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<li id="toc-Newfoundland_(and_Labrador)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newfoundland_(and_Labrador)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Newfoundland (and Labrador)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newfoundland_(and_Labrador)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nova_Scotia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nova_Scotia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Nova Scotia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nova_Scotia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loyalists:_New_Brunswick,_Quebec_and_Ontario" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loyalists:_New_Brunswick,_Quebec_and_Ontario"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Loyalists: New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loyalists:_New_Brunswick,_Quebec_and_Ontario-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontario" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontario"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Ontario</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontario-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Quebec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Columbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Columbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>British Columbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Columbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alberta,_Manitoba_and_Saskatchewan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alberta,_Manitoba_and_Saskatchewan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alberta,_Manitoba_and_Saskatchewan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nunavut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nunavut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Nunavut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nunavut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twentieth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Twentieth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twentieth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographical distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Provinces_and_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provinces_and_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Provinces and territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provinces_and_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ethnic composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heroes,_heroines_and_national_myths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heroes,_heroines_and_national_myths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Heroes, heroines and national myths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heroes,_heroines_and_national_myths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="كنديون إنجليز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كنديون إنجليز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anql-Kanadal%C4%B1lar" title="Anql-Kanadalılar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Anql-Kanadalılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglocanadienses" title="Anglocanadienses – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anglocanadienses" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadiens_anglais" title="Canadiens anglais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Canadiens anglais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C%EA%B3%84_%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B8" title="잉글랜드계 캐나다인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잉글랜드계 캐나다인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Inggris_Kanada" title="Orang Inggris Kanada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Inggris Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ағылшын канадалықтары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ағылшын канадалықтары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglakalbiai_kanadie%C4%8Diai" title="Anglakalbiai kanadiečiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anglakalbiai kanadiečiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-canadiano" title="Anglo-canadiano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anglo-canadiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="English Canadians" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglokana%C4%91ani" title="Anglokanađani – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Anglokanađani" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngiliz_Kanadal%C4%B1lar" title="İngiliz Kanadalılar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İngiliz Kanadalılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%96" title="Англо-канадці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Англо-канадці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Canada_g%E1%BB%91c_Anh" title="Người Canada gốc Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Canada gốc Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E8%A3%94%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%BA" title="英格兰裔加拿大人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英格兰裔加拿大人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2935829#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Canadians of English ethnic origin and heritage</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For language dialects, see <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian 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ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/English_Canadians" title="Special:EditPage/English Canadians">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:English_Canadians" title="Talk:English Canadians">talk 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class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22English+Canadians%22">"English Canadians"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22English+Canadians%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22English+Canadians%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22English+Canadians%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22English+Canadians%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22English+Canadians%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">English Canadians</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Canadiens anglais</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Canadian_population_by_census_division.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/English_Canadian_population_by_census_division.svg/220px-English_Canadian_population_by_census_division.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/English_Canadian_population_by_census_division.svg/330px-English_Canadian_population_by_census_division.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/English_Canadian_population_by_census_division.svg/440px-English_Canadian_population_by_census_division.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1032" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><div style="text-align: center">English Canadians as percent of population by census division.</div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>6,263,880</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(by ancestry)</span><sup id="cite_ref-population2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>17.2%</b> of the total Canadian population (2021)<br /><br /><b><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 31.63 million</span></b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(English-speaking Canadians)</span><sup id="cite_ref-english2021_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-english2021-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>87.1%</b> of the total Canadian population (2021)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Throughout <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, minority in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English Americans</a> and other <a href="/wiki/English_diaspora" title="English diaspora">English diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish Canadians</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Canadians_of_English_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadians of English descent">British Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Canadians" title="Old Stock Canadians">Old Stock Canadians</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/150px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/225px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/300px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/English_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="English culture">Culture</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/English_music_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="English music (disambiguation)">Music</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">Language</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/English_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="English dance">Dance</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_people" title="List of English people">People</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Diaspora</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">United States</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="English Australian">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="English Argentine">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Chilean" class="mw-redirect" title="English Chilean">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people_in_Paraguay" title="English people in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_settlement_in_Nicaragua" title="English settlement in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_New_Zealanders" title="English New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_people" title="Template:English people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_people" title="Template talk:English people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>English Canadians</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Canadiens anglais</i>), or <b>Anglo-Canadians</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Anglo-canadiens</i>), refers to either <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> of <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> ethnic origin and heritage or to English-speaking or Anglophone Canadians of any ethnic origin; it is used primarily in contrast with <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada is an <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism in Canada">officially bilingual</a> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign country">country</a>, with <a href="/wiki/English_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="English Language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> official language communities. Immigrant cultural groups ostensibly integrate into one or both of these communities, but often retain elements of their original cultures. The term English-speaking Canadian is sometimes used interchangeably with English Canadian. </p><p>Although many English-speaking Canadians have strong historical roots traceable to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> or other parts of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, English-speaking Canadians have a variety of ethnic backgrounds. They or their ancestors came from various Celtic, European, Asian, Caribbean, African, Latin American, and Pacific Island cultures, as well as French Canada and North American Aboriginal groups.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In addition to the terms "English Canadian" and "Canadian", the terms "Anglophone Canadian" and "Anglo-Canadian" are also used.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional 11,135,965 Canadians describe their ethnic background as "Canadian", many of whom may also be of English ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-statcan1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statcan1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Categorically as an ethnic group, English Canadians comprise a subgroup of <a href="/wiki/British_Canadians" title="British Canadians">British Canadians</a> which is a further subgroup of <a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">European Canadians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BritishIsles_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritishIsles-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Ethnic<br />English Canadian<br />Population History<sup id="cite_ref-population_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">706,369</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">881,301</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,260,899</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+43.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,871,268</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+48.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,545,358</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+36.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,741,419</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,968,402</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,630,344</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,195,175</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">6,247,585</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+48.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,060,470</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1986</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,311,910</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+31.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,624,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−7.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1996</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,982,320</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−19.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">6,129,460<sup id="cite_ref-population2001_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2001-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−12.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2006</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,973,930<sup id="cite_ref-population2006_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,085,530<sup id="cite_ref-population2011_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2016</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,964,780<sup id="cite_ref-population2016_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2016-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,263,880<sup id="cite_ref-population2021_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−10.1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left"><i>Source: <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a></i><br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1901to1961_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1901to1961-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1921to1971_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1921to1971-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1981_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1981-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1986_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1986-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96">: 96 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1986B_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1986B-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1991_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1991-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1996_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1996-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><sup id="cite_ref-population2001_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2006_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2011_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2016_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2021_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Note1: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus population is an undercount.</i><br /><i>Note2: 1996-present census populations are undercounts, due to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">"Canadian" ethnic origin</a> category.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newfoundland_(and_Labrador)"><span id="Newfoundland_.28and_Labrador.29"></span>Newfoundland (and Labrador)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Newfoundland (and Labrador)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">History of Newfoundland and Labrador</a></div> <p>English Canadian history starts with the attempts to establish English settlements in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)"> Newfoundland</a> in the sixteenth century. The first English settlement in present-day Canada was at St. Johns Newfoundland, in 1583. Newfoundland's population was significantly influenced by Irish and English immigration, much of it as a result of the migratory fishery in the decades prior to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine of Ireland</a>. Although the location of the earliest English settlement in what would eventually become Canada, Newfoundland itself (now called <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>) was the last province to enter <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a> in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nova_Scotia">Nova Scotia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nova Scotia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></div> <p>The area that forms the present day province of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> was contested by the British and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> in the eighteenth century. French settlements at <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Annapolis Royal</a>), <a href="/wiki/Louisbourg" title="Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a> and what is now <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> were seized by the British. After the 1713 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> ceded the French colony of Acadia (today's mainland <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>) to Great Britain, efforts to colonize the province were limited to small settlements in <a href="/wiki/Canso,_Nova_Scotia" title="Canso, Nova Scotia">Canso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Annapolis Royal</a>. In 1749, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Edward_Cornwallis" title="Edward Cornwallis">Edward Cornwallis</a> was given command of an expedition for the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Chebucto_Peninsula" title="Chebucto Peninsula">Chebucto</a> by some three thousand persons, many of whom were <a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a>. Cornwallis' settlement, <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia_(former_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia (former city)">Halifax</a>, would become the provincial capital, the primary commercial centre for the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime provinces">Maritime provinces</a>, a strategic British military and naval outpost and an important east coast cultural centre. To offset the Catholic presence of Acadians, foreign Protestants (mainly German) were given land and founded <a href="/wiki/Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lunenburg, Nova Scotia">Lunenburg</a>. Nova Scotia itself saw considerable immigration from Scotland, particularly to communities such as <a href="/wiki/Pictou" title="Pictou">Pictou</a> in the northern part of the province and to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a>, but this began only with the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Hector_(immigration_ship)" title="Hector (immigration ship)">Hector</a> in 1773.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loyalists:_New_Brunswick,_Quebec_and_Ontario"><span id="Loyalists:_New_Brunswick.2C_Quebec_and_Ontario"></span>Loyalists: New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Loyalists: New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="United Empire Loyalists">United Empire Loyalists</a></div> <p>The history of English Canadians is bound to the history of English settlement of North America, and particularly New England, because of the resettlement of many <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">Loyalists</a> following the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> in areas that would form part of Canada. Many of the fifty thousand Loyalists who were resettled to the north of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> after 1783 came from families that had already been settled for several generations in North America and were from prominent families in Boston, New York and other east coast towns. Although largely of British ancestry, these settlers had also intermarried with <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> colonists and were accompanied by Loyalists of African descent. Dispossessed of their property at the end of the Revolutionary War, the Loyalists arrived as refugees to settle primarily along the shores of southern Nova Scotia, the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_River_(New_Brunswick)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John River (New Brunswick)">Saint John River</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> to the east and southwest of Montreal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> was created from western part of Nova Scotia at the instigation of these new English-speaking settlers. The Loyalist settlements in southwestern Quebec formed the nucleus of what would become the province of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> and, after 1867, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ontario">Ontario</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ontario"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upper Canada was a primary destination for <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Scots-Irish</a> settlers to Canada in the nineteenth century, and was on the front lines in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> between the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The province also received immigrants from non English-speaking sources such as Germans, many of whom settled around <a href="/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario" title="Kitchener, Ontario">Kitchener</a> (formerly called Berlin).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ontario became the most populous province in the <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> of Canada at the time of <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a>, and, together with Montreal, formed the country's industrial heartland and emerged as an important cultural and media centre for <a href="/wiki/English_Canada" title="English Canada">English Canada</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> is today the largest city in Canada, and, largely as a result of changing immigration patterns since the 1960s, is also one of the most multi-cultural cities in the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quebec">Quebec</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Quebec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_Quebecer" class="mw-redirect" title="English-speaking Quebecer">English-speaking Quebecer</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_anglophone_communities_in_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anglophone communities in Québec">List of anglophone communities in Québec</a></div> <p>After the fall of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> to the British in 1759, a colonial governing class established itself in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>. Larger numbers of <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_Quebecer" class="mw-redirect" title="English-speaking Quebecer">English-speaking settlers</a> arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Townships" title="Eastern Townships">Eastern Townships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> after the American Revolution. English, Scottish, and Irish communities established themselves in Montreal in the 1800s. Montreal became Canada's largest city and commercial hub in Canada. An Anglo-Scot business elite controlled Canadian commerce until the 1950s, founding a Protestant public school system and hospitals and universities such as <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>. These immigrants were joined by other Europeans in the early 1900s, including Italians and Jews, who assimilated to a large degree into the anglophone community. Many English-speaking Quebeckers left Quebec following the election of the <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> in 1976 resulting<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a steep decline in the anglophone population; many who have remained have learned French in order to function within the dominant Francophone society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Columbia">British Columbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British Columbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_British_Columbia" title="History of British Columbia">History of British Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_British_Columbia" title="Demographics of British Columbia">Demographics of British Columbia</a></div> <p>As in much of western Canada, many of the earliest European communities in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> began as outposts of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>, founded in London in 1670 to carry on the fur trade via Hudson Bay. Broader settlement began in earnest with the founding of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Victoria_(British_Columbia)" title="Fort Victoria (British Columbia)">Fort Victoria</a> in 1843 and the subsequent creation of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Colony of Vancouver Island</a> in 1849. The capital, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a> developed during the height of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and long self-identified as being "more English than the English". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">Colony of British Columbia</a> was established on the mainland in 1858 by Governor <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(Governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Douglas (Governor)">James Douglas</a> as a means of asserting British sovereignty in the face of a massive influx of gold miners, many of whom were American. Despite the enormous distances that separated the Pacific colony from Central Canada, British Columbia joined Confederation in 1871, choosing to become Canadian partly as a means of resisting possible absorption into the United States. Chinese workers, brought in to labour on the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a>, established sizeable populations in many B.C. communities, particularly <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> which quickly became the province's economic and cultural centre after the railway's completion in 1886. Like Ontario, British Columbia has received immigrants from a broad range of countries including large numbers of Germans, Scandinavians, Italians, Sikhs from India and Chinese from Hong Kong, Taiwan and in more recent years, the People's Republic, and the ongoing influx of Europeans from Europe continues. However, for many years British Columbia, in contrast to the Prairie Provinces, received a majority of immigrants from Great Britain: over half in 1911 and over 60 percent by 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over half of people with British ancestry in British Columbia have direct family ties within two generations (i.e. grandparent or parent) to the British Isles, rather than via British ethnic stock from Central Canada or the Maritimes (unlike the Prairies where Canadian-British stock is more common). Europeans of non-British stock have been more common, also, in British Columbia than in any other part of Canada, although certain ethnicities such as Ukrainians and Scandinavians are more concentrated in the Prairies. Except for the Italians and more recent European immigrants, earlier waves of Europeans of all origins are near-entirely assimilated, although any number of accents are common in families and communities nearly anywhere in the province, as has also been the case since colonial times. Interethnic and interracial marriages and were also more common in British Columbia than in other provinces since colonial times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alberta,_Manitoba_and_Saskatchewan"><span id="Alberta.2C_Manitoba_and_Saskatchewan"></span>Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></div> <p>The French-English tensions that marked the establishment of the earliest English-speaking settlements in Nova Scotia were echoed on the Prairies in the late nineteenth century. The earliest British settlement in <a href="/wiki/Assiniboia" title="Assiniboia">Assiniboia</a> (part of present-day <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>) involved some 300 largely Scottish colonists under the sponsorship of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Douglas,_5th_Earl_of_Selkirk" title="Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk">Thomas Douglas, Lord Selkirk</a> in 1811. The suppression of the rebellions allowed the government of Canada to proceed with a settlement of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> that was to create provinces that identified generally with English Canada in culture and outlook, although immigration included large numbers of people from non English-speaking European backgrounds, especially <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Canadian">Ukrainians</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nunavut">Nunavut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nunavut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nunavummiut" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Nunavummiut">Anglo-Nunavummiut</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twentieth_century">Twentieth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Twentieth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Canada has long prided itself on its relatively peaceful history, war has played a significant role in the formation of an English Canadian identity. As part of the British Empire, Canada found itself at war against the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> in 1914. In the main, English Canadians enlisted for service with an initial enthusiastic and genuine sense of loyalty and duty.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sacrifices and accomplishments of Canadians at battles such as <a href="/wiki/Vimy_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimy Ridge">Vimy Ridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> are well known and respected among English Canadians and helped forge a more common sense of nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Canada made its own separate declaration of war and played a critical role in supporting the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> war effort. Again, support for the war effort to defend the United Kingdom and liberate continental Europe from <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis powers of World War II">Axis</a> domination was particularly strong among English Canadians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In the post war era, although Canada was committed to the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a>, English Canadians took considerable pride in the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> awarded to <a href="/wiki/Lester_Pearson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lester Pearson">Lester Pearson</a> for his role in resolving the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> and have been determined supporters of the peacekeeping activities of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late twentieth century, increasing American cultural influence combined with diminishing British influence, and political and constitutional crises driven by the exigencies of dealing with the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_alienation" title="Western alienation">Western alienation</a> contributed to something of an identity crisis for English Canadians.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Grant_(philosopher)" title="George Grant (philosopher)">George Grant</a>'s <i>Lament for a Nation</i> is still seen as an important work relating to the stresses and vulnerabilities affecting English Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the period of the 1960s through to the present have also seen tremendous accomplishments in English Canadian literature. Writers from English-speaking Canada such as <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Richler" title="Mordecai Richler">Mordecai Richler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Laurence" title="Margaret Laurence">Margaret Laurence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robertson_Davies" title="Robertson Davies">Robertson Davies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Findley" title="Timothy Findley">Timothy Findley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carol_Shields" title="Carol Shields">Carol Shields</a> dissected the experience of English Canadians <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or of life in English Canadian society.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and assumed a place among the world's best-known English-language literary figures. Journalist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berton" title="Pierre Berton">Pierre Berton</a> wrote a number of books popularizing Canadian history which had a particular resonance among English-speaking Canadians, while critics and philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Northrop Frye</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John Ralston Saul</a> have attempted to analyze the Canadian experience. Still, particularly at the academic level, debate continues as to the nature of English Canada and the extent to which English Canadians exist as an identifiable identity.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="center noresize" style="width:auto;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on <a class="external text" href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/charts/">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Chart" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Chart">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Canadians of English descent total population (1871−2021)<sup id="cite_ref-population_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Note1: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus population is an undercount.</i><br /><i>Note2: 1996-present census populations are undercounts, due to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">"Canadian" ethnic origin</a> category.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="center noresize" style="width:auto;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on <a class="external text" href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/charts/">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Chart" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Chart">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Canadians of English descent percentage of the total population (1871−2021)<sup id="cite_ref-population_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Note1: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus population is an undercount.</i><br /><i>Note2: 1996-present census populations are undercounts, due to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">"Canadian" ethnic origin</a> category.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Ethnic English Canadian Population History<br />1871−2021<sup id="cite_ref-population_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Population </th> <th>% of total population </th></tr> <tr> <td>1871<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> </td> <td align="right">706,369 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001202644128498769♠" style="display:none"></span>20.264% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1881<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> </td> <td align="right">881,301 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001203777969436807♠" style="display:none"></span>20.378% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1901to1961_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1901to1961-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </td> <td align="right">1,260,899 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001234746798502787♠" style="display:none"></span>23.475% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1901to1961_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1901to1961-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </td> <td align="right">1,871,268 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001259658762061614♠" style="display:none"></span>25.966% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1901to1961_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1901to1961-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1921to1971_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1921to1971-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </td> <td align="right">2,545,358 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001289641872068215♠" style="display:none"></span>28.964% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1901to1961_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1901to1961-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1921to1971_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1921to1971-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </td> <td align="right">2,741,419 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001264187678150055♠" style="display:none"></span>26.419% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1901to1961_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1901to1961-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1921to1971_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1921to1971-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </td> <td align="right">2,968,402 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001257972625406775♠" style="display:none"></span>25.797% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1901to1961_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1901to1961-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1921to1971_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1921to1971-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </td> <td align="right">3,630,344 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001259135757781419♠" style="display:none"></span>25.914% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1901to1961_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1901to1961-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1921to1971_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1921to1971-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </td> <td align="right">4,195,175 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001230020736093770♠" style="display:none"></span>23.002% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1871to1971_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1871to1971-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1921to1971_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1921to1971-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </td> <td align="right">6,247,585 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001289665022433375♠" style="display:none"></span>28.967% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1981_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1981-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </td> <td align="right">7,060,470 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001293166336530474♠" style="display:none"></span>29.317% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1986_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1986-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96">: 96 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population1986B_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1986B-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup> </td> <td align="right">9,311,910 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001372148760231492♠" style="display:none"></span>37.215% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1991_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1991-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup> </td> <td align="right">8,624,900 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001319511210713325♠" style="display:none"></span>31.951% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population1996_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population1996-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">6,982,320 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001244752152481104♠" style="display:none"></span>24.475% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population2001_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2001_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2001-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">6,129,460 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001206803629065521♠" style="display:none"></span>20.68% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population2006_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2006_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">6,973,930 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001223229835892094♠" style="display:none"></span>22.323% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population2011_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2011_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">7,085,530 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001215678190204194♠" style="display:none"></span>21.568% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population2016_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2016_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2016-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">6,964,780 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001202111632697152♠" style="display:none"></span>20.211% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021<br /><sup id="cite_ref-population2021_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2021_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">6,263,880 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001172423422673261♠" style="display:none"></span>17.242% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data from this section from Statistics Canada, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provinces_and_territories">Provinces and territories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Provinces and territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Province / Territory</th> <th>Percent English </th> <th>Total English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/46px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></td> <td>18.3% </td> <td>766,070 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></td> <td>20.7% </td> <td>1,019,250 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></td> <td>16.1% </td> <td>210,285 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></td> <td>18.1% </td> <td>137,145 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/46px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></td> <td>34.9% </td> <td>175,045 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></td> <td>13.6% </td> <td>5,495 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td> <td>22.8% </td> <td>217,910 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Nunavut.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nunavut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></td> <td>3.8% </td> <td>1,405 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td>16.7% </td> <td>2,347,685 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/22px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/34px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/44px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></td> <td>24.0% </td> <td>36,050 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></td> <td>2.1% </td> <td>177,710 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></td> <td>19.9% </td> <td>219,665 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></td> <td>23.0% </td> <td>9,105 </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></b> — <i>Total</i></th> <th>14.7%</th> <th>5,322,830 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_flag_halifax_9_-04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Canada_flag_halifax_9_-04.JPG/250px-Canada_flag_halifax_9_-04.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Canada_flag_halifax_9_-04.JPG/375px-Canada_flag_halifax_9_-04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Canada_flag_halifax_9_-04.JPG/500px-Canada_flag_halifax_9_-04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The Canadian flag flying at the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Museum_of_the_Atlantic" title="Maritime Museum of the Atlantic">Maritime Museum of the Atlantic</a>, located at <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Urban Area">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Canada_(1957%E2%80%931965).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Canada_%281957%E2%80%931965%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Canada_%281957%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Canada_%281957%E2%80%931965%29.svg/375px-Flag_of_Canada_%281957%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Canada_%281957%E2%80%931965%29.svg/500px-Flag_of_Canada_%281957%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>1957 version of the Canadian Red Ensign that had evolved as the <i>de facto</i> national flag until 1965.</figcaption></figure> <p>English-speaking Canadians have not adopted symbols specific to themselves. Although English Canadians are attached to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian flag">Canadian flag</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is the national flag and intended to be a symbol for all Canadians, regardless of ethnicity or language. The flag debate of 1965 revealed a strong attachment to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Red_Ensign" title="Canadian Red Ensign">Canadian Red Ensign</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> previously flown as the flag of Canada prior to the adoption of the Maple Leaf in 1965. Even today, there is considerable support for use of the Red Ensign in certain specific circumstances, such as the commemoration ceremonies for the Battle of Vimy Ridge.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The maple leaf itself, as a symbol, was used as early as 1834 in what is now Quebec as a symbol of the <i>Société St. Jean Baptiste</i> but was adopted for use shortly afterwards by the English-speaking community in Canada. The "<a href="/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Forever" class="mw-redirect" title="Maple Leaf Forever">Maple Leaf Forever</a>" was penned in 1867, at the time of Confederation, and was once regarded as an informal anthem for English Canadians,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the reaction by English-speaking Canadians to a decision of a New Brunswick school to stop the singing of the anthem are attached to the official national anthem, "<a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">O Canada</a>", by <a href="/wiki/Calixa_Lavall%C3%A9e" title="Calixa Lavallée">Calixa Lavallée</a> suggests that the official anthem enjoys considerable support.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beaver</a> is sometimes seen as another Canadian symbol but is not necessarily specific to English Canadians. It too was used originally in connection with the <i>Société St. Jean Baptiste</i> before coming into currency as a more general Canadian symbol. In the 1973 political satire by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Burke" title="Stanley Burke">Stanley Burke</a>, <i>Frog Fables & Beaver Tales</i>, a spoof on Canadian politics of the <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> era, English Canadians are depicted in the main as well-meaning but not terribly clever beavers (with other animals such as frogs, sea otters and gophers assigned to represent other linguistic and provincial populations). The historical relevance of the beaver stems from the early fur trade. It has been asserted, "The fur trade in general and the Hudson's Bay Company in particular exercised a profound influence on the sculpting of the Canadian soul."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy in Canada">Crown</a> has historically been an intangible but significant symbol for many English Canadians. Loyalty to Great Britain created the initial fracture lines between the populations of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> and the populations of Nova Scotia and Quebec at the time of the American Revolution and forced the flight of the Loyalists after the end of the war. As such, English Canada developed in the 19th century along lines that continued to emphasize this historical attachment, evident in the naming of cities, parks, and even whole provinces after members of the royal family; the retention of flags, badges, and provincial mottos expressive of loyalty; and enthusiastic responses to royal visits. While such loyalty is no longer as powerful a unifying force as it once was among English Canadians, it continues to exert a noticeable influence on English Canadian culture. According to the author and political commentator <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gwyn_(Canadian_writer)" title="Richard Gwyn (Canadian writer)">Richard Gwyn</a>, "[t]he British connection has long vanished... it takes only a short dig down to the sedimentary layer once occupied by the Loyalists to locate the sources of a great many contemporary Canadian convictions and conventions."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gwyn considers that the modern equivalent of the once talismanic loyalty is "tolerance": "a quality now accepted almost universally as the feature that makes us a distinct people."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_composition">Ethnic composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ethnic composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2001 Census of Canada provides information about the ethnic composition of English-speaking Canadians. This "refers to the ethnic or cultural group(s) to which the respondent's ancestors belong".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, interpretation of data is complicated by two factors. </p> <ul><li>Respondents were instructed to specify as many ethnic origins as applicable. Thus, if one has seven great-grandparents of English descent and one of Welsh descent, one will answer "English" and "Welsh" to this question, and in this example the representation of Welsh ancestry is exaggerated. This method is likely to lead to overrepresentation of smaller groups compared to the method in use until 1976, in which only paternal ancestry was reported.If on the other hand one restricts attention to single responses, groups which have arrived in Canada more recently will be overrepresented compared to groups which have been present longer.</li> <li>Non-Aboriginal respondents are not discouraged from providing responses denoting origins in North America. The most frequent of these is "Canadian". The response "Canadian" is in fact provided as an example in the census instructions, based on its frequency in past surveys.</li></ul> <p>See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Products/Reference/dict/pop040.htm">definition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213045202/http://www12.statcan.ca/English/census01/products/reference/dict/pop040.htm">Archived</a> December 13, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of "ethnic origin" from the 2001 Census dictionary for further information. </p><p>The data in the following tables pertain to the population of Canada reporting English as its sole mother tongue, a total of 17,352,315 inhabitants out of 29,639,035. A figure for single ethnic origin responses is provide, as well as a total figure for ethnic origins appearing in single or multiple responses (for groups exceeding 2% of the total English-speaking population). The sum of the percentages for single responses is less than 100%, while the corresponding total for single or multiple responses is greater than 100%. The data are taken from the 2001 Census of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnic group </th> <th>Total<br />responses </th> <th>Percen-<br />tage </th> <th>Single<br />responses </th> <th>Percen-<br />tage </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>Total</i> </td> <td>17,352,315 </td> <td>100.0% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Canadian </td> <td>6,244,055 </td> <td>36.0% </td> <td>3,104,955 </td> <td>17.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">English </td> <td>5,809,805 </td> <td>33.5% </td> <td>1,464,430 </td> <td>8.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Scottish </td> <td>4,046,325 </td> <td>23.3% </td> <td>592,825 </td> <td>3.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Irish </td> <td>3,580,320 </td> <td>20.6% </td> <td>457,985 </td> <td>2.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">German </td> <td>2,265,505 </td> <td>13.1% </td> <td>385,760 </td> <td>2.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">French </td> <td>1,993,100 </td> <td>11.5% </td> <td>158,400 </td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Ukrainian </td> <td>877,690 </td> <td>5.1% </td> <td>188,830 </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Dutch </td> <td>749,945 </td> <td>4.3% </td> <td>184,415 </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">North American Indian </td> <td>713,925 </td> <td>4.1% </td> <td>280,795 </td> <td>1.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Italian </td> <td>670,300 </td> <td>3.9% </td> <td>234,610 </td> <td>1.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Polish </td> <td>555,740 </td> <td>3.2% </td> <td>72,110 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Norwegian </td> <td>350,085 </td> <td>2.0% </td> <td>38,980 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The remaining ethnic groups (single or multiple responses) forming at least 1% of the English-speaking population are Welsh (2.0%), Swedish (1.5%), Hungarian (1.5%), East Indian (1.4%), Métis (1.4%), Jewish (1.4%), Russian (1.4%), American (1.3%), Jamaican (1.2%) and Chinese (1.1%). The remaining ethnic groups (single response) forming at least 0.5% of the English-speaking population are East Indian (1.0%), Jamaican (0.8%) and Chinese (0.6%). </p><p>Depending on the principal period of immigration to Canada and other factors, ethnic groups (other than British Isles, French, and Aboriginal ones) vary in their percentage of native speakers of English. For example, while a roughly equal number of Canadians have at least partial Ukrainian and Chinese ancestry, 82% of Ukrainian Canadians speak English as their sole mother tongue, and only 17% of Chinese Canadians do (though this rises to 34% in the 0 to 14 age group).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the number of second and third-generation Chinese Canadians increases, their weight within the English-speaking population can also be expected to increase. It should also be borne in mind that some percentage of any minority ethnic group will adopt French, particularly in Quebec. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Culture">Canadian Culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2025</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2001_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2001 Census">2001 Canadian census</a>, 17,572,170 Canadians indicated that they were English-speaking. As discussed in the Introduction, however, this does not mean that 17.5 million people in Canada would necessarily self-identify as being 'English Canadian'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Except in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime provinces">Maritime provinces</a>, most Canadian English is only subtly different from English spoken in much of the mid-western and western United States. Spoken English in the Maritimes has some resemblance to English of some of the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> states. While Newfoundland speaks a specific <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland English</a> dialect, and so has the most distinct accent and vocabulary, with the spoken language influenced in particular by English and Irish immigration. There are a few pronunciations that are distinctive for most English Canadians, such as 'zed' for the last letter of the alphabet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>English Canadian spelling continues to favour most spellings of British English, including 'centre', 'theatre', 'colour' and 'labour'. Other spellings, such as 'gaol' and 'programme', have disappeared entirely or are in retreat. The principal differences between British and Canadian spelling are twofold: '-ise' and '-yse' words ('organise/organize' and 'analyse' in Britain, 'organize' and 'analyze/analyse' in Canada), and '-e' words ('annexe' and 'grille' in Britain, 'annex' and 'grill' in Canada, but 'axe' in both, 'ax' in the USA). </p><p>Vocabulary of Canadian English contains a few distinctive words and phrases. In British Columbia, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Chinook_jargon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinook jargon">Chinook</a> word '<a href="/wiki/Skookum" title="Skookum">skookum</a>' for, variously, 'good' or 'great' or 'reliable' or 'durable', has passed into common use, and the French word 'tuque' for a particular type of winter head covering is in quite widespread use throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Languages besides English are spoken extensively in provinces with English-speaking majorities. Besides French (which is an official language of the province of New Brunswick and in the three territories), indigenous languages, including <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> are widely spoken and are in some instances influencing the language of English speakers, just as traditional First Nations art forms are influencing public art, architecture and symbology in English Canada. Immigrants to Canada from Asia and parts of Europe in particular have brought languages other than English and French to many communities, particularly Toronto, Vancouver and other larger centres. On the west coast, for example, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> are taught in some high schools; while on the east coast efforts have been made to preserve the <a href="/wiki/Scots_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Gaelic">Scots Gaelic</a> language brought by early settlers to <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>. In the Prairie provinces, and to a lesser degree elsewhere, there are a large number of second-generation and more <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Canadian">Ukrainian Canadians</a> who have retained at least partial fluency in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248332772"><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/English_Canadians" title="Special:EditPage/English Canadians">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:English_Canadians" title="Talk:English Canadians">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>grammar, writing style, clarity.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/English_Canadians" title="Special:EditPage/English Canadians">improve this section</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/English_Canadians" title="Special:EditPage/English Canadians">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Fredericton,_New_Brunswick_(2005).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Christ_Church_Cathedral%2C_Fredericton%2C_New_Brunswick_%282005%29.jpg/200px-Christ_Church_Cathedral%2C_Fredericton%2C_New_Brunswick_%282005%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Christ_Church_Cathedral%2C_Fredericton%2C_New_Brunswick_%282005%29.jpg/300px-Christ_Church_Cathedral%2C_Fredericton%2C_New_Brunswick_%282005%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Christ_Church_Cathedral%2C_Fredericton%2C_New_Brunswick_%282005%29.jpg/400px-Christ_Church_Cathedral%2C_Fredericton%2C_New_Brunswick_%282005%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Christ Church Cathedral, <a href="/wiki/Fredericton" title="Fredericton">Fredericton</a>, construction began in 1845</figcaption></figure> <p>The population of the provinces other than Quebec in the 2001 Census is some 22,514,455. It is impossible to know with certainty how many of that number would self-identify as 'English Canadians' under the broadest interpretation of the term. Persons self-identifying with 'English' as their primary ethnic origin as part of the 2001 census – Quebec included – totaled slightly less than 6,000,000 persons. However, many Canadians who identify other ethnic origins for the purpose of the census might identify as 'English Canadian' in the broader sense of 'English-speaking Canadians' and possibly share some cultural affinities with the group identifying itself as 'English Canadian' in the more limited sense.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Of the total population of the provinces outside Quebec, the following numbers provide an approximation of the two largest religious groupings: *Protestant: 8,329,260; *Roman Catholic: 6,997,190. </p><p>Those claiming no religious affiliation in 2001 numbered 4,586,900. </p><p>For comparison purposes, other religious groups in the provinces other than Quebec in 2001: </p> <ul><li>Orthodox Christian: 379,245</li> <li>Other Christian: 723,700</li> <li>Muslim: 471,620</li> <li>Jewish: 340,080</li> <li>Hindu: 272,675</li> <li>Sikh: 270,185</li> <li>Buddhist: 258,965</li></ul> <p>In sum, while the single largest religious affiliation of 'English Canadians' – in the Rest of Canada sense of the term – may for convenience be slotted under the different Christian religions called Protestantism, it still represents a minority of the population at less than 37%. So-called 'English Canadians' include a large segment who do not identify as <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>. Even with a clear majority of almost 73%, English Canadian Christians represent a large diversity of beliefs that makes it exceedingly difficult to accurately portray religion as a defining characteristic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Literature">Canadian Literature</a></div> <p>Humour, often ironic and self-deprecating, played an important role particularly in early Canadian literature in English, such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chandler_Haliburton" title="Thomas Chandler Haliburton">Thomas Chandler Haliburton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Leacock" title="Stephen Leacock">Stephen Leacock</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Survival:_A_Thematic_Guide_to_Canadian_Literature" title="Survival: A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature">Survival: A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature</a></i>, Margaret Atwood's seminal book on Canadian Literature published in 1973, the author argues that much of Canadian literature in both English and French is linked thematically to the notion of personal and collective survival. This theme continues to reappear in more recent literary works, such as <a href="/wiki/Yann_Martel" title="Yann Martel">Yann Martel</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Pi" title="Life of Pi">Life of Pi</a></i>, winner of the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1970s authors such as <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Laurence" title="Margaret Laurence">Margaret Laurence</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stone_Angel" title="The Stone Angel">The Stone Angel</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Robertson_Davies" title="Robertson Davies">Robertson Davies</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Business" title="Fifth Business">Fifth Business</a></i> explored the changing worlds of small town Manitoba and Ontario respectively. Works of fiction such as these gave an entire generation of Canadians access to literature about themselves and helped shape a more general appreciation of the experiences of English-speaking Canadians in that era.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Art">Canadian Art</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Jack_Pine,_by_Tom_Thomson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_Jack_Pine%2C_by_Tom_Thomson.jpg/200px-The_Jack_Pine%2C_by_Tom_Thomson.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_Jack_Pine%2C_by_Tom_Thomson.jpg/300px-The_Jack_Pine%2C_by_Tom_Thomson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_Jack_Pine%2C_by_Tom_Thomson.jpg/400px-The_Jack_Pine%2C_by_Tom_Thomson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jack_Pine" title="The Jack Pine">The Jack Pine</a></i> by Tom Thomson</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early years of the twentieth century, painters in both central Canada and the west coast began applying <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Impressionist">Post-Impressionist</a> style to Canadian landscape paintings. Painters such as <a href="/wiki/Tom_Thomson" title="Tom Thomson">Tom Thomson</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a>, which included painters such as <a href="/wiki/A.Y._Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="A.Y. Jackson">A.Y. Jackson</a>, captured images of the wilderness in ways that forced English Canadians to discard their conservative and traditional views of art. In British Columbia, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Carr" title="Emily Carr">Emily Carr</a>, born in Victoria in 1871, spent much of her life painting. Her early paintings of northwest coast aboriginal villages were critical to creating awareness and appreciation of First Nations cultures among English Canadians. The Arctic paintings of <a href="/wiki/Lawren_Harris" title="Lawren Harris">Lawren Harris</a>, another member of the Group of Seven, are also highly iconic for English Canadians. Cowboy artist and sculptor <a href="/wiki/Earl_W._Bascom" title="Earl W. Bascom">Earl W. Bascom</a> of Alberta became known as the "dean of Canadian cowboy sculpture" with his depictions of early cowboy and rodeo life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heroes,_heroines_and_national_myths"><span id="Heroes.2C_heroines_and_national_myths"></span>Heroes, heroines and national myths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Heroes, heroines and national myths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248332772"><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/English_Canadians" title="Special:EditPage/English Canadians">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:English_Canadians" title="Talk:English Canadians">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/English_Canadians" title="Special:EditPage/English Canadians">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22English+Canadians%22">"English Canadians"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22English+Canadians%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22English+Canadians%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22English+Canadians%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22English+Canadians%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22English+Canadians%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tommydouglas1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tommydouglas1945.jpg/220px-Tommydouglas1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tommydouglas1945.jpg/330px-Tommydouglas1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tommydouglas1945.jpg/440px-Tommydouglas1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Tommy Douglas (centre left).</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LauraSecordPainting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/LauraSecordPainting.jpg/200px-LauraSecordPainting.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/LauraSecordPainting.jpg/300px-LauraSecordPainting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/LauraSecordPainting.jpg/400px-LauraSecordPainting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Loyalist heroine Laura Secord by <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Peel" title="Mildred Peel">Mildred Peel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From colonial times the arrival and settlement of the first pioneers, the fur trade empire established by the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> – although the fur company histories are more relevant to <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (Canada)">Métis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Canadian">Scottish Canadians</a> – as well as the mass resettlement of refugee Loyalists are important starting points for some English Canadians. Some have argued that the Loyalist myth, so often accepted without second thought, represents also a collective English Canadian myth-making enterprise<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> produced one of the earliest national heroes, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Secord" title="Laura Secord">Laura Secord</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who is credited with having made her way through American lines at night to carry a warning to British troops of impending American plans and contributing to the victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dams" title="Battle of Beaver Dams">Battle of Beaver Dams</a>, where the American advance into Upper Canada was turned back. </p><p>The War of 1812 also saw the capture and burning of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> by the British in August 1814, an event still remembered in English Canada. The War of 1812 itself, to which Canadian and aboriginal militia forces made important contributions, is viewed as the event that ensured the survival of the colonies that would become Canada, or, as termed by the critic <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Northrop Frye</a> "in many respects a war of independence for Canada."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is an element of the heroic that attaches to Sir <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a>, the Scottish lawyer from <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a>, who became Canada's first prime minister. His weaknesses (such as an alleged fondness for alcohol, and the multifaceted corruption inherent in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Scandal" title="Pacific Scandal">Pacific Scandal</a>) and the controversial events surrounding the rebellions in the west have not erased admiration for his accomplishments in nation building for English Canadians. Macdonald's pragmatism laid the foundation of the national myth of the 'two founding nations' (English and French), which was to endure well into the twentieth century among a strong minority of English Canadians and was eventually reflected in the official government policy that flowed from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Bilingualism_and_Biculturalism" title="Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism">Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism</a> in the 1960s. </p><p>Macdonald was also instrumental in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police" title="North-West Mounted Police">North-West Mounted Police</a> in 1875, forerunners of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> (RCMP) Canada's iconic national police force. The RCMP itself, established to "subdue the West", i.e. the newly acquired Northwest Territories, formerly the HBC's <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a>, as declared in the preamble to its charter. The RCMP, long since eulogized into a moral, symbolic image of Canadian authority, far from its true nature as a paramilitary force commissioned with bringing First Nations and Métis to heel, plays a role in English Canada's perception of itself as a nation of essentially law-abiding citizens that confederated in 1867 for the purposes of establishing <a href="/wiki/Peace,_order_and_good_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace, order and good government">peace, order and good government</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a> of 1898 in the <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> was another event that resonated in the English Canadian imagination, with its stories of adventure and struggle in a harsh northern environment. The myth of the North itself, the forbidding landscape and difficult climate, peopled by the hardy <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> is of central importance to English Canadians, from <a href="/wiki/Susanna_Moodie" title="Susanna Moodie">Susanna Moodie</a> (whose 'north' was the 'wilderness' of 1830s southern Ontario) to the present, as the myth of the north is reexamined, challenged and reinvented for an increasingly post-colonial culture.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the twentieth century <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Tommy Douglas</a>, the politician from Saskatchewan who is credited with the creation of Canada's programme of universal health care has been recognized as the greatest Canadian in a <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greatest Canadian">contest</a> sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>, Canada's national public broadcaster. <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a>, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize and Prime Minister of Canada responsible for the adoption of the maple leaf flag, is widely regarded as an English Canadian figure. </p><p>Another person who had an enormous impact on English Canadians was British Columbian <a href="/wiki/Terry_Fox" title="Terry Fox">Terry Fox</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose 1981 attempt to run across Canada from <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's, Newfoundland">St. John's, Newfoundland</a> to the Pacific to raise money for cancer research. Although forced to discontinue the run near <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a> due to a recurrence of his cancer, Terry Fox captured the imagination of millions of Canadians, particularly in the English-speaking provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This feat was followed by British Columbian <a href="/wiki/Rick_Hansen" title="Rick Hansen">Rick Hansen</a>'s successful Man in Motion tour shortly afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sports heroes include, among many others, the legendary <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky" title="Wayne Gretzky">Wayne Gretzky</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Ontario who led the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers" title="Edmonton Oilers">Edmonton Oilers</a> to successive <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cup" title="Stanley Cup">Stanley Cup</a> victories in the 1980s; the women's Olympic hockey team that won the Gold Medal in the 1992 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City and <a href="/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" title="Canada men's national ice hockey team">Team Canada</a> that won the famed <a href="/wiki/Summit_Series" title="Summit Series">Canada-Russia hockey series</a> in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rodeo is a popular sport in Canada. One of the great legends of Canadian rodeo is <a href="/wiki/Ray_Knight_(rodeo_organizer)" title="Ray Knight (rodeo organizer)">Ray Knight</a>, known as the "Father of Canadian Professional Rodeo" having produced Canada's first professional rodeo in 1903. Another Canadian rodeo legend is <a href="/wiki/Earl_W._Bascom" title="Earl W. Bascom">Earl Bascom</a>. Bascom, is known as the "Father of Modern Rodeo"<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for his rodeo equipment inventions and innovations, was the first rodeo champion to be inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other significant figures include <a href="/wiki/Nellie_McClung" title="Nellie McClung">Nellie McClung</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (activist in politics and women's rights), <a href="/wiki/Emily_Carr" title="Emily Carr">Emily Carr</a> (post-impressionist artist),<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Billy_Bishop" title="Billy Bishop">Billy Bishop</a> (World War I airman),<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> (co-discover of insulin)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Dr. <a href="/wiki/Norman_Bethune" title="Norman Bethune">Norman Bethune</a> (doctor in China).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>, inventor of the telephone, is often claimed by English Canada because of his residence on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a>, although he was born in Scotland and later moved to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, historian and author <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Gray_(author)" title="Charlotte Gray (author)">Charlotte Gray</a> has described Canadians as people who do not do heroes or hero-worship well, preferring instead to celebrate the collective rather than the individual: "[t]he qualities that are celebrated in our national life today are collective virtues - the bravery of our peace-keepers, the compassion of all Canadians for Manitoba's flood victims … individualism has never been celebrated in Canada. It is not a useful quality for a loose federation perched on a magnificent and inhospitable landscape …"<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contribution of French-speaking Canadians to the culture of English Canada is significant. Many popular Canadian symbols such as the maple leaf and the beaver were first adopted by Francophones. Francophone sports figures (particularly in hockey and figure-skating) have always been highly regarded. Sir <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a>, Prime Minister in the early 20th century, is viewed as an important statesman in English Canada. A more controversial figure is <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>, who is often praised for his handling of the <a href="/wiki/October_Crisis" title="October Crisis">October Crisis</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Front_de_lib%C3%A9ration_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Front de libération du Québec">FLQ</a> Crisis) and the process of constitutional reform that implemented the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a> but who also caused considerable Western Alienation and has been criticised for the critical failure to bring Quebec into the 1982 agreement on constitutional reform. Trudeau was nevertheless ranked 3rd in the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's contest to choose The Greatest Canadian. Haitian-born Francophone <a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean" title="Michaëlle Jean">Michaëlle Jean</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Governor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General">Governor-General</a>, has overcome some initial misgivings regarding her appointment. The motto chosen for her arms, <i>Briser les solitudes</i> (break down the solitudes), echoes one of the significant works of early English Canadian fiction, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_MacLennan" title="Hugh MacLennan">Hugh MacLennan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Two_Solitudes_(novel)" title="Two Solitudes (novel)">Two Solitudes</a></i> which describes the sometimes painful separateness dividing Canada's English and French-speaking populations. </p><p>Canada's role in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World Wars</a> played a large part in the political evolution of Canada and the identity of English Canadians. After the fall of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in 1940 and prior to the entry of the United States into the war in 1942, Canada saw itself as Britain's principal ally against <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. The well-known poem "<a href="/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields">In Flanders Fields</a>", written during the First World War by <a href="/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae">John McCrae</a> of Guelph, Ontario, is associated with <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day" title="Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music of Canada</a></div> <p>The RCMP "Mountie" has become a figure associated with Canada in the popular imagination of not only Canada, but other countries as well. Although it has many Francophone officers, in popular culture the mountie has been typically represented by an anglophone, such as <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Do-Right" title="Dudley Do-Right">Dudley Do-Right</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benton_Fraser" title="Benton Fraser">Benton Fraser</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sergeant_Preston_of_the_Yukon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergeant Preston of the Yukon">Sergeant Preston of the Yukon</a>. The myth of the stalwart (if somewhat rustic) heroic Canadian also appeared in the form of <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Canuck" title="Johnny Canuck">Johnny Canuck</a>, a comic book figure of the mid-twentieth century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Anne of Green Gables</i> by <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Maud_Montgomery" title="Lucy Maud Montgomery">Lucy Maud Montgomery</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> is one of English Canada's best known contribution to general popular culture. The themes of gentle slapstick and ironic but affectionate observation of small-town Canadian life that appeared in the work of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Leacock" title="Stephen Leacock">Stephen Leacock</a> carried forward into the later part of the twentieth century to reappear in successful television sitcoms such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beachcombers" title="The Beachcombers">The Beachcombers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Corner_Gas" title="Corner Gas">Corner Gas</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Mosque_on_the_Prairie" title="Little Mosque on the Prairie">Little Mosque on the Prairie</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Canadian_humour" title="Canadian humour">Canadian humour</a> took on an even broader form in the comedy of <i><a href="/wiki/Second_City_Television" title="Second City Television">SCTV</a></i>, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Bob_and_Doug_McKenzie" title="Bob and Doug McKenzie">Great White North</a> sketches, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Green_Show" title="The Red Green Show">The Red Green Show</a></i> and more recently <i><a href="/wiki/Trailer_Park_Boys" title="Trailer Park Boys">Trailer Park Boys</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Traditional music in much of English-speaking Canada has sources in the music of Scotland and Ireland, brought to Newfoundland and the Maritime provinces in the 19th century. In the late 20th Century, Maritime artists, particularly musicians from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Rita_MacNeil" title="Rita MacNeil">Rita MacNeil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rankin_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Rankin Family">Rankin Family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natalie_MacMaster" title="Natalie MacMaster">Natalie MacMaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashley_MacIsaac" title="Ashley MacIsaac">Ashley MacIsaac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Big_Sea" title="Great Big Sea">Great Big Sea</a> from Newfoundland achieved substantial popularity and influence throughout English Canada. A Celtic influence is similarly felt in the work of musicians from other parts of Canada, such as <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_the_West" title="Spirit of the West">Spirit of the West</a>, from British Columbia, Ontarian <a href="/wiki/Stan_Rogers" title="Stan Rogers">Stan Rogers</a>, or Manitoba-born <a href="/wiki/Loreena_McKennitt" title="Loreena McKennitt">Loreena McKennitt</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_Quebecers" title="English-speaking Quebecers">English-speaking Quebecers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of English Canadians">List of English Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British diaspora in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Canada–United Kingdom relations">Canada–United Kingdom relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-population2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population2021_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2021_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2021_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2021_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2021_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2021_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035601">"Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Ethnic+or+cultural+origin+by+gender+and+age%3A+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories%2C+census+metropolitan+areas+and+census+agglomerations+with+parts&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D9810035601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-english2021-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-english2021_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (August 17, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=,15,13,18,12,16,14,17&SearchText=Canada">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country]"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population+Profile+table+Canada+%5BCountry%5D&rft.date=2022-08-17&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%2C4%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000011124%26HEADERlist%3D%2C15%2C13%2C18%2C12%2C16%2C14%2C17%26SearchText%3DCanada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvis1983" class="citation book cs1">Avis, Walter S. (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gagecanadiandict00avis/page/393"><i>Gage Canadian Dictionary</i></a></span>. Toronto: Gage Publishing Limited. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gagecanadiandict00avis/page/393">393</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7715-1980-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7715-1980-X"><bdi>0-7715-1980-X</bdi></a>. <q>... a Canadian of English ancestry or whose principal language is English, especially as opposed to French.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gage+Canadian+Dictionary&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=393&rft.pub=Gage+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-7715-1980-X&rft.aulast=Avis&rft.aufirst=Walter+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgagecanadiandict00avis%2Fpage%2F393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831135755/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861689812/English_Canadian.html">"English Canadian"</a>. <i>MSN Encarta - Dictionary</i>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861689812/English_Canadian.html">the original</a> on August 31, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Data+tables%2C+1996+Census+Population+by+Ethnic+Origin+%28188%29+and+Sex+%283%29%2C+Showing+Single+and+Multiple+Responses+%283%29%2C+for+Canada%2C+Provinces%2C+Territories+and+Census+Metropolitan+Areas%2C+1996+Census+%2820%25+Sample+Data%29&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2FEnglish%2Fcensus96%2Fdata%2Ftables%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D1%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D1%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D5216%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D89103%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3DNo%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2006%26THEME%3D9%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population2001-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population2001_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2001_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2001_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2001_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2013" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (December 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=62911&PRID=0&PTYPE=55440&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=44&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Origin+%28232%29%2C+Sex+%283%29+and+Single+and+Multiple+Responses+%283%29+for+Population%2C+for+Canada%2C+Provinces%2C+Territories%2C+Census+Metropolitan+Areas+and+Census+Agglomerations%2C+2001+Census+-+20%25+Sample+Data&rft.date=2013-12-23&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2FEnglish%2Fcensus01%2Fproducts%2Fstandard%2Fthemes%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D1%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D1%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D62911%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D55440%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3DNo%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2006%26THEME%3D44%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/english">"English Canadians"</a>. <i>www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=English+Canadians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fenglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner Bausenhart, <i>German Immigration and Assimilation in Ontario, 1783-1918</i>, Legas, 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/publications/conditions/pdf/evvie1-2.htm#consommation">"D'une génération à l'autre : évolution des conditions de vie"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%27une+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ration+%C3%A0+l%27autre+%3A+%C3%A9volution+des+conditions+de+vie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gouv.qc.ca%2Fpublications%2Fconditions%2Fpdf%2Fevvie1-2.htm%23consommation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Barman, <i>The West Beyond the West</i>, 3d ed., University of Toronto Press, 2007, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durflinger, Dr. Serge (December 15, 2008), <i>Military History - French Canada and recruitment during the First World War</i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/explore/military-history-research-centre/dispatches/military-history-french-canada-and-recruitment-during-the-first-world-war">[4]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNersessian2007" class="citation news cs1">Nersessian, Mary (April 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215182932/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070402/vimy_90years_070402">"Vimy battle marks birth of Canadian nationalism"</a>. CTV.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070402/vimy_90years_070402">the original</a> on February 15, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vimy+battle+marks+birth+of+Canadian+nationalism&rft.date=2007-04-09&rft.aulast=Nersessian&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctv.ca%2Fservlet%2FArticleNews%2Fstory%2FCTVNews%2F20070402%2Fvimy_90years_070402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CBC News in Depth: Canada's Military. <i>The history of Peacekeeping in Canada</i>, October 30, 2003, by Peter McCluskey, retrieved 2009-05-06 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/cdnmilitary/peacekeeping.html">[5]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <i>Canada's Peacekeeping Role: Then and Now</i>, remarks by David Kilgour, Conservative MP for Edmonton Southeast, delivered January 26, 2004, during University of Alberta International Week 2004. "From Lester B. Pearson's day to now, most Canadians have supported an active, international role for our country in peacekeeping missions. Canada is home to the world's first monument to peacekeepers, in the heart of Ottawa. Peacekeeping is now an integral part of our national identity or "national DNA" if you prefer."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oh Canada</i>, by James Nuechterlein, in First Things, the Journal of Religion, Culture and Public Life, August/September 1997, retrieved May 5, 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.firstthings.com/article.php3?id_article=3723">[6]</a> "More important, Canadian culture is saturated with American influences. Despite government efforts in recent years to put up barriers to American cultural imports and to establish "Canadian content" rules wherever possible, the American presence is ubiquitous. Canadians read American books, watch American movies, sing American songs. English Canadian culture is not nonexistent, but its condition is perpetually fragile... It is difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lament for a Nation, 40th Anniversary Edition: the Defeat of Canadian Nationalism, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://mqup.mcgill.ca/book.php?bookid=1884">[7]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._H._New" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._H._New" title="W. H. New">W. H. New</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/literary-history-in-english-1980-2000">"Literary History in English 1980-2000"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literary+History+in+English+1980-2000&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.au=W.+H.+New&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fliterary-history-in-english-1980-2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sabine Jackson, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lisa.revues.org/2645">Robertson Davies: l'expansion de la conscience culturelle au Canada</a></i>, La Revue LISA <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1762-6153">1762-6153</a> Volume 3, No. 2/2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorraine_Mcmullen" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lorraine Mcmullen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/novel-in-english">"Novel in English"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Novel+in+English&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.au=Lorraine+Mcmullen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fnovel-in-english&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Angus, <i>The Paradox of Cultural Identity in English Canada, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ianangus.ca/paradox.htm">[8]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090514002321/http://www.ianangus.ca/paradox.htm">Archived</a> May 14, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved May 5, 2009 </i>"‘English Canada’ is neither a nation-state nor a regional grouping with representative political institutions. Its cultural identity tends to disappear as an object of analysis. Questions of the identity of English Canada have tended to aim either 'above' at 'Canada' or 'below' toward a sub-national identity such as region, province, city, etc. or 'outside' toward a non-national identity such as feminism or other gender-based identities, environmentalism or other social movement-based identities, etc. English Canada has only a minor degree of consciousness of itself which has arisen recently in relation to the self-assertive politics of Quebec and First Nations. Even the name English Canada is problematic: the rest of Canada, Canada without Quebec, and other circumlocutions, register this difficulty."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population"</a>. February 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Findex.cfm%3FLang%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nationalist Passions: The Great Flag Debate, <i>Canada: A People's History</i>, retrieved from CBC website, May 4, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://history.cbc.ca/history/?MIval=EpisContent&series_id=1&episode_id=16&chapter_id=1&page_id=2&lang=E">[9]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prime Minister Pearson's speech on the inauguration of the Maple Leaf Flag, February 15, 1965, addresses the divide directly: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/primeministers/h4-4028-e.html">[10]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427102049/http://www.dominion.ca/DominionInstitute_VimyPoll_April9.pdf">"Ontario this Month"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dominion.ca/DominionInstitute_VimyPoll_April9.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ontario+this+Month&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dominion.ca%2FDominionInstitute_VimyPoll_April9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmut_Kallman" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Helmut Kallman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-maple-leaf-for-ever">"The Maple Leaf Forever"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Music_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Music in Canada">Encyclopedia of Music in Canada</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Maple+Leaf+Forever&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Music+in+Canada&rft.au=Helmut+Kallman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthe-maple-leaf-for-ever&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Globecampus, <i>Decision to omit O Canada hits patriotic nerve</i>, January 31, 2009, retrieved May 4, 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.globecampus.ca/in-the-news/article/decision-to-omit-o-canada-hits-patriotic-nerve/">[11]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706182019/http://www.globecampus.ca/in-the-news/article/decision-to-omit-o-canada-hits-patriotic-nerve/">Archived</a> July 6, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter C. Newman, <i>Company of Adventurers</i>, 1985: Viking, page 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gwyn_(Canadian_writer)" title="Richard Gwyn (Canadian writer)">Richard Gwyn</a>, <i>John A: The Man Who Made Us</i>, 2007, Random House of Canada Ltd., p. 367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gwyn, p. 365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213045202/http://www12.statcan.ca/English/census01/products/reference/dict/pop040.htm">"ethnic origin, 2001 census"</a>. 2.statcan.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Products/Reference/dict/pop040.htm">the original</a> on December 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ethnic+origin%2C+2001+census&rft.pub=2.statcan.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcensus01%2FProducts%2FReference%2Fdict%2Fpop040.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=68635&APATH=3&GID=517770&METH=1&PTYPE=55496&THEME=44&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=0&GK=0&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0">"97F0010XCB2001040"</a>. 2.statcan.ca. March 9, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=97F0010XCB2001040&rft.pub=2.statcan.ca&rft.date=2010-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcensus01%2Fproducts%2Fstandard%2Fthemes%2FRetrieveProductTable.cfm%3FTemporal%3D2001%26PID%3D68635%26APATH%3D3%26GID%3D517770%26METH%3D1%26PTYPE%3D55496%26THEME%3D44%26FOCUS%3D0%26AID%3D0%26PLACENAME%3D0%26PROVINCE%3D0%26SEARCH%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GK%3D0%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D%26FL%3D0%26RL%3D0%26FREE%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=68635&GID=517770&METH=1&APATH=3&PTYPE=55496&THEME=44&AID=0&FREE=0&FOCUS=0&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&GC=0&GK=0&SC=1&SR=1&RL=0&CPP=99&RPP=9999&d1=7&d2=1&d3=0">"97F0010XCB2001040"</a>. 2.statcan.ca. March 9, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=97F0010XCB2001040&rft.pub=2.statcan.ca&rft.date=2010-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcensus01%2Fproducts%2Fstandard%2Fthemes%2FRetrieveProductTable.cfm%3FTemporal%3D2001%26PID%3D68635%26GID%3D517770%26METH%3D1%26APATH%3D3%26PTYPE%3D55496%26THEME%3D44%26AID%3D0%26FREE%3D0%26FOCUS%3D0%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D%26GC%3D0%26GK%3D0%26SC%3D1%26SR%3D1%26RL%3D0%26CPP%3D99%26RPP%3D9999%26d1%3D7%26d2%3D1%26d3%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Canadian Oxford dictionary</i> (2. ed.). Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford Univ. Pr. 2004. p. 1439, 1676. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195418163" title="Special:BookSources/9780195418163"><bdi>9780195418163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Oxford+dictionary&rft.place=Don+Mills%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=1439%2C+1676&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Pr&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780195418163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Knowles, <i>Inventing the Loyalists: The Ontario Loyalist Tradition</i>, University of Toronto Press, p. 163 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkrZ8Fay3y8C&dq=Loyalist+Fragment+Canada&pg=PA183">[12]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laura Secord placed 8th in an Angus Reid survey conducted June 30, 1999 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ipsos-na.com/news/pressrelease.cfm?id=705">[13]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090707114519/http://www.ipsos-na.com/news/pressrelease.cfm?id=705">Archived</a> July 7, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Northrop Frye, <i>Divisions on a Ground: Essays on Canadian Culture</i>, 1982: House of Anansi Press, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">University of Toronto Quarterly, Vol 74, No. 1, Winter 2004-5, Review by Russell Morton Brown of <i>Canada and the Idea of North</i> by Sherrill E. Grace and <i>Northern Experience and the Myths of Canadian Culture</i> by Renée Hulan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terry Fox placed first in the Angus Reid poll of June 30, 1999 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ipsos-na.com/news/pressrelease.cfm?id=705">[14]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090707114519/http://www.ipsos-na.com/news/pressrelease.cfm?id=705">Archived</a> July 7, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and 2nd in <i>The Greatest Canadian</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macleans.ca, <i>The relentless Terry Fox</i>. April 1, 2005, Ken MacQueen, retrieved 2009-05-05 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.macleans.ca/canada/national/article.jsp?content=20050404_103116_103116">[15]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111031011721/http://www.macleans.ca/canada/national/article.jsp?content=20050404_103116_103116">Archived</a> October 31, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Fox, aged 22, had been a minor blip on the nation's radar until he entered Ontario, until he stormed Ottawa(meeting Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, who knew nothing of the run), and, especially, until the Canadian Cancer Society pulled out the stops for his triumphal entry into Toronto and through southern Ontario."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/greatest/greatcanadians/">Rick Hansen placed 30th in <i>The Greatest Canadian</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100213101825/http://www.cbc.ca/greatest/greatcanadians/">Archived</a> February 13, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wayne Gretzky placed 10th in CBC's <i>The Greatest Canadian</i> contest.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/1972-canada-soviet-hockey-series">"1972 Canada-Soviet Hockey Series (Summit Series)"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1972+Canada-Soviet+Hockey+Series+%28Summit+Series%29&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2F1972-canada-soviet-hockey-series&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830195633/http://www.westernhorsereview.com/blogs/screen-doors-saddles/bascom-honored-on-national-cowboy-day/">"Earl Bascom Honored On National Cowboy Day"</a>. <i>www.westernhorsereview.com</i>. August 19, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westernhorsereview.com/blogs/screen-doors-saddles/bascom-honored-on-national-cowboy-day/">the original</a> on August 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.westernhorsereview.com&rft.atitle=Earl+Bascom+Honored+On+National+Cowboy+Day&rft.date=2014-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernhorsereview.com%2Fblogs%2Fscreen-doors-saddles%2Fbascom-honored-on-national-cowboy-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180213222554/http://horsebackmagazine.com/hb/archives/41690">"First cowboy in Canada's Sports Hall of Fame - Horse Back Magazine"</a>. <i>horsebackmagazine.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://horsebackmagazine.com/hb/archives/41690">the original</a> on February 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=horsebackmagazine.com&rft.atitle=First+cowboy+in+Canada%27s+Sports+Hall+of+Fame+-+Horse+Back+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhorsebackmagazine.com%2Fhb%2Farchives%2F41690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nellie McClung placed 10th in the Angus Reid poll of June 30, 1999 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ipsos-na.com/news/pressrelease.cfm?id=705">[16]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090707114519/http://www.ipsos-na.com/news/pressrelease.cfm?id=705">Archived</a> July 7, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and 25th in <i>The Greatest Canadian</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B.C. Archives, <i>Emily Carr</i>, retrieved May 5, 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bcarchives.gov.bc.ca/exhibits/timemach/galler10/frames/carr.htm">[17]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090514065111/http://www.bcarchives.gov.bc.ca/exhibits/timemach/galler10/frames/carr.htm">Archived</a> May 14, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090707114519/http://www.ipsos-na.com/news/pressrelease.cfm?id=705">"Billy Bishop placed 9th in the 1999 Angus Reid poll"</a>. Ipsos-na.com. June 30, 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipsos-na.com/news/pressrelease.cfm?id=705">the original</a> on July 7, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Billy+Bishop+placed+9th+in+the+1999+Angus+Reid+poll&rft.pub=Ipsos-na.com&rft.date=1999-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsos-na.com%2Fnews%2Fpressrelease.cfm%3Fid%3D705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick Banting placed 2nd in the 1999 Angus Reid poll <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ipsos-na.com/news/pressrelease.cfm?id=705">[18]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090707114519/http://www.ipsos-na.com/news/pressrelease.cfm?id=705">Archived</a> July 7, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and 4th in <i>The Greatest Canadian</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/greatest/greatcanadians/">Norman Bethune placed 26th in <i>The Greatest Canadian</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416141904/http://www.cbc.ca/greatest/greatcanadians/">Archived</a> April 16, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell placed 9th in <i>The Greatest Canadian</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlotte Gray, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatquestions.com/e/q5_gray_1.html">"Heroes and Symbols"</a>. <i>Great Canadian Questions</i>, The Dominion Institute. Retrieved June 27, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090422050013/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/series/trudeau/jgray2_sep30.html">"The Globe and Mail: Series – Pierre Elliott Trudeau 1919–2000"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/series/trudeau/jgray2_sep30.html">the original</a> on April 22, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Mr. Lévesque's judgment was not shared by many. As in the rest of Canada, opinion polls showed overwhelming support in Quebec for the War Measures Act.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Globe+and+Mail%3A+Series+%E2%80%93+Pierre+Elliott+Trudeau+1919%E2%80%932000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fseries%2Ftrudeau%2Fjgray2_sep30.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Canada/Britain Relationship: World War 1 Songs</i>, " McMaster University Library, retrieved May 5, 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://library.mcmaster.ca/archives/exhibitions/WorldWar/file08.htm">[19]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081020015745/http://library.mcmaster.ca/archives/exhibitions/WorldWar/file08.htm">Archived</a> October 20, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Increasingly as the war wore on, Canadians were not fighting because Britain told them to, they were fighting because Canadians were dying in Flanders and the need to punish somebody for the terrible Canadian losses was very strong. By 1917, Canada's former deference to Britain was all but forgotten in the musical record. Canada had proven to the world that she was a strong, independent nation, and no longer wanted to be subordinate to an old colonial power that was fast losing its importance on the international stage."</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-population-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1971-present: Statistic also includes all "Other British Origins" responses. Additionally, 1996-present census populations are undercounts, due to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">"Canadian" ethnic origin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-population2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population2021_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2021_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2021_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"English": 5,322,825<sup id="cite_ref-population2021_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />"British Isles, n.o.s.": 938,950<sup id="cite_ref-population2021_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />"British Isles origins, n.i.e.": 2,105<sup id="cite_ref-population2021_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritishIsles-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BritishIsles_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/Census_in_Canada" title="Census in Canada">demi-decadal censuses</a> officially use the name "British Isles Origins" for the various nationalities and ethnicities that are in the region. See 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-population2016_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-population2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 2006<sup id="cite_ref-population2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> censuses as examples</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canadian-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Canada's nationality laws</a>. However, "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestry. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire. "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones), however no-longer self identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude or generational distance from ancestral lineage.<br /><b>Source 1:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Jedwab2008" class="citation web cs1">Jack Jedwab (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002032711/http://www.acs-aec.ca/pdf/polls/12154527016855.pdf">"Our 'Cense' of Self: the 2006 Census saw 1.6 million 'Canadian'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Association for Canadian Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acs-aec.ca/pdf/polls/12154527016855.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2011</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Virtually all persons who reported "Canadian" in 1996 had English or French as a mother tongue, were born in Canada and had both parents born inside Canada. This suggests that many of these respondents were people whose families have been in this country for several generations. In effect the "new Canadians" were persons that previously reported either British or French origins. Moreover in 1996 some 55% of people with both parents born in Canada reported Canadian (alone or in combination with other origins). By contrast, only 4% of people with both parents born outside Canada reported Canadian. Thus the Canadian response did not appeal widely to either immigrants or their children."(Page 2)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+%27Cense%27+of+Self%3A+the+2006+Census+saw+1.6+million+%27Canadian%27&rft.pub=Association+for+Canadian+Studies&rft.date=2008-04&rft.au=Jack+Jedwab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs-aec.ca%2Fpdf%2Fpolls%2F12154527016855.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span><br /><b>Source 2:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon_Kerr2007" class="citation book cs1">Don Kerr (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CofPBh5BRhwC&pg=PA313"><i>The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population</i></a>. Canadian Scholars' Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">313–</span>317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-322-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-322-2"><bdi>978-1-55130-322-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Face+of+Canada%3A+Essential+Readings+in+Population&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E313-%3C%2Fspan%3E317&rft.pub=Canadian+Scholars%27+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55130-322-2&rft.au=Don+Kerr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCofPBh5BRhwC%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Canadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population2001-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population2001_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2001_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"English": 5,978,875<sup id="cite_ref-population2001_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />"British, n.i.e.": 150,585<sup id="cite_ref-population2001_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population2006-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population2006_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2006_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"English": 6,570,015<sup id="cite_ref-population2006_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />"British Isles, n.i.e.": 403,915<sup id="cite_ref-population2006_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population2011-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population2011_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2011_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"English": 6,509,500<sup id="cite_ref-population2011_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />"British Isles origins, n.i.e.": 576,030<sup id="cite_ref-population2011_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population2016-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population2016_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2016_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"English": 6,320,085<sup id="cite_ref-population2016_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />"British Isles origins, n.i.e.": 644,695<sup id="cite_ref-population2016_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Neil Sutherland, Cynthia Comacchio (2000) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Bmvk5r_4ZUC&dq=English%20Canadians&pg=PP1">Children in English-Canadian society: framing the twentieth-century consensus</a></i> Wilfrid Laurier University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88920-351-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-88920-351-2">0-88920-351-2</a></li> <li>Richard Gwyn, (2007) <i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHs8qlWcl4gC&dq=The%20Man%20Who%20Made%20Us&pg=PP1">John A: The Man Who Made Us</a></i> Random House of Canada Ltd, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679314769" title="Special:BookSources/9780679314769">9780679314769</a></li> <li>Margaret A. Ormsby, (1958) <i>British Columbia: a History</i>, The MacMillan Company of Canada</li> <li>Thomas H. Raddall, (1973) <i>Halifax: Warden of the North</i>, McLelland and Stewart</li> <li>Terry Reksten, (1986) <i>More English than the English: A Very Social History of Victoria</i>, Orca Book Publishers</li> <li>Richards, Eric. <i>Britannia's children: emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland since 1600</i> (A&C Black, 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JknDbX3ae1MC&pg=PR9">online</a>.</li> <li>Shepperson, Wilbur S. <i>British emigration to North America; projects and opinions in the early Victorian period</i> (1957) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishemigratio0000shep">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/home/index.cfm">2001 Census</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227125053/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census01/home/index.cfm">Archived</a> February 27, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_British_diaspora403" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_diaspora" title="Template:British diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_diaspora" title="Template talk:British diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_British_diaspora403" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_diaspora" title="British diaspora">British diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_diaspora" title="English diaspora">English diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people#Welsh_emigration" title="Welsh people">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Zimbabweans" title="White Zimbabweans"> Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Kenyans" class="mw-redirect" title="White Kenyans"> Kenya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_China" title="Britons in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_Hong_Kong" title="Britons in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_Japan" title="Britons in Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_Bangladesh" title="Britons in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_India" title="Britons in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish-Indian">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_people_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="British people in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burgher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_Myanmar" title="Britons in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farang" title="Farang">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations#Britons_in_Cyprus" title="Cyprus–United Kingdom relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expatriates_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates#British" title="Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_Turkey" title="Britons in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_migration_to_France" title="British migration to France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_migration_to_Germany" title="British migration to Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_in_Italy" title="British in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_migration_to_Portugal" title="British migration to Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_migration_to_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="British migration to Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_people_in_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British people in Sweden (page does not exist)">Sweden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britter_och_nordirl%C3%A4ndare_i_Sverige" class="extiw" title="sv:Britter och nordirländare i Sverige">sv</a>]</span></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian" title="Anglo-Russian">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Russians" title="Scottish Russians">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Russians" title="Irish Russians">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_Turkey" title="Britons in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Americans" title="Anglo-Americans">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Canadians" title="British Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_Canadians" title="Anglo-Indian Canadians">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-M%C3%A9tis" title="Anglo-Métis">Anglo-Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Canadians" title="Cornish Canadians">Cornish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Canadians" title="Scotch-Irish Canadians">Scotch-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Quebecer" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Quebecer">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Canadians" title="Welsh Canadians">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jamaica <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Jamaicans" title="Scottish Jamaicans">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_Mexico" title="Britons in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li>Nicaragua <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_settlement_in_Nicaragua" title="English settlement in Nicaragua">English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Americans" title="Old Stock Americans">Old Stock Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scotch-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestants">White Anglo-Saxon Protestants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Latin_American" title="British Latin American">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Argentines" title="English Argentines">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Argentine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Brazilians" title="English Brazilians">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Brazilians" title="Scottish Brazilians">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Caribbean_people" title="White Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chileans" title="British Chileans">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Chileans" title="English Chileans">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Chilean" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Chilean">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Chilean" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Chilean">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Paraguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_people_in_Paraguay" title="English people in Paraguay">English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Peruvians" title="British Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Uruguayans" title="British Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australians" title="Anglo-Celtic Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Australians" title="Cornish Australians">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Australians" title="English Australians">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Australians" title="Scottish Australians">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Australians" title="Welsh Australians">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_New_Zealanders" title="English New Zealanders">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_New_Zealanders" title="Scottish New Zealanders">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_New_Zealanders" title="Welsh New Zealanders">Welsh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada161" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_people" title="Template:Canadian people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_people" title="Template talk:Canadian people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada161" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnic origins of people in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_First_Nations_band_governments" title="List of First Nations band governments">by band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Métis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">Canadian ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Canadians" title="British Canadians">British</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Canadians" title="Welsh Canadians">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundlander" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundlander">Newfoundlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadians" title="Irish Canadians">Irish Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist#Nova_Scotia" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Horn of Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Canadians" title="Eritrean Canadians">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Canadians" title="Ethiopian Canadians">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Canadians" title="Somali Canadians">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Canadians" title="Berber Canadians">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Canadians" title="Algerian Canadians">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Canadians" title="Libyan Canadians">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Canadians" title="Moroccan Canadians">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Canadians" title="Tunisian Canadians">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Canadians" title="Coptic Canadians">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Canadians" title="Egyptian Canadians">Egyptian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Canadians" title="South Sudanese Canadians">South Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Canadians" title="Sudanese Canadians">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southern Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Canadians" title="South African Canadians">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Canadians" title="Zimbabwean Canadians">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">West Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Canadians" title="Ghanaian Canadians">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Canadians" title="Nigerian Canadians">Nigerian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Canadians" title="Igbo Canadians">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Canadians" title="Yoruba Canadians">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Canadians" title="American Canadians">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Canadians" title="Mexican Canadians">Mexican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Canadians" title="Barbadian Canadians">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Canadians">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican Canadians">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Guyanese Canadians">Guyanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Canadians" title="Haitian Canadians">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Canadians" title="Jamaican Canadians">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Canadians">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Canadians" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Canadians">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Central and South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Canadians">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Canadians">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean Canadians">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Canadians">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemalan Canadians">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Canadians">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvadoran Canadians">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguayan Canadians">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Canadians">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Canadians" title="Asian Canadians">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Asian_Canadians" title="West Asian Canadians">Central Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Canadians" title="Afghan Canadians">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Canadians" title="Kazakh Canadians">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Canadians" title="Tajik Canadians">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Canadians" title="Tatar Canadians">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Canadians" title="Uzbek Canadians">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Canadians" title="East Asian Canadians">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Canadians" title="Hong Kong Canadians">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Canadians" title="Taiwanese Canadians">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians" title="Japanese Canadians">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Canadians" title="Korean Canadians">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Canadians" title="Mongolian Canadians">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Canadians" title="Tibetan Canadians">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Canadians" title="Bangladeshi Canadians">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Canadians">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_Canadians" title="Anglo-Indian Canadians">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Canadians" title="Nepalese Canadians">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Canadians" title="Pakistani Canadians">Pakistani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians" title="Punjabi Canadians">Punjabi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Canada" title="Romani people in Canada">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Canadians" title="Sri Lankan Canadians">Sri Lankan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Canadians" title="Southeast Asian Canadians">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Canadians" title="Cambodian Canadians">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Canadians" title="Filipino Canadians">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Canadians" title="Indonesian Canadians">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Canadians" title="Laotian Canadians">Laotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Canadians" title="Malaysian Canadians">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Canadians" title="Singaporean Canadians">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Canadians" title="Thai Canadians">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Canadians" title="Vietnamese Canadians">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Asian_Canadians" title="West Asian Canadians">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Canadians" title="Arab Canadians">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Canadians" title="Iraqi Canadians">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Canadians" title="Jordanian Canadians">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Canadians" title="Lebanese Canadians">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Canadians" title="Palestinian Canadians">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Canadians" title="Saudi Canadians">Saudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Canadians" title="Syrian Canadians">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Canadians" title="Yemeni Canadians">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Canadians" title="Armenian Canadians">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Canadians" title="Assyrian Canadians">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Canadians" title="Azerbaijani Canadians">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Canadians" title="Iranian Canadians">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Canadians" title="Israeli Canadians">Israeli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Canadians" title="Kurdish Canadians">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Canadians" title="Turkish Canadians">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Canadians" title="Austrian Canadians">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Canadians" title="Czech Canadians">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Canadians" title="Hungarian Canadians">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Canadians" title="Polish Canadians">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Canadians" title="Slovak Canadians">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Canadians" title="Slovene Canadians">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Canadians" title="Swiss Canadians">Swiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Canadians" title="Belarusian Canadians">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Canadians" title="Russian Canadians">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Ukrainian Canadians">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Canadians" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Canadians">Nordic and Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Canadians" title="Danish Canadians">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Canadians" title="Finnish Canadians">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Canadians" title="Icelandic Canadians">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Canadians" title="Norwegian Canadians">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Canadians" title="Swedish Canadians">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Canadians" title="Estonian Canadians">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Canadians" title="Latvian Canadians">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Canadians" title="Lithuanian Canadians">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southeast Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Canadians">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Canadians" title="Bosnian Canadians">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Canadians" title="Bulgarian Canadians">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Canadians" title="Croatian Canadians">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Canadians" title="Greek Canadians">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Canadians" title="Macedonian Canadians">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Canadians" title="Montenegrin Canadians">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Canadians" title="Romanian Canadians">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Canadians" title="Serbian Canadians">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Canadians" title="Yugoslav Canadians">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadians" title="Italian Canadians">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Canadians" title="Maltese Canadians">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Canadians" title="Portuguese Canadians">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Canadians" title="Spanish Canadians">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Canadians" title="Basque Canadians">Basque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Canadians" title="Belgian Canadians">Belgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish Canadians">Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Canadians" title="British Canadians">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Canadians" title="Cornish Canadians">Cornish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Canadians" title="Scotch-Irish Canadians">Scotch-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Canadians" title="Welsh Canadians">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Canadians" title="Dutch Canadians">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Canadians" title="Breton Canadians">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Canadian">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Canadians" title="Luxembourgish Canadians">Luxembourger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Canadians" title="Oceanian Canadians">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Canadians" title="Australian Canadians">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_(Pacific_Island_worker)" title="Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Canadians" title="New Zealand Canadians">New Zealander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&oldid=1275012585">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Canadians&oldid=1275012585</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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