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interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_nil%C3%B3tiques_meridionales" title="Llingües nilótiques meridionales – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües nilótiques meridionales" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_nilotek_ar_su" title="Yezhoù nilotek ar su – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù nilotek ar su" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdnilotische_Sprachen" title="Südnilotische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südnilotische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subgroup of the Nilotic language family</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: gold;">Southern Nilotic</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">western <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Eastern Sudanic languages">Eastern Sudanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Southern Eastern Sudanic languages">Southern Eastern</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Southern Nilotic</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_languages" title="Kalenjin languages">Kalenjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omotik_language" title="Omotik language">Omotik</a>–<a href="/wiki/Datooga_language" title="Datooga language">Datooga</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: gold;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sout2830">sout2830</a></code></samp></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Southern Nilotic languages</b> are spoken mainly in western <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> (with one of them, <a href="/wiki/Kupsabiny_language" title="Kupsabiny language">Kupsabiny</a> or Sapiny, being spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Ugandan</a> side of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Elgon" title="Mount Elgon">Mount Elgon</a>). They form a division of the larger <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic language family</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Western_Nilotic_languages" title="Western Nilotic languages">Western Nilotic languages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Nilotic_languages" title="Eastern Nilotic languages">Eastern Nilotic languages</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Nilotic_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Southern Nilotic languages are generally divided into two groups, <a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_languages" title="Kalenjin languages">Kalenjin</a> and Tatogoa, although there is some uncertainty as to the internal coherence of the Kalenjin branch. Southern Nilotic languages appear to have been influenced considerably by <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a>) languages.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kalenjin languages are spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_people" title="Kalenjin people">Kalenjin people</a>. This family spreads all around <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> and to some of <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. The Tatoga languages consist of the <a href="/wiki/Omotik_language" title="Omotik language">Omotik language</a> and of the larger <a href="/wiki/Datooga_language" title="Datooga language">Datooga language</a>, or more fitting, Datooga dialect cluster.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_languages" title="Kalenjin languages">Kalenjin</a> (see)</li> <li>Tatoga: <a href="/wiki/Omotik_language" title="Omotik language">Omotik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datooga_language" title="Datooga language">Datooga</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Nilotic_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Kalenjin</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elgon_languages" title="Elgon languages">Elgon languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kupsabiny_language" title="Kupsabiny language">Kupsabiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaot_language" title="Sabaot language">Sabaot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandi%E2%80%93Markweta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi–Markweta">Nandi–Markweta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipsigis_language" title="Kipsigis language">Kipsigis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okiek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Okiek language">Okiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6koot_language" title="Pökoot language">Pökoot</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Tatogoa</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datooga_language" title="Datooga language">Datooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omotik_language" title="Omotik language">Omotik</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Nilotic_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proto-Kalenjin has been reconstructed by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Rottland" title="Franz Rottland">Franz Rottland</a> (1979).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cushitic_influences">Cushitic influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Nilotic_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cushitic influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, Southern Nilotic has undergone extensive contact with a "missing" branch of <a href="/wiki/East_Cushitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Cushitic languages">East Cushitic</a> that Heine (1979) refers to as <i>Baz</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guldemann_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guldemann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proto-Baz reconstructions proposed by Heine (1979),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with notes about corresponding East Cushitic and Proto-East Cushitic forms from Sasse (1979):<sup id="cite_ref-Sasse79_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sasse79-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gloss</th> <th>Proto-Baz</th> <th>Proto-East Cushitic</th> <th>Example cognates </th></tr> <tr> <td>bat</td> <td>*rɛɛrɛɛʕ </td></tr> <tr> <td>bell</td> <td>*kor </td></tr> <tr> <td>bovine, male</td> <td>*aʀ</td> <td>*ʔawr- 'large male animal'</td> <td>Saho and Somali <i>awr</i>, Oromo <i>ooroo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>calf</td> <td>*maʀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>cow dung, mud</td> <td>*zig </td></tr> <tr> <td>curse (n.)</td> <td>*hab-</td> <td>*hab-aar- 'to curse'</td> <td>Saho and Oromo <i>abaar</i>, Somali <i>habaar</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>eat, to</td> <td>*am </td></tr> <tr> <td>eight</td> <td>*siziet </td></tr> <tr> <td>ewe, virgin</td> <td>*subeen </td></tr> <tr> <td>feathers, fur</td> <td>*goro- </td></tr> <tr> <td>fifty</td> <td>*konom</td> <td>*ken- 'five'</td> <td>Konso <i>ken</i>, Oromo <i>shani</i>, Somali <i>shan</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fingernail, claw</td> <td>*ʕidd </td></tr> <tr> <td>forty</td> <td>*afaram</td> <td>*ʔafar- 'four'</td> <td>Afar <i>affara</i>, Somali <i>afar</i>, Oromo <i>afur</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>goat, male</td> <td>*quar- </td></tr> <tr> <td>goat/sheep, young</td> <td>*maqal </td></tr> <tr> <td>grass</td> <td>*ʕaus</td> <td>*ʕawš- ~ *ʕayš-</td> <td>Afar <i>qayso</i>, Somali <i>caws</i>, Oromo <i>ees</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>head</td> <td>*mɛtɛħ</td> <td>*matħ-</td> <td>Arbore <i>mete</i>, Somali <i>madax</i>, Oromo <i>mataa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>honey</td> <td>*malab</td> <td>*malab-</td> <td>Afar–Saho and Somali <i>malab</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hundred</td> <td>*boqol</td> <td>*bokʼl-</td> <td>Saho <i>bool</i>, Somali <i>boqol</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lake, sea</td> <td>*baz</td> <td>*baz-</td> <td>Afar–Saho and Somali <i>bad</i>, Daasanach <i>baz</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>look, to</td> <td>*ilaal</td> <td>*ʔil-aal-, derivative<br />from *ʔil- 'eye'</td> <td>Saho and Oromo <i>ilaal</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lost, to get</td> <td>*bod</td> <td>*bad-</td> <td>Afar–Saho, Somali and Oromo <i>bad-</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>louse</td> <td>*insir </td></tr> <tr> <td>lover</td> <td>*saani </td></tr> <tr> <td>nine</td> <td>*sagaal</td> <td></td> <td>Afar and Somali <i>sagaal</i>, Oromo <i>sagal</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pot, clay</td> <td>*ɖeri </td></tr> <tr> <td>rain</td> <td>*roob</td> <td>*roob-</td> <td>Oromo <i>rooba</i>, Somali <i>roob</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>red</td> <td>*buri- </td></tr> <tr> <td>scratch, to</td> <td>*quut </td></tr> <tr> <td>see, to</td> <td>*kas </td></tr> <tr> <td>seven</td> <td>*tizzaba</td> <td></td> <td>Arbore <i>tuzba</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>six</td> <td>*lVħ</td> <td>*liħ</td> <td>Daasanach <i>li</i>, Oromo <i>jaha</i>, Somali <i>lix</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>smoke</td> <td>*iʀi </td></tr> <tr> <td>spear</td> <td>*tor </td></tr> <tr> <td>suck, to</td> <td>*nug</td> <td>*nuug-</td> <td>Oromo <i>luug</i>, Rendille <i>nug</i>, Somali <i>nuug</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ten</td> <td>*tamman</td> <td>*tomman</td> <td>Arbore <i>tomon</i>, Saho <i>tamman</i>, Somali <i>toban</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>thirty</td> <td>*sozzom</td> <td>*sezħ- 'three'</td> <td>Arbore <i>sezze</i>, Oromo <i>sadii', Somali </i>saddex<i></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Nilotic_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kenya" title="Languages of Kenya">Languages of Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tanzania" title="Languages of Tanzania">Languages of Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Uganda" title="Languages of Uganda">Languages of Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serengeti-Dorobo_language" title="Serengeti-Dorobo language">Serengeti-Dorobo language</a>, of which at least the numeral system is Southern or Eastern Nilotic</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:List_of_Proto-Southern_Nilotic_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Southern Nilotic reconstructions">List of Proto-Southern Nilotic reconstructions</a> (Wiktionary)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Nilotic_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rottland, Franz (1982) <i>Die Südnilotischen Sprachen: Beschreibung, Vergleichung und Rekonstruktion</i> (Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik vol. 7). Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rottland, Franz. 1979. The reconstruction of proto-Kalenjin. (Papers from the Inst. of African Studies (IAS), 128.) Nairobi: Institute of African Studies, University of Nairobi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guldemann-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guldemann_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGüldemann2018" class="citation book cs1">Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). <i>The Languages and Linguistics of Africa</i>. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110421668-002">10.1515/9783110421668-002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042606-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042606-9"><bdi>978-3-11-042606-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+linguistics+and+genealogical+language+classification+in+Africa&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Africa&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=The+World+of+Linguistics+series&rft.pages=58-444&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110421668-002&rft.isbn=978-3-11-042606-9&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCldemann&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Nilotic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heine, Bernd, Franz Rottland & Rainer Voßen. 1979. Proto-Baz: Some aspects of early Nilotic-Cushitic contacts. <i>Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika</i> 1. 75‒92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sasse79-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sasse79_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSasse1979" class="citation journal cs1">Sasse, Hans-Jürgen (1979). "Consonant Phonemes of Proto East Cushitic". <i>Afro-Asiatic Linguistics</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 1–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Afro-Asiatic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Consonant+Phonemes+of+Proto+East+Cushitic&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-57&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Sasse&rft.aufirst=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Nilotic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Template:Eastern Sudanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Template talk:Eastern Sudanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Sudanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Sudanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Eastern Sudanic languages">Eastern Sudanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the proposed <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan language family</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Northern_k_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Northern Eastern Sudanic languages">Northern <i>k</i> languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Nubian_languages" title="Nubian languages">Nubian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Birgid_language" title="Birgid language">Birgid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongolawi_language" title="Dongolawi language">Dongolawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenzi_language" title="Kenzi language">Kenzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midob_language" title="Midob language">Midob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Nubian language">Old Nubian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hill_Nubian_languages" title="Hill Nubian languages">Hill Nubian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dair_language" title="Dair language">Dair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilling_language" title="Dilling language">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Hugeirat_language" title="El Hugeirat language">El Hugeirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulfan_language" title="Ghulfan language">Ghulfan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haraza_language" title="Haraza language">Haraza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadaru_language" title="Kadaru language">Kadaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karko_language_(Sudan)" title="Karko language (Sudan)">Karko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali_language_(Sudan)" title="Wali language (Sudan)">Wali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Nara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nara_language" title="Nara language">Nara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Nyima_languages" title="Nyima languages">Nyima</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afitti_language" title="Afitti language">Afitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyimang_language" title="Nyimang language">Nyimang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Taman_languages" title="Taman languages">Taman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mararit_language" title="Mararit language">Mararit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miisiirii_language" title="Miisiirii language">Miisiirii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungor_language" title="Sungor language">Sungor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tama_language" title="Tama language">Tama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Southern_n_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Southern Eastern Sudanic languages">Southern <i>n</i> languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Surmic_languages" title="Surmic languages">Surmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majang_language" title="Majang language">Majang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwegu_language" title="Kwegu language">Kwegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%CA%BCen_language" title="Meʼen language">Meʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mursi_language" title="Mursi language">Mursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri_language" title="Suri language">Suri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baale_language" title="Baale language">Baale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didinga_language" title="Didinga language">Didinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murle_language" title="Murle language">Murle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laarim_language" title="Laarim language">Laarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennet_language" title="Tennet language">Tennet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Jebel_languages" title="Eastern Jebel languages">Eastern Jebel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaam_language" title="Gaam language">Gaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelo_language" title="Kelo language">Kelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molo_language" title="Molo language">Molo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillok_language" title="Sillok language">Sillok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Temein_languages" title="Temein languages">Temein</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keiga_Jirru_language" title="Keiga Jirru language">Keiga Jirru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temein_language" title="Temein language">Temein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tese_language" title="Tese language">Tese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Daju_languages" title="Daju languages">Daju</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logorik_language" title="Logorik language">Logorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_language" title="Shatt language">Shatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beigo_language" title="Beigo language">Beigo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daju_Mongo_language" title="Daju Mongo language">Daju Mongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyolge_language" title="Nyolge language">Nyolge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyala_language_(Sudan)" title="Nyala language (Sudan)">Nyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sila_language_(Chad)" title="Sila language (Chad)">Sila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large group listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Nilotic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic languages</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Nilotic_languages" title="Eastern Nilotic languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bari_language" title="Bari language">Bari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuku_dialect" title="Kuku dialect">Kuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandari_dialect" title="Mandari dialect">Mandari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teso%E2%80%93Turkana_languages" title="Teso–Turkana languages">Teso–Turkana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamojong_language" title="Karamojong language">Karamojong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teso_language" title="Teso language">Teso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toposa_language" title="Toposa language">Toposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkana_language" title="Turkana language">Turkana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyangatom_language" title="Nyangatom language">Nyangatom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lotuko</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongotono_language" title="Dongotono language">Dongotono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lango_language_(South_Sudan)" title="Lango language (South Sudan)">Lango (South Sudan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokoya_language" title="Lokoya language">Lokoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopit_language" title="Lopit language">Lopit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuho_language" title="Otuho language">Otuho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maa_languages" title="Maa languages">Ongamo–Maa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_language" title="Maasai language">Maasai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngasa_language" title="Ngasa language">Ngasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samburu_language" title="Samburu language">Samburu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilchamus_people#Language" title="Ilchamus people">Camus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Nilotic_languages" title="Western Nilotic languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dinka–Nuer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_language" title="Dinka language">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuer_language" title="Nuer language">Nuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel_language" title="Reel language">Reel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luo_languages" title="Luo languages">Luo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anuak_language" title="Anuak language">Anuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Bor_language" title="Belanda Bor language">Belanda Bor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jur_language" title="Jur language">Jur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4ri_language" title="Päri language">Päri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_language" title="Shilluk language">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuri_language" title="Thuri language">Thuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Luo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Luo language">Southern Luo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_dialect" title="Acholi dialect">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhola_dialect" title="Adhola dialect">Adhola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alur_language" title="Alur language">Alur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholuo" title="Dholuo">Dholuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumam_dialect" title="Kumam dialect">Kumam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lango_language_(Uganda)" title="Lango language (Uganda)">Lango (Uganda)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burun_languages" title="Burun languages">Burun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burun_language" title="Burun language">Northern Burun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Burun_language" title="Southern Burun language">Southern Burun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_languages" title="Kalenjin languages">Kalenjin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elgon_languages" title="Elgon languages">Elgon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kupsabiny_language" title="Kupsabiny language">Kupsabiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaot_language" title="Sabaot language">Sabaot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nandi%E2%80%93Markweta_languages" title="Nandi–Markweta languages">Nandi–Markweta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keiyo_language" title="Keiyo language">Keiyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipsigis_language" title="Kipsigis language">Kipsigis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markwet_language" title="Markwet language">Markwet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naandi_language" title="Naandi language">Naandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terik_language" title="Terik language">Terik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugen_language" title="Tugen language">Tugen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Okiek–Mosiro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogiek_language" title="Ogiek language">Ogiek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pökoot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6koot_language" title="Pökoot language">Pökoot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Omotik–Datooga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datooga_language" title="Datooga language">Datooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omotik_language" title="Omotik language">Omotik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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