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<li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_experiments_with_sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_experiments_with_sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 First experiments with sound </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_experiments_with_sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tragedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tragedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Family tragedy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tragedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_with_deaf_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_with_deaf_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Work with deaf people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_with_deaf_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuing_experimentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuing_experimentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Continuing experimentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuing_experimentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_telephone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_telephone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 The telephone </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_telephone-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The telephone subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_telephone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_race_to_the_patent_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_race_to_the_patent_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 The race to the patent office </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_race_to_the_patent_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Later developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Competitors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Family life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_inventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_inventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Later inventions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_inventions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later inventions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_inventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Photophone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photophone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Photophone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photophone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal_detector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal_detector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Metal detector </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal_detector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrofoils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrofoils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Hydrofoils </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrofoils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aeronautics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aeronautics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Aeronautics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aeronautics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heredity_and_genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heredity_and_genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Heredity and genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heredity_and_genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Legacy and honors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_honors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy and honors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Honorary degrees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayal_in_film,_television_and_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayal_in_film,_television_and_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Portrayal in film, television and fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayal_in_film,_television_and_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multimedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multimedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Multimedia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multimedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Alexander Graham Bell</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 126 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" > 126 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%AD_%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AB%E1%88%9D_%E1%89%A0%E1%88%8D" title="አሌክሳንደር ግራም በል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አሌክሳንደር ግራም በል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%84" title="ألكسندر غراهام بل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكسندر غراهام بل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80_%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AC" title="Ալեքսանտր Կրահամ Պելլ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ալեքսանտր Կրահամ Պելլ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%27%E0%A6%B2" title="আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰাহাম বে'ল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰাহাম বে'ল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Qreyam_Bell" title="Aleksandr Qreyam Bell – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aleksandr Qreyam Bell" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="আলেকজান্ডার গ্রাহাম বেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলেকজান্ডার গ্রাহাম বেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Аляксандр Грэям Бел – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аляксандр Грэям Бел" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC_%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Аляксандар Грэм Бэл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аляксандар Грэм Бэл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Александър Бел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Александър Бел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Александр Грейам Белл – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Александр Грейам Белл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BC_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB" title="Αλεξάντερ Γκράχαμ Μπελ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλεξάντερ Γκράχαμ Μπελ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Белл, Александр Грейам – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Белл, Александр Грейам" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%84" title="الکساندر گراهام بل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکساندر گراهام بل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE_%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2" title="એલેક્ઝાન્ડર ગ્રેહામ બેલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એલેક્ઝાન્ડર ગ્રેહામ બેલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%8D%94_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%84_%EB%B2%A8" title="알렉산더 그레이엄 벨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉산더 그레이엄 벨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AC" title="Ալեքսանդր Բելլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեքսանդր Բելլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="ऐलेक्ज़ैन्डर ग्राहम बेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऐलेक्ज़ैन्डर ग्राहम बेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9C" title="אלכסנדר גרהם בל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסנדר גרהם בל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ ಗ್ರಹಾಂ ಬೆಲ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ ಗ್ರಹಾಂ ಬೆಲ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ალექსანდერ გრეიამ ბელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალექსანდერ გრეიამ ბელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Александр Грэхэм Белл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Александр Грэхэм Белл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrs_Greiems_Bells" title="Aleksandrs Greiems Bells – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aleksandrs Greiems Bells" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="अलेक्ज्याण्डर ग्राहम बेल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अलेक्ज्याण्डर ग्राहम बेल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Александар Грејам Бел – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Александар Грејам Бел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Graham_Bell" title="Alexandre Graham Bell – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alexandre Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD" title="അലക്സാണ്ടർ ഗ്രഹാം ബെൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലക്സാണ്ടർ ഗ്രഹാം ബെൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="अलेक्झांडर ग्रॅहॅम बेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अलेक्झांडर ग्रॅहॅम बेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ალექსანდერ გრეიამ ბელი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალექსანდერ გრეიამ ბელი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84" title="اليكساندر جراهام بيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اليكساندر جراهام بيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%84" title="الکساندر گراهام بل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="الکساندر گراهام بل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Александр Грэхэм Белл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Александр Грэхэм Белл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9F%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%98%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="အလက်ဇန္ဒား ဂရေဟမ် ဘဲလ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလက်ဇန္ဒား ဂရေဟမ် ဘဲလ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="एलेक्जेन्डर ग्राहम बेल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एलेक्जेन्डर ग्राहम बेल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="अलेकजेन्डर ग्राहम् बेल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अलेकजेन्डर ग्राहम् बेल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB" title="アレクサンダー・グラハム・ベル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンダー・グラハム・ベル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2" title="ਸਿਕੰਦਰ ਗ੍ਰਾਹਮ ਬੈੱਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਕੰਦਰ ਗ੍ਰਾਹਮ ਬੈੱਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%84" title="گراہم بل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گراہم بل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%90%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%89%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%84" title="الېکسانډر گراهام بېل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الېکسانډر گراهام بېل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Белл, Александр Грейам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белл, Александр Грейам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Александр Белл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Александр Белл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D" title="अलेक्जाण्डर् ग्राहम् बेल् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अलेक्जाण्डर् ग्राहम् बेल्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Graham_Bell" title="Aleksander Graham Bell – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aleksander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් ග්‍රැහැම්බෙල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් ග්‍රැහැම්බෙල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%AF%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84" title="اليگزينڊر گراھم بيل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اليگزينڊر گراھم بيل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%DB%8E%DA%B5" title="ئەلێکساندەر گراھام بێڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلێکساندەر گراھام بێڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Александер Грејам Бел – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Александер Грејам Бел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அலெக்சாண்டர் கிரகாம் பெல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" 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class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="อเล็กซานเดอร์ เกรแฮม เบลล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อเล็กซานเดอร์ เกรแฮม เบลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D2%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Александр Греҳем Белл – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Александр Греҳем Белл" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alek%C2%ADsandr_Gra%C3%BDam_Bell" title="Aleksandr Graýam Bell – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Aleksandr Graýam Bell" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Александер Грем Белл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Александер Грем Белл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%85_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84" title="الیگزنڈر گراہم بیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الیگزنڈر گراہم بیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E5%8E%84%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94" title="亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C" title="אלעקסאנדער גרעהעם בעל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלעקסאנדער גרעהעם בעל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE" title="亞歷山大貝爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞歷山大貝爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E5%8E%84%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94" title="亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Canadian-American inventor of telephone (1847–1922)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output 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For the song about him, see <a href="/wiki/The_Sweet" title="The Sweet">The Sweet</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Alexander Graham Bell</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Graham_Bell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Alexander_Graham_Bell.jpg/220px-Alexander_Graham_Bell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Alexander_Graham_Bell.jpg/330px-Alexander_Graham_Bell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Alexander_Graham_Bell.jpg/440px-Alexander_Graham_Bell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="624" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Bell, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1917</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Alexander Bell</div> (1847-03-03)March 3, 1847 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 2, 1922(1922-08-02) (aged 75) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Beinn_Bhreagh" title="Beinn Bhreagh">Beinn Bhreagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>United Kingdom (1847–1922)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">British-subject in Canada</a> (1870–1882)</li><li>United States (1882–1922)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Inventor</li><li>scientist</li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>engineer</li><li>professor a</li><li>teacher of the deaf <a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Invention_of_the_telephone" title="Invention of the telephone">Invention of the telephone</a> b Co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Gardiner_Hubbard" title="Mabel Gardiner Hubbard">Mabel Gardiner Hubbard</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1877)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Melville_Bell" title="Alexander Melville Bell">Alexander Melville Bell</a></li> <li>Eliza Grace Symonds</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner G. Hubbard</a> (father-in-law)</li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Charles_Bell_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Charles Bell (academic)">David C. Bell</a> (uncle)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hovey_Grosvenor" title="Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor">Gilbert H. Grosvenor</a> (son-in-law)</li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Fairchild" title="David Fairchild">David Fairchild</a> (son-in-law)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Bell_Grosvenor" title="Melville Bell Grosvenor">Melville Bell Grosvenor</a> (grandson)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Harlakenden_Grosvenor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mabel Harlakenden Grosvenor">Mabel Grosvenor</a> (granddaughter)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Fairchild" title="Graham Fairchild">A. Graham Bell Fairchild</a> (grandson)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Melville_Grosvenor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert Melville Grosvenor">Gilbert Grosvenor</a> (great-grandson)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_S._Grosvenor" title="Edwin S. Grosvenor">Edwin Grosvenor</a> (great-grandson)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Bell" title="Chichester Bell">Chichester Bell</a> (cousin)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volta_Prize" title="Volta Prize">Volta Prize</a> (1880)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Member of the National Academy of Sciences">Membership of NAS</a> (1883)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Albert Medal</a> (1902)</li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Fritz_Medal" title="John Fritz Medal">John Fritz Medal</a> (1907)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> (1912)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Hughes Medal</a> (1913)</li><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Edison_Medal" title="IEEE Edison Medal"> AIEE Edison Medal</a> (1914)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Graham_Bell_speaking.ogg" title="File:Alexander Graham Bell speaking.ogg">Bell's voice </a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="43" data-mwtitle="Alexander_Graham_Bell_speaking.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Alexander_Graham_Bell_speaking.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Alexander_Graham_Bell_speaking.ogg/Alexander_Graham_Bell_speaking.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAlexander_Graham_Bell_speaking.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAlexander_Graham_Bell_speaking.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAlexander_Graham_Bell_speaking.ogg&lang=eo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eo" label="Esperanto ‪(eo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAlexander_Graham_Bell_speaking.ogg&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAlexander_Graham_Bell_speaking.ogg&lang=mk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mk" label="македонски ‪(mk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAlexander_Graham_Bell_speaking.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau#Bell's_voice" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Re-identified in 2013</a>, Bell made this <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder#Early_development" title="Phonograph cylinder">wax-disc</a> recording of his voice in 1885.</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Graham_Bell_(signature).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Alexander_Graham_Bell_%28signature%29.svg/150px-Alexander_Graham_Bell_%28signature%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Alexander_Graham_Bell_%28signature%29.svg/225px-Alexander_Graham_Bell_%28signature%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Alexander_Graham_Bell_%28signature%29.svg/300px-Alexander_Graham_Bell_%28signature%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="76" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>a <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> (see <a href="#Continuing_experimentation">below</a>).</li><li>b See <a href="#The_telephone">below</a>.</li><li>c Two died soon after birth.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Alexander Graham Bell (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɡreɪ.əm/</a>; born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> was a Scottish-born<a href="#cite_note-7">[N 1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">Canadian-American</a> inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>. He also co-founded the <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">American Telephone and Telegraph Company</a> (AT&T) in 1885.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1990291-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Melville_Bell" title="Alexander Melville Bell">Bell's father</a>, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on <a href="/wiki/Elocution" title="Elocution">elocution</a> and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices, which eventually culminated in his being awarded the first <a href="/wiki/United_States_patent_law" title="United States patent law">U.S. patent</a> for the telephone, on March 7, 1876.<a href="#cite_note-10">[N 2]</a> Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[N 3]</a> Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including groundbreaking work in <a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">optical telecommunications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">hydrofoils</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautics</a>. Bell also had a strong influence on the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> and its <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">magazine</a> while serving as its second president from 1898 to 1903. Beyond his work in engineering, Bell had a deep interest in the emerging science of <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">heredity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> His work in this area has been called "the soundest, and most useful study of human heredity proposed in nineteenth-century America... Bell's most notable contribution to basic science, as distinct from invention."<a href="#cite_note-bruce1990-16">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> Bell was born in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, on March 3, 1847.<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> The family home was at South Charlotte Street, and has a stone inscription marking it as Bell's birthplace. He had two brothers: Melville James Bell (1845–1870) and Edward Charles Bell (1848–1867), both of whom died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> His father was <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Melville_Bell" title="Alexander Melville Bell">Alexander Melville Bell</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Phonetician" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetician">phonetician</a>, and his mother was Eliza Grace Bell (née Symonds).<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> Born as just "Alexander Bell", at age 10 he made a plea to his father to have a middle name like his two brothers.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[N 4]</a> For his 11th birthday, his father acquiesced and allowed him to adopt the name "Graham", chosen out of respect for Alexander Graham, a <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> being treated by his father who had become a family friend.<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> To close relatives and friends he remained "Aleck".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce199017–19-23">[19]</a> Bell and his siblings attended a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian Church</a> in their youth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1990490-24">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_invention">First invention</h3></div> As a child, Bell displayed a curiosity about his world; he gathered botanical specimens and ran experiments at an early age. His best friend was Ben Herdman, a neighbor whose family operated a flour mill. At the age of 12, Bell built a homemade device that combined rotating paddles with sets of nail brushes, creating a simple <a href="/wiki/Dehusking" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehusking">dehusking</a> machine that was put into operation at the mill and used steadily for a number of years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce199016-25">[21]</a> In return, Ben's father John Herdman gave both boys the run of a small workshop in which to "invent".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce199016-25">[21]</a> From his early years, Bell showed a sensitive nature and a talent for art, poetry, and music that his mother encouraged. With no formal training, he mastered the piano and became the family's pianist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray20068-26">[22]</a> Though normally quiet and introspective, he reveled in mimicry and "voice tricks" akin to <a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">ventriloquism</a> that entertained family guests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray20068-26">[22]</a> Bell was also deeply affected by his mother's gradual deafness (she began to lose her hearing when he was 12), and learned a manual finger language so he could sit at her side and tap out silently the conversations swirling around the family parlor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray20069-27">[23]</a> He also developed a technique of speaking in clear, modulated tones directly into his mother's forehead, whereby she would hear him with reasonable clarity.<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> Bell's preoccupation with his mother's deafness led him to study <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustics</a>. His family was long associated with the teaching of elocution: his grandfather, Alexander Bell, in London, his uncle in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, and his father, in Edinburgh, were all elocutionists. His father published a variety of works on the subject, several of which are still well known, especially The Standard Elocutionist (1860),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray20068-26">[22]</a> which appeared in Edinburgh in 1868. The Standard Elocutionist appeared in 168 British editions and sold over 250,000 copies in the United States alone. It explains methods to instruct <a href="/wiki/Deaf-mute" title="Deaf-mute">deaf-mutes</a> (as they were then known) to articulate words and read other people's lip movements to decipher meaning. Bell's father taught him and his brothers not only to write <a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a> but to identify any symbol and its accompanying sound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie19757-29">[25]</a> Bell became so proficient that he became a part of his father's public demonstrations and astounded audiences with his abilities. He could decipher Visible Speech representing virtually every language, including <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, accurately reciting written tracts without any prior knowledge of their pronunciation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie19757-29">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> As a young child, Bell, like his brothers, was schooled at home by his father. At an early age, he was enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_High_School_(Edinburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal High School (Edinburgh)">Royal High School</a>, Edinburgh; he left at age 15, having completed only the first four forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay199731-30">[26]</a> His school record was undistinguished, marked by absenteeism and lackluster grades. His main interest remained in the sciences, especially biology, while he treated other school subjects with indifference, to his father's dismay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray200611-31">[27]</a> Upon leaving school, Bell traveled to London to live with his grandfather, Alexander Bell, on <a href="/wiki/Harrington_Square" title="Harrington Square">Harrington Square</a>. During the year he spent with his grandfather, a love of learning was born, with long hours spent in serious discussion and study. The elder Bell took great efforts to have his young pupil learn to speak clearly and with conviction, attributes he would need to become a teacher himself.<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> At age 16, Bell secured a position as a "pupil-teacher" of <a href="/wiki/Elocution" title="Elocution">elocution</a> and music at Weston House Academy in <a href="/wiki/Elgin,_Moray" title="Elgin, Moray">Elgin, Moray</a>, Scotland. Although enrolled as a student in Latin and Greek, he instructed classes himself in return for board and £10 per session.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce199037-33">[29]</a> The next year, he attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>, joining his brother Melville, who had enrolled there the previous year. In 1868, not long before he departed for Canada with his family, Bell completed his matriculation exams and was accepted for admission to <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_experiments_with_sound">First experiments with sound</h3></div> Bell's father encouraged his interest in speech and, in 1863, took his sons to see a unique <a href="/wiki/Automaton" title="Automaton">automaton</a> developed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> based on the earlier work of <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_von_Kempelen" title="Wolfgang von Kempelen">Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroundwater200525-35">[31]</a> The rudimentary "mechanical man" simulated a human voice. Bell was fascinated by the machine, and after he obtained a copy of von Kempelen's book, published in German, and had laboriously translated it, he and Melville built their own automaton head. Their father, highly interested in their project, offered to pay for any supplies and spurred the boys on with the enticement of a "big prize" if they were successful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroundwater200525-35">[31]</a> While his brother constructed the throat and <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>, Bell tackled the more difficult task of recreating a realistic skull. His efforts resulted in a remarkably lifelike head that could "speak", albeit only a few words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroundwater200525-35">[31]</a> The boys would carefully adjust the "lips" and when a <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a> forced air through the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">windpipe</a>, a very recognizable Mama ensued, to the delight of neighbors who came to see the invention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie19757–9-36">[32]</a> Intrigued by the results of the automaton, Bell continued to experiment with a live subject, the family's <a href="/wiki/Skye_Terrier" title="Skye Terrier">Skye Terrier</a>, Trouve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie19759-37">[33]</a> After he taught it to growl continuously, Bell would reach into its mouth and manipulate the dog's lips and <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a> to produce a crude-sounding "Ow ah oo ga ma ma". With little convincing, visitors believed his dog could articulate "How are you, grandmama?"<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> Indicative of his playful nature, his experiments convinced onlookers that they saw a "talking dog".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroundwater200530-39">[35]</a> These initial forays into experimentation with sound led Bell to undertake his first serious work on the transmission of sound, using <a href="/wiki/Tuning_fork" title="Tuning fork">tuning forks</a> to explore <a href="/wiki/Resonance" title="Resonance">resonance</a>. At age 19, Bell wrote a report on his work and sent it to philologist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_John_Ellis" title="Alexander John Ellis">Alexander Ellis</a>, a colleague of his father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroundwater200530-39">[35]</a> Ellis immediately wrote back indicating that the experiments were similar to existing work in Germany, and also lent Bell a copy of <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a>'s work, The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShulman200846-40">[36]</a> Dismayed to find that groundbreaking work had already been undertaken by Helmholtz, who had conveyed vowel sounds by means of a similar tuning fork "contraption", Bell pored over the book. Working from his own erroneous mistranslation of a French edition,<a href="#cite_note-DCB-41">[37]</a> Bell fortuitously then made a deduction that would underpin all his future work on transmitting sound, reporting: "Without knowing much about the subject, it seemed to me that if vowel sounds could be produced by electrical means, so could consonants, so could articulate speech." He also later remarked: "I thought that Helmholtz had done it ... and that my failure was due only to my ignorance of electricity. It was a valuable blunder ... If I had been able to read German in those days, I might never have commenced my experiments!"<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroundwater200531-43">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShulman200846–48-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[N 5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_tragedy">Family tragedy</h3></div> In 1865, when the Bell family moved to London,<a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a> Bell returned to Weston House as an assistant master and, in his spare hours, continued experiments on sound using a minimum of laboratory equipment. Bell concentrated on experimenting with electricity to convey sound and later installed a <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> wire from his room in Somerset College to that of a friend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce199045-47">[42]</a> Throughout late 1867, his health faltered mainly through exhaustion. His brother Edward was similarly affected by <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. While Bell recovered (by then referring to himself in correspondence as "A. G. Bell") and served the next year as an instructor at Somerset College, <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, England, his brother's condition deteriorated. Edward never recovered. Upon his brother's death, Bell returned home in 1867. Melville had married and moved out. With aspirations to obtain a degree at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, Bell considered his next years preparation for the degree examinations, devoting his spare time to studying. Helping his father in Visible Speech demonstrations and lectures brought Bell to Susanna E. Hull's private school for the deaf in <a href="/wiki/South_Kensington" title="South Kensington">South Kensington</a>, London. His first two pupils were <a href="/wiki/Deaf-mute" title="Deaf-mute">deaf-mute</a> girls who made remarkable progress under his tutelage. While Melville seemed to achieve success on many fronts, including opening his own elocution school, applying for a patent on an invention, and starting a family, Bell continued as a teacher. In May 1870, Melville died from complications of tuberculosis, causing a family crisis. His father had also experienced a debilitating illness earlier in life and been restored to health by convalescence in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a>. Bell's parents embarked upon a long-planned move when they realized that their remaining son was also sickly. Acting decisively, Alexander Melville Bell asked Bell to arrange for the sale of all the family property,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce199067–28-48">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[N 6]</a> conclude all his brother's affairs (Bell took on his last student, curing a pronounced lisp),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce199068-50">[44]</a> and join his father and mother in setting out for the "<a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>". Reluctantly, Bell also had to conclude a relationship with Marie Eccleston, who, as he had surmised, was not prepared to leave England with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroundwater200533-51">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site" title="Bell Homestead National Historic Site">Bell Homestead National Historic Site</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site,_Brantford,_Ontario,_Canada,_incl._Visitor_Ctr,_Henderson_Home,_Carriage_House_and_Dreaming_Place_IMG_0039_09.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site%2C_Brantford%2C_Ontario%2C_Canada%2C_incl._Visitor_Ctr%2C_Henderson_Home%2C_Carriage_House_and_Dreaming_Place_IMG_0039_09.JPG/220px-The_Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site%2C_Brantford%2C_Ontario%2C_Canada%2C_incl._Visitor_Ctr%2C_Henderson_Home%2C_Carriage_House_and_Dreaming_Place_IMG_0039_09.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site%2C_Brantford%2C_Ontario%2C_Canada%2C_incl._Visitor_Ctr%2C_Henderson_Home%2C_Carriage_House_and_Dreaming_Place_IMG_0039_09.JPG/330px-The_Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site%2C_Brantford%2C_Ontario%2C_Canada%2C_incl._Visitor_Ctr%2C_Henderson_Home%2C_Carriage_House_and_Dreaming_Place_IMG_0039_09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site%2C_Brantford%2C_Ontario%2C_Canada%2C_incl._Visitor_Ctr%2C_Henderson_Home%2C_Carriage_House_and_Dreaming_Place_IMG_0039_09.JPG/440px-The_Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site%2C_Brantford%2C_Ontario%2C_Canada%2C_incl._Visitor_Ctr%2C_Henderson_Home%2C_Carriage_House_and_Dreaming_Place_IMG_0039_09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2925" data-file-height="1993" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site" title="Bell Homestead National Historic Site">Melville House</a>, the Bells' first home in North America, now a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Site of Canada</a></figcaption></figure> In 1870, 23-year-old Bell traveled with his parents and his brother's widow, Caroline Margaret Ottaway,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay199750-52">[46]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Paris,_Ontario" title="Paris, Ontario">Paris, Ontario</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray200621-53">[47]</a> to stay with Thomas Henderson, a <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> minister and family friend.<a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a> The Bells soon purchased a farm of 10.5 acres (4.2 ha) at Tutelo Heights (now called Tutela Heights), near <a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford</a>, Ontario. The property consisted of an orchard, large farmhouse, stable, pigsty, hen-house, and a <a href="/wiki/Carriage_house" title="Carriage house">carriage house</a>, which bordered the <a href="/wiki/Grand_River_(Ontario)" title="Grand River (Ontario)">Grand River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay199761-55">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[N 7]</a> At the homestead, Bell set up a workshop in the converted carriage house near what he called his "dreaming place",<a href="#cite_note-58">[51]</a> a large hollow nestled in trees at the back of the property above the river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroundwater200534-59">[52]</a> Despite his frail condition upon arriving in Canada, Bell found the climate and environs to his liking and rapidly improved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay199762-60">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[N 8]</a> He continued his interest in the study of the human voice, and when he discovered the <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_40,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Nations 40, Ontario">Six Nations Reserve</a> across the river at <a href="/wiki/Onondaga_(village)" title="Onondaga (village)">Onondaga</a>, learned the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk language</a> and translated its unwritten vocabulary into Visible Speech symbols. For his work, Bell was awarded the title of Honorary Chief and participated in a ceremony where he donned a <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk nation">Mohawk</a> headdress and danced traditional dances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroundwater200535-62">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[N 9]</a> After setting up his workshop, Bell continued experiments based on Helmholtz's work with electricity and sound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWing198010-64">[55]</a> He also modified a <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">melodeon</a> (a type of pump organ) to transmit its music electrically over a distance.<a href="#cite_note-Waldi-undated-65">[56]</a> Once the family was settled, Bell and his father made plans to establish a teaching practice and in 1871, he accompanied his father to Montreal, where Melville was offered a position to teach his System of Visible Speech. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work_with_deaf_people">Work with deaf people</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_at_the_Pemberton_Avenue_School_for_the_Deaf,_Boston,_from_the_Library_of_Congress._00837v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bell_at_the_Pemberton_Avenue_School_for_the_Deaf%2C_Boston%2C_from_the_Library_of_Congress._00837v.jpg/220px-Bell_at_the_Pemberton_Avenue_School_for_the_Deaf%2C_Boston%2C_from_the_Library_of_Congress._00837v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bell_at_the_Pemberton_Avenue_School_for_the_Deaf%2C_Boston%2C_from_the_Library_of_Congress._00837v.jpg/330px-Bell_at_the_Pemberton_Avenue_School_for_the_Deaf%2C_Boston%2C_from_the_Library_of_Congress._00837v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bell_at_the_Pemberton_Avenue_School_for_the_Deaf%2C_Boston%2C_from_the_Library_of_Congress._00837v.jpg/440px-Bell_at_the_Pemberton_Avenue_School_for_the_Deaf%2C_Boston%2C_from_the_Library_of_Congress._00837v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2317" data-file-height="1582" /></a><figcaption>Bell, top right, providing <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogical instruction</a> to teachers at the Boston School for Deaf Mutes, 1871; throughout his life, he referred to himself as "a teacher of the deaf"</figcaption></figure> Bell's father was invited by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Fuller_(educator)" title="Sarah Fuller (educator)">Sarah Fuller</a>, principal of the Boston School for Deaf Mutes (later to become the public <a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann_School_for_the_Deaf_and_Hard_of_Hearing" title="Horace Mann School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing">Horace Mann School for the Deaf</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce199074-66">[57]</a> to introduce the Visible Speech System by providing training for Fuller's instructors, but he declined the post in favor of his son. Traveling to <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> in April 1871, Bell proved successful in training the school's instructors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETown198812-67">[58]</a> He was asked to repeat the program at the <a href="/wiki/American_School_for_the_Deaf" title="American School for the Deaf">American Asylum for Deaf-mutes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Clarke_School_for_the_Deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarke School for the Deaf">Clarke School for the Deaf</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton, Massachusetts</a>. Returning home to Brantford after six months abroad, Bell continued his experiments with his "harmonic telegraph".<a href="#cite_note-68">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[N 10]</a> The basic concept behind his device was that messages could be sent through a single wire if each was transmitted at a different pitch, but work on both the transmitter and receiver was needed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroundwater200539-70">[60]</a> Unsure of his future, he contemplated returning to London to complete his studies, but decided to return to Boston as a teacher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie197514-71">[61]</a> His father helped him set up his private practice by contacting <a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a>, the president of the Clarke School for the Deaf for a recommendation. Teaching his father's system, in October 1872, Alexander Bell opened his "School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech" in Boston, which attracted a large number of deaf pupils, with his first class numbering 30 students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie197515-72">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETown198812–13-73">[63]</a> While he was working as a private tutor, one of his pupils was <a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a>, who came to him as a young child unable to see, hear, or speak. She later said that Bell dedicated his life to the penetration of that "inhuman silence which separates and estranges".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie197517-74">[64]</a> In 1893, Keller performed the sod-breaking ceremony for the construction of Bell's new <a href="/wiki/Volta_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta Bureau">Volta Bureau</a>, dedicated to "the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf".<a href="#cite_note-Schoenherr2005-75">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[66]</a> Throughout his life, Bell sought to assimilate the deaf and hard of hearing with the hearing world. He encouraged speech therapy and lipreading over sign language. He outlined this in an 1898 paper<a href="#cite_note-77">[67]</a> detailing his belief that, with resources and effort, the deaf could be taught to <a href="/wiki/Lip_reading" title="Lip reading">read lips</a> and speak (known as <a href="/wiki/Oralism" title="Oralism">oralism</a>),<a href="#cite_note-78">[68]</a> enabling their integration with wider society.<a href="#cite_note-79">[69]</a> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">Deaf community</a> have criticized Bell for supporting ideas that could cause the closure of dozens of deaf schools, and what some consider <a href="/wiki/Eugenicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenicist">eugenicist</a> ideas.<a href="#cite_note-80">[70]</a> Bell did not support a ban on deaf people marrying each other, an idea articulated by the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_the_Deaf_(United_States)" title="National Association of the Deaf (United States)">National Association of the Deaf (United States)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[71]</a> but in his memoir Memoir upon the Formation of a Deaf Variety of the Human Race, he observed that if deaf people tended to marry other deaf people, this could result in the emergence of a "deaf race".<a href="#cite_note-82">[72]</a> Ultimately, in 1880, the Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf passed a resolution mandating the teaching of oral communication and banning signing in schools.<a href="#cite_note-83">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continuing_experimentation">Continuing experimentation</h2></div> In 1872, Bell became professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at the <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> School of Oratory. During this period, he alternated between Boston and Brantford, spending summers in his Canadian home. At Boston University, Bell was "swept up" by the excitement engendered by the many scientists and inventors living in the city. He continued his research in sound and endeavored to find a way to transmit musical notes and articulate speech, but although absorbed by his experiments, he found it difficult to devote enough time to experimentation. With days and evenings occupied by his teaching and private classes, Bell began to stay awake late into the night, running experiment after experiment in rented facilities at his boarding house. Keeping "night owl" hours, he worried that his work would be discovered and took great pains to lock up his notebooks and laboratory equipment. Bell had a specially made table where he could place his notes and equipment inside a locking cover.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETown198815-84">[74]</a> His health deteriorated as he had severe headaches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroundwater200539-70">[60]</a> Returning to Boston in fall 1873, Bell made a far-reaching decision to concentrate on his experiments in sound. Giving up his lucrative private Boston practice, Bell retained only two students, six-year-old "Georgie" Sanders, deaf from birth, and 15-year-old <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Gardiner_Hubbard" title="Mabel Gardiner Hubbard">Mabel Hubbard</a>. Each played an important role in the next developments. Georgie's father, Thomas Sanders, a wealthy businessman, offered Bell a place to stay in nearby <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem</a> with Georgie's grandmother, complete with a room to "experiment". Although the offer was made by Georgie's mother and followed the year-long arrangement in 1872 where her son and his nurse had moved to quarters next to Bell's boarding house, it was clear that Mr. Sanders backed the proposal. The arrangement was for teacher and student to continue their work together, with free room and board thrown in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETown198816-85">[75]</a> Mabel was a bright, attractive girl ten years Bell's junior who became the object of his affection. Having lost her hearing after a near-fatal bout of <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a> close to her fifth birthday,<a href="#cite_note-86">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[N 11]</a> she had learned to <a href="/wiki/Lip_reading" title="Lip reading">read lips</a> but her father, Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell's benefactor and personal friend, wanted her to work directly with her teacher.<a href="#cite_note-89">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_telephone">The telephone</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External audio</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="audio icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1752176982">Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson</a>, 26:57, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC Archives</a><a href="#cite_note-CBC_archives-90">[79]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_the_telephone" title="Invention of the telephone">Invention of the telephone</a></div> By 1874, Bell's initial work on the harmonic telegraph had entered a formative stage, with progress made both at his new Boston "laboratory" (a rented facility) and at his family home in Canada a big success.<a href="#cite_note-91">[N 12]</a> While working that summer in Brantford, Bell experimented with a "<a href="/wiki/Phonautograph" title="Phonautograph">phonautograph</a>", a pen-like machine that could draw shapes of sound waves on smoked glass by tracing their vibrations. Bell thought it might be possible to generate undulating electrical currents that corresponded to sound waves.<a href="#cite_note-92">[80]</a> He also thought that multiple metal reeds tuned to different frequencies like a harp would be able to convert the undulating currents back into sound. But he had no working model to demonstrate the feasibility of these ideas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews199921-93">[81]</a> In 1874, telegraph message traffic was rapidly expanding and, in the words of <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a> President <a href="/wiki/William_Orton_(businessman)" title="William Orton (businessman)">William Orton</a>, had become "the nervous system of commerce". Orton had contracted with inventors <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a> to find a way to send multiple telegraph messages on each telegraph line to avoid the great cost of constructing new lines.<a href="#cite_note-94">[82]</a> When Bell mentioned to Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders that he was working on a method of sending multiple tones on a telegraph wire using a multi-reed device, the two began to financially support Bell's experiments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETown198817-95">[83]</a> Patent matters were handled by Hubbard's <a href="/wiki/Patent_attorney" title="Patent attorney">patent attorney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Pollok" title="Anthony Pollok">Anthony Pollok</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvenson200018–25-96">[84]</a> In March 1875, Bell and Pollok visited the scientist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a>, then the director of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, to ask his advice on the electrical multi-reed apparatus that Bell hoped would transmit the human voice by telegraph. Henry said Bell had "the germ of a great invention". When Bell said that he lacked the necessary knowledge, Henry replied, "Get it!" That declaration greatly encouraged Bell to keep trying, even though he had neither the equipment needed to continue his experiments nor the ability to create a working model of his ideas. But a chance meeting in 1874 between Bell and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a>, an experienced electrical designer and mechanic at the electrical machine shop of Charles Williams, changed that. With financial support from Sanders and Hubbard, Bell hired Watson as his assistant,<a href="#cite_note-98">[N 13]</a> and the two experimented with <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_telegraphy" title="Acoustic telegraphy">acoustic telegraphy</a>. On June 2, 1875, Watson accidentally plucked one of the reeds and Bell, at the receiving end of the wire, heard the reed's overtones that would be necessary for transmitting speech. That demonstrated to Bell that only one reed or armature was necessary, not multiple reeds. This led to the "gallows" <a href="/wiki/Sound-powered_telephone" title="Sound-powered telephone">sound-powered telephone</a>, which could transmit indistinct, voice-like sounds, but not clear speech. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_race_to_the_patent_office">The race to the patent office</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray_and_Alexander_Bell_telephone_controversy" title="Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy">Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy</a></div> In 1875, Bell developed an <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic Telegraph">acoustic telegraph</a> and drew up a <a href="/wiki/Patent_application" title="Patent application">patent application</a> for it. Since he had agreed to share U.S. profits with his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, Bell requested that an associate in Ontario, <a href="/wiki/George_Brown_(Canadian_politician)" title="George Brown (Canadian politician)">George Brown</a>, attempt to patent it in Britain, instructing his lawyers to apply for a patent in the U.S. only after they received word from Britain (Britain issued patents only for discoveries not previously patented elsewhere).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1990158–159-99">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Telephone_Patent_Drawing_and_Oath_-_NARA_-_302052_(page_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Telephone_Patent_Drawing_and_Oath_-_NARA_-_302052_%28page_2%29.jpg/220px-Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Telephone_Patent_Drawing_and_Oath_-_NARA_-_302052_%28page_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Telephone_Patent_Drawing_and_Oath_-_NARA_-_302052_%28page_2%29.jpg/330px-Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Telephone_Patent_Drawing_and_Oath_-_NARA_-_302052_%28page_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Telephone_Patent_Drawing_and_Oath_-_NARA_-_302052_%28page_2%29.jpg/440px-Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Telephone_Patent_Drawing_and_Oath_-_NARA_-_302052_%28page_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Alexander Graham Bell's telephone patent<a href="#cite_note-100">[87]</a> drawing, March 7, 1876</figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a> was also experimenting with acoustic telegraphy and thought of a way to transmit speech using a water transmitter. On February 14, 1876, Gray filed a <a href="/wiki/Patent_caveat" title="Patent caveat">caveat</a> with the U.S. Patent Office for a telephone design that used a water transmitter. That same morning, Bell's lawyer filed Bell's application with the patent office. There is considerable debate about who arrived first and Gray later challenged the primacy of Bell's patent. Bell was in Boston on February 14 and did not arrive in Washington until February 26. On March 7, 1876, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">U.S. Patent Office</a> issued Bell patent 174,465. It covered "the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically ... by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLeod199912–13-101">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[N 14]</a> Bell returned to Boston that day and the next day resumed work, drawing in his notebook a diagram similar to that in Gray's patent caveat.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On March 10, Bell succeeded in getting his telephone to work, using a liquid transmitter similar to Gray's design. Vibration of the diaphragm caused a needle to vibrate in the water, varying the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">electrical resistance</a> in the circuit. When Bell spoke the sentence "Mr. Watson—Come here—I want to see you" into the liquid transmitter,<a href="#cite_note-103">[89]</a> Watson, listening at the receiving end in an adjoining room, heard the words clearly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLeod199912-104">[90]</a> Although Bell was, and still is, accused of stealing the telephone from Gray,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShulman2008211-105">[91]</a> Bell used Gray's water transmitter design only after Bell's patent had been granted, and only as a <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_concept" title="Proof of concept">proof of concept</a> scientific experiment,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvenson200099-106">[92]</a> to prove to his own satisfaction that intelligible "articulate speech" (Bell's words) could be electrically transmitted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvenson200098-107">[93]</a> After March 1876, Bell focused on improving the electromagnetic telephone and never used Gray's liquid transmitter in public demonstrations or commercial use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvenson2000100-108">[94]</a> The examiner raised the question of priority for the variable resistance feature of the telephone before approving Bell's patent application. He told Bell that his claim for the variable resistance feature was also described in Gray's caveat. Bell pointed to a variable resistance device in his previous application in which he described a cup of mercury, not water. He had filed the mercury application at the patent office on February 25, 1875, long before Gray described the water device. In addition, Gray abandoned his caveat, and because he did not contest Bell's priority, the examiner approved Bell's patent on March 3, 1876. Gray had reinvented the variable resistance telephone, but Bell was the first to write down the idea and test it in a telephone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvenson200081–82-109">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Patent_clerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent clerk">patent examiner</a>, Zenas Fisk Wilber, later stated in an <a href="/wiki/Affidavit" title="Affidavit">affidavit</a> that he was an alcoholic who was much in debt to Bell's lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Bailey" title="Marcellus Bailey">Marcellus Bailey</a>, with whom he had served in the Civil War. He said he had shown Bailey Gray's patent caveat. Wilber also said (after Bell arrived in Washington D.C. from Boston) that he showed Bell Gray's caveat and that Bell paid him $100 (equivalent to $2,800 in 2023). Bell said they discussed the patent only in general terms, although in a letter to Gray, Bell admitted that he learned some of the technical details. Bell denied in an affidavit that he ever gave Wilber any money.<a href="#cite_note-110">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_developments">Later developments</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Actor_portraying_Alexander_Graham_Bell_in_an_AT%26T_promotional_film_(1926).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Actor_portraying_Alexander_Graham_Bell_in_an_AT%26T_promotional_film_%281926%29.jpg/220px-Actor_portraying_Alexander_Graham_Bell_in_an_AT%26T_promotional_film_%281926%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Actor_portraying_Alexander_Graham_Bell_in_an_AT%26T_promotional_film_%281926%29.jpg/330px-Actor_portraying_Alexander_Graham_Bell_in_an_AT%26T_promotional_film_%281926%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Actor_portraying_Alexander_Graham_Bell_in_an_AT%26T_promotional_film_%281926%29.jpg/440px-Actor_portraying_Alexander_Graham_Bell_in_an_AT%26T_promotional_film_%281926%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>An actor playing Bell in a 1926 film holds Bell's first <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">telephone transmitter</a></figcaption></figure> On March 10, 1876, Bell used "the instrument" in Boston to call Thomas Watson who was in another room but out of earshot. He said, "Mr. Watson, come here – I want to see you" and Watson soon appeared at his side.<a href="#cite_note-111">[97]</a> Continuing his experiments in Brantford, Bell brought home a working model of his telephone. On August 3, 1876, from the telegraph office in Brantford, Bell sent a telegram to the village of Mount Pleasant four miles (six kilometres) away, indicating that he was ready. He made a telephone call via telegraph wires and faint voices were heard replying. The following night, he amazed guests as well as his family with a call between the Bell Homestead and the office of the Dominion Telegraph Company in Brantford along an improvised wire strung up along telegraph lines and fences, and laid through a tunnel. This time, guests at the household distinctly heard people in Brantford reading and singing. The third test, on August 10, 1876, was made via the telegraph line between Brantford and Paris, Ontario, eight miles (thirteen kilometres) away. This test is said by many sources to be the "world's first long-distance call".<a href="#cite_note-112">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[99]</a> It proved that the telephone could work over long distances, at least as a one-way call.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLeod199914-114">[100]</a> The first two-way (reciprocal) conversation over a line occurred between Cambridge and Boston (roughly 2.5 miles) on October 9, 1876.<a href="#cite_note-115">[101]</a> During that conversation, Bell was on Kilby Street in Boston and Watson was at the offices of the Walworth Manufacturing Company.<a href="#cite_note-116">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Graham_Telephone_in_Newyork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Alexander_Graham_Telephone_in_Newyork.jpg/220px-Alexander_Graham_Telephone_in_Newyork.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Alexander_Graham_Telephone_in_Newyork.jpg/330px-Alexander_Graham_Telephone_in_Newyork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Alexander_Graham_Telephone_in_Newyork.jpg/440px-Alexander_Graham_Telephone_in_Newyork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Bell at the opening of the long-distance line from New York to Chicago in 1892</figcaption></figure> Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000, equal to $2,861,250 today, but it did not work (according to an apocryphal story, the president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy<a href="#cite_note-117">[103]</a>). Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 million (equal to $789,310,345 today), he would consider it a bargain. By then, the Bell company no longer wanted to sell the patent.<a href="#cite_note-118">[104]</a> Bell's investors became millionaires while he fared well from residuals and at one point had assets of nearly $1 million.<a href="#cite_note-119">[105]</a> Bell began a series of public demonstrations and lectures to introduce the new invention to the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">scientific community</a> as well as the general public. A short time later, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company#Early_promotional_success" title="Bell Telephone Company">his demonstration of an early telephone prototype</a> at the 1876 <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial Exposition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> brought the telephone to international attention.<a href="#cite_note-120">[106]</a> Influential visitors to the exhibition included Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a>. One of the judges at the Exhibition, <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">Sir William Thomson</a> (later Lord Kelvin), a renowned Scottish scientist, described the telephone as "the greatest by far of all the marvels of the electric telegraph".<a href="#cite_note-121">[107]</a> On January 14, 1878, at <a href="/wiki/Osborne_House" title="Osborne House">Osborne House</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, Bell demonstrated the device to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[108]</a> placing calls to Cowes, Southampton, and London. These were the first publicly witnessed long-distance telephone calls in the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>. The queen found the process "quite extraordinary" although the sound was "rather faint".<a href="#cite_note-123">[109]</a> She later asked to buy the equipment that was used, but Bell offered to make "a set of telephones" specifically for her.<a href="#cite_note-124">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone Company</a> was created in 1877, and by 1886, more than 150,000 people in the U.S. owned telephones. Bell Company engineers made numerous other improvements to the telephone, which emerged as one of the most successful products ever. In 1879, the company acquired Edison's patents for the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_microphone" title="Carbon microphone">carbon microphone</a> from Western Union. This made the telephone practical for longer distances, and it was no longer necessary to shout to be heard at the receiving telephone.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Pedro II of Brazil was the first person to buy stock in the Bell Telephone Company. One of the first telephones in a private residence was installed in his palace in <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B3polis" title="Petrópolis">Petrópolis</a>, his summer retreat forty miles (sixty-four kilometres) from <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[112]</a> In January 1915, Bell made the first ceremonial transcontinental <a href="/wiki/Telephone_call" title="Telephone call">telephone call</a>. Calling from the AT&T head office at 15 Dey Street in New York City, Bell was heard by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas Watson</a> at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco. The New York Times reported: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">On October 9, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson talked by telephone to each other over a two-mile wire stretched between Cambridge and Boston. It was the first wire conversation ever held. Yesterday afternoon [on January 25, 1915], the same two men talked by telephone to each other over a 3,400-mile wire between New York and San Francisco. Dr. Bell, the veteran inventor of the telephone, was in New York, and Mr. Watson, his former associate, was on the other side of the continent.<a href="#cite_note-127">[113]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competitors">Competitors</h3></div> As is sometimes common in scientific discoveries, simultaneous developments occurred, as evidenced by a number of inventors who were at work on the telephone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLeod199919-128">[114]</a> Over 18 years, the Bell Telephone Company faced 587 court challenges to its patents, including five that went to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ATCS-129">[115]</a> but none was successful in establishing priority over Bell's original patent,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroundwater200595-130">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[117]</a> and the Bell Telephone Company never lost a case that had proceeded to a final trial stage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroundwater200595-130">[116]</a> Bell's laboratory notes and family letters were the key to establishing a long lineage to his experiments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroundwater200595-130">[116]</a> The Bell company lawyers successfully fought off myriad lawsuits generated initially around the challenges by Elisha Gray and <a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a>. In personal correspondence to Bell, both Gray and Dolbear had acknowledged his prior work, which considerably weakened their later claims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay1997179-132">[118]</a> On January 13, 1887, the U.S. government moved to annul the patent issued to Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. After a series of decisions and reversals, the Bell company won a decision in the Supreme Court, though a couple of the original claims from the lower court cases were left undecided.<a href="#cite_note-133">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[120]</a> By the time the trial had wound its way through nine years of legal battles, the U.S. prosecuting attorney had died and the two Bell patents (No. 174,465, dated March 7, 1876, and No. 186,787, dated January 30, 1877) were no longer in effect, although the presiding judges agreed to continue the proceedings due to the case's importance as a <a href="/wiki/Stare_decisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stare decisis">precedent</a>. With a change in administration and charges of conflict of interest (on both sides) arising from the original trial, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">U.S. attorney general</a> dropped the lawsuit on November 30, 1897, leaving several issues undecided <a href="/wiki/Merit_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merit (legal)">on the merits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[121]</a> During a deposition filed for the 1887 trial, Italian inventor <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a> also claimed to have created the first working model of a telephone in Italy in 1834. In 1886, in the first of three cases in which he was involved,<a href="#cite_note-136">[N 15]</a> Meucci took the stand as a witness in hope of establishing his invention's priority. Meucci's testimony was disputed due to lack of material evidence for his inventions, as his working models were purportedly lost at the laboratory of <a href="/wiki/ADT_Security_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="ADT Security Services">American District Telegraph</a> (ADT) of New York, which was incorporated as a subsidiary of Western Union in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-Catania-137">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADT-138">[123]</a> Meucci's work, like that of many other inventors of the period, was based on earlier acoustic principles and, despite evidence of earlier experiments, the final case involving Meucci was eventually dropped upon Meucci's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1990271–272-139">[124]</a> But due to the efforts of Congressman <a href="/wiki/Vito_Fossella" title="Vito Fossella">Vito Fossella</a>, on June 11, 2002, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> stated that Meucci's "work in the invention of the telephone should be acknowledged".<a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-140">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[127]</a> This did not put an end to the still contentious issue.<a href="#cite_note-143">[128]</a> Some modern scholars do not agree that Bell's work on the telephone was influenced by Meucci's inventions.<a href="#cite_note-Bellis-144">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[N 16]</a> The value of Bell's patent was acknowledged throughout the world, and patent applications were made in most major countries. When Bell delayed the German patent application, the electrical firm <a href="/wiki/Siemens_%26_Halske" title="Siemens & Halske">Siemens & Halske</a> set up a rival manufacturer of Bell telephones under its own patent. Siemens produced near-identical copies of the Bell telephone without having to pay royalties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay1997178-146">[130]</a> The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/International_Bell_Telephone_Company" title="International Bell Telephone Company">International Bell Telephone Company</a> in Brussels, Belgium, in 1880, as well as a series of agreements in other countries eventually consolidated a global telephone operation. The strain put on Bell by his constant appearances in court, necessitated by the legal battles, eventually resulted in his resignation from the company.<a href="#cite_note-147">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[N 17]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_life">Family life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Beinn_Bhreagh,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia">Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Graham_Bell_and_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A distinguished bearded man, his young elegant wife next to him and their two young daughters poise for a formal portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alexander_Graham_Bell_and_family.jpg/220px-Alexander_Graham_Bell_and_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alexander_Graham_Bell_and_family.jpg/330px-Alexander_Graham_Bell_and_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alexander_Graham_Bell_and_family.jpg/440px-Alexander_Graham_Bell_and_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1873" data-file-height="2418" /></a><figcaption>Alexander Graham Bell, his wife <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Gardiner_Hubbard" title="Mabel Gardiner Hubbard">Mabel Gardiner Hubbard</a>, and their daughters Elsie (left) and Marian ca. 1885</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brodhead-Bell-Morton_Mansion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A three-story gray mansion, with a covered front entrance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Brodhead-Bell-Morton_Mansion.jpg/220px-Brodhead-Bell-Morton_Mansion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Brodhead-Bell-Morton_Mansion.jpg/330px-Brodhead-Bell-Morton_Mansion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Brodhead-Bell-Morton_Mansion.jpg/440px-Brodhead-Bell-Morton_Mansion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3171" data-file-height="2350" /></a><figcaption>The Brodhead–Bell mansion, the Bell family residence in Washington, D.C., from 1882 to 1889<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1990297–299-149">[132]</a></figcaption></figure> On July 11, 1877, a few days after the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone Company</a> was established, Bell married <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Gardiner_Hubbard" title="Mabel Gardiner Hubbard">Mabel Hubbard</a> (1857–1923) at the Hubbard estate in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>. His wedding present to his bride was to turn over 1,487 of his 1,497 shares in the newly formed Bell Telephone Company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEber199144-150">[133]</a> Shortly thereafter, the newlyweds embarked on a year-long honeymoon in Europe. During that excursion, Bell took a handmade model of his telephone with him, making it a "working holiday". The courtship had begun years earlier; however, Bell waited until he was more financially secure before marrying. Although the telephone appeared to be an "instant" success, it was not initially a profitable venture and Bell's main sources of income were from lectures until after 1897.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn199028-151">[134]</a> One unusual request exacted by his fiancée was that he use "Alec" rather than the family's earlier familiar name of "Aleck". From 1876, he would sign his name "Alec Bell".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay1997120-152">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[136]</a> They had four children: <ul><li>Elsie May Bell (1878–1964) who married <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hovey_Grosvenor" title="Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor">Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor</a> of <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a> fame.<a href="#cite_note-154">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[138]</a></li> <li>Marian Hubbard Bell (1880–1962) who was referred to as "Daisy". Married <a href="/wiki/David_Fairchild" title="David Fairchild">David Fairchild</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[N 18]</a></li> <li>Two sons who died in infancy (Edward in 1881 and Robert in 1883).</li></ul> The Bell family home was in Cambridge, Massachusetts, until 1880 when Bell's father-in-law bought a house in Washington, D.C.; in 1882 he bought a home in the same city for Bell's family, so they could be with him while he attended to the numerous court cases involving patent disputes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2006202–205-161">[143]</a> Bell was a <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subject</a> throughout his early life in Scotland and later in Canada until 1882 when he became a <a href="/wiki/Naturalized_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalized citizen">naturalized citizen</a> of the United States. In 1915, he characterized his status as: "I am not one of those <a href="/wiki/Hyphenated_American" title="Hyphenated American">hyphenated Americans</a> who claim allegiance to two countries."<a href="#cite_note-bruce1990-16">[13]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce199090-162">[144]</a> Despite this declaration, Bell has been proudly claimed as a "native son" by all three countries he resided in: the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1990471–472-163">[145]</a> By 1885, a new summer retreat was contemplated. That summer, the Bells had a vacation on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> in Nova Scotia, Canada, spending time at the small village of <a href="/wiki/Baddeck,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Baddeck, Nova Scotia">Baddeck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[146]</a> Returning in 1886, Bell started building an estate on a point across from Baddeck, overlooking <a href="/wiki/Bras_d%27Or_Lake" title="Bras d'Or Lake">Bras d'Or Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune200992-165">[147]</a> By 1889, a large house, christened The Lodge was completed and two years later, a larger complex of buildings, including a new laboratory,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune20092-166">[148]</a> were begun that the Bells would name <a href="/wiki/Beinn_Bhreagh" title="Beinn Bhreagh">Beinn Bhreagh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Gaelic</a>: Beautiful Mountain) after Bell's ancestral <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish highlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[N 19]</a> Bell also built the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Boatyard" title="Bell Boatyard">Bell Boatyard</a> on the estate, employing up to 40 people building experimental craft as well as wartime lifeboats and workboats for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a> and pleasure craft for the Bell family. He was an enthusiastic boater, and Bell and his family sailed or rowed a long series of vessels on <a href="/wiki/Bras_d%27Or_Lake" title="Bras d'Or Lake">Bras d'Or Lake</a>, ordering additional vessels from the <a href="/wiki/H.W._Embree_and_Sons" title="H.W. Embree and Sons">H.W. Embree and Sons</a> boatyard in <a href="/wiki/Port_Hawkesbury,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Hawkesbury, Nova Scotia">Port Hawkesbury, Nova Scotia</a>. In his final, and some of his most productive years, Bell split his residency between Washington, D.C., where he and his family initially resided for most of the year, and Beinn Bhreagh, where they spent increasing amounts of time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLeod199922-169">[150]</a> Until the end of his life, Bell and his family would alternate between the two homes, but Beinn Bhreagh would, over the next 30 years, become more than a summer home as Bell became so absorbed in his experiments that his annual stays lengthened. Both Mabel and Bell became immersed in the <a href="/wiki/Baddeck" title="Baddeck">Baddeck</a> community and were accepted by the villagers as "their own".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune20092-166">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[N 20]</a> The Bells were still in residence at Beinn Bhreagh when the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Explosion" title="Halifax Explosion">Halifax Explosion</a> occurred on December 6, 1917. Mabel and Bell mobilized the community to help victims in Halifax.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETulloch200642-171">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_inventions">Later inventions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AG_Bell_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/AG_Bell_1.jpg/220px-AG_Bell_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/AG_Bell_1.jpg/330px-AG_Bell_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/AG_Bell_1.jpg/440px-AG_Bell_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3894" data-file-height="5406" /></a><figcaption>Alexander Graham Bell in his later years</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Special:EditPage/Alexander Graham Bell">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Although Alexander Graham Bell is most often associated with the invention of the telephone, his interests were extremely varied. According to one of his biographers, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Gray_(author)" title="Charlotte Gray (author)">Charlotte Gray</a>, Bell's work ranged "unfettered across the scientific landscape" and he often went to bed voraciously reading the Encyclopædia Britannica, scouring it for new areas of interest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2006219-172">[152]</a> The range of Bell's inventive genius is represented only in part by the 18 patents granted in his name alone and the 12 he shared with his collaborators. These included 14 for the telephone and telegraph, four for the <a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">photophone</a>, one for the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a>, five for aerial vehicles, four for "hydroairplanes", and two for <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> cells. Bell's inventions spanned a wide range of interests and included a metal jacket to assist in breathing, the <a href="/wiki/Audiometer" title="Audiometer">audiometer</a> to detect minor hearing problems, a device to locate icebergs, investigations on how to separate salt from seawater, and work on finding <a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel" title="Alternative fuel">alternative fuels</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Bell worked extensively in <a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">medical research</a> and invented techniques for teaching speech to the deaf. During his <a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Laboratory</a> period, Bell and his associates considered impressing a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> on a record as a means of reproducing sound. Although the trio briefly experimented with the concept, they could not develop a workable prototype. They abandoned the idea, never realizing they had glimpsed a basic principle which would one day find its application in the <a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">tape recorder</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hard_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disc">hard disc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Floppy disc">floppy disc</a> drive, and other <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic medium">magnetic media</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Bell's own home used a primitive form of air conditioning, in which fans blew currents of air across great blocks of ice. He also anticipated modern concerns with fuel shortages and industrial pollution. <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a> gas, he reasoned, could be produced from the waste of farms and factories. At his Canadian estate in Nova Scotia, he experimented with <a href="/wiki/Composting_toilet" title="Composting toilet">composting toilets</a> and devices to capture water from the atmosphere. In a magazine article published in 1917, he reflected on the possibility of using <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> to heat houses.<a href="#cite_note-173">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photophone">Photophone</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photophony1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Photophony1.jpg/220px-Photophony1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Photophony1.jpg/330px-Photophony1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Photophony1.jpg/440px-Photophony1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Photophone receiver, one half of Bell's wireless <a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">optical communication</a> system, ca. 1880</figcaption></figure> Bell and his assistant <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a> jointly invented a wireless telephone, named a <a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">photophone</a>, which allowed for the transmission of both sounds and normal human conversations on a beam of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1990336-174">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-SDU-175">[155]</a> Both men later became full associates in the <a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau#Laboratory_projects" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Laboratory Association</a>. On June 21, 1880, Bell's assistant transmitted a wireless voice telephone message a considerable distance, from the roof of the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_School_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Franklin School (Washington, D.C.)">Franklin School</a> in Washington, D.C., to Bell at the window of his laboratory, some 700 feet (213 m) away, 19 years before the first voice radio transmissions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson200776–78-176">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1990338-177">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[159]</a> Bell believed the photophone's principles were his life's "greatest achievement", telling a reporter shortly before his death that the photophone was "the greatest invention [I have] ever made, greater than the telephone".<a href="#cite_note-180">[160]</a> The photophone was a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">fiber-optic communication</a> systems which achieved popular worldwide usage in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-181">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmericanScientist-1984.V72.No1-182">[162]</a> Its master patent was issued in December 1880, many decades before the photophone's principles came into popular use. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal_detector">Metal detector</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Telephone_Inventor%E2%80%99s_Voice_Heard_in_Restored_Recording_%C2%AB_Science_World.theora.ogv/220px--Telephone_Inventor%E2%80%99s_Voice_Heard_in_Restored_Recording_%C2%AB_Science_World.theora.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="292" data-mwtitle="Telephone_Inventor’s_Voice_Heard_in_Restored_Recording_«_Science_World.theora.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Telephone_Inventor%E2%80%99s_Voice_Heard_in_Restored_Recording_%C2%AB_Science_World.theora.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Telephone_Inventor%E2%80%99s_Voice_Heard_in_Restored_Recording_%C2%AB_Science_World.theora.ogv/Telephone_Inventor%E2%80%99s_Voice_Heard_in_Restored_Recording_%C2%AB_Science_World.theora.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Telephone_Inventor%E2%80%99s_Voice_Heard_in_Restored_Recording_%C2%AB_Science_World.theora.ogv/Telephone_Inventor%E2%80%99s_Voice_Heard_in_Restored_Recording_%C2%AB_Science_World.theora.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Telephone_Inventor%E2%80%99s_Voice_Heard_in_Restored_Recording_%C2%AB_Science_World.theora.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Telephone_Inventor%E2%80%99s_Voice_Heard_in_Restored_Recording_%C2%AB_Science_World.theora.ogv/Telephone_Inventor%E2%80%99s_Voice_Heard_in_Restored_Recording_%C2%AB_Science_World.theora.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>Bell's voice, from a Volta Laboratory recording in 1885. Restored by the Smithsonian in 2013.</figcaption></figure> Bell is also credited with developing one of the early versions of a <a href="/wiki/Metal_detector" title="Metal detector">metal detector</a> through the use of an induction balance, after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">shooting</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> in 1881. According to some accounts, the metal detector worked flawlessly in tests but did not find <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Guiteau" title="Charles J. Guiteau">Guiteau</a>'s bullet, partly because the metal bed frame on which the President was lying disturbed the instrument, resulting in static.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosvenorWesson1997107-183">[163]</a> Garfield's surgeons, led by self-appointed chief physician <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Willard_Bliss" title="Doctor Willard Bliss">Doctor Willard Bliss</a>, were skeptical of the device, and ignored Bell's requests to move the President to a bed not fitted with metal springs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosvenorWesson1997107-183">[163]</a> Alternatively, although Bell had detected a slight sound on his first test, the bullet may have been lodged too deeply to be detected by the crude apparatus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosvenorWesson1997107-183">[163]</a> Bell's own detailed account, presented to the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> in 1882, differs in several particulars from most of the many and varied versions now in circulation, by concluding that extraneous metal was not to blame for failure to locate the bullet. Perplexed by the peculiar results he had obtained during an examination of Garfield, Bell "proceeded to the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">Executive Mansion</a> the next morning ... to ascertain from the surgeons whether they were perfectly sure that all metal had been removed from the neighborhood of the bed. It was then recollected that underneath the horse-hair mattress on which the President lay was another mattress composed of steel wires. Upon obtaining a duplicate, the mattress was found to consist of a sort of net of woven steel wires, with large meshes. The extent of the [area that produced a response from the detector] having been so small, as compared with the area of the bed, it seemed reasonable to conclude that the steel mattress had produced no detrimental effect." In a footnote, Bell adds, "The death of President Garfield and the subsequent post-mortem examination, however, proved that the bullet was at too great a distance from the surface to have affected our apparatus."<a href="#cite_note-184">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrofoils">Hydrofoils</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HD-4" title="HD-4">HD-4</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_HD-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bell_HD-4.jpg/220px-Bell_HD-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bell_HD-4.jpg/330px-Bell_HD-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bell_HD-4.jpg/440px-Bell_HD-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Bell's <a href="/wiki/HD-4" title="HD-4">HD-4</a> on a test run ca. 1919</figcaption></figure> The March 1906 <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> article by American pioneer William E. Meacham explained the basic principle of <a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">hydrofoils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroplane_(boat)" title="Hydroplane (boat)">hydroplanes</a>. Bell considered the invention of the hydroplane as a very significant achievement. Based on information gained from that article, he began to sketch concepts of what is now called a hydrofoil boat. Bell and assistant <a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Baldwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick W. Baldwin">Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin</a> began hydrofoil experimentation in the summer of 1908 as a possible aid to airplane takeoff from water. Baldwin studied the work of the Italian inventor <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Forlanini" title="Enrico Forlanini">Enrico Forlanini</a> and began testing models. This led him and Bell to the development of practical hydrofoil watercraft. During his world tour of 1910–11, Bell and Baldwin met with Forlanini in France. They had rides in the Forlanini hydrofoil boat over <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a>. Baldwin described it as being as smooth as flying. On returning to Baddeck, a number of initial concepts were built as experimental models, including the Dhonnas Beag (Scottish Gaelic for 'little devil'), the first self-propelled Bell-Baldwin hydrofoil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoileau200418-185">[165]</a> The experimental boats were essentially proof-of-concept prototypes that culminated in the more substantial <a href="/wiki/HD-4" title="HD-4">HD-4</a>, powered by <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> engines. A top speed of 54 miles per hour (87 km/h) was achieved, with the hydrofoil exhibiting rapid acceleration, good stability, and steering, along with the ability to take waves without difficulty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoileau200428–30-186">[166]</a> In 1913, Dr. Bell hired Walter Pinaud, a Sydney yacht designer and builder as well as the proprietor of Pinaud's Yacht Yard in <a href="/wiki/Westmount,_Nova_Scotia" title="Westmount, Nova Scotia">Westmount, Nova Scotia</a>, to work on the pontoons of the HD-4. Pinaud soon took over the boatyard at Bell Laboratories on Beinn Bhreagh, Bell's estate near <a href="/wiki/Baddeck,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Baddeck, Nova Scotia">Baddeck, Nova Scotia</a>. Pinaud's experience in boatbuilding enabled him to make useful design changes to the HD-4. After the First World War, work began again on the HD-4. Bell's report to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> permitted him to obtain two 350-horsepower (260-kilowatt) engines in July 1919. On September 9, 1919, the HD-4 set a world marine speed record of 70.86 miles per hour (114.04 kilometres per hour),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoileau200430-187">[167]</a> a record which stood for ten years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aeronautics">Aeronautics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Aerial_Experiment_Association" title="Aerial Experiment Association">Aerial Experiment Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/AEA_Silver_Dart" title="AEA Silver Dart">AEA Silver Dart</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AEA_Silver_Dart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/AEA_Silver_Dart.jpg/220px-AEA_Silver_Dart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/AEA_Silver_Dart.jpg/330px-AEA_Silver_Dart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/AEA_Silver_Dart.jpg/440px-AEA_Silver_Dart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>AEA Silver Dart <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1909</figcaption></figure> In 1891, Bell had begun experiments to develop motor-powered heavier-than-air aircraft. The AEA was first formed as Bell shared the vision to fly with his wife, who advised him to seek "young" help as Bell was at the age of 60. In 1898, Bell experimented with <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrahedral">tetrahedral</a> <a href="/wiki/Box_kite" title="Box kite">box kites</a> and wings constructed of multiple compound <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral_kite" title="Tetrahedral kite">tetrahedral kites</a> covered in maroon silk.<a href="#cite_note-189">[N 21]</a> The tetrahedral wings were named Cygnet I, II, and III, and were flown both unmanned and manned (Cygnet I crashed during a flight carrying Selfridge) in the period from 1907 to 1912. Some of Bell's kites are on display at the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_honors_and_tributes" title="Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes">Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[169]</a> Bell was a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">aerospace engineering</a> research through the <a href="/wiki/Aerial_Experiment_Association" title="Aerial Experiment Association">Aerial Experiment Association</a> (AEA), officially formed at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, in October 1907 at the suggestion of his wife <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Gardiner_Hubbard" title="Mabel Gardiner Hubbard">Mabel</a> and with her financial support after the sale of some of her real estate.<a href="#cite_note-191">[170]</a> The AEA was headed by Bell and the founding members were four young men: American <a href="/wiki/Glenn_H._Curtiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn H. Curtiss">Glenn H. Curtiss</a>, a motorcycle manufacturer at the time and who held the title "world's fastest man", having ridden his self-constructed motor bicycle around in the shortest time, and who was later awarded the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American Trophy</a> for the first official one-kilometre flight in the <a href="/wiki/Western_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Western hemisphere">Western hemisphere</a>, and who later became a world-renowned airplane manufacturer; Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Selfridge" title="Thomas Selfridge">Thomas Selfridge</a>, an official observer from the U.S. Federal government and one of the few people in the army who believed that aviation was the future; <a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Baldwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick W. Baldwin">Frederick W. Baldwin</a>, the first Canadian and first British subject to pilot a public flight in <a href="/wiki/Hammondsport,_New_York" title="Hammondsport, New York">Hammondsport</a>, New York; and <a href="/wiki/J._A._D._McCurdy" class="mw-redirect" title="J. A. D. McCurdy">J. A. D. McCurdy</a>–Baldwin and McCurdy being new engineering graduates from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[171]</a> The AEA's work progressed to heavier-than-air machines, applying their knowledge of kites to gliders. Moving to Hammondsport, the group then designed and built the <a href="/wiki/AEA_Red_Wing" title="AEA Red Wing">Red Wing</a>, framed in bamboo and covered in red silk and powered by a small <a href="/wiki/Engine_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Engine cooling">air-cooled</a> engine.<a href="#cite_note-193">[172]</a> On March 12, 1908, over <a href="/wiki/Keuka_Lake" title="Keuka Lake">Keuka Lake</a>, the biplane lifted off on the first public flight in North America.<a href="#cite_note-194">[N 22]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[N 23]</a> The innovations that were incorporated into this design included a cockpit enclosure and <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">tail rudder</a> (later variations on the original design would add ailerons as a means of control). One of the AEA's inventions, a practical <a href="/wiki/Aileron#Wingtip_ailerons" title="Aileron">wingtip form of the aileron</a>, was to become a standard component on all aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-196">[N 24]</a> The White Wing and June Bug were to follow and by the end of 1908, over 150 flights without mishap had been accomplished. However, the AEA had depleted its initial reserves and only a <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Gardiner_Hubbard#Support_to_aeronautical_research" title="Mabel Gardiner Hubbard">$15,000 grant from Mrs. Bell</a> allowed it to continue with experiments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips197796-197">[173]</a> Lt. Selfridge had also become the first person killed in a powered heavier-than-air flight in a crash of the <a href="/wiki/Wright_Model_A" title="Wright Model A">Wright Flyer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Myer" title="Fort Myer">Fort Myer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, on September 17, 1908. Their final aircraft design, the <a href="/wiki/AEA_Silver_Dart" title="AEA Silver Dart">Silver Dart</a>, embodied all of the advancements found in the earlier machines. On February 23, 1909, Bell was present as the Silver Dart flown by J. A. D. McCurdy from the frozen ice of Bras d'Or made the first aircraft flight in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-198">[174]</a> Bell had worried that the flight was too dangerous and had arranged for a doctor to be on hand. With the successful flight, the AEA disbanded and the Silver Dart would revert to Baldwin and McCurdy, who began the Canadian Aerodrome Company and would later demonstrate the aircraft to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips197796–97-199">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heredity_and_genetics">Heredity and genetics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eugenics" title="Category:Eugenics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Historical trajectory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jus_trium_liberorum#Eugenic_implications" title="Jus trium liberorum">Jus trium liberorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_Papia_Poppaea" title="Lex Papia Poppaea">Lex Papia Poppaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_incest" title="Jewish views on incest">Jewish views on incest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest in the Bible</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics#United_Kingdom" title="History of eugenics">British eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_League" title="Malthusian League">Malthusian League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">Racial hygiene</a>" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring" title="Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring">Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Health_Court" title="Hereditary Health Court">Hereditary Health Courts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">US eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">Slave breeding in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Survey_of_Vermont" title="Eugenics Survey of Vermont">Eugenics Survey of Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_stirpiculture" title="Oneida stirpiculture">Oneida stirpiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sterilization law in the United States">Sterilization law in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buck_v._Bell" title="Buck v. Bell">Buck v. Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doe_ex._rel._Tarlow_v._District_of_Columbia" title="Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia">Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_v._Quilligan" title="Madrigal v. Quilligan">Madrigal v. Quilligan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poe_v._Lynchburg_Training_School_%26_Hospital" title="Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital">Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinner_v._Oklahoma" title="Skinner v. Oklahoma">Skinner v. Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stump_v._Sparkman" title="Stump v. Sparkman">Stump v. Sparkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Sterilization_Act_of_1924" title="Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924">Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_movement_in_the_United_States#Eugenics_and_race" title="Birth control movement in the United States">Birth control movement in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada#History_of_eugenics_in_Canada" title="Compulsory sterilization in Canada">Canadian eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Famous_Five_(Canada)" title="The Famous Five (Canada)">The Famous Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Sterilization_Act" title="Sexual Sterilization Act">Sexual Sterilization Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Japanese eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_eugenics" title="Hispanic eugenics">Hispanic eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Mexico" title="Eugenics in Mexico">Mexican eugenics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilisation_in_Sweden" title="Compulsory sterilisation in Sweden">Swedish sterilization program (1906–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization_in_Peru" title="Forced sterilization in Peru">Peruvian sterilization program (1990–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_planning_in_Singapore" title="Population planning in Singapore">Population planning in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-eugenics">Neo-eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/He_Jiankui_genome_editing_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="He Jiankui genome editing incident">He Jiankui genome editing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_enhancement" title="Human genetic enhancement">Human genetic enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_response_to_assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Religious response to assisted reproductive technology">Religious response to assisted reproductive technology</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pre-war academic proponents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Brigham" title="Carl Brigham">Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Davenport" title="Charles Davenport">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Darwin" title="Leonard Darwin">Darwin (Leonhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_DeCourcy_Ward" title="Robert DeCourcy Ward">DeCourcy Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_M._Elderton" title="Ethel M. Elderton">Elderton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Ruggles_Gates" title="Reginald Ruggles Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Goldscheid" title="Rudolf Goldscheid">Goldscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Gruber" title="Max von Gruber">Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Guyer" title="Michael F. Guyer">Guyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Ectogenesis_and_in_vitro_fertilisation" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Herseni" title="Traian Herseni">Herseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jackson_Holmes#Eugenics" title="Samuel Jackson Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ale%C5%A1_Hrdli%C4%8Dka#Controversy_and_criticism" title="Aleš Hrdlička">Hrdlička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Jennings" title="Herbert Spencer Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan#Eugenics" title="David Starr Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_Key" title="Wilhelmine Key">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin" title="Emil Kraepelin">Kraepelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lenz" title="Fritz Lenz">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivey_Foreman_Lewis" title="Ivey Foreman Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London#Eugenics" title="Jack London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Magnussen" title="Karin Magnussen">Magnussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Manuil%C4%83" title="Sabin Manuilă">Manuilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otfrid_Mittmann" title="Otfrid Mittmann">Mittmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliano_Moreira" title="Juliano Moreira">Moreira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Munro" title="William B. Munro">Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn" title="Henry Fairfield Osborn">Osborn (Henry Fairfield)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Guangdan" title="Pan Guangdan">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson#Political_views_and_eugenics" title="Karl Pearson">Pearson (Karl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Farnham_Perkins" title="Henry Farnham Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Hern%C3%A1ndez_P%C3%A9rez" title="Eusebio Hernández Pérez">Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisc_Rainer#Biological_anthropology" title="Francisc Rainer">Rainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Relgis#Eugenics" title="Eugen Relgis">Relgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Alsworth_Ross" title="Edward Alsworth Ross">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schallmayer" title="Wilhelm Schallmayer">Schallmayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Scharffenberg" title="Johan Scharffenberg">Scharffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sergeevich_Serebrovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Sergeevich Serebrovsky">Serebrovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sergi" title="Giuseppe Sergi">Sergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Slater" title="Eliot Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ernest_Southard" title="Elmer Ernest Southard">Southard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Stoddard" title="Lothrop Stoddard">Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Taussig#Beliefs" title="F. W. Taussig">Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Terman#Eugenics" title="Lewis Terman">Terman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla#On_society" title="Nikola Tesla">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike#Eugenics" title="Edward Thorndike">Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">Vacher de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Verschuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Yerkes#Intelligence_testing_and_eugenics" title="Robert Yerkes">Yerkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Evang" title="Karl Evang">Karl Evang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_Alfred_Mj%C3%B8en&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon Alfred Mjøen (page does not exist)">Jon Alfred Mjøen</a> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Alfred_Mj%C3%B8en" class="extiw" title="no:Jon Alfred Mjøen">no</a>]</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Post-war academic remnants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Agar#Work_on_human_enhancement" title="Nicholas Agar">Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Bell" title="Julia Bell">Bell (Julia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Blacker" title="Carlos Blacker">Blacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Carl" title="Noah Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedric_Carter" title="Cedric Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Coleman_(demographer)#Career" title="David Coleman (demographer)">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Darlington#Sociobiology_and_the_Lysenko_Affair" title="C. D. Darlington">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Jos%C3%A9_Figueredo" title="Aurelio José Figueredo">Figueredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Fleischman" title="Diana Fleischman">Fleischman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Garrett_(psychologist)" title="Henry Garrett (psychologist)">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glad" title="John Glad">Glad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Ectogenesis_and_in_vitro_fertilisation" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanania" title="Richard Hanania">Hanania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Nash_Herndon" title="C. Nash Herndon">Herndon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley#Eugenics_and_race" title="Julian Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Ingle" title="Dwight Ingle">Ingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Itzkoff" title="Seymour Itzkoff">Itzkoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Kallmann" title="Franz Josef Kallmann">Kallmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Kirkconnell" title="Watson Kirkconnell">Kirkconnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lene_Koch" title="Lene Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Laski" title="Frida Laski">Laski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Lederberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz#Nazism" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lundman" title="Bertil Lundman">Lundman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._MacEachran" title="John M. MacEachran">MacEachran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Magnussen" title="Karin Magnussen">Magnussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)">Miller (Geoffrey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Miller" title="Edward M. Miller">Miller (Edward M.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_te_Nijenhuis" title="Jan te Nijenhuis">Nijenhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Nyborg" title="Helmuth Nyborg">Nyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Osborn" title="Frederick Osborn">Osborn (Frederick)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson (Roger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Pendell" title="Elmer Pendell">Pendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pitt-Rivers" title="George Pitt-Rivers">Pitt-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Popenoe" title="Paul Popenoe">Popenoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Rostand" title="Jean Rostand">Rostand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Savulescu#Procreative_beneficence" title="Julian Savulescu">Savulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_L._Shapiro" title="Harry L. Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley#Racist_and_eugenicist_views" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Verschuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Vining_Jr." title="Daniel Vining Jr.">Vining Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkmar_Weiss" title="Volkmar Weiss">Weiss</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pamphlets and manifestos</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Genius" title="Hereditary Genius">Hereditary Genius</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquiries_into_Human_Faculty_and_Its_Development" title="Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development">Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a> (1892–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_(novel)#Eugenicist_thought_in_Gallia" title="Gallia (novel)">Gallia</a> (1895)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Blood_of_the_Nation:_A_Study_in_the_Decay_of_Races_by_the_Survival_of_the_Unfit" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blood of the Nation: A Study in the Decay of Races by the Survival of the Unfit">The Blood of the Nation</a>" (1901/1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Training_of_the_Human_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Training of the Human Plant">The Training of the Human Plant</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essays_in_Eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Essays in Eugenics">Essays in Eugenics</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity_in_Relation_to_Eugenics" title="Heredity in Relation to Eugenics">Heredity in Relation to Eugenics</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankind_at_the_Crossroads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mankind at the Crossroads">Mankind at the Crossroads</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus;_or,_Science_and_the_Future" title="Daedalus; or, Science and the Future">Daedalus; or, Science and the Future</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_raza_c%C3%B3smica" title="La raza cósmica">La raza cósmica</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_and_Morals" title="Marriage and Morals">Marriage and Morals</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Genetical_Theory_of_Natural_Selection#Eugenics" title="The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection">The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man,_the_Unknown" title="Man, the Unknown">Man, the Unknown</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_Us,_or_the_World_as_it_Might_Be" title="After Us, or the World as it Might Be">After Us</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_manifesto" title="Eugenics manifesto">Eugenics manifesto</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bottles_for_New_Wine" class="mw-redirect" title="New Bottles for New Wine">New Bottles for New Wine</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Marching_Morons" title="The Marching Morons">The Marching Morons</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dance_with_the_Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dance with the Devil">The Dance with the Devil</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilized_Man%27s_Eight_Deadly_Sins" title="Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins">Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyondism" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyondism">Beyondism</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics:_Genetic_Deterioration_in_Modern_Populations" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations">Dysgenics</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_for_the_Human_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules for the Human Park">Rules for the Human Park</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics:_A_Reassessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenics: A Reassessment">Eugenics: A Reassessment</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Eugenics">Jewish Eugenics</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Breeding_and_the_Birth_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective Breeding and the Birth of Philosophy">Selective Breeding and the Birth of Philosophy</a> (2023)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Without significant post-war activity</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Birth_Control_League#History" title="American Birth Control League">ABCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Eugenics_Board" title="Alberta Eugenics Board">Alberta Eugenics Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Study_and_Prevention_of_Infant_Mortality" title="American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality">AASPIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Eugenics_Society" title="American Eugenics Society">AES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_for_Science#Departments_on_life_studies" title="Carnegie Institution for Science">Carnegie Institution for Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Human_Problems" title="French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems">Carrel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory#History" title="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory">CSHL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Women%27s_Guild" title="Co-operative Women's Guild">Co-operative Women's Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Board_of_North_Carolina" title="Eugenics Board of North Carolina">EBNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Record_Office" title="Eugenics Record Office">ERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton_Laboratory" title="Galton Laboratory">Galton Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Society_for_Racial_Hygiene" title="German Society for Racial Hygiene">German Society for Racial Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity_Commission" title="Heredity Commission">Heredity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Betterment_Foundation" title="Human Betterment Foundation">HBF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Betterment_League" title="Human Betterment League">Human Betterment League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_d%C3%A9mographiques#history" title="Institut national d'études démographiques">INED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Ethnology_and_Eugenics" title="International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics">IAAEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Eugenics_Conference" title="International Eugenics Conference">International Eugenics Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Eugenics_Organizations" title="International Federation of Eugenics Organizations">IFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute_of_Anthropology,_Human_Heredity,_and_Eugenics" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Psychiatry#History" title="Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry">Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Association_of_America" title="Population Association of America">PAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_Betterment_Foundation" title="Race Betterment Foundation">Race Betterment Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Hygiene_Association_of_New_South_Wales" title="Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales">RHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Institute_for_Racial_Biology" title="State Institute for Racial Biology">State Institute for Racial Biology</a></li></ul> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">With significant post-war activity</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Human_Genetics#Annals_of_Eugenics" title="Annals of Human Genetics">Annals of Eugenics</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies#History_and_funding" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eugenics_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eugenics Review">The Eugenics Review</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_and_Education_on_Eugenics_and_Dysgenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation for Research and Education on Eugenics and Dysgenics">FREED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Diversity_Foundation" title="Human Diversity Foundation">HDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Social,_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies">J. Soc. Political Econ. Stud.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_on_Intelligence" title="London Conference on Intelligence">LCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankind_Quarterly" title="Mankind Quarterly">Mankind Quarterly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenPsych" title="OpenPsych">OpenPsych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prevention" title="Project Prevention">Project Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repository_for_Germinal_Choice" title="Repository for Germinal Choice">Repository for Germinal Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Institute_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Institute for Social Research">Ulster Institute for Social Research</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_engineering" title="Demographic engineering">Demographic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiocracy" title="Idiocracy">Idiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">Pedigree chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell_bibliography" title="Raymond Cattell bibliography">Raymond Cattell bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher_bibliography" title="Ronald Fisher bibliography">Ronald Fisher bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/14px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/21px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/29px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1276" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:History of Science">History of Science portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eugenics_sidebar" title="Template:Eugenics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eugenics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eugenics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eugenics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eugenics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Bell, along with many members of the scientific community at the time, took an interest in the popular science of heredity which grew out of the publication of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a> in 1859.<a href="#cite_note-200">[176]</a> On his estate in Nova Scotia, Bell conducted meticulously recorded breeding experiments with rams and ewes. Over the course of more than 30 years, Bell sought to produce a breed of sheep with multiple nipples that would bear twins.<a href="#cite_note-201">[177]</a> He specifically wanted to see if selective breeding could produce sheep with four functional nipples with enough milk for twin lambs.<a href="#cite_note-202">[178]</a> This interest in animal breeding caught the attention of scientists focused on the study of heredity and genetics in humans.<a href="#cite_note-203">[179]</a> In November 1883, Bell presented a paper at a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> titled Upon the Formation of a Deaf Variety of the Human Race.<a href="#cite_note-:1-204">[180]</a> The paper is a compilation of data on the hereditary aspects of deafness. Bell's research indicated that a hereditary tendency toward deafness, as indicated by the possession of deaf relatives, was an important element in determining the production of deaf offspring. He noted that the proportion of deaf children born to deaf parents was many times greater than the proportion of deaf children born to the general population.<a href="#cite_note-205">[181]</a> In the paper, Bell delved into social commentary and discussed hypothetical public policies to bring an end to deafness. He also criticized educational practices that segregated deaf children rather than integrated them fulling into mainstream classrooms. The paper did not propose sterilization of deaf people or prohibition on intermarriage,<a href="#cite_note-206">[182]</a> noting that "We cannot dictate to men and women whom they should marry and natural selection no longer influences mankind to any great extent."<a href="#cite_note-:1-204">[180]</a> A review of Bell's Memoir upon the Formation of a Deaf Variety of the Human Race appearing in an 1885 issue of the American Annals of the Deaf and Dumb states that "Dr. Bell does not advocate legislative interference with the marriages of the deaf for several reasons one of which is that the results of such marriages have not yet been sufficiently investigated." The article goes on to say that "the editorial remarks based thereon did injustice to the author."<a href="#cite_note-:2-207">[183]</a> The paper's author concludes by saying "A wiser way to prevent the extension of hereditary deafness, it seems to us, would be to continue the investigations which Dr. Bell has so admirable begun until the laws of the transmission of the tendency to deafness are fully understood, and then by explaining those laws to the pupils of our schools to lead them to choose their partners in marriage in such a way that deaf-mute offspring will not be the result."<a href="#cite_note-:2-207">[183]</a> Historians have noted that Bell explicitly opposed laws regulating marriage, and never mentioned sterilization in any of his writings. Even after Bell agreed to engage with scientists conducting eugenic research, he consistently refused to support public policy that limited the rights or privileges of the deaf.<a href="#cite_note-208">[184]</a> Bell's interest and research on heredity attracted the interest of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Davenport" title="Charles Davenport">Charles Davenport</a>, a Harvard professor and head of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory" title="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory">Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</a>. In 1906, Davenport, who was also the founder of the <a href="/wiki/American_Genetic_Association" title="American Genetic Association">American Breeder's Association</a>, approached Bell about joining a new committee on eugenics chaired by <a href="/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan" title="David Starr Jordan">David Starr Jordan</a>. In 1910, Davenport opened the <a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Record_Office" title="Eugenics Record Office">Eugenics Records office</a> at Cold Spring Harbor. To give the organization scientific credibility, Davenport set up a Board of Scientific Directors naming Bell as chairman.<a href="#cite_note-:3-209">[185]</a> Other members of the board included <a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roswell_Hill_Johnson" title="Roswell Hill Johnson">Roswell H. Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Lyman_Kellogg" title="Vernon Lyman Kellogg">Vernon L. Kellogg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_E._Castle" title="William E. Castle">William E. Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-209">[185]</a> In 1921, a <a href="/wiki/Second_International_Congress_of_Eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Second International Congress of Eugenics">Second International Congress of Eugenics</a> was held in New York at the Museum of Natural History and chaired by Davenport. Although Bell did not present any research or speak as part of the proceedings, he was named as honorary president as a means to attract other scientists to attend the event.<a href="#cite_note-:4-210">[186]</a> A summary of the event notes that Bell was a "pioneering investigator in the field of human heredity".<a href="#cite_note-:4-210">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> Bell died of complications arising from <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> on August 2, 1922, at his private estate in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, at age 75.<a href="#cite_note-211">[187]</a> Bell had also been affected by <a href="/wiki/Pernicious_anemia" title="Pernicious anemia">pernicious anemia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2006418-212">[188]</a> His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-215">[N 25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2009119-216">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[N 26]</a> While tending to him after his long illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, "Don't leave me." By way of reply, Bell signed "no...", lost consciousness, and died shortly after.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-218">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1990491-219">[193]</a> On learning of Bell's death, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Canadian Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">Mackenzie King</a>, cabled Mrs. Bell, saying:<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-218">[192]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">My colleagues in the Government join with me in expressing to you our sense of the world's loss in the death of your distinguished husband. It will ever be a source of pride to our country that the great invention, with which his name is immortally associated, is a part of its history. On the behalf of the citizens of Canada, may I extend to you an expression of our combined gratitude and sympathy.</blockquote> Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the same red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>'s "Requiem":<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2009119–120-220">[194]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> Under a wide and starry sky, Dig the grave and let me lie. Glad did I live and gladly die And I laid me down with a will. </div></blockquote> Upon the conclusion of Bell's funeral, for one minute at 6:25 p.m. Eastern Time,<a href="#cite_note-221">[195]</a> "every phone on the continent of North America was silenced in honor of the man who had given to mankind the means for direct communication at a distance".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune20092-166">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne194318–19-222">[196]</a> Alexander Graham Bell was buried atop <a href="/wiki/Beinn_Bhreagh" title="Beinn Bhreagh">Beinn Bhreagh</a> mountain, on his estate where he had resided increasingly for the last 35 years of his life, overlooking <a href="/wiki/Bras_d%27Or_Lake" title="Bras d'Or Lake">Bras d'Or Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-218">[192]</a> He was survived by his wife <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Gardiner_Hubbard" title="Mabel Gardiner Hubbard">Mabel</a>, his two daughters, Elsie May and Marian, and nine of his grandchildren.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-218">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Laboratory and Bureau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_honors_and_tributes" title="Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes">Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_Statue_in_front_of_the_Brantford_Bell_Telephone_Building_0.98.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bell_Statue_in_front_of_the_Brantford_Bell_Telephone_Building_0.98.jpg/220px-Bell_Statue_in_front_of_the_Brantford_Bell_Telephone_Building_0.98.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bell_Statue_in_front_of_the_Brantford_Bell_Telephone_Building_0.98.jpg/330px-Bell_Statue_in_front_of_the_Brantford_Bell_Telephone_Building_0.98.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bell_Statue_in_front_of_the_Brantford_Bell_Telephone_Building_0.98.jpg/440px-Bell_Statue_in_front_of_the_Brantford_Bell_Telephone_Building_0.98.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption>Bell statue by <a href="/wiki/Cleeve_Horne" title="Cleeve Horne">A. E. Cleeve Horne</a> in front of the Bell Telephone Building of Brantford, Ontario, <a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_City" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telephone City">The Telephone City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[N 27]</a> (Brantford Heritage Inventory, City of Brantford)</figcaption></figure> Honors and tributes flowed to Bell in increasing numbers as his invention became ubiquitous and his personal fame grew. Bell received numerous honorary degrees from colleges and universities to the point that the requests almost became burdensome.<a href="#cite_note-AGB_Family_Papers-227">[200]</a> During his life, he also received dozens of major awards, medals, and other tributes. These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created, including the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Memorial">Bell Telephone Memorial</a> erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford, Ontario, in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-228">[201]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Graham_Bell_Quote_in_stone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Alexander_Graham_Bell_Quote_in_stone.jpg/220px-Alexander_Graham_Bell_Quote_in_stone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Alexander_Graham_Bell_Quote_in_stone.jpg/330px-Alexander_Graham_Bell_Quote_in_stone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Alexander_Graham_Bell_Quote_in_stone.jpg/440px-Alexander_Graham_Bell_Quote_in_stone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>A quote by Alexander Graham Bell engraved in the stone wall within the Peace Chapel of the <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Garden" title="International Peace Garden">International Peace Garden</a> (in Manitoba Canada and North Dakota, USA)</figcaption></figure> A large number of Bell's writings, personal correspondence, notebooks, papers, and other documents reside in both the United States <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress Manuscript Division</a> (as the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers),<a href="#cite_note-AGB_Family_Papers-227">[200]</a> and at the Alexander Graham Bell Institute, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_University" title="Cape Breton University">Cape Breton University</a>, Nova Scotia; major portions of which are available for online viewing. A number of historic sites and other marks commemorate Bell in North America and Europe, including the first telephone companies in the United States and Canada. Among the major sites are: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_National_Historic_Site" title="Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site">Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site</a>, maintained by <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a>, which incorporates the Alexander Graham Bell Museum, in <a href="/wiki/Baddeck,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Baddeck, Nova Scotia">Baddeck, Nova Scotia</a>, close to the Bell estate Beinn Bhreagh;<a href="#cite_note-229">[202]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site" title="Bell Homestead National Historic Site">Bell Homestead National Historic Site</a>, includes the Bell family home, "Melville House", and farm overlooking Brantford, Ontario and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_River_(Ontario)" title="Grand River (Ontario)">Grand River</a>. It was their first home in North America;</li> <li>Canada's first telephone company building, the "Henderson Home" of the late 1870s, a predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Telephone Company of Canada</a> (officially chartered in 1880). In 1969, the building was carefully moved to the historic Bell Homestead National Historic Site in Brantford, Ontario, and was refurbished to become a telephone museum. The Bell Homestead, the Henderson Home telephone museum, and the National Historic Site's reception centre are all maintained by the Bell Homestead Society;<a href="#cite_note-230">[203]</a></li> <li>The Alexander Graham Bell Memorial Park, which features a broad neoclassical monument built in 1917 by public subscription. The monument depicts mankind's ability to span the globe through telecommunications;<a href="#cite_note-231">[204]</a></li> <li>The Alexander Graham Bell Museum (opened in 1956), part of the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_National_Historic_Site" title="Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site">Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site</a> which was completed in 1978 in <a href="/wiki/Baddeck,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Baddeck, Nova Scotia">Baddeck, Nova Scotia</a>. Many of the museum's artifacts were donated by Bell's daughters. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grahambellmuseumcorridoor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Grahambellmuseumcorridoor.jpg/220px-Grahambellmuseumcorridoor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Grahambellmuseumcorridoor.jpg/330px-Grahambellmuseumcorridoor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Grahambellmuseumcorridoor.jpg/440px-Grahambellmuseumcorridoor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3994" data-file-height="2389" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_National_Historic_Site" title="Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site">Bell Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton</a>, part of the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site</figcaption></figure></li></ul> In 1880, Bell received the <a href="/wiki/Volta_Prize" title="Volta Prize">Volta Prize</a> with a purse of 50,000 <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French francs</a> (approximately US$330,000 in today's currency<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-232">[205]</a>) for the invention of the telephone from the French government.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-218">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[210]</a> Among the luminaries who judged were <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_fils" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas, fils">Alexandre Dumas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[211]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The Volta Prize was conceived by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> in 1852, and named in honor of <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a>, with Bell becoming the second recipient of the grand prize in its history.<a href="#cite_note-:0-239">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[213]</a> Since Bell was becoming increasingly affluent, he used his prize money to create endowment funds (the 'Volta Fund') and institutions in and around the United States capital of Washington, D.C.. These included the prestigious 'Volta Laboratory Association' (1880), also known as the Volta Laboratory and as the 'Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory', and which eventually led to the Volta Bureau (1887) as a center for studies on deafness which is still in operation in <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Georgetown, Washington, D.C.">Georgetown, Washington, D.C.</a> The Volta Laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery, and the very next year it improved Edison's phonograph by substituting wax for tinfoil as the recording medium and incising the recording rather than indenting it, key upgrades that Edison himself later adopted.<a href="#cite_note-241">[214]</a> The laboratory was also the site where he and his associate invented his "proudest achievement", "the <a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">photophone</a>", the "optical telephone" which presaged <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">fibre optical telecommunications</a> while the Volta Bureau would later evolve into the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_Association_for_the_Deaf_and_Hard_of_Hearing" title="Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing">Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing</a> (the AG Bell), a leading center for the research and <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a> of deafness. In partnership with <a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a>, Bell helped establish the publication <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> during the early 1880s. In 1898, Bell was elected as the second president of the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations, including photography, in the magazine.<a href="#cite_note-242">[215]</a> He also served for many years as a Regent of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> (1898–1922).<a href="#cite_note-243">[216]</a> The French government conferred on him the decoration of the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Légion d'honneur</a> (Legion of Honor); the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts" title="Royal Society of Arts">Royal Society of Arts</a> in London awarded him the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_(RSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Medal (RSA)">Albert Medal</a> in 1902; the <a href="/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">University of Würzburg</a>, Bavaria, granted him a PhD, and he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> in 1912. He was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="American Institute of Electrical Engineers">American Institute of Electrical Engineers</a> in 1884 and served as its president from 1891 to 1892. Bell was later awarded the AIEE's <a href="/wiki/Edison_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Edison Medal">Edison Medal</a> in 1914 "For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone".<a href="#cite_note-244">[217]</a> The bel (B) and the smaller <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibel</a> (dB) are <a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement">units of measurement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sound_pressure" title="Sound pressure">sound pressure level</a> (SPL) invented by <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> and named after him.<a href="#cite_note-245">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[N 28]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[219]</a> Since 1976, the <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Alexander_Graham_Bell_Medal" title="IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal">Alexander Graham Bell Medal</a> has been awarded to honor outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Grahm_Bell2_1940_Issue-10c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Alexander_Grahm_Bell2_1940_Issue-10c.jpg/180px-Alexander_Grahm_Bell2_1940_Issue-10c.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Alexander_Grahm_Bell2_1940_Issue-10c.jpg/270px-Alexander_Grahm_Bell2_1940_Issue-10c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Alexander_Grahm_Bell2_1940_Issue-10c.jpg/360px-Alexander_Grahm_Bell2_1940_Issue-10c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>A.G. Bell issue of 1940</figcaption></figure> In 1936, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">US Patent Office</a> declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors,<a href="#cite_note-248">[220]</a> leading to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">US Post Office</a> issuing a commemorative stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States#Famous_Americans_Series_of_1940" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">'Famous Americans Series'</a>. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. The stamp became, and remains to this day, the most valuable one of the series.<a href="#cite_note-249">[221]</a> The 150th anniversary of Bell's birth in 1997 was marked by a special issue of <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Bank_of_Scotland_%C2%A31_note" title="The Royal Bank of Scotland £1 note">commemorative £1 banknotes</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland#Commemorative_banknotes" title="Royal Bank of Scotland">Royal Bank of Scotland</a>. The illustrations on the reverse of the note include Bell's face in profile, his signature, and objects from Bell's life and career: users of the telephone over the ages; an audio <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">wave signal</a>; a diagram of a telephone receiver; geometric shapes from engineering structures; representations of sign language and the phonetic alphabet; the geese which helped him to understand flight; and the sheep which he studied to understand genetics.<a href="#cite_note-commemorative-250">[222]</a> Additionally, the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 with a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mint_numismatic_coins_(20th_century)#100_Dollar_Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Canadian Mint numismatic coins (20th century)">C$100 gold coin</a>, in tribute also to the 150th anniversary of his birth, and with a silver dollar coin in 2009 in honor of the 100th anniversary of flight in Canada. That first flight was made by an airplane designed under Dr. Bell's tutelage, named the Silver Dart.<a href="#cite_note-251">[223]</a> Bell's image, and also those of his many inventions have graced paper money, coinage, and postal stamps in numerous countries worldwide for many dozens of years. Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among the <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">100 Greatest Britons</a> (2002) in an official BBC nationwide poll,<a href="#cite_note-252">[224]</a> and among the <a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Canadian" title="The Greatest Canadian">Top Ten Greatest Canadians</a> (2004), and <a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_American" title="The Greatest American">the 100 Greatest Americans</a> (2005). In 2006, Bell was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history after having been listed in the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland" title="National Library of Scotland">National Library of Scotland</a>'s 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'.<a href="#cite_note-253">[225]</a> Bell's name is still widely known and used as part of the names of dozens of educational institutes, corporate namesakes, street and place names around the world. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_receives_honorary_LL.D_from_University_of_Edinburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bell_receives_honorary_LL.D_from_University_of_Edinburgh.jpg/220px-Bell_receives_honorary_LL.D_from_University_of_Edinburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bell_receives_honorary_LL.D_from_University_of_Edinburgh.jpg/330px-Bell_receives_honorary_LL.D_from_University_of_Edinburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bell_receives_honorary_LL.D_from_University_of_Edinburgh.jpg/440px-Bell_receives_honorary_LL.D_from_University_of_Edinburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>Bell, an alumnus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>, Scotland, receiving an honorary Doctor of Laws degree (LL.D.) at the university in 1906</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Memorial">Bell Telephone Memorial</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (August 2016)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Alexander Graham Bell, who could not complete the university program of his youth, received at least a dozen honorary degrees from academic institutions, including eight honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">LL.D.s</a> (Doctorate of Law), two Ph.D.s, a D.Sc., and an M.D.:<a href="#cite_note-254">[226]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallaudet_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallaudet College">Gallaudet College</a> (then named National Deaf-Mute College) in Washington, D.C. (Ph.D.) in 1880<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall1917162-255">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[228]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">University of Würzburg</a> in Würzburg, Bavaria (Ph.D.) in 1882<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall1917162-255">[227]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a> in Heidelberg, Germany (M.D.) in 1886<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall1917162-255">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-DCB-41">[37]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in Cambridge, Massachusetts (LL.D.) in 1896<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall1917162-255">[227]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_College" title="Illinois College">Illinois College</a>, in Jacksonville, Illinois (LL.D.) in 1896, possibly 1881<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall1917162-255">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[229]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a> in Amherst, Massachusetts (LL.D.) in 1901<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall1917162-255">[227]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a> in St Andrews, Scotland (LL.D) in 1902<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall1917162-255">[227]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in Oxford, England (D.Sc.) in 1906<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall1917162-255">[227]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> in Edinburgh, Scotland (LL.D.) in 1906<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall1917162-255">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[230]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_George_Washington_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The George Washington University">The George Washington University</a> in Washington, D.C. (LL.D.) in 1913<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall1917162-255">[227]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University at Kingston</a> in Kingston, Ontario, Canada (LL.D.) in 1908<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall1917162-255">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[231]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> in Hanover, New Hampshire (LL.D.) in 1913,<a href="#cite_note-260">[232]</a> possibly 1914<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDougall1917162-255">[227]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayal_in_film,_television_and_fiction">Portrayal in film, television and fiction</h2></div> <ul><li>The 1939 film <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="The Story of Alexander Graham Bell">The Story of Alexander Graham Bell</a> was based on his life and works.<a href="#cite_note-261">[233]</a></li> <li>Eyewitness No. 90 A Great Inventor Is Remembered, a 1957 <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">NFB</a> short about Bell.</li> <li>The 1965 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> miniseries Alexander Graham Bell starring <a href="/wiki/Alec_McCowen" title="Alec McCowen">Alec McCowen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Annis" title="Francesca Annis">Francesca Annis</a>.</li> <li>The 1992 film <a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Silence" title="The Sound and the Silence">The Sound and the Silence</a> was a TV film.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biography_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biography (TV series)">Biography</a> aired an episode Alexander Graham Bell: Voice of Invention on August 6, 1996.</li> <li>John Tench portrays Bell five times in the <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">Canadian television</a> period <a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">detective series</a> <a href="/wiki/Murdoch_Mysteries" title="Murdoch Mysteries">Murdoch Mysteries</a>. Bell appeared in "<a href="/wiki/List_of_Murdoch_Mysteries_episodes#Season_5_(2012)" title="List of Murdoch Mysteries episodes">Invention Convention</a>" (April 24, 2012), "<a href="/wiki/List_of_Murdoch_Mysteries_episodes#Season_5_(2012)" title="List of Murdoch Mysteries episodes">Murdoch in Toyland</a>" (May 8, 2012), "<a href="/wiki/List_of_Murdoch_Mysteries_episodes#Season_11_(2017–2018)" title="List of Murdoch Mysteries episodes">8 Footsteps</a>" (October 9, 2017), "<a href="/wiki/List_of_Murdoch_Mysteries_episodes#Season_13_(2019–2020)" title="List of Murdoch Mysteries episodes">Staring Blindly into the Future</a>" (January 13, 2020) and "<a href="/wiki/List_of_Murdoch_Mysteries_episodes#Season_16_(2022–2023)" title="List of Murdoch Mysteries episodes">Murdoch and the Sonic Boom</a>" (October 24, 2022).</li> <li>A Sign of Her Own, by Sarah Marsh (2024),<a href="#cite_note-262">[234]</a> a novel about a pupil of Bell's Visible Speech, who is "gradually realising and acting upon the harm he was inflicting on her and other deaf people."<a href="#cite_note-263">[235]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBell1880" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Alexander Graham (October 1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.histv.net/bell-production-of-sound-by-light">"On the Production and Reproduction of Sound by Light"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Science" title="American Journal of Science">American Journal of Science</a> (Read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in Boston, August 27, 1880). Third. 20 (118): 305–324. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1880AmJS...20..305B">1880AmJS...20..305B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.s3-20.118.305">10.2475/ajs.s3-20.118.305</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130048089">130048089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=On+the+Production+and+Reproduction+of+Sound+by+Light&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=118&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E324&rft.date=1880-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130048089%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2475%2Fajs.s3-20.118.305&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1880AmJS...20..305B&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.histv.net%2Fbell-production-of-sound-by-light&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> Also published as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1880" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Alexander Graham (September 23, 1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F022500a0">"Selenium and the Photophone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 22 (569): 500–503. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1880Natur..22..500.">1880Natur..22..500.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F022500a0">10.1038/022500a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Selenium+and+the+Photophone&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=569&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E500-%3C%2Fspan%3E503&rft.date=1880-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F022500a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1880Natur..22..500.&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F022500a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1898" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Alexander Graham (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029172445/http://saveourdeafschools.org/question.pdf">The Question of Sign-Language and The Utility of Signs in the Instruction of the Deaf—Two papers</a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Sanders Printing Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saveourdeafschools.org/question.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 29, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Question+of+Sign-Language+and+The+Utility+of+Signs+in+the+Instruction+of+the+Deaf%E2%80%94Two+papers&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Sanders+Printing+Office&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaveourdeafschools.org%2Fquestion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1917" class="citation magazine cs1">Bell, Alexander Graham (February 1917). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazine/Volume_31/Number_2/Prizes_for_the_Inventor">"Prizes for the Inventor: Some of the Problems Awaiting Solution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Geographic_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Geographic Magazine">The National Geographic Magazine</a>. Vol. 31, no. 2. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. pp. 131–146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Geographic+Magazine&rft.atitle=Prizes+for+the+Inventor%3A+Some+of+the+Problems+Awaiting+Solution&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.date=1917-02&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FNational_Geographic_Magazine%2FVolume_31%2FNumber_2%2FPrizes_for_the_Inventor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_Association_for_the_Deaf_and_Hard_of_Hearing" title="Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing">Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_National_Historic_Site" title="Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site">Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Boatyard" title="Bell Boatyard">Bell Boatyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site" title="Bell Homestead National Historic Site">Bell Homestead National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Memorial">Bell Telephone Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Berliner, Emile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Bourseul, Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Alexander_Graham_Bell_Medal" title="IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal">IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Manzetti, Innocenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Meucci, Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Telephone_Company" title="Oriental Telephone Company">Oriental Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_on_banknotes#Scotland" title="List of people on banknotes">People on Scottish banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneers,_a_Volunteer_Network" title="Pioneers, a Volunteer Network">Pioneers, a Volunteer Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Reis, Philipp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="The Story of Alexander Graham Bell">The Story of Alexander Graham Bell</a>, a 1939 movie of his life</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Laboratory and Bureau</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Bell was a <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subject</a> for most of his early life. When he moved to Canada in 1870, Canadian and British citizenship were functionally identical, with <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Canadian citizenship</a> only becoming a formal classification in 1910. He applied for American citizenship after 1877, gained it in 1882, and referred to himself as an American citizen from that point on. Quote from Bell speaking to his wife: "you are a citizen because you can't help it – you were born one, but I chose to be one."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2006228-5">[5]</a> Aside from Bell's own view of his citizenship, many, if not most Canadians considered him also as one of theirs as evidenced in an address by the Governor General of Canada. On October 24, 1917, in Brantford, Ontario, the Governor General spoke at the unveiling of the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Memorial">Bell Telephone Memorial</a> to an audience numbering in the thousands, saying: "Dr. Bell is to be congratulated upon being able to receive the recognition of his fellow citizens and fellow countrymen".<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> From <a href="#CITEREFBlack1997">Black (1997)</a>, p. 18: "He thought he could harness the new <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic technology</a> by creating a machine with a transmitter and receiver that would send sounds telegraphically to help people hear." </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> After Bell's death his wife Mabel wrote to <a href="/wiki/John_J._Carty" title="John J. Carty">John J. Carty</a>, an AT&T vice-president, and commented on her husband's reluctance to have a phone in his study, saying "[of the statements in the newspapers] ...publishing of Mr. Bell's dislike of the telephone. Of course, he never had one in his study. That was where he went when he wanted to be alone with his thoughts and his work. The telephone, of course, means intrusion by the outside world. And the little difficulties and delays often attending the establishment of conversation... did irritate him, so that as a rule he preferred having others send and receive messages. But all really important business over the telephone he transacted himself. There are few private houses more completely equipped with telephones than ours... and there was nothing that Mr. Bell was more particular about than our telephone service... We never could have come here [to Beinn Bhreagh] in the first place or continued here, but for the telephone which kept us in close touch with doctors and neighbors and the regular telegraph office... Mr. Bell did like to say in fun, "Why did I ever invent the Telephone," but no one had a higher appreciation of its indispensableness or used it more freely when need was—either personally or by deputy—and he was really tremendously proud of it and all it was accomplishing."<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Bell typically signed his name in full on his correspondence. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Helmholtz's The Sensations of Tone is credited with inspiring Bell, at the age of 23, to further his studies of electricity and electromagnetism.<a href="#cite_note-DCB-41">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> The family pet was given to his brother's family. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> The estate, dating from 1858, is in the present day located at 94 Tutela Heights Road, Brantford, and is now known as the "Bell Homestead", and formally as the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site" title="Bell Homestead National Historic Site">Bell Homestead National Historic Site of Canada</a>. It received its historical designation from the Government of Canada on June 1, 1996.<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Bell would later write that he had come to Canada a "dying man". </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Bell was thrilled at his recognition by the Six Nations Reserve and throughout his life would launch into a Mohawk war dance when he was excited. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> In later years, Bell described the invention of the telephone and linked it to his "dreaming place". </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEber1991">Eber (1991)</a>, p. 43 claimed that Mabel had scarlet fever in New York "...shortly before her fifth birthday..."; however, <a href="#CITEREFToward1984">Toward (1984)</a> provided a detailed chronology of the event claiming "... shortly after their arrival in New York [in January 1863]" when Mabel would have been at least five years and five weeks of age. Mabel's exact age when she became deaf would later play a part in the debate on the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Manualism_and_oralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manualism and oralism">manual versus oral education for deaf children</a>, as children who are older at the onset of deafness retain greater vocalization skills and are thus more successful in oral education programs. Some of the debate centred on whether Mabel had to relearn oral speech from scratch, or whether she never lost it. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> From <a href="#CITEREFAlexander_Graham_Bell1979">Alexander Graham Bell (1979)</a>, p. 8: "Brantford is justified in calling herself 'The Telephone City' because the telephone originated there. It was invented in Brantford at Tutela Heights in the summer of 1874." </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Hubbard's financial support to the research efforts fell far short of the funds needed, necessitating Bell to continue teaching while conducting his experiments.<a href="#cite_note-97">[85]</a> Bell was so short of funds at times that he had to borrow money from his own employee, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas Watson</a>. Bell also sought an additional CAD$150 from the former <a href="/wiki/Premier_(Canada)" title="Premier (Canada)">Premier of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Brown_(Canadian_politician)" title="George Brown (Canadian politician)">George Brown</a>, in exchange for 50% of the patent rights in the British Empire (Brown later retracted his offer to patent the telephone in the U.K. for fear of being ridiculed). The <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company#Predecessor_to_the_Bell_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">Bell Patent Association</a>, composed of Hubbard, Sanders and Bell and which would become the precursor of the Bell Telephone Company (and later, <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a>), would later assign an approximate 10% interest of its shares to Watson,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1990291-8">[7]</a> in lieu of salary and for his earlier financial support to Bell while they worked together creating their first functional telephone. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> A copy of a draft of the patent application is shown, described as "probably the most valuable patent ever." </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Meucci was not involved in the final trial.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Tomas Farley also writes that "Nearly every scholar agrees that Bell and Watson were the first to transmit intelligible speech by electrical means. Others transmitted a sound or a click or a buzz but our boys [Bell and Watson] were the first to transmit speech one could understand."<a href="#cite_note-Bellis-144">[129]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Many of the lawsuits became rancorous, with Elisha Gray becoming particularly bitter over Bell's ascendancy in the telephone debate, but Bell refused to launch a countersuit for libel.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Marian was born only days after Bell and his assistant <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Sumner Tainter</a> had successfully tested their new wireless telecommunication invention at their <a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Laboratory</a>, one which Bell would name as his greatest achievement. Bell was so ecstatic that he wanted to jointly name his new invention and his new daughter <a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a> (Greek: "light–sound"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosvenorWesson1997104-158">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[142]</a> Bell wrote: "Only think!—Two babies in one week! Mabel's baby was light enough at birth but mine was LIGHT ITSELF! Mabel's baby screamed inarticulately but mine spoke with distinct enunciation from the first." Bell's suggested scientific name for their new infant daughter did not go over well with Marian's mother, Mabel Gardiner Hubbard Bell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosvenorWesson1997104-158">[141]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Under the direction of the Boston architects, <a href="/wiki/Cabot,_Everett_%26_Mead" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabot, Everett & Mead">Cabot, Everett & Mead</a>, a Nova Scotia company, Rhodes, Curry & Company, carried out the actual construction. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> In one memorable incident, the newly arrived Bells were walking down one of Baddeck's central streets when Bell peered into a storefront window and saw a frustrated shopkeeper fiddling with his problematic telephone. Bell quickly disassembled it and effected a repair, to the owner's amazement. When asked how he was able to do so Bell only needed to introduce himself. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Bell was inspired in part by Australian aeronautical engineer <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Hargrave" title="Lawrence Hargrave">Lawrence Hargrave</a>'s work with man-carrying box kites.<a href="#cite_note-188">[168]</a> Hargrave declined to take patents on his inventions, similar to Bell's decision not to file patents on some of his inventions. Bell also chose maroon-colored silk as it would show up clearly against the light-colored sky in his photographic studies. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> "Selfridge Aerodrome Sails Steadily for 319 feet (97 m)." <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> May 13, 1908. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> At 25 to 30 Miles an Hour. First Public Trip of Heavier-than-air Car in America. Professor Alexander Graham Bell's New Machine, Built After Plans by Lieutenant Selfridge, Shown to Be Practicable by Flight Over <a href="/wiki/Keuka_Lake" title="Keuka Lake">Keuka Lake</a>. Portion of Tail Gives Way, Bringing the Test to an End. Views of an Expert. <a href="/wiki/Hammondsport,_New_York" title="Hammondsport, New York">Hammondsport</a>, New York, March 12, 1908. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> The aileron had been conceived of as early as 1868 by British inventor <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Piers_Watt_Boulton" title="Matthew Piers Watt Boulton">M.P.W. Boulton</a> and was also created independently by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Esnault-Pelterie" title="Robert Esnault-Pelterie">Robert Esnault-Pelterie</a> and several others. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> In the last years of his life, as his final projects wound down, Bell and his wife, their extended family and friends, lived exclusively at their beloved Beinn Bhreagh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune200995-213">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[190]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> From <a href="#CITEREFBethune2009">Bethune (2009)</a>, p. 119: "[his end came] at 2:00 am... His wife, Mabel, daughter Daisy, and son-in-law David Fairchild had gathered around him. His last view was of the moon rising above the mountain he loved". </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fleetford_Sise" title="Charles Fleetford Sise">Charles Fleetford Sise</a> Chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Pioneers,_a_Volunteer_Network" title="Pioneers, a Volunteer Network">Telephone Pioneers of America</a> commissioned and dedicated the large bronze statue of Bell in the front portico of <a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford</a>, Ontario's new Bell Telephone Building plant on June 17, 1949. Attending the formal ceremony were Bell's daughter, Mrs. Gillbert Grosvenor, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Johnson_(businessman)" title="Frederick Johnson (businessman)">Frederick Johnson</a>, President of the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Telephone Company of Canada</a>, T.N. Lacy, President of the Telephone Pioneers, and Brantford Mayor Walter J. Dowden. To each side of the portico facing the monument are the engraved inscriptions "In Grateful Recognition of the Inventor of the Telephone". Its dedication was broadcast live nationally by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[199]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> The decibel is defined as one tenth of a bel. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoileau2004" class="citation book cs1">Boileau, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxq3yPsmF9AC">Fastest in the World: The Saga of Canada's Revolutionary Hydrofoils</a>. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Formac Publishing. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88780-621-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88780-621-6"><bdi>978-0-88780-621-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fastest+in+the+World%3A+The+Saga+of+Canada%27s+Revolutionary+Hydrofoils&rft.place=Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Formac+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-88780-621-6&rft.aulast=Boileau&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlxq3yPsmF9AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> [Is the following a quote from the source referenced?:] While Bell worked in many scientific, technical, professional and social capacities throughout his life he would remain fondest of his earliest vocation. To the end of his days, when discussing himself, Bell would always add with pride "I am a teacher of the deaf".<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> name="voice"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/particle-physics-resurrects-alexander-graham-bells-voice">"Particle Physics Resurrects Alexander Graham Bell's Voice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum" title="IEEE Spectrum">IEEE Spectrum</a>. April 30, 2018. Retrieved May 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.atitle=Particle+Physics+Resurrects+Alexander+Graham+Bell%27s+Voice&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fparticle-physics-resurrects-alexander-graham-bells-voice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bellhomestead.ca/history/Pages/TheBellFamily.aspx">"The Bell Family"</a>. Bell Homestead National Historic Site. Retrieved September 27, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bell+Homestead+National+Historic+Site&rft.atitle=The+Bell+Family&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellhomestead.ca%2Fhistory%2FPages%2FTheBellFamily.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2006228-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray2006228_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray2006">Gray 2006</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReville1920" class="citation book cs1">Reville, F. Douglas (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419162041/http://brantford.library.on.ca/localhistory/pdfs/reville1.pdf">History of the County of Brant: Illustrated With Fifty Half-Tones Taken From Miniatures And Photographs</a> (PDF). Brantford, Ontario: Brantford Historical Society & Hurley Printing. p. 319. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brantford.library.on.ca/localhistory/pdfs/reville1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 19, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+County+of+Brant%3A+Illustrated+With+Fifty+Half-Tones+Taken+From+Miniatures+And+Photographs&rft.place=Brantford%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Brantford+Historical+Society+%26+Hurley+Printing&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Reville&rft.aufirst=F.+Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrantford.library.on.ca%2Flocalhistory%2Fpdfs%2Freville1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1990291-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1990291_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1990291_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce1990">Bruce 1990</a>, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce1990" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Robert V. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC">Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude</a>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9691-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9691-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-9691-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bell%3A+Alexander+Bell+and+the+Conquest+of+Solitude&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9691-2&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmR0MOQAu0UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeod1999" class="citation book cs1">MacLeod, Elizabeth (1999). Alexander Graham Bell: An Inventive Life. Toronto, Ontario: Kids Can Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55074-456-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55074-456-9"><bdi>978-1-55074-456-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Graham+Bell%3A+An+Inventive+Life&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Kids+Can+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55074-456-9&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1922" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Mabel (October 1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/belltelephonemag01amer#page/64/mode/2up">"Dr. Bell's Appreciation of the Telephone Service"</a>. Bell Telephone Quarterly. 1 (3): 65. Retrieved September 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bell+Telephone+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Dr.+Bell%27s+Appreciation+of+the+Telephone+Service&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1922-10&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Mabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbelltelephonemag01amer%23page%2F64%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowley2011" class="citation web cs1">Howley, Andrew (May 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202163557/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2011/05/26/ngs-celebrates-23rd-founders-day/">"NGS Celebrates 23rd Founders Day"</a>. NGS. National Geographic Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2011/05/26/ngs-celebrates-23rd-founders-day">the original</a> on February 2, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016. <q>Though he wasn't one of the original 33 founders, Bell had a major influence on the Society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NGS&rft.atitle=NGS+Celebrates+23rd+Founders+Day&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft.aulast=Howley&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.nationalgeographic.com%2F2011%2F05%2F26%2Fngs-celebrates-23rd-founders-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStansfield2005" class="citation journal cs1">Stansfield, W. D. (January 1, 2005). "The Bell Family Legacies". Journal of Heredity. 96 (1): 1–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesi007">10.1093/jhered/esi007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1503">0022-1503</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15618310">15618310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Heredity&rft.atitle=The+Bell+Family+Legacies&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.issn=0022-1503&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15618310&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesi007&rft.aulast=Stansfield&rft.aufirst=W.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bruce1990-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bruce1990_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bruce1990_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce2020" class="citation web cs1">Bruce, Robert V. (March 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kLLWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT395">"Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude"</a>. Plunkett Lake Press – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bell%3A+Alexander+Graham+Bell+and+the+Conquest+of+Solitude&rft.pub=Plunkett+Lake+Press&rft.date=2020-03-15&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkLLWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrie1975" class="citation book cs1">Petrie, A. Roy (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb0000petr_q2x0/page/4">Alexander Graham Bell</a>. Don Mills, Ontario: Fitzhenry & Whiteside. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb0000petr_q2x0/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88902-209-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88902-209-6"><bdi>978-0-88902-209-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Graham+Bell&rft.place=Don+Mills%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Fitzhenry+%26+Whiteside&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-88902-209-6&rft.aulast=Petrie&rft.aufirst=A.+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexandergrahamb0000petr_q2x0%2Fpage%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/bellhtml/belltime.html">"Time Line of Alexander Graham Bell."</a> memory.loc.goiv. Retrieved: July 28, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051024211905/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/bellhtml/belltime.html">Archived</a> October 24, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1905/08/08/archives/alexander-m-bell-dead-father-of-prof-ag-bell-developed-sign.html">"Alexander M. Bell Dead. Father of Prof. A. G. Bell Developed Sign Language for Mutes"</a>. The New York Times. August 8, 1905. Retrieved September 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Alexander+M.+Bell+Dead.+Father+of+Prof.+A.+G.+Bell+Developed+Sign+Language+for+Mutes&rft.date=1905-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1905%2F08%2F08%2Farchives%2Falexander-m-bell-dead-father-of-prof-ag-bell-developed-sign.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150224032704/http://learn.fi.edu/learn/case-files/bell/agb.html">"Call me Alexander Graham Bell"</a>. The Franklin Institute. January 14, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learn.fi.edu/learn/case-files/bell/agb.html">the original</a> on February 24, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Franklin+Institute&rft.atitle=Call+me+Alexander+Graham+Bell&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearn.fi.edu%2Flearn%2Fcase-files%2Fbell%2Fagb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroundwater2005" class="citation book cs1">Groundwater, Jennifer (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb0000grou/page/23">Alexander Graham Bell: The Spirit of Invention</a>. Calgary, Alberta: Altitude Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb0000grou/page/23">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55439-006-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55439-006-9"><bdi>978-1-55439-006-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Graham+Bell%3A+The+Spirit+of+Invention&rft.place=Calgary%2C+Alberta&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Altitude+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55439-006-9&rft.aulast=Groundwater&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexandergrahamb0000grou%2Fpage%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce199017–19-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce199017–19_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce1990">Bruce 1990</a>, pp. 17–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1990490-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1990490_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce1990">Bruce 1990</a>, p. 490. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce199016-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce199016_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce199016_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce1990">Bruce 1990</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray20068-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray20068_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray20068_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray20068_26-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray2006">Gray 2006</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray20069-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray20069_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray2006">Gray 2006</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay1997" class="citation book cs1">Mackay, James (1997). Sounds Out of Silence: A life of Alexander Graham Bell. Edinburgh, UK: Mainstream Publishing. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85158-833-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85158-833-6"><bdi>978-1-85158-833-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sounds+Out+of+Silence%3A+A+life+of+Alexander+Graham+Bell&rft.place=Edinburgh%2C+UK&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Mainstream+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85158-833-6&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie19757-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie19757_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie19757_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetrie1975">Petrie 1975</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay199731-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay199731_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMackay1997">Mackay 1997</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray200611-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray200611_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray2006">Gray 2006</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTown1988" class="citation book cs1">Town, Florida (1988). Alexander Graham Bell. Toronto, Ontario: Grolier. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7172-1950-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7172-1950-6"><bdi>978-0-7172-1950-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Graham+Bell&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Grolier&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7172-1950-6&rft.aulast=Town&rft.aufirst=Florida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce199037-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce199037_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce1990">Bruce 1990</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShulman2008" class="citation book cs1">Shulman, Seth (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/telephonegambitc00shul/page/49">The Telephone Gambit: Chasing Alexander Bell's Secret</a>. New York: Norton & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/telephonegambitc00shul/page/49">49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06206-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06206-9"><bdi>978-0-393-06206-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Telephone+Gambit%3A+Chasing+Alexander+Bell%27s+Secret&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06206-9&rft.aulast=Shulman&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftelephonegambitc00shul%2Fpage%2F49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroundwater200525-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroundwater200525_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroundwater200525_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroundwater200525_35-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGroundwater2005">Groundwater 2005</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie19757–9-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie19757–9_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetrie1975">Petrie 1975</a>, pp. 7–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie19759-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie19759_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetrie1975">Petrie 1975</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessenger2014" class="citation web cs1">Messenger, Stephen (March 29, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedodo.com/before-inventing-the-telephone-489117573.html">"Before Inventing The Telephone, Alexander Graham Bell Tried To Teach His Dog To Talk"</a>. The Dodo. Retrieved January 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Dodo&rft.atitle=Before+Inventing+The+Telephone%2C+Alexander+Graham+Bell+Tried+To+Teach+His+Dog+To+Talk&rft.date=2014-03-29&rft.aulast=Messenger&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedodo.com%2Fbefore-inventing-the-telephone-489117573.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroundwater200530-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroundwater200530_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroundwater200530_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGroundwater2005">Groundwater 2005</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShulman200846-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShulman200846_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShulman2008">Shulman 2008</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-DCB-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_41-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurtees2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Surtees, Lawrence (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/bell_alexander_graham_15E.html">"BELL, ALEXANDER GRAHAM"</a>. In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a>. Vol. XV (1921–1930) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. 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Island Echo. January 14, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2020. <q>He made the UK's first publicly-witnessed long distance calls, calling Cowes, Southampton and London. Queen Victoria liked the telephone so much she wanted to buy it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=140+Years+Since+the+First+Telephone+Call+to+Queen+Victoria+on+the+Isle+of+Wight&rft.pub=Island+Echo&rft.date=2018-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islandecho.co.uk%2F140-years-since-first-telephone-call-queen-victoria-isle-wight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/connecting-britain/alexander-graham-bell-unveils-telephone/">"Alexander Graham Bell demonstrates the newly invented telephone"</a>. The Telegraph. 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Retrieved January 14, 2020. <q>The instruments at present in Osborne are merely those supplied for ordinary commercial purposes, and it will afford me much pleasure to be permitted to offer to the Queen a set of Telephones to be made expressly for her Majesty's use.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=pdf%2C+Letter+from+Alexander+Graham+Bell+to+Sir+Thomas+Biddulph%2C+February+1%2C+1878&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2Fmagbell.30000106%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2001" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Stewart (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb00ross/page/21">Alexander Graham Bell</a>. 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Retrieved September 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ADT&rft.atitle=Our+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adt.com%2Fabout-adt%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1990271–272-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1990271–272_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce1990">Bruce 1990</a>, pp. 271–272. </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian.co.uk-140"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRory_Carroll2002" class="citation news cs1">Rory Carroll (June 17, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/17/humanities.internationaleducationnews">"Bell did not invent telephone, US rules"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved October 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bell+did+not+invent+telephone%2C+US+rules&rft.date=2002-06-17&rft.au=Rory+Carroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fjun%2F17%2Fhumanities.internationaleducationnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c107">"H.RES.269: Resolution 269."</a> thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved: July 28, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713175614/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c107">Archived</a> July 13, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717032953/http://www.chezbasilio.it/us_congr_rec.htm">"Congressional Record – Speech by Prof. Basillio"</a>. September 5, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chezbasilio.it/us_congr_rec.htm">the original</a> on July 17, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congressional+Record+%E2%80%93+Speech+by+Prof.+Basillio&rft.date=2001-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chezbasilio.it%2Fus_congr_rec.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015195124/http://www.italianhistorical.org/page42.html">"Antonio Meucci (1808–1889)"</a>. Italian Historical Society of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italianhistorical.org/page42.html">the original</a> on October 15, 2015. Retrieved September 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Italian+Historical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Antonio+Meucci+%281808%E2%80%931889%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italianhistorical.org%2Fpage42.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellis-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bellis_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellis_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellis" class="citation web cs1">Bellis, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200528235654/https://www.thoughtco.com/antonio-meucci-4071768">"The History of the Telephone – Antonio Meucci"</a>. About.com Inventors. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_Antonio_Meucci.htm">the original</a> on May 28, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com+Inventors&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Telephone+%E2%80%93+Antonio+Meucci&rft.aulast=Bellis&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finventors.about.com%2Flibrary%2Finventors%2Fbl_Antonio_Meucci.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay1997178-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay1997178_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMackay1997">Mackay 1997</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1995" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Steve (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb00park/page/23">Alexander Graham Bell and the Telephone</a>. (Science Discoveries). Chelsea House. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-3004-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-3004-2"><bdi>978-0-7910-3004-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1024162541">1024162541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Graham+Bell+and+the+Telephone&rft.series=%28Science+Discoveries%29&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Chelsea+House&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1024162541&rft.isbn=978-0-7910-3004-2&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexandergrahamb00park%2Fpage%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Alexander Graham Bell and the Telephone". Scientific American. 102 (23): 462. June 1910. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1910SciAm.102..462.">1910SciAm.102..462.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican06041910-462">10.1038/scientificamerican06041910-462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Alexander+Graham+Bell+and+the+Telephone&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=462&rft.date=1910-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican06041910-462&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1910SciAm.102..462.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1990297–299-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1990297–299_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce1990">Bruce 1990</a>, pp. 297–299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEber199144-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEber199144_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEber1991">Eber 1991</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn199028-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn199028_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn1990">Dunn 1990</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay1997120-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay1997120_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMackay1997">Mackay 1997</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1923/01/04/105839500.html?pageNumber=19">"Mrs. A.G. Bell Dies. Inspired Telephone. Deaf Girl's Romance With Distinguished Inventor Was Due to Her Affliction"</a>. The New York Times. January 4, 1923.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mrs.+A.G.+Bell+Dies.+Inspired+Telephone.+Deaf+Girl%27s+Romance+With+Distinguished+Inventor+Was+Due+to+Her+Affliction&rft.date=1923-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1923%2F01%2F04%2F105839500.html%3FpageNumber%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1966/02/05/archives/dr-gilbert-h-grosvenor-dies-head-of-national-geographic-90-editor.html">"Dr. Gilbert H. Grosvenor Dies"</a>. The New York Times. Canadian Press. February 5, 1966. Retrieved September 18, 2015. <q>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_H._Grosvenor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert H. Grosvenor">Gilbert H. Grosvenor</a> ... died on the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> estate once owned by his father-in-law, the inventor Alexander Graham Bell.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dr.+Gilbert+H.+Grosvenor+Dies&rft.date=1966-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1966%2F02%2F05%2Farchives%2Fdr-gilbert-h-grosvenor-dies-head-of-national-geographic-90-editor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/27/mrs-gilbert-grosvenor-dead.html">"Mrs. Gilbert Grosvenor Dead"</a>. The New York Times. December 27, 1964. Retrieved September 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mrs.+Gilbert+Grosvenor+Dead&rft.date=1964-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F12%2F27%2Fmrs-gilbert-grosvenor-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrosvenorWesson1997" class="citation book cs1">Grosvenor, Edwin S.; Wesson, Morgan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb00gros/page/104">Alexander Graham Bell: The Life and Times of the Man Who Invented the Telephone</a>. New York: Harry N. Abrahms. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb00gros/page/104">104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-4005-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-4005-5"><bdi>978-0-8109-4005-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Graham+Bell%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+the+Man+Who+Invented+the+Telephone&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrahms&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-4005-5&rft.aulast=Grosvenor&rft.aufirst=Edwin+S.&rft.au=Wesson%2C+Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexandergrahamb00gros%2Fpage%2F104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1962/09/25/archives/mrs-david-fairchild-82-dead-daughter-of-bell-phone-inventor.html">"Mrs. David Fairchild, 82, Dead; Daughter of Bell, Phone Inventor"</a>. The New York Times. Canadian Press. September 25, 1962.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mrs.+David+Fairchild%2C+82%2C+Dead%3B+Daughter+of+Bell%2C+Phone+Inventor&rft.date=1962-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1962%2F09%2F25%2Farchives%2Fmrs-david-fairchild-82-dead-daughter-of-bell-phone-inventor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosvenorWesson1997104-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrosvenorWesson1997104_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrosvenorWesson1997104_158-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrosvenorWesson1997">Grosvenor & Wesson 1997</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2007" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Mary Kay (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb0000cars">Alexander Graham Bell: Giving Voice To The World</a>. Sterling Biographies. New York: Sterling Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb0000cars/page/77">77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3230-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3230-0"><bdi>978-1-4027-3230-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/182527281">182527281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Graham+Bell%3A+Giving+Voice+To+The+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Sterling+Biographies&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182527281&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-3230-0&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Mary+Kay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexandergrahamb0000cars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2006202–205-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray2006202–205_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray2006">Gray 2006</a>, pp. 202–205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce199090-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce199090_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce1990">Bruce 1990</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1990471–472-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1990471–472_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce1990">Bruce 1990</a>, pp. 471–472. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethune2009" class="citation book cs1">Bethune, Jocelyn (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YmtoPgAACAAJ">Historic Baddeck</a>. (Images of our Past). Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nimbus Publishing. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55109-706-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55109-706-0"><bdi>978-1-55109-706-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Baddeck&rft.place=Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia&rft.series=%28Images+of+our+Past%29&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Nimbus+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55109-706-0&rft.aulast=Bethune&rft.aufirst=Jocelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYmtoPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune200992-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethune200992_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethune2009">Bethune 2009</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune20092-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethune20092_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethune20092_166-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethune20092_166-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethune2009">Bethune 2009</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTulloch2006" class="citation book cs1">Tulloch, Judith (2006). 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New York: Arcade. p. 419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-809-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-809-8"><bdi>978-1-55970-809-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reluctant+Genius%3A+The+Passionate+Life+and+Inventive+Mind+of+Alexander+Graham+Bell&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=Arcade&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55970-809-8&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DujlCgf1uSJIC%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2006418-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray2006418_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray2006">Gray 2006</a>, p. 418. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune200995-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethune200995_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethune2009">Bethune 2009</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2009" class="citation news cs1">Duffy, Andrew (February 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713175706/http://www2.canada.com/news/national/canada+flight/1319873/story.html?id=1319873">"The Silver Dart sputtered into history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen" title="Ottawa Citizen">Ottawa Citizen</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.canada.com/news/national/canada+flight/1319873/story.html?id=1319873">the original</a> on July 13, 2015. Retrieved September 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=The+Silver+Dart+sputtered+into+history&rft.date=2009-02-23&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.canada.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fcanada%2Bflight%2F1319873%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D1319873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2009119-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethune2009119_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethune2009">Bethune 2009</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_218-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_218-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_218-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_218-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/08/03/99050024.pdf">"Dr. Bell, Inventor of Telephone, Dies"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. August 3, 1922. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/08/03/99050024.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dr.+Bell%2C+Inventor+of+Telephone%2C+Dies&rft.date=1922-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1922%2F08%2F03%2F99050024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1990491-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1990491_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce1990">Bruce 1990</a>, p. 491. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune2009119–120-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethune2009119–120_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethune2009">Bethune 2009</a>, pp. 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasachoff1996" class="citation book cs1">Pasachoff, Naomi (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb00pasa_0/page/130">Alexander Graham Bell: Making Connections</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandergrahamb00pasa_0/page/130">130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509908-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509908-9"><bdi>978-0-19-509908-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Graham+Bell%3A+Making+Connections&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509908-9&rft.aulast=Pasachoff&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexandergrahamb00pasa_0%2Fpage%2F130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne194318–19-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsborne194318–19_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOsborne1943">Osborne 1943</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0303.html">"Dr. Bell, Inventor of Telephone, Dies"</a>. The New York Times. August 3, 1922. Retrieved July 21, 2007. <q>Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, died at 2 o'clock this morning at Beinn Breagh, his estate near Baddeck</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dr.+Bell%2C+Inventor+of+Telephone%2C+Dies&rft.date=1922-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbday%2F0303.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIreland2009" class="citation news cs1">Ireland, Carolyn (February 27, 2009). "The Portrait Studio House". <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=The+Portrait+Studio+House&rft.date=2009-02-27&rft.aulast=Ireland&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Daughter Unveils Inventor's Statue: Bronze Figure Is Dedicated By Phone Pioneers". <a href="/wiki/Brantford_Expositor" title="Brantford Expositor">Brantford Expositor</a>. June 18, 1949.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brantford+Expositor&rft.atitle=Daughter+Unveils+Inventor%27s+Statue%3A+Bronze+Figure+Is+Dedicated+By+Phone+Pioneers&rft.date=1949-06-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AGB_Family_Papers-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AGB_Family_Papers_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AGB_Family_Papers_227-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collection/alexander-graham-bell-papers/about-this-collection/#overview">"About this Collection"</a>. Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers. Library of Congress. Retrieved September 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alexander+Graham+Bell+Family+Papers&rft.atitle=About+this+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollection%2Falexander-graham-bell-papers%2Fabout-this-collection%2F%23overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne1943" class="citation book cs1">Osborne, Harold S. (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/bell-alexander-graham.pdf">Biographical Memoir of Alexander Graham Bell 1847–1922</a> (PDF). Biographical Memoirs. Vol. XXIII. National Academy of Sciences. p. 18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/bell-alexander-graham.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved September 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Memoir+of+Alexander+Graham+Bell+1847%E2%80%931922&rft.series=Biographical+Memoirs&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Harold+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fpublications%2Fbiographical-memoirs%2Fmemoir-pdfs%2Fbell-alexander-graham.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011122233/http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/ns/grahambell/index_e.asp">"Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site"</a>. Parks Canada. August 7, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/ns/grahambell/index_e.asp">the original</a> on October 11, 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alexander+Graham+Bell+National+Historic+Site&rft.pub=Parks+Canada&rft.date=2015-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc.gc.ca%2Flhn-nhs%2Fns%2Fgrahambell%2Findex_e.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bellhomestead.ca/Pages/default.aspx">"Pay Us a Call at Melville House!"</a>. Bell Homestead National Historic Site. Retrieved September 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bell+Homestead+National+Historic+Site&rft.atitle=Pay+Us+a+Call+at+Melville+House%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellhomestead.ca%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&q=%22Alexander+Graham+Bell+%22,+Cambridge,+Ontario&vps=34&jsv=153e&sll=40.657722,-74.098663&sspn=0.674038,1.30188&cd=1&cid=43141094,-80268023,15275653568269528224&li=lmd&z=14&t=m">"Alexander Graham Bell Memorial Park."</a> maps.google.com. Retrieved: February 14, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-232"><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_232-0">^</a> 1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a>. Retrieved February 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/magbell.21000309/?sp=1">"Honors to Professor Bell Daily Evening Traveller"</a>. Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers. Library of Congress. September 1, 1880. Retrieved September 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alexander+Graham+Bell+Family+Papers&rft.atitle=Honors+to+Professor+Bell+Daily+Evening+Traveller&rft.date=1880-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresource%2Fmagbell.21000309%2F%3Fsp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/magbell.21000309/?sp=1">"Volta Prize of the French Academy Awarded to Prof. Alexander Graham Bell"</a>. Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers. Library of Congress. September 1, 1880. Retrieved September 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alexander+Graham+Bell+Family+Papers&rft.atitle=Volta+Prize+of+the+French+Academy+Awarded+to+Prof.+Alexander+Graham+Bell&rft.date=1880-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresource%2Fmagbell.21000309%2F%3Fsp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/magbell.21000308/">"Telegram from Grossman to Alexander Graham Bell"</a>. Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers. Library of Congress. August 2, 1880. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scripts.sasg.ed.ac.uk/registry/Graduations/Honorary_Graduates.cfm">the original</a> on September 1, 2015. Retrieved September 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Edinburgh&rft.atitle=Graduations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scripts.sasg.ed.ac.uk%2Fregistry%2FGraduations%2FHonorary_Graduates.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.queensu.ca/encyclopedia/h/honorary-degrees">"Honorary Degrees"</a>. Queen's University. Retrieved October 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queen%27s+University&rft.atitle=Honorary+Degrees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.queensu.ca%2Fencyclopedia%2Fh%2Fhonorary-degrees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/06/26/100569465.pdf">"Dartmouth graduates 208: Alexander Graham Bell Among Those Receiving Honorary Degrees"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. July 26, 1913. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/06/26/100569465.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved July 30, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dartmouth+graduates+208%3A+Alexander+Graham+Bell+Among+Those+Receiving+Honorary+Degrees&rft.date=1913-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1913%2F06%2F26%2F100569465.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9504E3D6133CE73ABC4953DFB2668382629EDE">"THE SCREEN; The founding of the Wrong-Number Industry WellDramatized in Roxy's 'Alexander Graham Bell' At the 86th St. Garden Theatre At Three Theatres At the 86th Street Casino"</a>. The New York Times. April 1, 1939. Retrieved February 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=THE+SCREEN%3B+The+founding+of+the+Wrong-Number+Industry+WellDramatized+in+Roxy%27s+%27Alexander+Graham+Bell%27+At+the+86th+St.+Garden+Theatre+At+Three+Theatres+At+the+86th+Street+Casino&rft.date=1939-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fmovie%2Freview%3Fres%3D9504E3D6133CE73ABC4953DFB2668382629EDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2024" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, Sarah (February 2024). A Sign of Her Own. <a href="/wiki/Headline" title="Headline">Headline</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781035401642" title="Special:BookSources/9781035401642"><bdi>9781035401642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sign+of+Her+Own&rft.pub=Headline&rft.date=2024-02&rft.isbn=9781035401642&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraus2024" class="citation journal cs1">Straus, Jean (2024). "Thoughts shared - RNID SUMMER 2024". RNID (Summer 2024): 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RNID&rft.atitle=Thoughts+shared+-+RNID+SUMMER+2024&rft.issue=Summer+2024&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Straus&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Mullett, Mary B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MaFXAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA10">The Story of A Famous Inventor.</a> New York: Rogers and Fowle, 1921.</li> <li>Walters, Eric. The Hydrofoil Mystery. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Puffin Books</a>, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-130220-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-130220-8">0-14-130220-8</a>.</li> <li>Winzer, Margret A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofspecial00winz">The History Of Special Education: From Isolation To Integration.</a> Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56368-018-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56368-018-2">978-1-56368-018-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Alexander Graham Bell at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alexander_Graham_Bell" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Alexander Graham Bell">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" class="extiw" title="q:Alexander Graham Bell">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Alexander_Graham_Bell" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Alexander Graham Bell">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34286" class="extiw" title="d:Q34286">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belllegacy.org/">Alexander and Mabel Bell Legacy Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303055405/https://www.belllegacy.org/">Archived</a> March 3, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208211550/http://bell.cbu.ca/agbi_about.asp">Alexander Graham Bell Institute at Cape Breton University</a> (archived 8 December 2015)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telephonetribute.com/pdf/bell_memorial_booklet.pdf">Bell Telephone Memorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bellhomestead.ca/Pages/default.aspx">Bell Homestead National Historic Site</a>, Brantford, Ontario</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/ns/grahambell/index.aspx">Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site of Canada</a>, Baddeck, Nova Scotia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collection/alexander-graham-bell-papers/about-this-collection/#overview">Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers at the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/bell-alexander-graham.pdf">Alexander Graham Bell</a> — <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences">Biographical Memoirs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/bell_alexander_graham_15E.html">Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=120">Science.ca profile: Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/48508">Works by Alexander Graham Bell</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1745080/">Alexander Graham Bell</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AlexanderGrahamBellsNotebooks">Alexander Graham Bell's notebooks</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.histv.net/graham-bell-contribution-indirecte">"Téléphone et photophone : les contributions indirectes de Graham Bell à l'idée de la vision à distance par l'électricité"</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.histv.net">Histoire de la télévision</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/001393">Newspaper clippings about Alexander Graham Bell</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/collections/show/656">Alexander Graham Bell and the Aerial Experiment Association Photograph Collection</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museumofflight.org/">The Museum of Flight (Seattle, Washington).</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multimedia">Multimedia</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/alexander-graham-bell-9205497">Alexander Graham Bell</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Biography_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Biography Channel">The Biography Channel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0031981/">The Story of Alexander Graham Bell (1939)</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Alexander Graham Bell portrayed by <a href="/wiki/John_Bach" title="John Bach">John Bach</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Silence" title="The Sound and the Silence">The Sound and the Silence</a> (Television production). Canada, New Zealand, Ireland: Atlantis Films.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sound+and+the+Silence&rft.place=Canada%2C+New+Zealand%2C+Ireland&rft.pub=Atlantis+Films&rft.date=1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0956089/">The Animated Hero Classics: Alexander Graham Bell (1995)</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2013" class="citation news cs1">Gray, Charlotte (May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/We-Had-No-Idea-What-Alexander-Graham-Bell-Sounded-Like-Until-Now-204137471.html">"We Had No Idea What Alexander Graham Bell Sounded Like. Until Now"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=We+Had+No+Idea+What+Alexander+Graham+Bell+Sounded+Like.+Until+Now&rft.date=2013-05&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory-archaeology%2FWe-Had-No-Idea-What-Alexander-Graham-Bell-Sounded-Like-Until-Now-204137471.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Graham+Bell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922192029/https://www.historica-dominion.ca/content/heritage-minutes/shaping-future">Shaping The Future</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Minutes" title="Heritage Minutes">Heritage Minutes</a> and Radio Minutes collection at <a href="/wiki/Historica_Canada" title="Historica Canada">HistoricaCanada.ca</a> (1:31 audio drama, <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a> required)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Non-profit organization positions </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> President of the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> 1897–1904 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_John_McGee" title="William John McGee">William John McGee</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alexander_Graham_Bell187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Template:Alexander Graham Bell"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Template talk:Alexander Graham Bell"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alexander Graham Bell"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alexander_Graham_Bell187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Graham Bell</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beinn_Bhreagh" title="Beinn Bhreagh">Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_House_(Colonial_Beach,_Virginia)" title="Bell House (Colonial Beach, Virginia)">Bell House (Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bras_d%27Or_Lake" title="Bras d'Or Lake">Bras d'Or Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Bell_Grossman_Pillot_Memorial" title="Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial">Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International_Congress_on_Education_of_the_Deaf" title="Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf">Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">Telephone Cases</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Family6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Melville_Bell" title="Alexander Melville Bell">Alexander Melville Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Bell" title="Chichester Bell">Chichester Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Fairchild" title="David Fairchild">David Fairchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Fairchild" title="Graham Fairchild">Graham Fairchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_S._Grosvenor" title="Edwin S. Grosvenor">Edwin S. Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hovey_Grosvenor" title="Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor">Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_M._Grosvenor" title="Gilbert M. Grosvenor">Gilbert M. Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_H._Grosvenor" title="Mabel H. Grosvenor">Mabel H. Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Bell_Grosvenor" title="Melville Bell Grosvenor">Melville Bell Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Gardiner_Hubbard" title="Mabel Gardiner Hubbard">Mabel Gardiner Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendall_Myers" title="Kendall Myers">Kendall Myers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Seymour_Allward" title="Walter Seymour Allward">Walter Seymour Allward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Bailey" title="Marcellus Bailey">Marcellus Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cowherd" title="Thomas Cowherd">Thomas Cowherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Curtiss" title="Glenn Curtiss">Glenn Curtiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Pollok" title="Anthony Pollok">Anthony Pollok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Selfridge" title="Thomas Selfridge">Thomas Selfridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Williams_Jr._House" title="Charles Williams Jr. House">Charles Williams Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AEA_Cygnet" title="AEA Cygnet">AEA Cygnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEA_June_Bug" title="AEA June Bug">AEA June Bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEA_Red_Wing" title="AEA Red Wing">AEA Red Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEA_Silver_Dart" title="AEA Silver Dart">AEA Silver Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEA_White_Wing" title="AEA White Wing">AEA White Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_Experiment_Association" title="Aerial Experiment Association">Aerial Experiment Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_Association_for_the_Deaf_and_Hard_of_Hearing" title="Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing">Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Boatyard" title="Bell Boatyard">Bell Boatyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Oionus_I" title="Bell Oionus I">Bell Oionus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aerodrome_Baddeck_No._1_and_No._2" title="Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2">Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aerodrome_Company" title="Canadian Aerodrome Company">Canadian Aerodrome Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke_Schools_for_Hearing_and_Speech" title="Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech">Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictation_machine" title="Dictation machine">Dictation machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Gower-Bell_Telephone_Company_of_Europe" title="Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe">Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray_and_Alexander_Bell_telephone_controversy" title="Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy">Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphophone" title="Graphophone">Graphophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD-4" title="HD-4">HD-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Monoplane" title="Hubbard Monoplane">Hubbard Monoplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Extension_Institute" title="Life Extension Institute">Life Extension Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Telephone_Company" title="National Telephone Company">National Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Company" title="New England Telephone and Telegraph Company">New England Telephone and Telegraph Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Telephone_Company" title="Oriental Telephone Company">Oriental Telephone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Laboratory and Bureau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_National_Historic_Site" title="Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site">Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_School_(Chicago)" title="Alexander Graham Bell School (Chicago)">Alexander Graham Bell School (Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_honors_and_tributes" title="Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes">Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site" title="Bell Homestead National Historic Site">Bell Homestead National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Memorial" title="Bell Memorial">Bell Telephone Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Bell_Island" title="Graham Bell Island">Graham Bell Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Bras_d%27Or_(FHE_400)" title="HMCS Bras d'Or (FHE 400)">HMCS Bras d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Alexander_Graham_Bell_Medal" title="IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal">IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneers,_a_Volunteer_Network" title="Pioneers, a Volunteer Network">Pioneers, a Volunteer Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="The Story of Alexander Graham Bell">The Story of Alexander Graham Bell</a> (1939 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Silence" title="The Sound and the Silence">The Sound and the Silence</a> (1992 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Category:Alexander Graham Bell">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees46" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template talk:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees46" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a> inductees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer" title="Sylvanus Thayer">Sylvanus Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Geographic_Society252" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Geographic" title="Template:National Geographic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Geographic" title="Template talk:National Geographic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Geographic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Geographic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Geographic_Society252" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_M._Grosvenor" title="Gilbert M. Grosvenor">Gilbert M. Grosvenor</a>, Chairman Emeritus (since 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Case" title="Jean Case">Jean Case</a>, Chairman (since 2016)</li> <li>Tracy Wolstencroft, president and CEO (since 2018)</li> <li>Michael Ulica, president and COO (since 2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Alvarez" title="Stephen Alvarez">Stephen Alvarez</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Bishop_(mountaineer)" title="Barry Bishop (mountaineer)">Barry Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Fahey_Jr." title="John M. Fahey Jr.">John M. Fahey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Goldberg" title="Susan Goldberg">Susan Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hovey_Grosvenor" title="Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor">Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_M._Grosvenor" title="Gilbert M. Grosvenor">Gilbert M. Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Bell_Grosvenor" title="Melville Bell Grosvenor">Melville Bell Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Johns_(photographer)" title="Chris Johns (photographer)">Chris Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_T._Kelly" title="Tim T. Kelly">Tim T. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Mitchell_(editor)" title="John G. Mitchell (editor)">John G. Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shelley" title="Mark Shelley">Mark Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Verano" title="John Verano">John Verano</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Natgeologo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Natgeologo.svg/100px-Natgeologo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Natgeologo.svg/150px-Natgeologo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Natgeologo.svg/200px-Natgeologo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="294" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Geographic_Partners" title="Template:National Geographic Partners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:National_Geographic_Partners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:National Geographic Partners (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Geographic_Partners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Geographic Partners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Geographic_Partners213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Partners" title="National Geographic Partners">National Geographic Partners</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>A joint venture between <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a> (73%) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> (27%)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Adventure_(magazine)" title="National Geographic Adventure (magazine)">National Geographic Adventure</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Traveler" title="National Geographic Traveler">National Geographic Traveler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Kids" title="National Geographic Kids">National Geographic Kids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Global_Networks" title="National Geographic Global Networks">Television channels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>National Geographic</li> <li>Nat Geo Kids</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Geo_Music" title="Nat Geo Music">Nat Geo Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Geo_People" title="Nat Geo People">Nat Geo People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Geo_Wild" title="Nat Geo Wild">Nat Geo Wild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>National Geographic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Abu_Dhabi" title="National Geographic Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (Asia)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (Australia and New Zealand)">Australia and New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (Canada)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Channel (France)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(German_TV_channel)" title="National Geographic (German TV channel)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(Dutch_TV_channel)" title="National Geographic (Dutch TV channel)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (Portugal)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel_(Scandinavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Channel (Scandinavia)">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(UK_and_Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (UK and Ireland)">UK and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(American_TV_channel)" title="National Geographic (American TV channel)">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(Latin_American_TV_channel)" title="National Geographic (Latin American TV channel)">Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Geo_Wild" title="Nat Geo Wild">Nat Geo Wild</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Geo_Wild_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Geo Wild (Canada)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Geo_Wild_(European_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Geo Wild (European TV channel)">Europe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>National Geographic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Farsi" title="National Geographic Farsi">Farsi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nat Geo Kids <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Geo_Kids_Abu_Dhabi" title="Nat Geo Kids Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Geo_Kids_(Latin_American_TV_channel)" title="Nat Geo Kids (Latin American TV channel)">Latin America</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Bee" title="National Geographic Bee">Bee</a> (geography competition)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Endeavour" title="National Geographic Endeavour">Endeavour</a> (ship)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenberg_v._National_Geographic" title="Greenberg v. National Geographic">Greenberg v. National Geographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Medal" title="Hubbard Medal">Hubbard Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Image_Collection" title="National Geographic Image Collection">Image Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Maps" title="National Geographic Maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society_%E2%80%93_Palomar_Observatory_Sky_Survey" title="National Geographic Society – Palomar Observatory Sky Survey">Palomar Observatory Sky Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_World_Championship" title="National Geographic World Championship">World Championship</a> (geography competition; on hiatus)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IEEE_Edison_Medal32" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IEEE_Edison_Medal_Laureates_1909%E2%80%931925" title="Template:IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1909–1925"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IEEE_Edison_Medal_Laureates_1909%E2%80%931925" title="Template talk:IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1909–1925"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE_Edison_Medal_Laureates_1909%E2%80%931925" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1909–1925"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEEE_Edison_Medal32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Edison_Medal" title="IEEE Edison Medal">IEEE Edison Medal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1909–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Sprague" title="Frank J. Sprague">Frank J. Sprague</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Stanley, Jr.">William Stanley, Jr.</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Brush" title="Charles F. Brush">Charles F. Brush</a> (1913)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Graham Bell</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Carty" title="John J. Carty">John J. Carty</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_G._Lamme" title="Benjamin G. Lamme">Benjamin G. Lamme</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Le_Roy_Emmet" title="William Le Roy Emmet">William Le Roy Emmet</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Pupin" title="Mihajlo Pupin">Mihajlo Pupin</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cummings_C._Chesney" title="Cummings C. Chesney">Cummings C. Chesney</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert A. Millikan</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Lieb" title="John W. Lieb">John W. Lieb</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_White_Howell" title="John White Howell">John W. Howell</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_J._Ryan" title="Harris J. Ryan">Harris J. Ryan</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Fritz_Medal71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Fritz_Medal" title="Template:John Fritz Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Fritz_Medal" title="Template talk:John Fritz Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Fritz_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Fritz Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Fritz_Medal71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Fritz_Medal" title="John Fritz Medal">John Fritz Medal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1902–1924</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1902 : <a href="/wiki/John_Fritz" title="John Fritz">John Fritz</a></li> <li>1903 : No award</li> <li>1904 : No award</li> <li>1905 : <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a></li> <li>1906 : <a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li>1907 : <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li>1908 : <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li>1909 : <a href="/wiki/Charles_Talbot_Porter" title="Charles Talbot Porter">Charles Talbot Porter</a></li> <li>1910 : <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Noble_(engineer)" title="Alfred Noble (engineer)">Alfred Noble</a></li> <li>1911 : Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_White" title="William Henry White">William Henry White</a></li> <li>1912 : <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woolston_Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Woolston Hunt">Robert Woolston Hunt</a></li> <li>1913 : No award</li> <li>1914 : <a href="/wiki/John_Edson_Sweet" title="John Edson Sweet">John Edson Sweet</a></li> <li>1915 : <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(businessman)" title="James Douglas (businessman)">James Douglas</a></li> <li>1916 : <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a></li> <li>1917 : <a href="/wiki/Henry_Marion_Howe" title="Henry Marion Howe">Henry Marion Howe</a></li> <li>1918 : <a href="/wiki/J._Waldo_Smith" title="J. Waldo Smith">J. Waldo Smith</a></li> <li>1919 : Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_W._Goethals" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Goethals">George W. Goethals</a></li> <li>1920 : <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li>1921 : Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hadfield" title="Robert Hadfield">Robert Hadfield</a></li> <li>1922 : <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Schneider_II" title="Eugène Schneider II">Charles P. E. Schneider</a></li> <li>1923 : <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li>1924 : <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Swasey" title="Ambrose Swasey">Ambrose Swasey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1925–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1925 : <a href="/wiki/John_Frank_Stevens" title="John Frank Stevens">John Frank Stevens</a></li> <li>1926 : <a href="/wiki/Edward_Dean_Adams" title="Edward Dean Adams">Edward Dean Adams</a></li> <li>1927 : <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry">Elmer Ambrose Sperry</a></li> <li>1928 : <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Carty" class="mw-redirect" title="John Joseph Carty">John Joseph Carty</a></li> <li>1929 : <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Clark_Hoover" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Clark Hoover">Herbert Clark Hoover</a></li> <li>1930 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Modjeski" title="Ralph Modjeski">Ralph Modjeski</a></li> <li>1931 : <a href="/wiki/David_Watson_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="David Watson Taylor">David Watson Taylor</a></li> <li>1932 : <a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Idvorski_Pupin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin">Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin</a></li> <li>1933 : <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cowan_Jackling" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Cowan Jackling">Daniel Cowan Jackling</a></li> <li>1934 : <a href="/wiki/John_Ripley_Freeman" title="John Ripley Freeman">John Ripley Freeman</a> (posthumous)</li> <li>1935 : <a href="/wiki/Frank_Julian_Sprague" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Julian Sprague">Frank Julian Sprague</a> (posthumous)</li> <li>1936 : <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Durand" class="mw-redirect" title="William Frederick Durand">William Frederick Durand</a></li> <li>1937 : <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Newell_Talbot" title="Arthur Newell Talbot">Arthur Newell Talbot</a></li> <li>1938 : <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dyer_Merica" title="Paul Dyer Merica">Paul Dyer Merica</a></li> <li>1939 : <a href="/wiki/Frank_Baldwin_Jewett" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Baldwin Jewett">Frank Baldwin Jewett</a></li> <li>1940 : <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Floyd_Hirshfeld" title="Clarence Floyd Hirshfeld">Clarence Floyd Hirshfeld</a> (posthumous)</li> <li>1941 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Budd" title="Ralph Budd">Ralph Budd</a></li> <li>1942 : <a href="/wiki/Everette_Lee_DeGolyer" title="Everette Lee DeGolyer">Everette Lee DeGolyer</a></li> <li>1943 : <a href="/wiki/Willis_Rodney_Whitney" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis Rodney Whitney">Willis Rodney Whitney</a></li> <li>1944 : <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Kettering" title="Charles F. Kettering">Charles F. Kettering</a></li> <li>1945 : <a href="/wiki/John_L._Savage" title="John L. Savage">John Lucian Savage</a></li> <li>1946 : <a href="/wiki/Zay_Jeffries" title="Zay Jeffries">Zay Jeffries</a></li> <li>1947 : <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Warrington_Chubb" title="Lewis Warrington Chubb">Lewis Warrington Chubb</a></li> <li>1948 : <a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></li> <li>1949 : <a href="/wiki/Charles_Metcalf_Allen" title="Charles Metcalf Allen">Charles Metcalf Allen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1974</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1950 : <a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Aldridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter H. Aldridge">Walter H. Aldridge</a></li> <li>1951 : <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li>1952 : <a href="/wiki/Ervin_George_Bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ervin George Bailey">Ervin George Bailey</a></li> <li>1953 : <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Fairless" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin F. Fairless">Benjamin F. Fairless</a></li> <li>1954 : <a href="/wiki/William_Embry_Wrather" title="William Embry Wrather">William Embry Wrather</a></li> <li>1955 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Alonzo_Winne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Alonzo Winne (page does not exist)">Harry Alonzo Winne</a></li> <li>1956 : <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sporn" title="Philip Sporn">Philip Sporn</a></li> <li>1957 : <a href="/wiki/Ben_Moreell" title="Ben Moreell">Ben Moreell</a></li> <li>1958 : <a href="/wiki/John_R._Suman" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Suman">John R. Suman</a></li> <li>1959 : <a href="/wiki/Mervin_Kelly" title="Mervin Kelly">Mervin J. Kelly</a></li> <li>1960 : <a href="/wiki/Gwilym_A._Price" title="Gwilym A. Price">Gwilym A. Price</a></li> <li>1961 : <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Bechtel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen D. Bechtel">Stephen D. Bechtel</a></li> <li>1962 : <a href="/wiki/Crawford_H._Greenewalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Crawford H. Greenewalt">Crawford H. Greenewalt</a></li> <li>1963 : <a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh L. Dryden">Hugh L. Dryden</a></li> <li>1964 : <a href="/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay">Lucius D. Clay</a></li> <li>1965 : <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kappel" title="Frederick Kappel">Frederick Kappel</a></li> <li>1966 : <a href="/wiki/Warren_K._Lewis" title="Warren K. Lewis">Warren K. Lewis</a></li> <li>1967 : <a href="/wiki/Walker_L._Cisler" class="mw-redirect" title="Walker L. Cisler">Walker L. Cisler</a></li> <li>1968 : <a href="/wiki/Igor_Ivan_Sikorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Ivan Sikorsky">Igor Ivan Sikorsky</a></li> <li>1969 : <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lawrence_Haider" title="Michael Lawrence Haider">Michael Lawrence Haider</a></li> <li>1970 : <a href="/wiki/Glenn_B._Warren" title="Glenn B. Warren">Glenn B. Warren</a></li> <li>1971 : <a href="/wiki/Patrick_E._Haggerty" title="Patrick E. Haggerty">Patrick E. Haggerty</a></li> <li>1972 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Webster_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Webster (engineer) (page does not exist)">William Webster</a></li> <li>1973 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Wilber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyman Wilber (page does not exist)">Lyman Wilber</a></li> <li>1974 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=H._I._Romnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. I. Romnes (page does not exist)">H. I. Romnes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1975 : <a href="/wiki/Manson_Benedict" title="Manson Benedict">Manson Benedict</a></li> <li>1976 : <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine" title="Thomas O. Paine">Thomas O. Paine</a></li> <li>1977 : <a href="/wiki/George_R._Brown" title="George R. Brown">George R. Brown</a></li> <li>1978 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_G._Heitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert G. Heitz (page does not exist)">Robert G. Heitz</a></li> <li>1979 : <a href="/wiki/Nathan_M._Newmark" title="Nathan M. Newmark">Nathan M. Newmark</a></li> <li>1980 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Louis_Austin,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. Louis Austin, Jr. (page does not exist)">T. Louis Austin, Jr.</a></li> <li>1981 : <a href="/wiki/Ian_MacGregor" title="Ian MacGregor">Ian MacGregor</a></li> <li>1982 : <a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">David Packard</a></li> <li>1983 : <a href="/wiki/Claude_Elwood_Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Elwood Shannon">Claude Elwood Shannon</a></li> <li>1984 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_A._Roe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth A. Roe (page does not exist)">Kenneth A. Roe</a></li> <li>1985 : <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a></li> <li>1986 : <a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></li> <li>1987 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Landau" title="Ralph Landau">Ralph Landau</a></li> <li>1988 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_B._Peck" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph B. Peck">Ralph B. Peck</a></li> <li>1989 : <a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Noyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert N. Noyce">Robert N. Noyce</a></li> <li>1990 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_A._Cain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon A. Cain (page does not exist)">Gordon A. Cain</a></li> <li>1991 : <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Rouse" title="Hunter Rouse">Hunter Rouse</a></li> <li>1992 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serge_Gratch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serge Gratch (page does not exist)">Serge Gratch</a></li> <li>1993 : <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a></li> <li>1994 : <a href="/wiki/Hoyt_C._Hottel" title="Hoyt C. Hottel">Hoyt C. Hottel</a></li> <li>1995 : <a href="/wiki/Lynn_S._Beedle" title="Lynn S. Beedle">Lynn S. Beedle</a></li> <li>1996 : <a href="/wiki/George_N._Hatsopoulos" title="George N. Hatsopoulos">George N. Hatsopoulos</a></li> <li>1997 : <a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Humphrey" title="Arthur E. Humphrey">Arthur E. Humphrey</a></li> <li>1998 : <a href="/wiki/Ivan_A._Getting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan A. Getting">Ivan A. Getting</a></li> <li>1999 : <a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000 : <a href="/wiki/John_W._Fisher" title="John W. Fisher">John W. Fisher</a></li> <li>2001 : <a href="/wiki/Paul_C._W._Chu" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. W. Chu">Paul C. W. Chu</a></li> <li>2002 : <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldin" title="Daniel Goldin">Daniel Goldin</a></li> <li>2003 : <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a></li> <li>2004 : <a href="/wiki/John_A._Swanson" title="John A. Swanson">John A. Swanson</a></li> <li>2005 : <a href="/wiki/George_Tamaro" title="George Tamaro">George Tamaro</a></li> <li>2006 : No award</li> <li>2007 : <a href="/wiki/Gavriel_Salvendy" title="Gavriel Salvendy">Gavriel Salvendy</a></li> <li>2008 : <a href="/wiki/Kristina_M._Johnson" title="Kristina M. Johnson">Kristina M. Johnson</a></li> <li>2009 : <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Claeys_Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="Yvonne Claeys Brill">Yvonne Claeys Brill</a></li> <li>2010 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_J._Posakony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald J. Posakony (page does not exist)">Gerald J. Posakony</a></li> <li>2011 : <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew Viterbi</a></li> <li>2012 : <a href="/wiki/Leslie_E._Robertson" title="Leslie E. Robertson">Leslie E. Robertson</a></li> <li>2013 : <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Stephanopoulos" title="Gregory Stephanopoulos">Gregory Stephanopoulos</a></li> <li>2014 : <a href="/wiki/Julia_Weertman" title="Julia Weertman">Julia Weertman</a></li> <li>2015 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_D._Magnusson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon D. Magnusson (page does not exist)">Jon D. Magnusson</a></li> <li>2017 : <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kreith" title="Frank Kreith">Frank Kreith</a></li> <li>2018 : <a href="/wiki/Anne_S._Kiremidjian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne S. Kiremidjian">Anne S. Kiremidjian</a></li> <li>2019 : No award</li> <li>2020 : No award</li> <li>2021 : <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></li> <li>2022 : No award</li> <li>2023 : <a href="/wiki/Asad_M._Madni" title="Asad M. Madni">Asad M. Madni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units531" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Template:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Template talk:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units531" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Scientists whose names are used as units</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SI base units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampère</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SI derived units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">becquerel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Celsius" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius</a> (degree <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">farad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Harold_Gray" title="Louis Harold Gray">Louis Harold Gray</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">gray</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_(unit)" title="Henry (unit)">henry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Georg Ohm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Werner von Siemens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unit)" title="Siemens (unit)">siemens</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Maximilian_Sievert" title="Rolf Maximilian Sievert">Rolf Maximilian Sievert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">sievert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weber_(unit)" title="Weber (unit)">weber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-SI metric (<a href="/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetre–gram–second system of units">cgs</a>) units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Jonas_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Anders Jonas Ångström">Anders Jonas Ångström</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">angstrom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a> (<a href="/wiki/Debye" title="Debye">debye</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lor%C3%A1nd_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s" title="Loránd Eötvös">Loránd Eötvös</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eotvos_(unit)" title="Eotvos (unit)">eotvos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gal_(unit)" title="Gal (unit)">gal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">gauss</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gilbert_(physicist)" title="William Gilbert (physicist)">William Gilbert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gilbert_(unit)" title="Gilbert (unit)">gilbert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kayser" title="Heinrich Kayser">Heinrich Kayser</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kayser_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayser (unit)">kayser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lambert_(unit)" title="Lambert (unit)">lambert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Langley" title="Samuel Langley">Samuel Langley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Langley_(unit)" title="Langley (unit)">langley</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maxwell_(unit)" title="Maxwell (unit)">maxwell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oersted" title="Oersted">oersted</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_L%C3%A9onard_Marie_Poiseuille" title="Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille">Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poise_(unit)" title="Poise (unit)">poise</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stokes_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stokes (unit)">stokes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rayl" title="Rayl">rayl</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US customary</a> units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gabriel_Fahrenheit" title="Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit">Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit</a> (degree <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foot-lambert" title="Foot-lambert">foot-lambert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquorn_Rankine" class="mw-redirect" title="Macquorn Rankine">William John Macquorn Rankine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rankine_scale" title="Rankine scale">degree Rankine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-systematic units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Graham Bell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bel_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel (unit)">bel/decibel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> & <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">dalton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Faraday_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday (unit)">faraday</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mache" title="Heinrich Mache">Heinrich Mache</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mache_(unit)" title="Mache (unit)">mache</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Napier" title="John Napier">John Napier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neper" title="Neper">neper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumur" title="René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur">René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9aumur_scale" title="Réaumur scale">degree Réaumur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roentgen_(unit)" title="Roentgen (unit)">roentgen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thomson_(unit)" title="Thomson (unit)">thomson</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Torr" title="Torr">torr</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="List of scientists whose names are used as units">List of scientists whose names are used as units</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="List of scientists whose names are used in physical constants">Scientists whose names are used in physical constants</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">People whose names are used in chemical element names</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Baddeck139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Baddeck" title="Template:Baddeck"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Baddeck" title="Template talk:Baddeck"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baddeck" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baddeck"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Baddeck139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baddeck" title="Baddeck">Baddeck</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baddeck" title="History of Baddeck">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places and buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell_National_Historic_Site" title="Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site">Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baddeck_Academy" title="Baddeck Academy">Baddeck Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baddeck_(Guneden)_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Baddeck (Guneden) Airport">Baddeck (Guneden) Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baddeck_River" title="Baddeck River">Baddeck River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beinn_Bhreagh,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia">Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Bay_Golf_Club" title="Bell Bay Golf Club">Bell Bay Golf Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bras_d%27Or_House" title="Bras d'Or House">Bras d'Or House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bras_d%27Or_Yacht_Club" title="Bras d'Or Yacht Club">Bras d'Or Yacht Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_H._Grosvenor_Hall" title="Gilbert H. Grosvenor Hall">Gilbert H. Grosvenor Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidston_Island" title="Kidston Island">Kidston Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidston_Island_Lighthouse" title="Kidston Island Lighthouse">Kidston Island Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mark%27s_Masonic_Lodge" title="St. Mark's Masonic Lodge">St. Mark's Masonic Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_and_Saint_John%27s_Anglican_Church" title="Saint Peter's and Saint John's Anglican Church">Saint Peter's and Saint John's Anglican Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_Island_Game_Sanctuary" title="Spectacle Island Game Sanctuary">Spectacle Island Game Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_House" title="Telegraph House">Telegraph House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uisge_Ban_Falls" title="Uisge Ban Falls">Uisge Ban Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uisge_Ban_Falls_Provincial_Park" title="Uisge Ban Falls Provincial Park">Uisge Ban Falls Provincial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_County_Court_House" title="Victoria County Court House">Victoria County Court House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Articles of interest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_Experiment_Association" title="Aerial Experiment Association">Aerial Experiment Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baddeck,_And_That_Sort_of_Thing" class="mw-redirect" title="Baddeck, And That Sort of Thing">Baddeck, And That Sort of Thing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Colours" title="Celtic Colours">Celtic Colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabot_Trail_Relay_Race" title="Cabot Trail Relay Race">Cabot Trail Relay Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aerodrome_Company" title="Canadian Aerodrome Company">Canadian Aerodrome Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ships and aircraft related to Baddeck</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AEA_Cygnet" title="AEA Cygnet">AEA Cygnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEA_Silver_Dart" title="AEA Silver Dart">AEA Silver Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Boatyard" title="Bell Boatyard">Bell Boatyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Oionus_I" title="Bell Oionus I">Bell Oionus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aerodrome_Baddeck_No._1_and_No._2" title="Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2">Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD-4" title="HD-4">HD-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Monoplane" title="Hubbard Monoplane">Hubbard Monoplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Baddeck_(K147)" title="HMCS Baddeck (K147)">HMCS Baddeck (K147)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bras_d%27Or_(R-103)" title="Bras d'Or (R-103)">HMCS Baddeck (R-103)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable residents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Walker_Baldwin" title="Frederick Walker Baldwin">Frederick Walker Baldwin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Percy_Blanchard" title="H. Percy Blanchard">H. Percy Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Campbell" title="Charles James Campbell">Charles James Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Davis_(musician)" title="Rachel Davis (musician)">Rachel Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverend_Simon_Gibbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverend Simon Gibbons">Simon Gibbons, Reverend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hovey_Grosvenor" title="Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor">Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_H._Grosvenor" title="Mabel H. Grosvenor">Mabel H. Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Gardiner_Hubbard" title="Mabel Gardiner Hubbard">Mabel Gardiner Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kennan_(explorer)" title="George Kennan (explorer)">George Kennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kidston_(Canadian_politician)" title="William Kidston (Canadian politician)">William Kidston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_E._Kiley" title="Moses E. Kiley">Moses E. Kiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_L._MacMillan" title="Carleton L. MacMillan">Carleton L. MacMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Williams_McCurdy" title="Arthur Williams McCurdy">Arthur Williams McCurdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McCurdy" title="David McCurdy">David McCurdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Douglas_McCurdy" title="John Alexander Douglas McCurdy">John Alexander Douglas McCurdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCurdy" title="William F. McCurdy">William F. McCurdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_McDonald_(Nova_Scotia_politician)" title="John Archibald McDonald (Nova Scotia politician)">John Archibald McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Charles_McKeagney" title="James Charles McKeagney">James Charles McKeagney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulay_MacAulay_Morrison" title="Aulay MacAulay Morrison">Aulay MacAulay Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendall_Myers" title="Kendall Myers">Kendall Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Newton" title="Michael A. Newton">Michael A. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Rice_(photographer)" title="George W. Rice (photographer)">George W. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barclay_Edmund_Tremaine" title="Barclay Edmund Tremaine">Barclay Edmund Tremaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Wong" title="Jessica Wong">Jessica Wong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications802" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications802" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a> and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34286#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3971" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34286#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3971" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34286#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081386064">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/59263727">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/43571/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJktvvMBt473Vb9WfRCG73">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119408643">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79113947">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13746617f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13746617f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620343">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV240900">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an48221036">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700146&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX851713">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1174852">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070261121">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90168840">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000481041">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=125947">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199602067">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810622160205606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/10491">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007274818805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09993894?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56290543300">Scopus</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/alexander-graham-bell/">Leopoldina</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500002470">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9dd93d09-24b4-41f1-a48b-ef48b07499c3">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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1,\n [\"CITEREFF.1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenster2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzgerald2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillis2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwald2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwaldCleve2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwaldVan_Cleve2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrosvenorWesson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroth1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroundwater2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHochfelder2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternationalCongressontheDeaf1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Congress_of_Eugenics_(2nd_:_1921_:_New_York)1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIreland2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJay2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapsley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDougall1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacKenzie2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacLeod1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackay1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaindron1881\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCormickIsrael2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMessenger2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMicklos2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerBranson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMims_III1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborne1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPasachoff1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrie1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillipsonNeilson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReville1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRory_Carroll2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenherr2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShulman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStansfield2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraus2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSurtees\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToward1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTown1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTulloch2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldie\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinfield1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWing1980\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Alexander Graham Bell\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Baddeck\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Big\"] = 1,\n [\"Biographical Memoirs\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"C.\"] = 1,\n [\"CRHP\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite DCB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 42,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 53,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 4,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 9,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Bell, Alexander Graham\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Eugenics sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Google books\"] = 2,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Hall of Fame for Great Americans\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 5,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1909-1925\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb title\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Incomplete list\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 4,\n [\"Inflation-fn\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"John Fritz Medal\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiref2\"] = 1,\n [\"National Geographic\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Patent\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Poemquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Refimprove section\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 29,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-npo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"Scientists whose names are used as non SI units\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 111,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sisterlinks\"] = 1,\n [\"Sup\"] = 5,\n [\"Telecommunications\"] = 1,\n [\"Thinsp\"] = 4,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","440","19.8"],["?","420","18.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","340","15.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","260","11.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","2.7"],["renderListRow \u003CModule:Navbox:238\u003E","40","1.8"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","40","1.8"],["[others]","360","16.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-c874475b9-hjcts","timestamp":"20250218013253","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Alexander Graham Bell","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_Graham_Bell","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q34286","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q34286","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-02T05:50:08Z","dateModified":"2025-02-18T01:32:49Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/10\/Alexander_Graham_Bell.jpg","headline":"Canadian-American inventor of telephone (1847\u20131922)"}</script> </body> </html>