_-_1987.jpg/220px-Tv%C3%A4rfl%C3%B6jt_-_1987.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tv%C3%A4rfl%C3%B6jt_-_1987.jpg/330px-Tv%C3%A4rfl%C3%B6jt_-_1987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tv%C3%A4rfl%C3%B6jt_-_1987.jpg/440px-Tv%C3%A4rfl%C3%B6jt_-_1987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>A craftsman takes a break and plays his flute.</figcaption></figure> <p>The flute is a transverse (or side-blown) woodwind instrument that is closed at the blown end. It is played by blowing a stream of air over the <i>embouchure</i> hole. The pitch is changed by opening or closing keys that cover circular <a href="/wiki/Tone_hole" title="Tone hole">tone holes</a> (there are typically 16 tone holes). Opening and closing the holes produces higher and lower pitches. Higher pitches can also be achieved through over-blowing, like most other woodwind instruments. The direction and intensity of the airstream also affects the pitch, timbre, and dynamics. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a> is also commonly used in Western orchestras and bands. <a href="/wiki/Alto_flute" title="Alto flute">Alto flutes</a>, pitched a fourth below the standard flute, and <a href="/wiki/Bass_flute" title="Bass flute">bass flutes</a>, an octave below, are also used occasionally. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Range_flute.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Range_flute.png/220px-Range_flute.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Range_flute.png/330px-Range_flute.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Range_flute.png/440px-Range_flute.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>(B<sub>3</sub>) <b>C<sub>4</sub>–C<sub>7</sub></b> (F<sub>7</sub>)</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>(B<sub>3</sub>) <b>C<sub>4</sub>–C<sub>7</sub></b> (F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span><sub>7</sub>)</dd></dl> <p>The standard concert flute, also called <i>C flute</i>, <i>Boehm flute</i>, <i>silver flute</i>, or simply <i>flute</i>, is pitched in C and has a potential range of three and a half octaves starting from the note C<sub>4</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle C">middle C</a>). The flute's highest pitch is usually given as C<sub>7</sub> or (in more modern flute literature) D<sub>7</sub>. More experienced flautists are able to reach up to F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span><sub>7</sub>, but notes above D<sub>7</sub> are difficult to produce. Modern flutes may have a longer foot joint, a <i>B-footjoint</i>, with an extra key to reach B<sub>3</sub>. </p><p>From high to low, the <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_western_concert_flute_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the western concert flute family">members</a> of the concert flute family include the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">Piccolo</a> in C or D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treble_flute" title="Treble flute">Treble flute</a> in G</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_flute" title="Soprano flute">Soprano flute</a> in E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></li> <li>Concert flute in C, described above</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%BBte_d%27amour" title="Flûte d'amour">Flûte d'amour</a> (also called <i>tenor flute</i>) in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, A, or A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_flute" title="Alto flute">Alto flute</a> in G</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_flute" title="Bass flute">Bass flute</a> in C</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra-alto_flute" title="Contra-alto flute">Contra-alto flute</a> in G</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrabass_flute" title="Contrabass flute">Contrabass flute</a> in C (also called <i>octobass flute</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcontrabass_flute" title="Subcontrabass flute">Subcontrabass flute</a> in G (also called <i>double contra-alto flute</i>) or C (also called <i>double contrabass flute</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_contrabass_flute" class="mw-redirect" title="Double contrabass flute">Double contrabass flute</a> in C (also called <i>octocontrabass flute</i> or <i>subcontrabass flute</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbass_flute" title="Hyperbass flute">Hyperbass flute</a> in C</li></ul> <p>Each of the above instruments has its own range. The piccolo reads music in C (like the standard flute), but sounds one octave higher. The alto flute is in the key of G, and the low register extends to the G below middle C; its highest note is a high G (4 <a href="/wiki/Ledger_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ledger lines">ledger lines</a> above the treble staff). The bass flute is an octave lower than the concert flute, and the contrabass flute is an octave lower than the bass flute. </p><p>Less commonly seen flutes include the treble flute in G, pitched one octave higher than the alto flute; soprano flute, between the treble and concert; and tenor flute or flûte d'amour in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, A or A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> pitched between the concert and alto. </p><p>Flutes pitched lower than the bass flute were developed in the 20th century. These include the <a href="/wiki/Contra-alto_flute" title="Contra-alto flute">contra-alto flute</a> (pitched in G, one octave below the alto), the <a href="/wiki/Subcontrabass_flute" title="Subcontrabass flute">subcontrabass flute</a> (pitched in G, two octaves below the alto), and the <a href="/wiki/Double_contrabass_flute" class="mw-redirect" title="Double contrabass flute">double contrabass flute</a> (pitched in C, one octave below the contrabass). The flute sizes other than the concert flute and piccolo are sometimes called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harmony_flutes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harmony flutes (page does not exist)">harmony flutes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_and_materials">Construction and materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Construction and materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flute-in-case-takedown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flute-in-case-takedown.jpg/220px-Flute-in-case-takedown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flute-in-case-takedown.jpg/330px-Flute-in-case-takedown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flute-in-case-takedown.jpg/440px-Flute-in-case-takedown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>A closed hole beginner Yamaha FL211 flute in case</figcaption></figure> <p>Concert flutes have three parts: the <i>headjoint</i>, <i>body</i>, and <i>foot joint</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The headjoint is sealed by a cork (or plug that may be made out of various plastics, metals, or less commonly woods). It is possible to make fine adjustments to tuning by adjusting the headjoint cork, but usually it is left in the factory-recommended position around 17.3 mm (0.68 in) from the centre of the <i>embouchure</i> hole for best scale. Gross, temporary adjustments of pitch are made by moving the headjoint in and out of the headjoint tenon. The flautist makes fine or rapid adjustments of pitch and timbre by adjusting the <i>embouchure</i> and/or position of the flute in relation to himself or herself, i.e., side and out. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flute_parts_illustration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flute_parts_illustration.svg/770px-Flute_parts_illustration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="770" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flute_parts_illustration.svg/1155px-Flute_parts_illustration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flute_parts_illustration.svg/1540px-Flute_parts_illustration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption>Labelled parts of a French model (open-hole) flute with a B-foot joint.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Crown – the cap at the end of the head joint that unscrews to expose the cork and helps keep the head joint cork positioned at the proper depth.</li> <li>Lip plate – the part of the head joint that contacts the player's lower lip, allowing positioning and direction of the air stream.</li> <li>Riser – the metal section that raises the lip plate from the head joint tube.</li> <li>Head joint – the top section of the flute, it has the tone hole/lip plate where the player initiates the sound by blowing air across the opening.</li> <li>Body – the middle section of the flute with the majority of the keys.</li> <li>Closed-hole – a fully covered finger key.</li> <li>Open-hole – a finger key with a perforated center.</li> <li>Pointed arms – arms connecting the keys to the rods, which are pointed and extend to the keys' centers. These are found on more expensive flutes.</li> <li>French model – a flute with pointed French-style arms and open-hole keys, as distinguished from the plateau style with closed holes.</li> <li>Inline G – the standard position of the left-hand G (third-finger) key – in line with the first and second keys.</li> <li>Offset G – a G key extended to the side of the other two left-hand finger keys (along with the G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> key), making it easier to reach and cover effectively.</li> <li>Split E mechanism – a system whereby the second G key (positioned below the G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> key) is closed when the right middle-finger key is depressed, enabling a clearer third octave E; omitted from many intermediate- and professional flutes, as it can reduce the tonal quality of the third-octave F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> (F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span><sub>6</sub>).</li> <li>Trill keys – two small teardrop shaped keys between the right-hand keys on the body; the first enables an easy C–D trill, and the second enables C–D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>. A–B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> lever or "trill" key is located in line directly above the right first-finger key. An optional C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> trill key that facilitates the trill from B to C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> is sometimes found on intermediate- and professional flutes. The two trill keys are also used in playing the high B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> and B.</li> <li>Foot joint – the last section of the flute (played farthest towards the right).</li> <li>C foot – a foot joint with a lowest note of middle C (C<sub>4</sub>); typical on student flutes.</li> <li>B foot – a foot joint with a lowest note of B below middle C (B<sub>3</sub>), which is an option for intermediate and professional flutes.</li> <li>D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> roller – an optional feature added to the E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> key on the foot joint, facilitating the transition between E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>/D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> and D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>/C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, and C.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gizmo_key" title="Gizmo key">Gizmo key</a>" – an optional key on the B foot joint that helps play C<sub>7</sub>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Head_joint_shape">Head joint shape</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Head joint shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flute_with_musicial_notes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flute_with_musicial_notes.jpg/300px-Flute_with_musicial_notes.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flute_with_musicial_notes.jpg/450px-Flute_with_musicial_notes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flute_with_musicial_notes.jpg/600px-Flute_with_musicial_notes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4548" data-file-height="3291" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of part of the body and the C-foot joint. The instrument features plateau keys with Y-arms, trill keys, and soldered tone holes. The image depicts the D-key adjustment screw, and needle springs.<sup id="cite_ref-wcf-howtofix_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wcf-howtofix-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The head-joint tube is tapered slightly towards the closed end. Theobald Boehm described the shape of the taper as parabolic. Examination of his flutes did not reveal a true parabolic curve, but the taper is more complex than a truncated cone. The head joint is the most difficult part to construct because the lip plate and tone hole have critical dimensions, edges, and angles that vary slightly between manufacturers and in individual flutes, especially where they are handmade. </p><p>Head joint geometry appears particularly critical to acoustic performance and tone,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is no clear consensus on a particular shape amongst manufacturers. Acoustic impedance of the <i>embouchure</i> hole appears to be the most critical parameter.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critical variables affecting this acoustic impedance include: chimney length (the hole between lip-plate and head tube), chimney diameter, and radiuses or curvature of the ends of the chimney. Generally, the shorter the hole, the more quickly a flute can be played; the longer the hole, the more complex the tone. Finding a particularly good example of a flute is dependent on play-testing. Head joint upgrades are usually suggested as a way to improve the tone of an instrument. </p><p>Cheaper student models may be purchased with a curved head to allow younger children with shorter arms to play them.<sup id="cite_ref-G4M_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G4M-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tubing_materials">Tubing materials</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tubing materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Less expensive flutes are usually constructed of <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal_polishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal polishing">polished</a> and then silver-plated and <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquered</a> to prevent <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>, or silver-plated <a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">nickel silver</a> (nickel-bronze <a href="/wiki/Bell_metal" title="Bell metal">bell metal</a>, 63% <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a>, 29% <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a>, 5.5% <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a>, 1.25% <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a>, .75% <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a>, alloyed <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a>). Flutes that are more expensive are usually made of more precious metals, most commonly solid <a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">sterling silver</a> (92.5% silver), and other alloys including French silver (95% silver, 5% copper), "<a href="/wiki/Coin_silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Coin silver">coin silver</a>" (90% silver), or <a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a> (95.8% silver). It is reported<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that old Louis Lot French flutes have a particular sound by nature of their specific silver alloy. Gold/silver flutes are even more expensive. They can be either gold on the inside and silver on the outside, or vice versa. All-gold and all-platinum flutes also exist. Flutes can also be made out of wood, with African blackwood (grenadilla or <i><a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">Dalbergia melanoxylon</a></i>) being the most common today. <a href="/wiki/Cocuswood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocuswood">Cocuswood</a> was formerly used, but this is hard to obtain today.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wooden flutes were far more common before the early 20th century. The silver flute was introduced by Boehm in 1847, but did not become common until later in the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/William_S._Haynes" title="William S. Haynes">William S. Haynes</a>, a flute manufacturer in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, told <a href="/wiki/Georges_Barr%C3%A8re" title="Georges Barrère">Georges Barrère</a> that in 1905 he made one silver flute to every 100 wooden flutes, but in the 1930s, he made one wooden flute to every 100 silver flutes.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unusual tubing materials include <a href="/wiki/Glass_flute" title="Glass flute">glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber">carbon fiber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professionals tend to play more expensive flutes. However, the idea that different materials can significantly affect sound quality is under some contention, and some argue that different metals make less difference in sound quality than different flautists playing the same flute. Even <a href="/wiki/Powell_Flutes" title="Powell Flutes">Verne Q. Powell</a>, a flute-maker, admitted (in <i>Needed: A Gold Flute or a Gold Lip?</i><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) that "As far as tone is concerned, I contend that 90 percent of it is the man behind the flute". </p><p>Most metal flutes are made of alloys that contain significant amounts of copper or silver. These alloys are biostatic because of the <a href="/wiki/Oligodynamic_effect" title="Oligodynamic effect">oligodynamic effect</a> and thus suppress growth of unpleasant <a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">molds</a>, fungi, and bacteria. </p><p>Good quality flutes are designed to prevent or reduce <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_corrosion" title="Galvanic corrosion">galvanic corrosion</a> between the tube and key mechanism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pad_materials">Pad materials</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pad materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tone holes are stopped by pads constructed of fish skin (gold-beater's skin) over felt or silicone rubber on some very low-cost or "ruggedized" flutes. Accurate shimming of pads on professional flutes to ensure pad sealing is very demanding of technician time. In the traditional method, pads are seated on paper shims sealed with <a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">shellac</a>. A recent development is "precision" pads fitted by a factory-trained technician. Student flutes are more likely to have pads bedded in thicker materials like wax or hot-melt glue. Larger-sized closed-hole pads are also held in with screws and washers. Synthetic pads appear more water-resistant but may be susceptible to mechanical failure (cracking).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Keywork">Keywork</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Keywork"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The keys can be made of the same or different metals as the tubing, nickel silver keys with silver tubing, for example. Flute key axles (or "steels") are typically made of drill rod or stainless steel. These mechanisms need periodic disassembly, cleaning, and relubrication, typically performed by a trained technician, for optimal performance. James Phelan, a flute maker and engineer, recommends single-weight motor oil (SAE 20 or 30) as a key lubricant demonstrating superior performance and reduced wear, in preference to commercial key oils).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The keywork is constructed by lost-wax castings and machining, with mounting posts and ribs silver-soldered to the tube. On the best flutes, the castings are forged to increase their strength. </p><p>Most keys have needle springs made of <a href="/wiki/Phosphor_bronze" title="Phosphor bronze">phosphor bronze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> alloy. The B thumb keys typically have flat springs. Phosphor bronze is by far the most common material for needle springs because it is relatively inexpensive, makes a good spring, and is resistant to corrosion. Unfortunately, it is prone to metal fatigue. Stainless steel also makes a good spring and is resistant to corrosion. Gold springs are found mostly in high-end flutes because of gold's cost.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_options">Mechanical options</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mechanical options"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamaha_Flute_YFL-372_372H_foot_comparison.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Yamaha_Flute_YFL-372_372H_foot_comparison.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Yamaha_Flute_YFL-372_372H_foot_comparison.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Yamaha_Flute_YFL-372_372H_foot_comparison.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Yamaha_Flute_YFL-372_372H_foot_comparison.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Yamaha_Flute_YFL-372_372H_foot_comparison.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Yamaha_Flute_YFL-372_372H_foot_comparison.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="2369" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of a C foot and a B foot (right)</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> thumb key</dt> <dd>The B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> thumb key (invented and pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Briccialdi" title="Giulio Briccialdi">Briccialdi</a>) is considered standard today.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Open hole keys versus plateau keys</dt> <dd>Open-hole "French model" flutes have circular holes in the centers of five of the keys.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These holes are covered by the fingertips when the keys are depressed. Open-hole flutes are frequently chosen by concert-level flautists, although this preference is less prevalent in Germany, Italy, and Eastern Europe. Students may use temporary plugs to cover the holes until they can reliably cover the holes with the fingertips. Some flautists claim that open-hole keys permit louder and clearer sound projection in the lower <a href="/wiki/Register_(music)" title="Register (music)">register</a>. Open-hole keys are needed for traditional Celtic music and other ethnic styles and some modern concert pieces that require harmonic overtones or "breathy" sounds. They can also facilitate alternate fingerings, "<a href="/wiki/Extended_technique" title="Extended technique">extended techniques</a>" such as <a href="/wiki/Quarter-tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarter-tone">quarter-tones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glissando" title="Glissando">glissando</a>, and multiphonics. Closed holes (plateau keys) permit a more relaxed hand position for some flautists, which can help their playing.</dd> <dt>Offset G versus in-line G keys</dt> <dd>All of Boehm's original models had offset G keys, which are mechanically simpler, and permit a more relaxed hand position, especially for flautists with small hands. Some players prefer the hand position of the in-line G.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many years there was a misperception that inline G was for "professional" flutes while offset G was for "student" models, but this stereotype has been largely debunked.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Split E</dt> <dd>The split E modification makes the third octave E (E<sub>6</sub>) easier to play for some flautists. A less expensive option is the "low G insert".</dd> <dt>B foot</dt> <dd>The B foot extends the range of the flute down one semitone to B<sub>3</sub> (the B below middle C).</dd> <dt>Gizmo key</dt> <dd>Some flutes with a B foot have a "<a href="/wiki/Gizmo_key" title="Gizmo key">gizmo key</a>": a device that allows closure of the B tone hole independently of the C and C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> keys. The gizmo key makes C<sub>7</sub> easier to play.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Trill keys</dt> <dd>The three standard trill keys permit rapid alternation between two notes with disparate standard fingerings: lowest, middle, and highest trill keys ease C–D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, C–D, and B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>–A, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some higher notes (third-octave B and B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> and most fourth-octave notes) also require use of the two lower trill keys. A fourth so-called C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> trill key is an increasingly popular option available on many flutes. It is named after one of its uses, to ease the B to C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> trill, but it also allows some trills and tremolos that are otherwise very difficult, such as high G to high A.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another way of trilling G<sub>6</sub>–A<sub>6</sub> is a dedicated high G–A trill key.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> roller</dt> <dd>Some models offer a D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> roller option, or even an optional pair of parallel rollers on the D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> and C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> keys, that ease motion of the right little finger on, for example, low C to D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>.</dd> <dt>Soldered tone holes</dt> <dd>Tone-holes may be either drawn (by pulling the tube material outwards) or soldered (cutting a hole in the tube and soldering an extra ring of material on). Soldered tone-holes are thought by some to improve tone, but generally cost more.</dd> <dt>Scale and pitch</dt> <dd>The standard pitch has varied widely over history,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this has affected how flutes are made.<sup id="cite_ref-wye_intone_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wye_intone-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the standard <a href="/wiki/Concert_pitch" title="Concert pitch">concert pitch</a> today is A<sub>4</sub> = 440 Hz, many manufacturers optimize the tone hole size/spacings for higher pitch options such as A<sub>4</sub> = 442 Hz or A<sub>4</sub> = 444 Hz. (As noted above, adjustments to the pitch of one note, usually the A<sub>4</sub> fingering, can be made by moving the headjoint in and out of the headjoint tenon, but the point here is that the mechanical relationship of A<sub>4</sub> to all other pitches is set when the tone holes are cut. However, small deviations from the objective 'mechanical' pitch (which is related to acoustic impedance of a given fingering) can be improvised by <i>embouchure</i> adjustments.)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_for_flute" title="List of compositions for flute">List of compositions for flute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flute_choir#Repertoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Flute choir">Flute choir § Repertoire</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_music">Classical music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flute_concerto" title="Flute concerto">Flute concerto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flute_quartet" class="mw-redirect" title="Flute quartet">Flute quartet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flute_sonata" title="Flute sonata">Flute sonata</a></div> <p>An early version of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/La_tempesta_di_mare_(flute_concerto)" title="La tempesta di mare (flute concerto)">La tempesta di mare</a></i> flute concerto was possibly written around 1713–1716, and would thus have been the first concerto for the instrument, as well as the earliest scoring of a high F<sub>6</sub>, a problematic note for the Baroque flute of that period.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pop,_jazz,_and_rock"><span id="Pop.2C_jazz.2C_and_rock"></span>Pop, jazz, and rock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pop, jazz, and rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ian_Anderson_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ian_Anderson_2.jpg/190px-Ian_Anderson_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ian_Anderson_2.jpg/285px-Ian_Anderson_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ian_Anderson_2.jpg/380px-Ian_Anderson_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ian_Anderson_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Anderson (musician)">Ian Anderson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jethro_Tull_(band)" title="Jethro Tull (band)">Jethro Tull</a> playing a flute</figcaption></figure> <p>Flutes were rarely used in early <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>. Drummer and bandleader <a href="/wiki/Chick_Webb" title="Chick Webb">Chick Webb</a> was among the first to use flutes in jazz, beginning in the late 1930s. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wess" title="Frank Wess">Frank Wess</a> was among the first noteworthy flautists in jazz, in the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (September 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since Theobald Boehm's fingering is used in saxophones as well as in concert flutes, many flute players "double" on saxophone for jazz and small ensembles and vice versa. </p><p>Since 1950, a number of notable performers have used flutes in jazz. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Foster_(jazz_musician)" title="Frank Foster (jazz musician)">Frank Foster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wess" title="Frank Wess">Frank Wess</a> (<a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Basie band</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Richardson" title="Jerome Richardson">Jerome Richardson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thad_Jones/Mel_Lewis_Big_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Big Band">Jones/Lewis big band</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Lew_Tabackin" title="Lew Tabackin">Lew Tabackin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Toshiko_Akiyoshi_%E2%80%93_Lew_Tabackin_Big_Band" title="Toshiko Akiyoshi – Lew Tabackin Big Band">Akiyoshi/Tabackin big band</a>) used flutes in big band contexts. In small band contexts, notable performers included <a href="/wiki/Bud_Shank" title="Bud Shank">Bud Shank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Mann" title="Herbie Mann">Herbie Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yusef_Lateef" title="Yusef Lateef">Yusef Lateef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanie_De_Biasio" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanie De Biasio">Mélanie De Biasio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Farrell" title="Joe Farrell">Joe Farrell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rahsaan_Roland_Kirk" title="Rahsaan Roland Kirk">Rahsaan Roland Kirk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lloyd_(jazz_musician)" title="Charles Lloyd (jazz musician)">Charles Lloyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Laws" title="Hubert Laws">Hubert Laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moe_Koffman" title="Moe Koffman">Moe Koffman</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/Modal_jazz" title="Modal jazz">modal jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">avant-garde jazz</a> performers have utilized the flute including <a href="/wiki/Eric_Dolphy" title="Eric Dolphy">Eric Dolphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rivers_(jazz_musician)" title="Sam Rivers (jazz musician)">Sam Rivers</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Spaulding" title="James Spaulding">James Spaulding</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jethro_Tull_(band)" title="Jethro Tull (band)">Jethro Tull</a> is probably the best-known rock group to make regular use of the flute, which is played by its frontman, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Anderson_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Anderson (musician)">Ian Anderson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alto flute is briefly heard in <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> song "<a href="/wiki/You%27ve_Got_to_Hide_Your_Love_Away" title="You've Got to Hide Your Love Away">You've Got to Hide Your Love Away</a>", played by John Scott. The Beatles would later feature a flute more prominently in their single "<a href="/wiki/Penny_Lane" title="Penny Lane">Penny Lane</a>". </p><p>Other groups that have used the flute in pop and rock songs include <a href="/wiki/The_Moody_Blues" title="The Moody Blues">The Moody Blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_(band)" title="Chicago (band)">Chicago</a>, Australian groups <a href="/wiki/Men_at_Work" title="Men at Work">Men at Work</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Gizzard_%26_the_Lizard_Wizard" title="King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard">King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard</a>, the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> group <a href="/wiki/Harmonium_(band)" title="Harmonium (band)">Harmonium</a>, Dutch bands <a href="/wiki/Focus_(band)" title="Focus (band)">Focus</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Golden_Earring" title="Golden Earring">Golden Earring</a>, and the British groups <a href="/wiki/Traffic_(band)" title="Traffic (band)">Traffic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genesis_(band)" title="Genesis (band)">Genesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gong_(band)" title="Gong (band)">Gong</a> (although its flautist/saxophonist <a href="/wiki/Didier_Malherbe" title="Didier Malherbe">Didier Malherbe</a> was French), <a href="/wiki/Hawkwind" title="Hawkwind">Hawkwind</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Crimson" title="King Crimson">King Crimson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camel_(band)" title="Camel (band)">Camel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Graaf_Generator" title="Van der Graaf Generator">Van der Graaf Generator</a>. </p><p>American singer <a href="/wiki/Lizzo" title="Lizzo">Lizzo</a> is also well known for playing the flute. Her instrument is named Sasha Flute, which has its own <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> account.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flute_makers" title="List of flute makers">List of flute makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute_method" title="Flute method">Flute method</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://writingexplained.org/flutist-or-flautist-correct">"Flutist or Flautist – Which is Correct?"</a>. <i>Writing Explained</i>. 23 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40569">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flute&rft.series=Oxford+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40569&rft.aulast=Montagu&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Brown%2C+Howard+Mayer&rft.au=Frank%2C+Jaap&rft.au=Powell%2C+Ardal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReisenweaver2011" class="citation journal cs1">Reisenweaver, Anna (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15385%2Fjmo.2011.2.1.2">"The Development of the Flute as a Solo Instrument from the Medieval to the Baroque Era"</a>. <i>Musical Offerings</i>. <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">11–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15385%2Fjmo.2011.2.1.2">10.15385/jmo.2011.2.1.2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2330-8206">2330-8206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Musical+Offerings&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+Flute+as+a+Solo+Instrument+from+the+Medieval+to+the+Baroque+Era&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15385%2Fjmo.2011.2.1.2&rft.issn=2330-8206&rft.aulast=Reisenweaver&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15385%252Fjmo.2011.2.1.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2001" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Ardal (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28275"><i>Transverse flute</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Markshep.com&rft.atitle=Finding+Your+Flute+%28How+to+Choose%2C+Rent%2C+Buy+a+New+or+Used+Flute%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.markshep.com%2Fflute%2FFinding.html%23Wooden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldman, Edwin Franko (1934). <i>Band Betterment</i>. Carl Fischer Inc. New York. p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToff1996" class="citation book cs1">Toff, Nancy (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCSanDD4CtsC&pg=PA20"><i>The flute book: a complete guide for students and performer</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510502-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510502-5"><bdi>978-0-19-510502-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+flute+book%3A+a+complete+guide+for+students+and+performer&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510502-5&rft.aulast=Toff&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCSanDD4CtsC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigbee1974" class="citation magazine cs1">Higbee, Dale (1974). "Needed: A Gold Flute or a Gold Lip". <i>Woodwind World</i>. Vol. 13, no. 3. p. 22;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Woodwind+World&rft.atitle=Needed%3A+A+Gold+Flute+or+a+Gold+Lip&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Higbee&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span> quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToff1996" class="citation book cs1">Toff, Nancy (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCSanDD4CtsC&q=woodwind+world+13+1974&pg=PA89">"Chapter 7: Tone"</a>. <i>The Flute Book</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">89–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195105025" title="Special:BookSources/9780195105025"><bdi>9780195105025</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Tone&rft.btitle=The+Flute+Book&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780195105025&rft.aulast=Toff&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCSanDD4CtsC%26q%3Dwoodwind%2Bworld%2B13%2B1974%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phelan 2001, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toff, Nancy (1996). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCSanDD4CtsC">The Flute Book: A Complete Guide for Students and Performers</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, page 56. New York: Oxford University Press US. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-510502-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-510502-8">0-19-510502-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larrykrantz.com/faqflute.htm#2127">"What kind of flute option is best, open or closed hole?"</a>. <i>Larrykrantz.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Larrykrantz.com&rft.atitle=What+kind+of+flute+option+is+best%2C+open+or+closed+hole%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.larrykrantz.com%2Ffaqflute.htm%232127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2025">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larrykrantz.com/faqflute.htm#2125">"Which is better, Offset or In-Line G?"</a>. <i>Larrykrantz.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Larrykrantz.com&rft.atitle=Which+is+better%2C+Offset+or+In-Line+G%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.larrykrantz.com%2Ffaqflute.htm%232125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2025">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://miyazawa.com/">"Miyazawa Flutes - Experience The Colors of Sound"</a>. <i>Miyazawa.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miyazawa.com&rft.atitle=Miyazawa+Flutes+-+Experience+The+Colors+of+Sound&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmiyazawa.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNancy_Toff1996" class="citation book cs1">Nancy Toff (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCSanDD4CtsC&q=Nancy%20Toff%20The%20Flute%20Book&pg=PA24"><i>The flute book: a complete guide for students and performers</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510502-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510502-5"><bdi>978-0-19-510502-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+flute+book%3A+a+complete+guide+for+students+and+performers&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510502-5&rft.au=Nancy+Toff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCSanDD4CtsC%26q%3DNancy%2520Toff%2520The%2520Flute%2520Book%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wfg.woodwind.org/flute/index.html">"Flute and Piccolo Fingering Charts - The Woodwind Fingering Guide"</a>. <i>Wfg.woodwind.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wfg.woodwind.org&rft.atitle=Flute+and+Piccolo+Fingering+Charts+-+The+Woodwind+Fingering+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wfg.woodwind.org%2Fflute%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Johnson" class="citation web cs1">Edward Johnson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809232454/http://www.brannenflutes.com/ctrill.html">"The C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> Trill"</a>. <i>Brannenflutes.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brannenflutes.com/ctrill.html">the original</a> on 9 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brannenflutes.com&rft.atitle=The+C%3Cspan+class%3D%22music-symbol%22+style%3D%22font-family%3A+Arial+Unicode+MS%2C+Lucida+Sans+Unicode%3B%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22music-sharp%22%3E%26%23x266f%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+Trill&rft.au=Edward+Johnson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brannenflutes.com%2Fctrill.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330085032/http://sankyoflute.com/e/catalog/options.html#mecha">"Sankyo Flutes, mechanical options"</a>. <i>Sankyoflutes.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sankyoflute.com/e/catalog/options.html#mecha">the original</a> on 30 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sankyoflutes.com&rft.atitle=Sankyo+Flutes%2C+mechanical+options&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sankyoflute.com%2Fe%2Fcatalog%2Foptions.html%23mecha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larrykrantz.com/faqindx2.htm#2131">"redirector: Larry Krantz Flute Pages"</a>. <i>Larrykrantz.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Larrykrantz.com&rft.atitle=redirector%3A+Larry+Krantz+Flute+Pages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.larrykrantz.com%2Ffaqindx2.htm%232131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFPowell2008">Powell, Ardal. "Vivaldi's Flutes: Federico Maria Sardelli, <i>Vivaldi's Music for Flute and Recorder</i>, trans. by Michael Talbot (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007)". <i>Early Music</i> 36, no. 1 (February 2008): 120–22.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p136958">Scott Yanow: Frank Wess – Biography</a></i> (at allmusic.com)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611120539/http://jethrotull.com/musicians/iananderson/equipment.html#flutes">"Ian Anderson's equipment, flutes"</a>. <i>Jethrotull.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jethrotull.com/musicians/iananderson/equipment.html#flutes">the original</a> on 11 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jethrotull.com&rft.atitle=Ian+Anderson%27s+equipment%2C+flutes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jethrotull.com%2Fmusicians%2Fiananderson%2Fequipment.html%23flutes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2019" class="citation web cs1">Schwartz, Danny (8 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vulture.com/2019/02/lizzos-flute-sasha-flute-is-the-most-legendary-flute.html">"Lizzo's Flute, Sasha Flute, Is the Most Legendary Flute of All Time"</a>. <i>Vulture</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vulture&rft.atitle=Lizzo%27s+Flute%2C+Sasha+Flute%2C+Is+the+Most+Legendary+Flute+of+All+Time&rft.date=2019-02-08&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vulture.com%2F2019%2F02%2Flizzos-flute-sasha-flute-is-the-most-legendary-flute.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_2">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoehm1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theobald_Boehm" title="Theobald Boehm">Boehm, Theobald</a> (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flutefluteplayin00bh"><i>The Flute and Flute-Playing in Acoustical, Technical, and Artistic Aspects</i></a></span>. Dayton C. Miller (trans.). New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-21259-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-21259-9"><bdi>0-486-21259-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flute+and+Flute-Playing+in+Acoustical%2C+Technical%2C+and+Artistic+Aspects&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-486-21259-9&rft.aulast=Boehm&rft.aufirst=Theobald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflutefluteplayin00bh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKachmarchyk2008" class="citation book cs1">Kachmarchyk, Vladimir (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mosconsv.ru/publications.aspx?p_pageAlias=Pub&pub_id=122992"><i>German flute art in XVIII-XIX centuries</i></a>. Donetsk: Yugo-Vostok. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-7271-44-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-7271-44-2"><bdi>978-966-7271-44-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+flute+art+in+XVIII-XIX+centuries&rft.place=Donetsk&rft.pub=Yugo-Vostok&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-966-7271-44-2&rft.aulast=Kachmarchyk&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosconsv.ru%2Fpublications.aspx%3Fp_pageAlias%3DPub%26pub_id%3D122992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhelan2001" class="citation book cs1">Phelan, James (2001). <i>The Complete Guide to the Flute and Piccolo</i>. Burkart-Phelan, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9703753-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9703753-0-1"><bdi>0-9703753-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Guide+to+the+Flute+and+Piccolo&rft.pub=Burkart-Phelan%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-9703753-0-1&rft.aulast=Phelan&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ardal_Powell" title="Ardal Powell">Powell, Ardal, Dr</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flutehistory.com/">"FluteHistory.com"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FluteHistory.com&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Ardal%2C+Dr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flutehistory.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRockstro1890" class="citation book cs1">Rockstro, Richard Shepherd (1890). <i>A Treatise on the Construction, the History and the Practice of the Flute, Including a Sketch of the Elements of Acoustics, and Critical Notices of Sixty Celebrated Flute-Players</i>. London: Rudall, Carte and Co., Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+the+Construction%2C+the+History+and+the+Practice+of+the+Flute%2C+Including+a+Sketch+of+the+Elements+of+Acoustics%2C+and+Critical+Notices+of+Sixty+Celebrated+Flute-Players&rft.pub=London%3A+Rudall%2C+Carte+and+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Rockstro&rft.aufirst=Richard+Shepherd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span> Second Edition, London: Rudall, Carte and Co., Ltd., 1928. Reprint of the second edition, in four volumes, Buren: Frits Knuf, 1986.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToff1996" class="citation book cs1">Toff, Nancy (1996). <i>The Flute Book: A Complete Guide for Students and Performers</i> (second ed.). Oxford; New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flute+Book%3A+A+Complete+Guide+for+Students+and+Performers&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Toff&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+concert+flute" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_concert_flute&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Western_concert_flutes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Western concert flutes">Western concert flutes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flutehistory.com">FluteHistory.com</a> A comprehensive history of the transverse flute in Western music</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/dcmhtml/dmhome.html">The Dayton C. Miller Flute Collection</a>, many pictures of flutes through the ages, among other useful information</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130105153722/http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/Galway-Flute-Chat/">Sir James Galway's Flute Chat</a> Moderated flute discussion forum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larrykrantz.com">Larry Krantz Flute Pages</a>, wide range of flute related information contributed by many professional flute players</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jennifercluff.com/articles.htm">Jennifer Cluff Flute Articles</a>, extensive list of articles on hard-to-find flute topics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6Ts2z9tXg8"><span class="plainlinks">Introducing the Baroque Flute</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ninaflute#g/p">Nina Perlove YouTube Channel</a>, teaching tips, performances, vlogs, etc.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.FluteInfo.com">FluteInfo</a> Contains fingering charts, performance articles, free sheet music and other musical information</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wfg.woodwind.org/flute/">The Woodwind Fingering Guide</a>, large, easy-to-navigate listing of flute fingerings</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/music/flute/">Flute Acoustics</a>, a scientific explanation of flute acoustics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flute.fingerings.info">The Virtual Flute</a>, immense database of standard and alternative fingerings, including quarter-tones and multiphonics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.mac.com/johnwion/vibrato.html">Vibrato</a>, an essay including a collection of normal speed and slowed down audio clip of various vibrato techniques.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc_num=osu1211871566">An Illustrated Basic Flute Repair Manual for Professionals</a> PDF of Thesis for Doctor of Musical Arts by Horng-Jiun Lin, M.Mus.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.FluteTunes.com">FluteTunes.com</a> Database of free sheet music for the flute</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/Special:CategoryWalker/Scores_featuring_the_flute/">IMSLP/Petrucci Music Library</a> Public domain sheet music – Scores featuring the Flute</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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selflink">Concert flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%BBte_d%27amour" title="Flûte d'amour">Flûte d'amour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_flute" title="Alto flute">Alto flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_flute" title="Bass flute">Bass flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra-alto_flute" title="Contra-alto flute">Contra-alto flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrabass_flute" title="Contrabass flute">Contrabass flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcontrabass_flute" title="Subcontrabass flute">Subcontrabass flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbass_flute" title="Hyperbass flute">Hyperbass flute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8F8FF;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_flautists" title="List of flautists">Flutists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flautists" title="List of flautists">List of flautists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Anderson" title="Ian Anderson">Ian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Baker" title="Julius Baker">Julius Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Barr%C3%A8re" title="Georges Barrère">Georges Barrère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Barsky" title="Tim Barsky">Tim Barsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bennett_(flautist)" title="William Bennett (flautist)">William Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Blau" title="Andreas Blau">Andreas Blau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_Boehm" title="Theobald Boehm">Theobald Boehm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Briccialdi" title="Giulio Briccialdi">Giulio Briccialdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Carte" title="Richard Carte">Richard Carte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine_Coppola" title="Carmine Coppola">Carmine Coppola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_De_Lorenzo" title="Leonardo De Lorenzo">Leonardo De Lorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dick_(flautist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Dick (flautist)">Robert Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_Dufour" title="Mathieu Dufour">Mathieu Dufour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fleury" title="Louis Fleury">Louis Fleury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Flury" title="Dieter Flury">Dieter Flury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gabriel" title="Peter Gabriel">Peter Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Galway" title="James Galway">James Galway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Gaubert" title="Philippe Gaubert">Philippe Gaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Gazzelloni" title="Severino Gazzelloni">Severino Gazzelloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viviana_Guzman" class="mw-redirect" title="Viviana Guzman">Viviana Guzman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Martin_Hotteterre" title="Jacques-Martin Hotteterre">Jacques-Martin Hotteterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastian_Jacot" title="Sébastian Jacot">Sébastian Jacot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahsaan_Roland_Kirk" title="Rahsaan Roland Kirk">Rahsaan Roland Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_K%C3%B6hler" title="Ernesto Köhler">Ernesto Köhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Landrus" title="Brian Landrus">Brian Landrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Langevin" title="Robert Langevin">Robert Langevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Laws" title="Hubert Laws">Hubert Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbie_Mann" title="Herbie Mann">Herbie Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Marion" title="Alain Marion">Alain Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarre_McGill" title="Demarre McGill">Demarre McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Moyse" title="Louis Moyse">Louis Moyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Moyse" title="Marcel Moyse">Marcel Moyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Newton" title="James Newton">James Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicholson_(flautist)" title="Charles Nicholson (flautist)">Charles Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Pahud" title="Emmanuel Pahud">Emmanuel Pahud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Pattillo" title="Greg Pattillo">Greg Pattillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz" title="Johann Joachim Quantz">Johann Joachim Quantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Rampal" title="Jean-Pierre Rampal">Jean-Pierre Rampal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rangell" title="Nelson Rangell">Nelson Rangell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Robison" title="Paula Robison">Paula Robison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Karl-Heinz Schütz">Karl-Heinz Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Taffanel" title="Paul Taffanel">Paul Taffanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Torres" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestor Torres">Nestor Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransom_Wilson" title="Ransom Wilson">Ransom Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Z%C3%B6ller" title="Karlheinz Zöller">Karlheinz Zöller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8F8FF;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_flute_makers" title="List of flute makers">Flute makers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brannen_Brothers" title="Brannen Brothers">Brannen Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Cooper_(flute_maker)" title="Albert Cooper (flute maker)">Albert Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Haynes" title="William S. Haynes">Haynes Flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinhardt" title="Gemeinhardt">Gemeinhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Band_Instruments" title="Jupiter Band Instruments">Jupiter Band Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muramatsu_Flutes" title="Muramatsu Flutes">Muramatsu Flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powell_Flutes" title="Powell Flutes">Powell Flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankyo_Flute_Company" title="Sankyo Flute Company">Sankyo Flute Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8F8FF;">Ensembles and<br />compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flute_concerto" title="Flute concerto">Flute concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute_ensemble" title="Flute ensemble">Flute ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute_method" title="Flute method">Flute method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute_quartet" class="mw-redirect" title="Flute quartet">Flute quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute_sonata" title="Flute sonata">Flute sonata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_for_flute" title="List of compositions for flute">List of compositions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8F8FF;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_system" title="Albert system">Albert system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boehm_system" title="Boehm system">Boehm system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute_beatboxing" title="Flute beatboxing">Flute beatboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Flute_School" title="French Flute School">French Flute School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gizmo_key" title="Gizmo key">Gizmo key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_flute" title="Jazz flute">Jazz flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Flute_Association" title="National Flute Association">National Flute Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_system_flute" title="Simple system flute">Simple system flute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209554#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata614" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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