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<span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Roman influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Archaeological sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_Umbri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_Umbri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Prominent Umbri</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prominent_Umbri-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prominent Umbri subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prominent_Umbri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gentes_of_Umbrian_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gentes_of_Umbrian_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Gentes of Umbrian origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gentes_of_Umbrian_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romans_of_Umbrian_ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romans_of_Umbrian_ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Romans of Umbrian ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romans_of_Umbrian_ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="أومبريون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أومبريون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Умбры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Умбры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Умбри – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Умбри" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbres" title="Umbres – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Umbres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%BF%C4%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Умпăрсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Умпăрсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrov%C3%A9" title="Umbrové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Umbrové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrier" title="Umbrier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Umbrier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrer" title="Umbrer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Umbrer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrid" title="Umbrid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Umbrid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Ομβρικοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ομβρικοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbros" title="Umbros – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Umbros" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbroj" title="Umbroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Umbroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbriar" title="Umbriar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Umbriar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombriens" title="Ombriens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ombriens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ումբրիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ումբրիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Umbri" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Umbria" title="Orang Umbria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Umbria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Umbri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אומברים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אומברים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="უმბრები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უმბრები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrai" title="Umbrai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Umbrai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberek" title="Umberek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Umberek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbri%C3%ABrs" title="Umbriërs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Umbriërs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrere" title="Umbrere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Umbrere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrowie" title="Umbrowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Umbrowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ambrios" title="Úmbrios – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Úmbrios" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Умбры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Умбры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Умбри – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Умбри" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Umbri" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrit" title="Umbrit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Umbrit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrer" title="Umbrer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Umbrer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Умбри – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Умбри" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italic people of ancient Italy</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Age_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Iron_Age_Italy.svg/220px-Iron_Age_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Iron_Age_Italy.svg/330px-Iron_Age_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Iron_Age_Italy.svg/440px-Iron_Age_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Ethnolinguistic map of Italy in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Italy">Roman expansion and conquest of Italy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Umbri</b> were an <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic people</a> of ancient Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Pliny_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pliny-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A region called <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a> still exists and is now occupied by Italian speakers. It is somewhat smaller than the <a href="/wiki/Regio_VI_Umbria" title="Regio VI Umbria">ancient Umbria</a>. </p><p>Most ancient Umbrian cities were settled in the 9th-4th centuries BC on easily defensible hilltops. <a href="/wiki/Regio_VI_Umbria" title="Regio VI Umbria">Umbria</a> was bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a> and Nar rivers and included the Apennine slopes on the Adriatic. The ancient <a href="/wiki/Umbrian_language" title="Umbrian language">Umbrian language</a> is a branch of a group called <a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Oscan-Umbrian</a>, which is related to the <a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They are also called <i>Ombrii</i> in some <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> sources. Ancient Roman writers thought the Umbri to be of <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a> origin;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Bocchus" title="Cornelius Bocchus">Cornelius Bocchus</a> wrote that they were descended from an ancient Gaulish tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> wrote that the name might be a different way of writing the name of a northern European tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a>, and that both ethnonyms were cognate with "King of the <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-boardman_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boardman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, both Greek and Roman scholars sometimes conflated Celtic and Germanic peoples. The historical Ambrones originated in or around <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>, were apparently a Germanic-speaking people, and no evidence that they had a connection to the Celtic peoples, per se, has been found. <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Insubres" title="Insubres">Insubres</a>, another Gaulish tribe, might be connected; their Celtic name <i>Isombres</i> could possibly mean "Lower Umbrians," or inhabitants of the country below Umbria.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly Roman <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a>, in his masterpiece <a href="/wiki/Origines" title="Origines">Origines</a>, defines the Gauls as "the progenitors of the Umbri".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ambrones are also mentioned, with the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a>, among the tribes of Northern Europe in the poem <a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eb_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> wrote concerning the folk-etymology of the name: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Umbrian people are thought the oldest in Italy; they are believed to have been called Ombrii (here, "the people of the thunderstorm," after ὅμβρος, "thunderstorm") by the Greeks because they survived the <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deluge (mythology)">deluge</a> (literally "the inundation of the lands by thunderstorms, <i>imbribus</i>). The Etruscans vanquished 300 Umbrian cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Pliny_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pliny-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ancient Greek historians considered the Umbri as the ancestors of the Sabellian people, namely the <a href="/wiki/Sabines" title="Sabines">Sabines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a>, and the tribes which sprung from them, as the <a href="/wiki/Marsi" title="Marsi">Marsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marrucini" title="Marrucini">Marrucini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peligni" class="mw-redirect" title="Peligni">Peligni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirpini" title="Hirpini">Hirpini</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their expansion was in a southward direction, according to the rite of <a href="/wiki/Ver_Sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ver Sacrum">Ver Sacrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lepontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepontic">Lepontic</a> inscriptions have also been found in <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the area which saw the emergence of the Terni culture, which had strong similarities with the Celtic-speaking cultures of <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Umbrian necropolis of <a href="/wiki/Terni" title="Terni">Terni</a>, which dates back to the 10th century BC, was virtually identical in every aspect to the Celtic necropolis of the <a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tavole_eugubine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tavole_eugubine.jpg/220px-Tavole_eugubine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Tavole_eugubine.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>Detail of an <a href="/wiki/Iguvine_Tablets" title="Iguvine Tablets">Iguvine Tablet</a> with inscription in <a href="/wiki/Umbrian_language" title="Umbrian language">Umbrian language</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the 6th–4th centuries BC, Umbrian communities constructed rural sanctuaries in which they sacrificed to the gods. Bronze <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">votives</a> shaped as animals or deities were also offered. Umbrian deities include <a href="/wiki/Feronia_(mythology)" title="Feronia (mythology)">Feronia</a>, Valentia, Minerva Matusia and <a href="/wiki/Clitumnus" title="Clitumnus">Clitumnus</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Iguvine_Tablets" title="Iguvine Tablets">Iguvine Tablets</a> were discovered in 1444 at <a href="/wiki/Scheggia_e_Pascelupo" title="Scheggia e Pascelupo">Scheggia</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Gubbio" title="Gubbio">Gubbio</a>, Italy. Composed during the 2nd or 3rd centuries BC, they describe religious rituals involving animal sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient sanctuary to <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> (or her Umbrian equivalent) at <a href="/wiki/Hispellum" title="Hispellum">Hispellum</a> was an important sacred place for Umbrian tribes from the 3rd c. BC and the site was monumentalised in the Republican age (2nd-1st century BC).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern Festival of Ceri, celebrated every year in Gubbio on May 15 in honor of Bishop <a href="/wiki/Ubald" title="Ubald">Ubald</a> or Ubaldo of Gubbio (1084-1160), shares certain features with the rites described in the 3rd c. BC Iguvine tables mentioned above, and so may be a survival of that ancient pre-Christian custom. It is also celebrated in Jessup, PA, a town with a large number of immigrants from the Gubbio area, as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ubaldo_Day" title="Saint Ubaldo Day">Saint Ubaldo Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_structure">Political structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Bar_with_Umbrian_Inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bronze_Bar_with_Umbrian_Inscription.jpg/220px-Bronze_Bar_with_Umbrian_Inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bronze_Bar_with_Umbrian_Inscription.jpg/330px-Bronze_Bar_with_Umbrian_Inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bronze_Bar_with_Umbrian_Inscription.jpg/440px-Bronze_Bar_with_Umbrian_Inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Bronze bar with inscription in <a href="/wiki/Umbrian_language" title="Umbrian language">Umbrian language</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While we have little direct information about ancient Umbrian political structure, it is fairly clear that two men held the supreme magistracy of <i>uhtur</i> and were responsible for supervising rituals. Other civic offices included the <i>marone</i>, which had a lower status than <i>uhtur</i> (closely related to Latin <i>auctor</i> whence English "author"), and a religious position named <i>kvestur</i> (cognate to or a borrowing of Latin <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a>). The Umbrian social structure was divided into distinct groups probably based upon military rank. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, four Umbrian aristocrats became senators. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a>’s family was from Umbria.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradley_2000_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley_2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Guy Jolyon Bradley, " The religious sites of the region have been thought to reveal a society dominated by agricultural and pastoral concerns, to which town life came late in comparison to Etruria."<sup id="cite_ref-Bradley_2000_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley_2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_influence">Roman influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roman influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the 9th-4th centuries BC, imported goods from <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a> were common, as well as the production of local pottery. </p><p>The Romans first made contact with Umbria in 310 BC and settled Latin colonies there in 299 BC, 268 BC and 241 BC. They had completed their conquest of Umbria by approximately 260 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Via_Flaminia" title="Via Flaminia">Via Flaminia</a> linking areas of Umbria was complete by 220 BC. Cities in Umbria also contributed troops to Rome for its many wars. Umbrians fought under <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a> in 205 BC during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> recruited from Etruria and Umbria. The Umbri played a minor role in the <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)" title="Social War (91–87 BC)">Social War</a> and as a result were granted citizenship in 90 BC. Roman veterans were settled in Umbria during the reign of Augustus.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradley_2000_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley_2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_sites">Archaeological sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Archaeological sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umbria_et_Picenum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Umbria_et_Picenum.JPG/300px-Umbria_et_Picenum.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Umbria_et_Picenum.JPG/450px-Umbria_et_Picenum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Umbria_et_Picenum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Map of part of central Italy at the time of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, showing the two regions <i><a href="/wiki/Regio_VI_Umbria" title="Regio VI Umbria">Regio VI Umbria</a></i> (with the <i><a href="/wiki/Ager_Gallicus" title="Ager Gallicus">Ager Gallicus</a> </i>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Regio V Picenum</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The Umbrians descend from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Terni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of Terni (page does not exist)">culture of Terni</a>, protohistoric facies of southern Umbria. The towns of <a href="/wiki/Chianciano_Terme#History" title="Chianciano Terme">Chianciano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clusium" title="Clusium">Clusium</a> (Umbrian: <i>Camars</i>) near modern <a href="/wiki/Arezzo" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a> contain traces of Umbrian habitation dating to the 7th or 8th centuries BC. <a href="/wiki/Terni" title="Terni">Terni</a> (in Latin: <i>Interamna Nahars</i>) was the first important Umbrian center. Its population was called with the name of <i>Umbri Naharti</i>. They were the largest, organized and belligerent tribe of the Umbrians and populated compactly across the basin of Nera River. This people is quoted 8 times in the Iguvine Tablets. Their importance is confirmed not only by the Iguvine Tablets and Latin historians, and by the important and privileged role played by this city in Roman times, but also by the discovery, at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, of one of the larger mixed burial necropoleis (Urnfield culture and burial fields) in Europe, about 3000 tombs (Necropoli delle Acciaierie di Terni). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a>, called <i>Asisium</i> by the Romans, was an ancient Umbrian site on a spur of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Subasio" title="Monte Subasio">Mount Subasio</a>. Myth relates that the city was founded by <a href="/wiki/Dardanus_(son_of_Zeus)" title="Dardanus (son of Zeus)">Dardanus</a> in 847 BC. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orvieto" title="Orvieto">Orvieto</a> are not considered of Umbrian but Etruscan origin. According to the geographical distribution of the Umbrian territory, they are located on the left side of the Tiber River, which is part of the ancient Etruria. Umbri were on the opposite side of the river. According to the map of <i><a href="/wiki/Ager_Gallicus" title="Ager Gallicus">Regio Umbria and Ager Galliucus</a></i> by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, the major Umbrian city-states were: <a href="/wiki/Terni" title="Terni">Terni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Todi" title="Todi">Todi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amelia,_Umbria" title="Amelia, Umbria">Amelia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a> (the current part of southern Umbria). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_Umbri">Prominent Umbri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prominent Umbri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gentes_of_Umbrian_origin">Gentes of Umbrian origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gentes of Umbrian origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 9em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accia_gens" title="Accia gens">Accia gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaea_gens" title="Annaea gens">Annaea gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belliena_gens" title="Belliena gens">Belliena gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocceia_gens" title="Cocceia gens">Cocceia gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuficia_gens" title="Fuficia gens">Fuficia gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciena_gens" title="Luciena gens">Luciena gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peducaea_gens" title="Peducaea gens">Peducaea gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertia_gens" title="Propertia gens">Propertia gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustia_gens" title="Rustia gens">Rustia gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoedia_gens" title="Scoedia gens">Scoedia gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibidiena_gens" title="Sibidiena gens">Sibidiena gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titulena_gens" title="Titulena gens">Titulena gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_gens" title="Ulpia gens">Ulpia gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrena_gens" title="Umbrena gens">Umbrena gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbria_gens" title="Umbria gens">Umbria gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbricia_gens" title="Umbricia gens">Umbricia gens</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romans_of_Umbrian_ancestry">Romans of Umbrian ancestry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Romans of Umbrian ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a>, Roman emperor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, Roman emperor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a>, rhetorician and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a>, Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2020 analysis of maternal haplogroups from ancient and modern samples indicated a substantial genetic similarity among the modern inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a> and the area's ancient pre-Roman inhabitants, and evidence of substantial genetic continuity in the region from pre-Roman times to the present with regard to <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a>. Both modern and ancient Umbrians were found to have high rates of mtDNA haplogroups U4 and U5a, and an overrepresentation of J (at roughly 30%). The study also found that, "local genetic continuities are further attested to by six terminal branches (H1e1, J1c3, J2b1, U2e2a, U8b1b1 and K1a4a)" also shared by ancient and modern Umbrians.<sup id="cite_ref-Modietal2020_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modietal2020-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umbrian_language" title="Umbrian language">Umbrian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">List of ancient peoples of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabines#Gens_of_Sabine_origin" title="Sabines">Gens of Sabine origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volsci#Gens_of_Volscian_origin" title="Volsci">Gens of Volscian origin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pliny-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pliny_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pliny_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPliny1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> (1961). <a class="external text" href="https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia_-_Liber_III#112">"Chapter 19"</a>. <i>Natural History with an English translation in ten volumes by H. Rackham</i>. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. paragraphs 112–113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+19&rft.btitle=Natural+History+with+an+English+translation+in+ten+volumes+by+H.+Rackham&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=paragraphs+112-113&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Pliny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fla.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FNaturalis_Historia_-_Liber_III%23112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuck1904" class="citation book cs1">Buck CD (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammarofoscanum00buckuoft"><i>A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian : with a collection of inscriptions and a glossary</i></a>. Robarts - University of Toronto. Boston : Ginn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+Oscan+and+Umbrian+%3A+with+a+collection+of+inscriptions+and+a+glossary&rft.pub=Boston+%3A+Ginn&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=CD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrammarofoscanum00buckuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCambrian_Institute1862" class="citation book cs1">Cambrian Institute (1862). <i>The Cambrian Journal</i>. Forgotten Books. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1332838049" title="Special:BookSources/1332838049"><bdi>1332838049</bdi></a>. <q>From Caius Sempronius (De Divis. Ital.,); "The portion of the Apennines from the sources of the Tiber to the Nar, the Umbri inhabit, the oldest stock of the Old Gael, (Veteres Galli), as Augustus writes." [Apenninum colunt Ligures, portionem vero Apennini inhabitant Umbri, prima veterum Gallorum proies, ut Augustus scribit.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambrian+Journal&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=1862&rft.isbn=1332838049&rft.au=Cambrian+Institute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrichard1841" class="citation book cs1">Prichard, James Cowles (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8BQaAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ethnography of Europe. 3d ed. 1841</i></a>. Houlston & Stoneman. <q>Solinus informs us that Bocchus, a writer who has been several times cited by Pliny, reported the Umbri to have been descended from the ancient Gauls; and a similar account of their origin has been adopted, either from the same or from different testimony, by Servius, Isidore, and other writers of a late period.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnography+of+Europe.+3d+ed.+1841&rft.pub=Houlston+%26+Stoneman&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Prichard&rft.aufirst=James+Cowles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8BQaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boardman-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boardman_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardman1988" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, John (1988). <i>The Cambridge ancient history: Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean c. 525–479 BC</i>. p. 716.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+ancient+history%3A+Persia%2C+Greece+and+the+Western+Mediterranean+c.+525%E2%80%93479+BC&rft.pages=716&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLEMPRIERE_(D.D.)1833" class="citation book cs1">LEMPRIERE (D.D.), John (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2JloAje72TcC&dq=isombres+umbrians&pg=PA597"><i>A Classical Dictionary ... A new edition, revised and considerably enlarged, by the Rev. T. Smith</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Classical+Dictionary+...+A+new+edition%2C+revised+and+considerably+enlarged%2C+by+the+Rev.+T.+Smith&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=LEMPRIERE+%28D.D.%29&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2JloAje72TcC%26dq%3Disombres%2Bumbrians%26pg%3DPA597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroya1839" class="citation book cs1">Troya C (1839). <i>Storia d'Italia del medio-evo e codice diplomatico Longobardo</i>. p. 253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+d%27Italia+del+medio-evo+e+codice+diplomatico+Longobardo&rft.pages=253&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=Troya&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Widsith, lines 31-33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/19011/Ambrones">"Ambrones"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a><span class="reference-accessdate"> Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ambrones&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F19011%2FAmbrones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>The Lives</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/c_marius.html">The Life of Marius</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <i>Geography</i>, book 4, 7 BCE, p. 465, Alexandria,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDionysius_of_Halicarnassus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>. "Book II.49". <i>Roman Antiquities</i>. <q>But Zenodotus of Troezen, a...historian, relates that the Umbrians, a native race, first dwelt in the Reatine territory, as it is called, and that, being driven from there by the Pelasgians, they came into the country which they now inhabit and changing their name with their place of habitation, from Umbrians were called Sabines. But Porcius Cato says that the Sabine race received its name from Sabus, the son of Sancus, a divinity of that country, and that this Sancus was by some called Jupiter Fidius.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+II.49&rft.btitle=Roman+Antiquities&rft.au=Dionysius+of+Halicarnassus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyer1868" class="citation book cs1">Dyer, Thomas Henry (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yMgPAAAAYAAJ"><i>The History of the Kings of Rome</i></a>. Bell and Daldy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8046-1199-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8046-1199-2"><bdi>978-0-8046-1199-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Kings+of+Rome&rft.pub=Bell+and+Daldy&rft.date=1868&rft.isbn=978-0-8046-1199-2&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyMgPAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAncillottiCerri1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ancillotti, Augusto; Cerri, Romolo (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YYoZAQAAMAAJ"><i>Le tavole di Gubbio e la civiltà degli Umbri: lo "scavo nelle parole" del testo iguvino mostra tutta la specificità della cultura umbra e fa emergere le tracce di una grande civiltà del passato, degna di stare alla pari di quella etrusca e di quella romana</i></a> (in Italian). Jama.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+tavole+di+Gubbio+e+la+civilt%C3%A0+degli+Umbri%3A+lo+%22scavo+nelle+parole%22+del+testo+iguvino+mostra+tutta+la+specificit%C3%A0+della+cultura+umbra+e+fa+emergere+le+tracce+di+una+grande+civilt%C3%A0+del+passato%2C+degna+di+stare+alla+pari+di+quella+etrusca+e+di+quella+romana&rft.pub=Jama&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ancillotti&rft.aufirst=Augusto&rft.au=Cerri%2C+Romolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYYoZAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPercivaldi2003" class="citation book cs1">Percivaldi, Elena (2003). <i>I Celti: una civiltà europea</i>. Giunti Editore. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Celti%3A+una+civilt%C3%A0+europea&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Giunti+Editore&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Percivaldi&rft.aufirst=Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonelli" class="citation book cs1">Leonelli, Valentina. <i>La necropoli delle Acciaierie di Terni: contributi per una edizione critica</i> (Cestres ed.). p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+necropoli+delle+Acciaierie+di+Terni%3A+contributi+per+una+edizione+critica&rft.pages=33&rft.edition=Cestres&rft.aulast=Leonelli&rft.aufirst=Valentina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarinacci" class="citation book cs1">Farinacci, Manlio. <i>Carsulae svelata e Terni sotterranea</i>. Associazione Culturale UMRU - Terni.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carsulae+svelata+e+Terni+sotterranea&rft.pub=Associazione+Culturale+UMRU+-+Terni&rft.aulast=Farinacci&rft.aufirst=Manlio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoultney1959" class="citation book cs1">Poultney JW (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bronzetablesofig00poul"><i>The Bronze Tables of Iguvium</i></a>. American Philological Association, Number XVIII.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bronze+Tables+of+Iguvium&rft.pub=American+Philological+Association%2C+Number+XVIII&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Poultney&rft.aufirst=JW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbronzetablesofig00poul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Villa Fidelia <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.hispellum.eu/experience/villa-fidelia.html">https://www.hispellum.eu/experience/villa-fidelia.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive.org-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poultney, J.W. "Bronze Tables of Iguvium" 1959 p. 1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/bronzetablesofig00poul/page/n19/mode/2up">https://archive.org/details/bronzetablesofig00poul/page/n19/mode/2up</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradley_2000-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley_2000_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley_2000_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley_2000_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2000" class="citation book cs1">Bradley G (21 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8OOUx1ETc3AC&q=indo+european"><i>Ancient Umbria. State, culture, and identity in central Italy from the Iron Age to the Augustan era</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191554094" title="Special:BookSources/9780191554094"><bdi>9780191554094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Umbria.+State%2C+culture%2C+and+identity+in+central+Italy+from+the+Iron+Age+to+the+Augustan+era&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000-12-21&rft.isbn=9780191554094&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8OOUx1ETc3AC%26q%3Dindo%2Beuropean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modietal2020-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Modietal2020_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModiLancioniCardinaliCapodiferro2020" class="citation journal cs1">Modi A, Lancioni H, Cardinali I, Capodiferro MR, Rambaldi Migliore N, Hussein A, et al. (July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7329865">"The mitogenome portrait of Umbria in Central Italy as depicted by contemporary inhabitants and pre-Roman remains"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 10700. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..1010700M">2020NatSR..1010700M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-67445-0">10.1038/s41598-020-67445-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7329865">7329865</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32612271">32612271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=The+mitogenome+portrait+of+Umbria+in+Central+Italy+as+depicted+by+contemporary+inhabitants+and+pre-Roman+remains&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10700&rft.date=2020-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7329865%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32612271&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-020-67445-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatSR..1010700M&rft.aulast=Modi&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Lancioni%2C+H&rft.au=Cardinali%2C+I&rft.au=Capodiferro%2C+MR&rft.au=Rambaldi+Migliore%2C+N&rft.au=Hussein%2C+A&rft.au=Strobl%2C+C&rft.au=Bodner%2C+M&rft.au=Schnaller%2C+L&rft.au=Xavier%2C+C&rft.au=Rizzi%2C+E&rft.au=Bonomi+Ponzi%2C+L&rft.au=Vai%2C+S&rft.au=Raveane%2C+A&rft.au=Cavadas%2C+B&rft.au=Semino%2C+O&rft.au=Torroni%2C+A&rft.au=Olivieri%2C+A&rft.au=Lari%2C+M&rft.au=Pereira%2C+L&rft.au=Parson%2C+W&rft.au=Caramelli%2C+D&rft.au=Achilli%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7329865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomenico2001" class="citation book cs1">Domenico RP (2001). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/regionsitalyrefe00dome"><i>Regions of Italy: A Reference Guide to History and Culture</i></a></span>. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/regionsitalyrefe00dome/page/n394">367</a>–371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313307331" title="Special:BookSources/9780313307331"><bdi>9780313307331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regions+of+Italy%3A+A+Reference+Guide+to+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=367-371&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group%2C+2001&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780313307331&rft.aulast=Domenico&rft.aufirst=RP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fregionsitalyrefe00dome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmbri" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime 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title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a 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