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id="toc-Nengō_in_modern_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nengō_in_modern_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Nengō in modern Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nengō_in_modern_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periods_without_era_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periods_without_era_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Periods without era names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periods_without_era_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unofficial_era_name_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unofficial_era_name_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Unofficial era name system </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unofficial_era_name_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Unofficial era name system subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Unofficial_era_name_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kyūshū_nengō" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kyūshū_nengō"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Kyūshū nengō </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kyūshū_nengō-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Software support </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Software_support-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Software support subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Software_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Character_sets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_sets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Character sets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_sets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendar_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendar_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Calendar libraries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calendar_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_for_the_new_era_in_Japanese_imperial_transition_of_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_the_new_era_in_Japanese_imperial_transition_of_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Support for the new era in Japanese imperial transition of 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_for_the_new_era_in_Japanese_imperial_transition_of_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Japanese_era_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Japanese_era_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 List of Japanese era names </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_Japanese_era_names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle List of Japanese era names subsection </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_Japanese_era_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asuka_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asuka_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Asuka period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asuka_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nara_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nara_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Nara period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nara_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Heian period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kamakura_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamakura_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Kamakura period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamakura_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanboku-chō_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanboku-chō_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Nanboku-chō period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanboku-chō_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southern_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Southern Court </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.2 Northern Court </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muromachi_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muromachi_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Muromachi period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muromachi_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azuchi–Momoyama_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azuchi–Momoyama_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Azuchi–Momoyama period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azuchi–Momoyama_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edo_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edo_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Edo period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edo_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Modern Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-nengō_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-nengō_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Non-nengō periods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-nengō_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staro_japansko_brojanje_godina" title="Staro japansko brojanje godina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Staro japansko brojanje godina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neng%C5%8D" title="Nengō – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nengō" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B7" title="日本の元号 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日本の元号" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ery_japo%C5%84skie" title="Ery japońskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ery japońskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numele_perioadelor_japoneze" title="Numele perioadelor japoneze – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Numele perioadelor japoneze" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Летосчисление по девизам правления (Япония) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Летосчисление по девизам правления (Япония)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Јапанска ера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јапанска ера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanska_era" title="Japanska era – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Japanska era" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaran_jaman_Jepang" title="Ngaran jaman Jepang – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ngaran jaman Jepang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="ศักราชของญี่ปุ่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศักราชของญี่ปุ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon_d%C3%B6nem_ad%C4%B1" title="Japon dönem adı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Japon dönem adı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B9%B4%E8%99%9F" title="日本年號 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="日本年號" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B9%B4%E8%99%9F" title="日本年號 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="日本年號" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks history-of-japan"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Japan" title="Category:History of Japan">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History of Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoshihide_Suga_announcing_new_imperial_era_Reiwa_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yoshihide_Suga_announcing_new_imperial_era_Reiwa_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Yoshihide_Suga_announcing_new_imperial_era_Reiwa_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yoshihide_Suga_announcing_new_imperial_era_Reiwa_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Yoshihide_Suga_announcing_new_imperial_era_Reiwa_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yoshihide_Suga_announcing_new_imperial_era_Reiwa_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Yoshihide_Suga_announcing_new_imperial_era_Reiwa_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="795" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Periods</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">before 14,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">14,000–1000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi</a> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1000 BC – 300 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun</a> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">300–538 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka</a> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">538–710</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara</a> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">710–794</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian</a><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_Nine_Years%27_War" title="Former Nine Years' War">Former Nine Years' War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Three-Year_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Three-Year War">Later Three-Year War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">794–1185</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura</a><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%AB_War" title="Jōkyū War">Jōkyū War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1185–1333</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi</a><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_Courts_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern and Southern Courts period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1336–1573</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama</a> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">Nanban trade</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Imjin War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara" title="Battle of Sekigahara">Battle of Sekigahara</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1573–1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo (Tokugawa)</a> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ryukyu" title="Invasion of Ryukyu">Invasion of Ryukyu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Osaka" title="Siege of Osaka">Siege of Osaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">Sakoku</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">Perry Expedition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Convention of Kanagawa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1603–1868</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji</a> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Disposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyū Disposition">Ryūkyū Disposition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Colonization of Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Treaty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Colonization of Korea</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1868–1912</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō</a> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Intervention in Siberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1912–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa</a> <div class="plainlist wraplinks" style="padding-left:1.4em;text-align:left;line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.2em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanking incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Invasion of Manchuria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/May_15_incident" title="May 15 incident">May 15 incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/February_26_incident" title="February 26 incident">February 26 incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anpo_protests" title="Anpo protests">Anpo protests</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Asset price bubble</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1926–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei</a> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">Lost Decades</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cool_Japan" title="Cool Japan">Cool Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">Tōhoku earthquake</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">Imperial transition</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1989–2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa</a><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Shinzo_Abe" title="Assassination of Shinzo Abe">Abe assassination</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Noto_earthquake" title="2024 Noto earthquake">Noto earthquake</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2019–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan#History" title="Capital punishment in Japan">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Era names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Historiography</a></li> <li>Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Japan">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Japan">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shinto" title="History of Shinto">Shinto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-war_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-war Japan">Post-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="History of science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Japan">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_history" title="Glossary of Japanese history">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Japanese_history" title="Timeline of Japanese history">Timeline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Japan" title="Template:History of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Japan" title="Template talk:History of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Japanese era name (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 元号, <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: gengō, "era name") or nengō (年号, year name), is the first of the two elements that identify years in the Japanese era calendar scheme. The second element is a number which indicates the year number within the era (with the first year being "gan (元)") meaning "origin, basis", followed by the literal "nen (年)" meaning "year". <a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Era names</a> originated in 140 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a>, during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a>.<a href="#cite_note-First1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-First2-2">[2]</a> As elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a>, the use of era names was originally derived from Chinese imperial practice,<a href="#cite_note-First2-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sinosphere-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Japan-4">[4]</a> although the Japanese system is independent of the Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a> era name systems. Unlike its other Sinosphere counterparts, Japanese era names are still in official use. Government offices usually require era names and years for official papers. The five era names used since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> in 1868 can be abbreviated by taking the first letter of their <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">romanized</a> names. For example, S55 means Shōwa 55 (i.e. 1980), and H22 stands for Heisei 22 (2010). At 62 years and 2 weeks, <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōwa period">Shōwa</a> is the longest era to date. The <a href="/wiki/Reiwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Reiwa">Reiwa</a> (令和)<a href="#cite_note-reiwaannouncement-5">[5]</a> era began on 1 May 2019, the day of accession of <a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Naruhito</a> <a href="/wiki/Enthronement_of_the_Japanese_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Enthronement of the Japanese Emperor">to the throne</a> as the 126th <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> following the day of the planned and voluntary <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdication</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> of his father, the 125th Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a>. Emperor Akihito had received <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Abdication_Law" title="Emperor Abdication Law">special permission</a> to abdicate,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> rather than serving in his role until his death, as is the rule.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The Reiwa era follows the 31st and final year of the <a href="/wiki/Heisei" class="mw-redirect" title="Heisei">Heisei era</a> (平成31年), which had started on the day after the death of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> on 8 January 1989. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keizo_Obuchi_cropped_Keizo_Obuchi_19890107.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Keizo_Obuchi_cropped_Keizo_Obuchi_19890107.jpg/220px-Keizo_Obuchi_cropped_Keizo_Obuchi_19890107.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Keizo_Obuchi_cropped_Keizo_Obuchi_19890107.jpg/330px-Keizo_Obuchi_cropped_Keizo_Obuchi_19890107.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Keizo_Obuchi_cropped_Keizo_Obuchi_19890107.jpg/440px-Keizo_Obuchi_cropped_Keizo_Obuchi_19890107.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Keiz%C5%8D_Obuchi" title="Keizō Obuchi">Keizō Obuchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Cabinet_Secretary" title="Chief Cabinet Secretary">Chief Cabinet Secretary</a>, announces the name of the new era "<a href="/wiki/Heisei" class="mw-redirect" title="Heisei">Heisei</a>" (平成), on 7 January 1989.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoshihide_Suga_announcing_new_imperial_era_Reiwa_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yoshihide_Suga_announcing_new_imperial_era_Reiwa_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Yoshihide_Suga_announcing_new_imperial_era_Reiwa_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yoshihide_Suga_announcing_new_imperial_era_Reiwa_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Yoshihide_Suga_announcing_new_imperial_era_Reiwa_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yoshihide_Suga_announcing_new_imperial_era_Reiwa_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Yoshihide_Suga_announcing_new_imperial_era_Reiwa_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yoshihide_Suga" title="Yoshihide Suga">Yoshihide Suga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Cabinet_Secretary" title="Chief Cabinet Secretary">Chief Cabinet Secretary</a>, announces the name of the new era "<a href="/wiki/Reiwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Reiwa">Reiwa</a>" (令和) at the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Official_Residence" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister's Official Residence">Prime Minister's Official Residence</a>, on 1 April 2019.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jokyo-reki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jokyo-reki.jpg/220px-Jokyo-reki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jokyo-reki.jpg/330px-Jokyo-reki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jokyo-reki.jpg/440px-Jokyo-reki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2542" data-file-height="1893" /></a><figcaption>1729 <a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a>, which used the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%8D_calendar" title="Jōkyō calendar">Jōkyō calendar</a> procedure, published by <a href="/wiki/Ise_Grand_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ise Grand Shrine">Ise Grand Shrine</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable noprint" style="float:right; clear:right; margin: 0.5em 0em 0.5em 0.5em"> <tbody><tr> <td><img alt="External Timeline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Timeline_icon.svg/50px-Timeline_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Timeline_icon.svg/75px-Timeline_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Timeline_icon.svg/100px-Timeline_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /> </td> <td width="215px">A graphical timeline is available at <a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_era_names" title="Template:Japanese era names">Japanese era names</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> The system on which the Japanese era names are based originated in China in 140 BCE, and was adopted by Japan in 645 CE, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dtoku" title="Emperor Kōtoku">Emperor Kōtoku</a>. The first era name to be assigned was "Taika" (大化), celebrating the political and organizational changes which were to flow from the great <a href="/wiki/Taika_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Taika reform">Taika reform</a> (大化の改新) of 645. Although the regular practice of proclaiming successive era names was interrupted in the late seventh century, it was permanently re-adopted in 701 during the reign of Emperor Monmu (697–707). Since then, era names have been used continuously up through the present day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownIshida1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidw4f5FrmIJKICpgPA32_32]-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_nengō">Historical nengō</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical nengō">edit</a>]</div> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a>, era names were decided by court officials and were subjected to frequent change. A new era name was usually proclaimed within a year or two after the ascension of a new emperor. A new era name was also often designated on the first, fifth and 58th years of the <a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">sexagenary cycle</a>, because they were inauspicious years in <a href="/wiki/Onmy%C5%8Dd%C5%8D" title="Onmyōdō">Onmyōdō</a>. These three years are respectively known as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E4%BB%A4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:革令">kakurei</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E9%81%8B" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:革運">kakuun</a>, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:革命">kakumei</a>, and collectively known as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%9D%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:三革">sankaku</a>. Era names were also changed due to other felicitous events or natural disasters. In historical practice, the first day of a nengō (元年, gannen) starts whenever the emperor chooses; and the first year continues until the next lunar new year, which is understood to be the start of the nengō's second year.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Era names indicate the various reasons for their adoption. For instance, the nengō Wadō (和銅), during the Nara period, was declared due to the discovery of copper deposits in <a href="/wiki/Chichibu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichibu">Chichibu</a>. Most nengō are composed of two <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>, except for a short time during the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a> when four-kanji names were sometimes adopted to follow the Chinese trend. Tenpyō Kanpō (天平感宝), Tenpyō Shōhō (天平勝宝), Tenpyō Hōji (天平宝字) and Tenpyō Jingo (天平神護) are some famous nengō names that use four characters. Since the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> thoughts and ideas have been reflected in era names, such as Daidō (大同), Kōnin (弘仁) and Tenchō (天長).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although there currently exist a total of 248 Japanese era names, only 73 kanji have been used in composing them. Out of these 73 kanji, 31 of them have been used only once, while the rest have been used repeatedly in different combinations. The vast majority of Japanese Era Names were used for less than 10 years, with two being used for less than a year. Only 28 have been used for more than 10 years and less than 30 years. Only Heisei, Ōei, Meiji, and Showa have been used for more than 30 years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nengō_in_modern_Japan">Nengō in modern Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nengō in modern Japan">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Mutsuhito" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutsuhito">Mutsuhito</a> assumed the throne in 1867, during the third year of the <a href="/wiki/Kei%C5%8D" title="Keiō">Keiō</a> (慶応) era. On 23 October 1868, the era name was changed to "<a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji</a>" (明治), and a "one reign, one era name" (一世一元, issei-ichigen) system was adopted, wherein era names would change only upon immediate imperial succession. This system is similar to the now-defunct Chinese system used since the days of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. The Japanese nengō system differs from Chinese practice, in that in the Chinese system the era name was not updated until the year following the emperor's death. In modern practice, the first year of a nengō (元年, gannen) starts immediately upon the emperor's accession and ends on 31 December. Subsequent years follow the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>. For example, the Meiji era lasted until 30 July 1912, when the Emperor died and the <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Taishō">Taishō</a> (大正) era was proclaimed. 1912 is therefore known as both "Meiji 45" and "Taishō 1" (大正元年, Taishō gannen), although Meiji technically ended on 30 July with Mutsuhito's death. This practice, implemented successfully since the days of Meiji but never formalized, became law in 1979 with the passage of the Era Name Law (元号法, gengō-hō). Thus, since 1868, there have only been five era names assigned: Meiji, Taishō, Shōwa, Heisei, and Reiwa, each corresponding with the rule of only one emperor. Upon death, the emperor is thereafter referred to by the era of his reign. For example, Mutsuhito is posthumously known as "<a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a>" (明治天皇, Meiji Tennō). It is protocol in Japan that the reigning emperor be referred to as Tennō Heika (天皇陛下, "His Majesty the Emperor") or Kinjō Tennō (今上天皇, "current emperor"). To call the current emperor by the current era name, i.e. "Reiwa", even in English,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] is a faux pas, as this is – and will be – his <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">posthumous name</a>. Use of the emperor's given name (i.e., "Naruhito") is rare, and is considered vulgar behaviour in Japanese. The <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Emperor Akihito</a> abdicated on 30 April 2019, necessitating a change in nengō. The new name, made public on the morning of 1 April of the same year, is <a href="/wiki/Reiwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Reiwa">Reiwa</a> (令和).<a href="#cite_note-reiwaannouncement-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periods_without_era_names">Periods without era names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Periods without era names">edit</a>]</div> The era name system that was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dtoku" title="Emperor Kōtoku">Emperor Kōtoku</a> was abandoned after his death; no era names were designated between 654 and 686. The system was briefly reinstated by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tenmu" title="Emperor Tenmu">Emperor Tenmu</a> in 686, but was again abandoned upon his death about two months later. In 701, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Monmu" title="Emperor Monmu">Emperor Monmu</a> once again reinstated the era name system, and it has continued uninterrupted through today. Although use of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> for historical dates became increasingly common in Japan, the traditional Japanese system demands that dates be written in reference to era names. The apparent problem introduced by the lack of era names was resolved by identifying the years of an imperial reign as a period.<a href="#cite_note-murray402-12">[12]</a> Although in modern Japan posthumous imperial names correspond with the eras of their reign, this is a relatively recent concept, introduced in practice during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> and instituted by law in 1979. Therefore, the posthumous names of the emperors and empresses who reigned prior to 1868 may not be taken as era names by themselves. For example, the year 572—the year in which <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Bidatsu" title="Emperor Bidatsu">Emperor Bidatsu</a> assumed the <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum_Throne" title="Chrysanthemum Throne">Chrysanthemum Throne</a> – is properly written as "敏達天皇元年" (Bidatsu-Tennō Gannen, "the first year of Emperor Bidatsu"), and not "敏達元年" (Bidatsu Gannen, "the first year of Bidatsu"), although it may be abbreviated as such.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> By incorporating both proper era names and posthumous imperial names in this manner, it is possible to extend the nengō system to cover all dates from 660 BCE through today.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unofficial_era_name_system">Unofficial era name system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Unofficial era name system">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the official era name system, in which the era names are selected by the imperial court, one also observes—primarily in the ancient documents and epigraphs of shrines and temples—unofficial era names called shinengō (私年号, "personal era name"), also known as ginengō (偽年号) or inengō (異年号). Currently, there are over 40 confirmed shinengō, most of them dating from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle ages">middle ages</a>. Shinengō used prior to the reestablishment of the era name system in 701 are usually called itsunengō (逸年号).<a href="#cite_note-jawiki-15">[a]</a> Because official records of shinengō are lacking, the range of dates to which they apply is often unclear. For example, the well-known itsunengō Hakuhō (白鳳) is normally said to refer to 650–654 CE; a poetic synonym for the <a href="/wiki/Hakuchi_(era)" title="Hakuchi (era)">Hakuchi era</a>. However, alternate interpretations exist. For example, in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nich%C5%ABreki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nichūreki (page does not exist)">Nichūreki</a>, Hakuhō refers to 661–683 CE, and in some medieval temple documents, Hakuhō refers to 672–685 CE. Thus, shinengō may be used as an alternative way of dating periods for which there is no official era name. Other well-known itsunengō and shinengō include Hōkō (法興) (591–621+ CE), Suzaku (朱雀) (686), Entoku (延徳) (1460), Miroku (弥勒) (1506–1507 or 1507–1509) and Meiroku (命禄) (1540–1543). The most recent shinengō is Seiro (征露) (1904–1905), named for the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kyūshū_nengō">Kyūshū nengō</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kyūshū nengō">edit</a>]</div> Edo period scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsurumine_Shigenobu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsurumine Shigenobu (page does not exist)">Tsurumine Shigenobu</a> proposed that Kyūshū nengō (九州年号), said to have been used in ancient <a href="/wiki/Kumaso" title="Kumaso">Kumaso</a>, should also be considered a form of shinengō. This claim is not generally recognized by the academic community. Lists of the proposed Kyūshū nengō can be seen in the Japanese language entries <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B6%B4%E5%B3%AF%E6%88%8A%E7%94%B3#襲国偽僣考" class="extiw" title="ja:鶴峯戊申">鶴峯戊申</a> and <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%B7%9E%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E8%AA%AC#九州年号表" class="extiw" title="ja:九州王朝説">九州王朝説</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_support">Software support</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Software support">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Character_sets">Character sets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Character sets">edit</a>]</div> Certain era names have specific characters assigned to them, for instance ㋿ for the <a href="/wiki/Reiwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Reiwa">Reiwa period</a>, which can also be written as 令和. These are included in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>: Code points U+32FF (㋿), U+337B (㍻), U+337C (㍼), U+337D (㍽) and U+337E (㍾) are used for the Reiwa, Heisei, Shōwa, Taishō and Meiji eras, respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calendar_libraries">Calendar libraries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Calendar libraries">edit</a>]</div> Certain calendar libraries support the conversion from and to the era system, as well as rendering of dates using it. Since the release of <a href="/wiki/Java_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Java 8">Java 8</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a> is supported in the new Date and time API for the year Meiji 6 (1873) onwards.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_for_the_new_era_in_Japanese_imperial_transition_of_2019">Support for the new era in Japanese imperial transition of 2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Support for the new era in Japanese imperial transition of 2019">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar_era_bug" title="Japanese calendar era bug">Japanese calendar era bug</a></div> Computers and software manufacturers needed to test their systems in preparation for <a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">the new era which began on 1 May 2019</a>. Windows provided a test mechanism to simulate a new era ahead of time.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Java_Development_Kit" title="Java Development Kit">Java Development Kit</a> 11 supported this era using the placeholders "元号" for Japanese, "NewEra" for other languages.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> The final name was added in JDK 12.0.1, after it was announced by the Japanese government.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> code point U+32FF (㋿) was reserved for representing the new era name, Reiwa.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Japanese_era_names">List of Japanese era names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: List of Japanese era names">edit</a>]</div> The list of Japanese era names is the result of a <a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">periodization</a> system which was established by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dtoku" title="Emperor Kōtoku">Emperor Kōtoku</a> in 645. The system of Japanese era names (年号, nengō, "year name") was irregular until the beginning of the 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsuchihashi195216-26">[25]</a> After 701, sequential era names developed without interruption across a span of centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownIshida1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidw4f5FrmIJKICpgPA32_32]-10">[10]</a> As of 1 April 2019, there have been 239 era names. To convert a Japanese year to a <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> year, find the first year of the Japanese era name (also called nengō). When found, add the number of the Japanese year, then subtract 1. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asuka_period"><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Asuka period">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Era name </th> <th>Period of use </th> <th>Length of use </th> <th>Derived from </th> <th>Remark </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dtoku" title="Emperor Kōtoku">Emperor Kōtoku</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> 孝徳天皇 (r. 645–654 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taika_(era)" title="Taika (era)">Taika</a> 大化 </td> <td>645–650 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Song" title="Book of Song">Book of Song</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hakuchi_(era)" title="Hakuchi (era)">Hakuchi</a> 白雉 </td> <td>650–654 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tenmu" title="Emperor Tenmu">Emperor Tenmu</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> 天武天皇 (r. 673–686 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shuch%C5%8D" title="Shuchō">Shuchō</a> 朱鳥 </td> <td>686 CE </td> <td>3 months </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Suchō, Akamitori, and Akamidori. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Monmu" title="Emperor Monmu">Emperor Monmu</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> 文武天皇 (r. 697–707 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_(era)" title="Taihō (era)">Taihō</a> 大宝 </td> <td>701–704 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Daihō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Keiun" title="Keiun">Keiun</a> 慶雲 </td> <td>704–708 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wen_Xuan" title="Wen Xuan">Selections of Refined Literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Kyōun. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Genmei" title="Empress Genmei">Empress Genmei</a> upon her ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Genmei" title="Empress Genmei">Empress Genmei</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> 元明天皇 (r. 707–715 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wad%C5%8D_(era)" title="Wadō (era)">Wadō</a> 和銅 </td> <td>708–715 CE </td> <td>9 years </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nara_period"><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nara period">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Era name </th> <th>Period of use </th> <th>Length of use </th> <th>Derived from </th> <th>Remark </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Gensh%C5%8D" title="Empress Genshō">Empress Genshō</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> 元正天皇 (r. 715–724 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reiki_(era)" title="Reiki (era)">Reiki</a> 霊亀 </td> <td>715–717 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dr%C5%8D" title="Yōrō">Yōrō</a> 養老 </td> <td>717–724 CE </td> <td>8 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dmu" title="Emperor Shōmu">Emperor Shōmu</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> 聖武天皇 (r. 724–749 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jinki_(era)" title="Jinki (era)">Jinki</a> 神亀 </td> <td>724–729 CE </td> <td>6 years </td> <td>Book of Rites with Commentaries of <a href="/wiki/Dai_De" title="Dai De">Dai De</a> (大戴禮記), <a href="/wiki/Erya" title="Erya">The Literary Expositor</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenpy%C5%8D" title="Tenpyō">Tenpyō</a> 天平 </td> <td>729–749 CE </td> <td>21 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Learning" title="Great Learning">Great Learning</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Tenbyō and Tenhei. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenpy%C5%8D-kanp%C5%8D" title="Tenpyō-kanpō">Tenpyō-kanpō</a> 天平感宝 </td> <td>749 CE </td> <td>4 months </td> <td> </td> <td>Also rendered as Tenbyō-kanpō and Tenhei-kanpō. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Dken" title="Empress Kōken">Empress Kōken</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> 孝謙天皇 (r. 749–758 CE; first reign) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenpy%C5%8D-sh%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Tenpyō-shōhō">Tenpyō-shōhō</a> 天平勝宝 </td> <td>749–757 CE </td> <td>9 years </td> <td> </td> <td>Also rendered as Tenbyō-shōhō and Tenpei-shōhō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenpy%C5%8D-h%C5%8Dji" title="Tenpyō-hōji">Tenpyō-hōji</a> 天平宝字 </td> <td>757–765 CE </td> <td>9 years </td> <td> </td> <td>Also rendered as Tenbyō-hōji and Tenpei-hōji. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Junnin" title="Emperor Junnin">Emperor Junnin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Dken" title="Empress Kōken">Empress Shōtoku</a> upon their ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Dken" title="Empress Kōken">Empress Shōtoku</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> 称徳天皇 (r. 764–770 CE; second reign) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenpy%C5%8D-jingo" title="Tenpyō-jingo">Tenpyō-jingo</a> 天平神護 </td> <td>765–767 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td> </td> <td>Also rendered as Tenbyō-jingo and Tenhei-jingo. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jingo-keiun" title="Jingo-keiun">Jingo-keiun</a> 神護景雲 </td> <td>767–770 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dnin" title="Emperor Kōnin">Emperor Kōnin</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dnin" title="Emperor Kōnin">Emperor Kōnin</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> 光仁天皇 (r. 770–781 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dki" title="Hōki">Hōki</a> 宝亀 </td> <td>770–781 CE </td> <td>12 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kanmu" title="Emperor Kanmu">Emperor Kanmu</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> 桓武天皇 (r. 781–806 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ten%27%C5%8D" title="Ten'ō">Ten'ō</a> 天応 </td> <td>781–782 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enryaku" title="Enryaku">Enryaku</a> 延暦 </td> <td>782–806 CE </td> <td>25 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Heizei" title="Emperor Heizei">Emperor Heizei</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heian_period"><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Heian period">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Era name </th> <th>Period of use </th> <th>Length of use </th> <th>Derived from </th> <th>Remark </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Heizei" title="Emperor Heizei">Emperor Heizei</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> 平城天皇 (r. 806–809 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daid%C5%8D" title="Daidō">Daidō</a> 大同 </td> <td>806–810 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Saga" title="Emperor Saga">Emperor Saga</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Saga" title="Emperor Saga">Emperor Saga</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> 嵯峨天皇 (r. 809–823 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dnin_(era)" title="Kōnin (era)">Kōnin</a> 弘仁 </td> <td>810–824 CE </td> <td>15 years </td> <td> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Junna" title="Emperor Junna">Emperor Junna</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Junna" title="Emperor Junna">Emperor Junna</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> 淳和天皇 (r. 823–833 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tench%C5%8D" title="Tenchō">Tenchō</a> 天長 </td> <td>824–834 CE </td> <td>11 years </td> <td> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ninmy%C5%8D" title="Emperor Ninmyō">Emperor Ninmyō</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ninmy%C5%8D" title="Emperor Ninmyō">Emperor Ninmyō</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> 仁明天皇 (r. 833–850 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dwa_(Heian_period)" title="Jōwa (Heian period)">Jōwa</a> 承和 </td> <td>834–848 CE </td> <td>15 years </td> <td> </td> <td>Also rendered as Shōwa and Sōwa. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kash%C5%8D" title="Kashō">Kashō</a> 嘉祥 </td> <td>848–851 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td> </td> <td>Also rendered as Kajō. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Montoku" title="Emperor Montoku">Emperor Montoku</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Montoku" title="Emperor Montoku">Emperor Montoku</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> 文徳天皇 (r. 850–858 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ninju" title="Ninju">Ninju</a> 仁寿 </td> <td>851–854 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saik%C5%8D" title="Saikō">Saikō</a> 斉衡 </td> <td>854–857 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ten%27an" title="Ten'an">Ten'an</a> 天安 </td> <td>857–859 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td> </td> <td>Also rendered as Tennan. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Seiwa" title="Emperor Seiwa">Emperor Seiwa</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Seiwa" title="Emperor Seiwa">Emperor Seiwa</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> 清和天皇 (r. 858–876 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dgan" title="Jōgan">Jōgan</a> 貞観 </td> <td>859–877 CE </td> <td>19 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Y%C5%8Dzei" title="Emperor Yōzei">Emperor Yōzei</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Y%C5%8Dzei" title="Emperor Yōzei">Emperor Yōzei</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> 陽成天皇 (r. 876–884 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gangy%C5%8D" title="Gangyō">Gangyō</a> 元慶 </td> <td>877–885 CE </td> <td>9 years </td> <td> </td> <td>Also rendered as Gankyō and Genkei. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dk%C5%8D" title="Emperor Kōkō">Emperor Kōkō</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dk%C5%8D" title="Emperor Kōkō">Emperor Kōkō</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> 光孝天皇 (r. 884–887 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ninna" title="Ninna">Ninna</a> 仁和 </td> <td>885–889 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td> </td> <td>Also rendered as Ninwa. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Uda" title="Emperor Uda">Emperor Uda</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Uda" title="Emperor Uda">Emperor Uda</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> 宇多天皇 (r. 887–897 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanpy%C5%8D_(era)" title="Kanpyō (era)">Kanpyō</a> 寛平 </td> <td>889–898 CE </td> <td>10 years </td> <td> </td> <td>Also rendered as Kanpei, Kanbyō, Kanbei, and Kanhei. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Daigo" title="Emperor Daigo">Emperor Daigo</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Daigo" title="Emperor Daigo">Emperor Daigo</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> 醍醐天皇 (r. 897–930 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dtai" title="Shōtai">Shōtai</a> 昌泰 </td> <td>898–901 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Engi_(era)" title="Engi (era)">Engi</a> 延喜 </td> <td>901–923 CE </td> <td>23 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ench%C5%8D" title="Enchō">Enchō</a> 延長 </td> <td>923–931 CE </td> <td>9 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wen_Xuan" title="Wen Xuan">Selections of Refined Literature</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Suzaku" title="Emperor Suzaku">Emperor Suzaku</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Suzaku" title="Emperor Suzaku">Emperor Suzaku</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> 朱雀天皇 (r. 930–946 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dhei" title="Jōhei">Jōhei</a> 承平 </td> <td>931–938 CE </td> <td>8 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Shōhei. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tengy%C5%8D" title="Tengyō">Tengyō</a> 天慶 </td> <td>938–947 CE </td> <td>10 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Tenkei and Tenkyō. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Murakami" title="Emperor Murakami">Emperor Murakami</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Murakami" title="Emperor Murakami">Emperor Murakami</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> 村上天皇 (r. 946–967 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenryaku" title="Tenryaku">Tenryaku</a> 天暦 </td> <td>947–957 CE </td> <td>11 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Tenreki. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tentoku" title="Tentoku">Tentoku</a> 天徳 </td> <td>957–961 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cwa" title="Ōwa">Ōwa</a> 応和 </td> <td>961–964 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Kōhō">Kōhō</a> 康保 </td> <td>964–968 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Reizei" title="Emperor Reizei">Emperor Reizei</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Reizei" title="Emperor Reizei">Emperor Reizei</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> 冷泉天皇 (r. 967–969 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anna_(era)" title="Anna (era)">Anna</a> 安和 </td> <td>968–970 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Anwa. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_En%27y%C5%AB" title="Emperor En'yū">Emperor En'yū</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_En%27y%C5%AB" title="Emperor En'yū">Emperor En'yū</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> 円融天皇 (r. 969–984 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenroku" title="Tenroku">Tenroku</a> 天禄 </td> <td>970–974 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ten%27en" title="Ten'en">Ten'en</a> 天延 </td> <td>974–976 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dgen_(Heian_period)" title="Jōgen (Heian period)">Jōgen</a> 貞元 </td> <td>976–978 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td> </td> <td>Also rendered as Teigen. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tengen_(era)" title="Tengen (era)">Tengen</a> 天元 </td> <td>978–983 CE </td> <td>6 years </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eikan" title="Eikan">Eikan</a> 永観 </td> <td>983–985 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Yōkan. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kazan" title="Emperor Kazan">Emperor Kazan</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kazan" title="Emperor Kazan">Emperor Kazan</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> 花山天皇 (r. 984–986 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanna_(era)" title="Kanna (era)">Kanna</a> 寛和 </td> <td>985–987 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td> </td> <td>Also rendered as Kanwa. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ichij%C5%8D" title="Emperor Ichijō">Emperor Ichijō</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ichij%C5%8D" title="Emperor Ichijō">Emperor Ichijō</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> 一条天皇 (r. 986–1011 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eien" title="Eien">Eien</a> 永延 </td> <td>987–989 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Yōen. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eiso_(era)" title="Eiso (era)">Eiso</a> 永祚 </td> <td>989–990 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Yōso. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dryaku" title="Shōryaku">Shōryaku</a> 正暦 </td> <td>990–995 CE </td> <td>6 years </td> <td> </td> <td>Also rendered as Jōryaku and Shōreki. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dtoku" title="Chōtoku">Chōtoku</a> 長徳 </td> <td>995–999 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td>Admonishment by the Colonel of the City Gates (城門校尉箴) </td> <td>Also rendered as Jōryaku and Shōreki. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dh%C5%8D_(era)" title="Chōhō (era)">Chōhō</a> 長保 </td> <td>999–1004 CE </td> <td>6 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guoyu_(book)" title="Guoyu (book)">Discourses of the States</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kank%C5%8D" title="Kankō">Kankō</a> 寛弘 </td> <td>1004–1012 CE </td> <td>9 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sanj%C5%8D" title="Emperor Sanjō">Emperor Sanjō</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sanj%C5%8D" title="Emperor Sanjō">Emperor Sanjō</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> 三条天皇 (r. 1011–1016 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dwa" title="Chōwa">Chōwa</a> 長和 </td> <td>1012–1017 CE </td> <td>6 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Ichij%C5%8D" title="Emperor Go-Ichijō">Emperor Go-Ichijō</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Ichij%C5%8D" title="Emperor Go-Ichijō">Emperor Go-Ichijō</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> 後一条天皇 (r. 1016–1036 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kannin" title="Kannin">Kannin</a> 寛仁 </td> <td>1017–1021 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td>Records of Kuaiji (會稽記) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jian_(era)" title="Jian (era)">Jian</a> 治安 </td> <td>1021–1024 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Chian. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manju_(era)" title="Manju (era)">Manju</a> 万寿 </td> <td>1024–1028 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dgen" title="Chōgen">Chōgen</a> 長元 </td> <td>1028–1037 CE </td> <td>10 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Six_Secret_Teachings" title="Six Secret Teachings">Six Secret Teachings</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Suzaku" title="Emperor Go-Suzaku">Emperor Go-Suzaku</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Suzaku" title="Emperor Go-Suzaku">Emperor Go-Suzaku</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> 後朱雀天皇 (r. 1036–1045 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dryaku" title="Chōryaku">Chōryaku</a> 長暦 </td> <td>1037–1040 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Spring and Autumn Annals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Chōreki. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dky%C5%AB" title="Chōkyū">Chōkyū</a> 長久 </td> <td>1040–1044 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Book of the Way and of Virtue</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kantoku" title="Kantoku">Kantoku</a> 寛徳 </td> <td>1044–1046 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Reizei" title="Emperor Go-Reizei">Emperor Go-Reizei</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Reizei" title="Emperor Go-Reizei">Emperor Go-Reizei</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> 後冷泉天皇 (r. 1045–1068 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eish%C5%8D_(Heian_period)" title="Eishō (Heian period)">Eishō</a> 永承 </td> <td>1046–1053 CE </td> <td>8 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Song" title="Book of Song">Book of Song</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Eijō and Yōjō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tengi" title="Tengi">Tengi</a> 天喜 </td> <td>1053–1058 CE </td> <td>6 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baopuzi" title="Baopuzi">Book of the Master Who Embraces Simplicity</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Tenki. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dhei" title="Kōhei">Kōhei</a> 康平 </td> <td>1058–1065 CE </td> <td>8 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiryaku" title="Jiryaku">Jiryaku</a> 治暦 </td> <td>1065–1069 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td>Correct Interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> (尚書正義) </td> <td>Also rendered as Chiryaku. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Sanj%C5%8D" title="Emperor Go-Sanjō">Emperor Go-Sanjō</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Sanj%C5%8D" title="Emperor Go-Sanjō">Emperor Go-Sanjō</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> 後三条天皇 (r. 1068–1073 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enky%C5%AB" title="Enkyū">Enkyū</a> 延久 </td> <td>1069–1074 CE </td> <td>6 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shirakawa" title="Emperor Shirakawa">Emperor Shirakawa</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shirakawa" title="Emperor Shirakawa">Emperor Shirakawa</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> 白河天皇 (r. 1073–1087 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Jōhō">Jōhō</a> 承保 </td> <td>1074–1077 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Shōhō and Shōho. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dryaku" title="Jōryaku">Jōryaku</a> 承暦 </td> <td>1077–1081 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td>Weicheng Dianxun (維城典訓) </td> <td>Also rendered as Shōryaku and Shōreki. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eih%C5%8D" title="Eihō">Eihō</a> 永保 </td> <td>1081–1084 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Yōhō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctoku" title="Ōtoku">Ōtoku</a> 応徳 </td> <td>1084–1087 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bai_Hu_Tong" title="Bai Hu Tong">Comprehensive Meaning of White Tiger Pavilion</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Horikawa" title="Emperor Horikawa">Emperor Horikawa</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Horikawa" title="Emperor Horikawa">Emperor Horikawa</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> 堀河天皇 (r. 1087–1107 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanji_(era)" title="Kanji (era)">Kanji</a> 寛治 </td> <td>1087–1094 CE </td> <td>8 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kah%C5%8D" title="Kahō">Kahō</a> 嘉保 </td> <td>1094–1096 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eich%C5%8D" title="Eichō">Eichō</a> 永長 </td> <td>1096–1097 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Yōchō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dtoku" title="Jōtoku">Jōtoku</a> 承徳 </td> <td>1097–1099 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Shōtoku. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dwa_(Heian_period)" title="Kōwa (Heian period)">Kōwa</a> 康和 </td> <td>1099–1104 CE </td> <td>6 years </td> <td>Theories of Politics (政論) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dji" title="Chōji">Chōji</a> 長治 </td> <td>1104–1106 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaj%C5%8D" title="Kajō">Kajō</a> 嘉承 </td> <td>1106–1108 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Toba" title="Emperor Toba">Emperor Toba</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Toba" title="Emperor Toba">Emperor Toba</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> 鳥羽天皇 (r. 1107–1123 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennin_(era)" title="Tennin (era)">Tennin</a> 天仁 </td> <td>1108–1110 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wen_Xuan" title="Wen Xuan">Selections of Refined Literature</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ten%27ei" title="Ten'ei">Ten'ei</a> 天永 </td> <td>1110–1113 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Ten'yō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eiky%C5%AB" title="Eikyū">Eikyū</a> 永久 </td> <td>1113–1118 CE </td> <td>6 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mao_Commentary" title="Mao Commentary">Mao Commentary</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Yōkyū. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gen%27ei" title="Gen'ei">Gen'ei</a> 元永 </td> <td>1118–1120 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td> </td> <td>Also rendered as Gen'yō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dan" title="Hōan">Hōan</a> 保安 </td> <td>1120–1124 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sutoku" title="Emperor Sutoku">Emperor Sutoku</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sutoku" title="Emperor Sutoku">Emperor Sutoku</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> 崇徳天皇 (r. 1123–1142 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenji_(era)" title="Tenji (era)">Tenji</a> 天治 </td> <td>1124–1126 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Tenchi. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daiji_(era)" title="Daiji (era)">Daiji</a> 大治 </td> <td>1126–1131 CE </td> <td>6 years </td> <td>Hetu Tingzuofu (河圖挺佐輔) </td> <td>Also rendered as Taiji. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tensh%C5%8D_(Heian_period)" title="Tenshō (Heian period)">Tenshō</a> 天承 </td> <td>1131–1132 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Tenjō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D" title="Chōshō">Chōshō</a> 長承 </td> <td>1132–1135 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Chōjō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Den" title="Hōen">Hōen</a> 保延 </td> <td>1135–1141 CE </td> <td>7 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wen_Xuan" title="Wen Xuan">Selections of Refined Literature</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eiji_(era)" title="Eiji (era)">Eiji</a> 永治 </td> <td>1141–1142 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td>On the Standards for Literature (典論), <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Konoe" title="Emperor Konoe">Emperor Konoe</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Konoe" title="Emperor Konoe">Emperor Konoe</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> 近衛天皇 (r. 1142–1155 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dji_(Heian_period)" title="Kōji (Heian period)">Kōji</a> 康治 </td> <td>1142–1144 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Song" title="Book of Song">Book of Song</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ten%27y%C5%8D" title="Ten'yō">Ten'yō</a> 天養 </td> <td>1144–1145 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Tennyō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABan" title="Kyūan">Kyūan</a> 久安 </td> <td>1145–1151 CE </td> <td>7 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ninpei" title="Ninpei">Ninpei</a> 仁平 </td> <td>1151–1154 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Ninpyō, Ninbyō, Ninhyō, and Ninhei. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABju" title="Kyūju">Kyūju</a> 久寿 </td> <td>1154–1156 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baopuzi" title="Baopuzi">Book of the Master Who Embraces Simplicity</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Shirakawa" title="Emperor Go-Shirakawa">Emperor Go-Shirakawa</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Shirakawa" title="Emperor Go-Shirakawa">Emperor Go-Shirakawa</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> 後白河天皇 (r. 1155–1158 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dgen_(era)" title="Hōgen (era)">Hōgen</a> 保元 </td> <td>1156–1159 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td>Instructions for the Yan Clan (顏氏家訓) </td> <td>Also rendered as Hogen. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Nij%C5%8D" title="Emperor Nijō">Emperor Nijō</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Nij%C5%8D" title="Emperor Nijō">Emperor Nijō</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> 二条天皇 (r. 1158–1165 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heiji" title="Heiji">Heiji</a> 平治 </td> <td>1159–1160 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Byōji. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eiryaku" title="Eiryaku">Eiryaku</a> 永暦 </td> <td>1160–1161 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Yōryaku. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ch%C5%8D" title="Ōhō">Ōhō</a> 応保 </td> <td>1161–1163 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Ōpō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dkan" title="Chōkan">Chōkan</a> 長寛 </td> <td>1163–1165 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td>Weicheng Dianxun (維城典訓) </td> <td>Also rendered as Chōgan. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eiman" title="Eiman">Eiman</a> 永万 </td> <td>1165–1166 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Yōman. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Rokuj%C5%8D" title="Emperor Rokujō">Emperor Rokujō</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Rokuj%C5%8D" title="Emperor Rokujō">Emperor Rokujō</a><a href="#cite_note-t194-65">[64]</a> 六条天皇 (r. 1165–1168 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nin%27an" title="Nin'an">Nin'an</a> 仁安 </td> <td>1166–1169 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td>Correct Interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Mao_Commentary" title="Mao Commentary">Mao Commentary</a> (毛詩正義) </td> <td>Also rendered as Ninnan. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Takakura" title="Emperor Takakura">Emperor Takakura</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Takakura" title="Emperor Takakura">Emperor Takakura</a><a href="#cite_note-t194-65">[64]</a> 高倉天皇 (r. 1168–1180 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%8D_(era)" title="Kaō (era)">Kaō</a> 嘉応 </td> <td>1169–1171 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dan_(era)" title="Jōan (era)">Jōan</a> 承安 </td> <td>1171–1175 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Shōan. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Angen" title="Angen">Angen</a> 安元 </td> <td>1175–1177 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jish%C5%8D" title="Jishō">Jishō</a> 治承 </td> <td>1177–1181 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td>Hetu Tingzuofu (河圖挺作輔) </td> <td>Also rendered as Jijō and Chishō. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Antoku" title="Emperor Antoku">Emperor Antoku</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Antoku" title="Emperor Antoku">Emperor Antoku</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> 安徳天皇 (r. 1180–1185 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dwa" title="Yōwa">Yōwa</a> 養和 </td> <td>1181–1182 CE </td> <td>8 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Juei" title="Juei">Juei</a> 寿永 </td> <td>1182–1185 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a> </td> <td>Also used by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Toba" title="Emperor Go-Toba">Emperor Go-Toba</a> from 1183 CE to 1184 CE. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Toba" title="Emperor Go-Toba">Emperor Go-Toba</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> 後鳥羽天皇 (r. 1183–1198 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Juei" title="Juei">Juei</a> 寿永 </td> <td>1183–1184 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a> </td> <td>Also used by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Antoku" title="Emperor Antoku">Emperor Antoku</a> from 1182 to 1185 CE. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genryaku" title="Genryaku">Genryaku</a> 元暦 </td> <td>1184–1185 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td>Shangshu Kaolingyao (尚書考靈耀) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamakura_period"><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kamakura period">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Era name </th> <th>Period of use </th> <th>Length of use </th> <th>Derived from </th> <th>Remark </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Toba" title="Emperor Go-Toba">Emperor Go-Toba</a> 後鳥羽天皇 (r. 1183–1198 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bunji_(era)" title="Bunji (era)">Bunji</a> 文治 </td> <td>1185–1190 CE </td> <td>6 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Monchi. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenky%C5%AB" title="Kenkyū">Kenkyū</a> 建久 </td> <td>1190–1199 CE </td> <td>10 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tsuchimikado" title="Emperor Tsuchimikado">Emperor Tsuchimikado</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tsuchimikado" title="Emperor Tsuchimikado">Emperor Tsuchimikado</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> 土御門天皇 (r. 1198–1210 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dji_(era)" title="Shōji (era)">Shōji</a> 正治 </td> <td>1199–1201 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Shōchi. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kennin" title="Kennin">Kennin</a> 建仁 </td> <td>1201–1204 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wen_Xuan" title="Wen Xuan">Selections of Refined Literature</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genky%C5%AB" title="Genkyū">Genkyū</a> 元久 </td> <td>1204–1206 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td>Correct Interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Mao_Commentary" title="Mao Commentary">Mao Commentary</a> (毛詩正義) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ken%27ei" title="Ken'ei">Ken'ei</a> 建永 </td> <td>1206–1207 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wen_Xuan" title="Wen Xuan">Selections of Refined Literature</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Ken'yō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dgen_(Kamakura_period)" title="Jōgen (Kamakura period)">Jōgen</a> 承元 </td> <td>1207–1211 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tongdian" title="Tongdian">Comprehensive Institutions</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Shōgen. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Juntoku" title="Emperor Juntoku">Emperor Juntoku</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Juntoku" title="Emperor Juntoku">Emperor Juntoku</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> 順徳天皇 (r. 1210–1221 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenryaku" title="Kenryaku">Kenryaku</a> 建暦 </td> <td>1211–1213 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Kenreki. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kempo_(era)" title="Kempo (era)">Kempo</a> 建保 </td> <td>1213–1219 CE </td> <td>7 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Kenhō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%AB" title="Jōkyū">Jōkyū</a> 承久 </td> <td>1219–1222 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td>Apocrypha of the <a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a> (詩緯) </td> <td>Also rendered as Shōkyū. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ch%C5%ABky%C5%8D" title="Emperor Chūkyō">Emperor Chūkyō</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Horikawa" title="Emperor Go-Horikawa">Emperor Go-Horikawa</a> upon their ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Horikawa" title="Emperor Go-Horikawa">Emperor Go-Horikawa</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> 後堀河天皇 (r. 1221–1232 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8D%C5%8D_(Kamakura_period)" title="Jōō (Kamakura period)">Jōō</a> 貞応 </td> <td>1222–1224 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Teiō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gennin" title="Gennin">Gennin</a> 元仁 </td> <td>1224–1225 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karoku" title="Karoku">Karoku</a> 嘉禄 </td> <td>1225–1227 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bowuzhi" title="Bowuzhi">Records of Diverse Matters</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antei" title="Antei">Antei</a> 安貞 </td> <td>1227–1229 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Anjō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kangi" title="Kangi">Kangi</a> 寛喜 </td> <td>1229–1232 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wei" title="Book of Wei">Book of Wei</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Kanki. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dei" title="Jōei">Jōei</a> 貞永 </td> <td>1232–1233 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Teiei. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shij%C5%8D" title="Emperor Shijō">Emperor Shijō</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shij%C5%8D" title="Emperor Shijō">Emperor Shijō</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> 四条天皇 (r. 1232–1242 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenpuku" title="Tenpuku">Tenpuku</a> 天福 </td> <td>1233–1234 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Tenfuku. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bunryaku" title="Bunryaku">Bunryaku</a> 文暦 </td> <td>1234–1235 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wen_Xuan" title="Wen Xuan">Selections of Refined Literature</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Monryaku and Monreki. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Katei" title="Katei">Katei</a> 嘉禎 </td> <td>1235–1238 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Northern_Qi" title="Book of Northern Qi">Book of Northern Qi</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ryakunin" title="Ryakunin">Ryakunin</a> 暦仁 </td> <td>1238–1239 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sui" title="Book of Sui">Book of Sui</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Rekinin. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/En%27%C5%8D" title="En'ō">En'ō</a> 延応 </td> <td>1239–1240 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wen_Xuan" title="Wen Xuan">Selections of Refined Literature</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Ennō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ninji" title="Ninji">Ninji</a> 仁治 </td> <td>1240–1243 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Ninchi. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Saga" title="Emperor Go-Saga">Emperor Go-Saga</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Saga" title="Emperor Go-Saga">Emperor Go-Saga</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> 後嵯峨天皇 (r. 1242–1246 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kangen" title="Kangen">Kangen</a> 寛元 </td> <td>1243–1247 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Song" title="Book of Song">Book of Song</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Fukakusa" title="Emperor Go-Fukakusa">Emperor Go-Fukakusa</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Fukakusa" title="Emperor Go-Fukakusa">Emperor Go-Fukakusa</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> 後深草天皇 (r. 1246–1260 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dji_(era)" title="Hōji (era)">Hōji</a> 宝治 </td> <td>1247–1249 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxuriant_Dew_of_the_Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals">Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kench%C5%8D" title="Kenchō">Kenchō</a> 建長 </td> <td>1249–1256 CE </td> <td>8 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dgen" title="Kōgen">Kōgen</a> 康元 </td> <td>1256–1257 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dka_(era)" title="Shōka (era)">Shōka</a> 正嘉 </td> <td>1257–1259 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yiwen_Leiju" title="Yiwen Leiju">Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgen" title="Shōgen">Shōgen</a> 正元 </td> <td>1259–1260 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td>Apocrypha of the Classic of Poetry (詩緯) </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kameyama" title="Emperor Kameyama">Emperor Kameyama</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kameyama" title="Emperor Kameyama">Emperor Kameyama</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> 亀山天皇 (r. 1260–1274 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bun%27%C5%8D" title="Bun'ō">Bun'ō</a> 文応 </td> <td>1260–1261 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Bunnō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Kōchō">Kōchō</a> 弘長 </td> <td>1261–1264 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td>The Political Program of the Zhenguan Period (貞觀政要) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bun%27ei" title="Bun'ei">Bun'ei</a> 文永 </td> <td>1264–1275 CE </td> <td>12 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Uda" title="Emperor Go-Uda">Emperor Go-Uda</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Uda" title="Emperor Go-Uda">Emperor Go-Uda</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> 後宇多天皇 (r. 1274–1287 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenji_(era)" title="Kenji (era)">Kenji</a> 建治 </td> <td>1275–1278 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rites_of_Zhou" title="Rites of Zhou">Rites of Zhou</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan_(Kamakura_period)" title="Kōan (Kamakura period)">Kōan</a> 弘安 </td> <td>1278–1288 CE </td> <td>11 years </td> <td>Veritable Records of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong of Tang</a> (唐太宗實錄) </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Fushimi" title="Emperor Fushimi">Emperor Fushimi</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Fushimi" title="Emperor Fushimi">Emperor Fushimi</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> 伏見天皇 (r. 1287–1298 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8D%C5%8D_(Kamakura_period)" title="Shōō (Kamakura period)">Shōō</a> 正応 </td> <td>1288–1293 CE </td> <td>6 years </td> <td>Notes on the <a href="/wiki/Mao_Commentary" title="Mao Commentary">Mao Commentary</a> (毛詩注) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Einin" title="Einin">Einin</a> 永仁 </td> <td>1293–1299 CE </td> <td>7 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Fushimi" title="Emperor Go-Fushimi">Emperor Go-Fushimi</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Fushimi" title="Emperor Go-Fushimi">Emperor Go-Fushimi</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> 後伏見天皇 (r. 1298–1301 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dan" title="Shōan">Shōan</a> 正安 </td> <td>1299–1302 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kongzi_Jiayu" title="Kongzi Jiayu">The School Sayings of Confucius</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Nij%C5%8D" title="Emperor Go-Nijō">Emperor Go-Nijō</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Nij%C5%8D" title="Emperor Go-Nijō">Emperor Go-Nijō</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> 後二条天皇 (r. 1301–1308 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kengen" title="Kengen">Kengen</a> 乾元 </td> <td>1302–1303 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kagen" title="Kagen">Kagen</a> 嘉元 </td> <td>1303–1306 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yiwen_Leiju" title="Yiwen Leiju">Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokuji" title="Tokuji">Tokuji</a> 徳治 </td> <td>1306–1308 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zuo_zhuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuo zhuan">The Commentary of Zuo</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hanazono" title="Emperor Hanazono">Emperor Hanazono</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hanazono" title="Emperor Hanazono">Emperor Hanazono</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> 花園天皇 (r. 1308–1318 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enky%C5%8D_(Kamakura_period)" title="Enkyō (Kamakura period)">Enkyō</a> 延慶 </td> <td>1308–1311 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Engyō and Enkei. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cch%C5%8D" title="Ōchō">Ōchō</a> 応長 </td> <td>1311–1312 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_(1312%E2%80%931317)" title="Shōwa (1312–1317)">Shōwa</a> 正和 </td> <td>1312–1317 CE </td> <td>6 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bunp%C5%8D" title="Bunpō">Bunpō</a> 文保 </td> <td>1317–1319 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Liang" title="Book of Liang">Book of Liang</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Bunhō. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Daigo" title="Emperor Go-Daigo">Emperor Go-Daigo</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Daigo" title="Emperor Go-Daigo">Emperor Go-Daigo</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> 後醍醐天皇 (r. 1318–1339 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gen%27%C5%8D" title="Gen'ō">Gen'ō</a> 元応 </td> <td>1319–1321 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Gennō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_(first)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genkō (first)">Genkō</a> 元亨 </td> <td>1321–1324 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB_(era)" title="Shōchū (era)">Shōchū</a> 正中 </td> <td>1324–1326 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karyaku" title="Karyaku">Karyaku</a> 嘉暦 </td> <td>1326–1329 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gentoku" title="Gentoku">Gentoku</a> 元徳 </td> <td>1329–1332 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a>, Correct Interpretation of the Classic of Changes (周易正義) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_(second)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genkō (second)">Genkō</a> 元弘 </td> <td>1331–1334 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yiwen_Leiju" title="Yiwen Leiju">Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanboku-chō_period"><a href="/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">Nanboku-chō period</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nanboku-chō period">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Court"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Court" title="Southern Court">Southern Court</a></h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Southern Court">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Era name </th> <th>Period of use </th> <th>Length of use </th> <th>Derived from </th> <th>Remark </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Daigo" title="Emperor Go-Daigo">Emperor Go-Daigo</a> 後醍醐天皇 (r. 1318–1339 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenmu" title="Kenmu">Kenmu</a> 建武 </td> <td>1334–1336 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Kenbu. Also used by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dmy%C5%8D" title="Emperor Kōmyō">Emperor Kōmyō</a> from 1336 CE to 1338 CE. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Engen" title="Engen">Engen</a> 延元 </td> <td>1336–1340 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Liang" title="Book of Liang">Book of Liang</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Murakami" title="Emperor Go-Murakami">Emperor Go-Murakami</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Murakami" title="Emperor Go-Murakami">Emperor Go-Murakami</a> 後村上天皇 (r. 1339–1368 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dkoku" title="Kōkoku">Kōkoku</a> 興国 </td> <td>1340–1347 CE </td> <td>8 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zuo_zhuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuo zhuan">The Commentary of Zuo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wen_Xuan" title="Wen Xuan">Selections of Refined Literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historical_Records_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Historical Records of the Five Dynasties">New History of the Five Dynasties</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dhei" title="Shōhei">Shōhei</a> 正平 </td> <td>1347–1370 CE </td> <td>24 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Song" title="Book of Song">Book of Song</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ch%C5%8Dkei" title="Emperor Chōkei">Emperor Chōkei</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ch%C5%8Dkei" title="Emperor Chōkei">Emperor Chōkei</a> 長慶天皇 (r. 1368–1383 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentoku" title="Kentoku">Kentoku</a> 建徳 </td> <td>1370–1372 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wen_Xuan" title="Wen Xuan">Selections of Refined Literature</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bunch%C5%AB" title="Bunchū">Bunchū</a> 文中 </td> <td>1372–1375 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenju" title="Tenju">Tenju</a> 天授 </td> <td>1375–1381 CE </td> <td>7 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dwa_(Muromachi_period)" title="Kōwa (Muromachi period)">Kōwa</a> 弘和 </td> <td>1381–1384 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Kameyama" title="Emperor Go-Kameyama">Emperor Go-Kameyama</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Kameyama" title="Emperor Go-Kameyama">Emperor Go-Kameyama</a> 後亀山天皇 (r. 1383–1392 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gench%C5%AB" title="Genchū">Genchū</a> 元中 </td> <td>1384–1392 CE </td> <td>9 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td>Genchū 9 was superseded by <a href="/wiki/Meitoku" title="Meitoku">Meitoku</a> 3 in 1392 CE. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Court"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Court" title="Northern Court">Northern Court</a></h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Northern Court">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Era name </th> <th>Period of use </th> <th>Length of use </th> <th>Derived from </th> <th>Remark </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dgon" title="Emperor Kōgon">Emperor Kōgon</a> 光厳天皇 (r. 1331–1333 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dky%C5%8D" title="Shōkyō">Shōkyō</a> 正慶 </td> <td>1332–1333 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td>Correct Interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> (周易正義) </td> <td>Also rendered as Shōkyō. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dmy%C5%8D" title="Emperor Kōmyō">Emperor Kōmyō</a> 光明天皇 (r. 1336–1348 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenmu" title="Kenmu">Kenmu</a> 建武 </td> <td>1336–1338 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Kenbu. Also used by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Daigo" title="Emperor Go-Daigo">Emperor Go-Daigo</a> from 1334 CE to 1336 CE. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ryaku%C5%8D" title="Ryakuō">Ryakuō</a> 暦応 </td> <td>1338–1342 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td>Records of Emperors and Kings (帝王世紀) </td> <td>Also rendered as Rekiō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dei" title="Kōei">Kōei</a> 康永 </td> <td>1342–1345 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dwa_(Muromachi_period)" title="Jōwa (Muromachi period)">Jōwa</a> 貞和 </td> <td>1345–1350 CE </td> <td>6 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yiwen_Leiju" title="Yiwen Leiju">Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Teiwa. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Suk%C5%8D" title="Emperor Sukō">Emperor Sukō</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Suk%C5%8D" title="Emperor Sukō">Emperor Sukō</a> 崇光天皇 (r. 1348–1351 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kann%C5%8D" title="Kannō">Kannō</a> 観応 </td> <td>1350–1352 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Kan'ō. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-K%C5%8Dgon" title="Emperor Go-Kōgon">Emperor Go-Kōgon</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-K%C5%8Dgon" title="Emperor Go-Kōgon">Emperor Go-Kōgon</a> 後光厳天皇 (r. 1352–1371 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bunna" title="Bunna">Bunna</a> 文和 </td> <td>1352–1356 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Bunwa. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enbun" title="Enbun">Enbun</a> 延文 </td> <td>1356–1361 CE </td> <td>6 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan_(Muromachi_period)" title="Kōan (Muromachi period)">Kōan</a> 康安 </td> <td>1361–1362 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td>Correct Interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a> (史記正義), <a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dji" title="Jōji">Jōji</a> 貞治 </td> <td>1362–1368 CE </td> <td>7 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Teiji. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Can" title="Ōan">Ōan</a> 応安 </td> <td>1368–1375 CE </td> <td>8 years </td> <td>Correct Interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Mao_Commentary" title="Mao Commentary">Mao Commentary</a> (毛詩正義) </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-En%27y%C5%AB" title="Emperor Go-En'yū">Emperor Go-En'yū</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-En%27y%C5%AB" title="Emperor Go-En'yū">Emperor Go-En'yū</a> 後円融天皇 (r. 1371–1382 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eiwa" title="Eiwa">Eiwa</a> 永和 </td> <td>1375–1379 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiwen_Leiju" title="Yiwen Leiju">Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dryaku" title="Kōryaku">Kōryaku</a> 康暦 </td> <td>1379–1381 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eitoku" title="Eitoku">Eitoku</a> 永徳 </td> <td>1381–1384 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td>The Governing Principles of Ancient China (羣書治要) </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Komatsu" title="Emperor Go-Komatsu">Emperor Go-Komatsu</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Komatsu" title="Emperor Go-Komatsu">Emperor Go-Komatsu</a> 後小松天皇 (r. 1382–1412 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shitoku" title="Shitoku">Shitoku</a> 至徳 </td> <td>1384–1387 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Filial_Piety" title="Classic of Filial Piety">Classic of Filial Piety</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Meitoku </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kakei" title="Kakei">Kakei</a> 嘉慶 </td> <td>1387–1389 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td>Correct Interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Mao_Commentary" title="Mao Commentary">Mao Commentary</a> (毛詩正義) </td> <td>Also rendered as Kakyō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8D%C5%8D" title="Kōō">Kōō</a> 康応 </td> <td>1389–1390 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wen_Xuan" title="Wen Xuan">Selections of Refined Literature</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meitoku" title="Meitoku">Meitoku</a> 明徳 </td> <td>1390–1394 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a> </td> <td>Meitoku 3 superseded <a href="/wiki/Gench%C5%AB" title="Genchū">Genchū</a> 9 in 1392 CE. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muromachi_period"><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Muromachi period">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Era name </th> <th>Period of use </th> <th>Length of use </th> <th>Derived from </th> <th>Remark </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Komatsu" title="Emperor Go-Komatsu">Emperor Go-Komatsu</a> 後小松天皇 (r. 1382–1412 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cei" title="Ōei">Ōei</a> 応永 </td> <td>1394–1428 CE </td> <td>35 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tang_Huiyao" title="Tang Huiyao">Institutional History of Tang</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dk%C5%8D" title="Emperor Shōkō">Emperor Shōkō</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dk%C5%8D" title="Emperor Shōkō">Emperor Shōkō</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> 称光天皇 (r. 1412–1428 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Shōchō">Shōchō</a> 正長 </td> <td>1428–1429 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td>Correct Interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a> (禮記正義) </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Hanazono" title="Emperor Go-Hanazono">Emperor Go-Hanazono</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Hanazono" title="Emperor Go-Hanazono">Emperor Go-Hanazono</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> 後花園天皇 (r. 1428–1464 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eiky%C5%8D" title="Eikyō">Eikyō</a> 永享 </td> <td>1429–1441 CE </td> <td>13 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Eikō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kakitsu" title="Kakitsu">Kakitsu</a> 嘉吉 </td> <td>1441–1444 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Kakichi. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bun%27an" title="Bun'an">Bun'an</a> 文安 </td> <td>1444–1449 CE </td> <td>6 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Bunnan. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dtoku" title="Hōtoku">Hōtoku</a> 宝徳 </td> <td>1449–1452 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dtoku" title="Kyōtoku">Kyōtoku</a> 享徳 </td> <td>1452–1455 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D" title="Kōshō">Kōshō</a> 康正 </td> <td>1455–1457 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Droku" title="Chōroku">Chōroku</a> 長禄 </td> <td>1457–1460 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Han_Feizi" title="Han Feizi">Han Feizi</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansh%C5%8D" title="Kanshō">Kanshō</a> 寛正 </td> <td>1460–1466 CE </td> <td>7 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kongzi_Jiayu" title="Kongzi Jiayu">The School Sayings of Confucius</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Tsuchimikado" title="Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado">Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Tsuchimikado" title="Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado">Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> 後土御門天皇 (r. 1464–1500 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bunsh%C5%8D" title="Bunshō">Bunshō</a> 文正 </td> <td>1466–1467 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(book)" title="Xunzi (book)">Xunzi</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Monshō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin" title="Ōnin">Ōnin</a> 応仁 </td> <td>1467–1469 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td>Weicheng Dianxun (維城典訓) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bunmei" title="Bunmei">Bunmei</a> 文明 </td> <td>1469–1487 CE </td> <td>19 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dky%C5%8D" title="Chōkyō">Chōkyō</a> 長享 </td> <td>1487–1489 CE </td> <td>3 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wen_Xuan" title="Wen Xuan">Selections of Refined Literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zuo_zhuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuo zhuan">The Commentary of Zuo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Entoku" title="Entoku">Entoku</a> 延徳 </td> <td>1489–1492 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mencius_(book)" title="Mencius (book)">Mencius</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mei%C5%8D" title="Meiō">Meiō</a> 明応 </td> <td>1492–1501 CE </td> <td>10 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Kashiwabara" title="Emperor Go-Kashiwabara">Emperor Go-Kashiwabara</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Kashiwabara" title="Emperor Go-Kashiwabara">Emperor Go-Kashiwabara</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> 後柏原天皇 (r. 1500–1526 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bunki" title="Bunki">Bunki</a> 文亀 </td> <td>1501–1504 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erya" title="Erya">The Literary Expositor</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eish%C5%8D_(Muromachi_period)" title="Eishō (Muromachi period)">Eishō</a> 永正 </td> <td>1504–1521 CE </td> <td>18 years </td> <td>Apocrypha of the <a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> (周易緯) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daiei_(era)" title="Daiei (era)">Daiei</a> 大永 </td> <td>1521–1528 CE </td> <td>8 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tongdian" title="Tongdian">Comprehensive Institutions</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Nara" title="Emperor Go-Nara">Emperor Go-Nara</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Nara" title="Emperor Go-Nara">Emperor Go-Nara</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> 後奈良天皇 (r. 1526–1557 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Droku" title="Kyōroku">Kyōroku</a> 享禄 </td> <td>1528–1532 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenbun" title="Tenbun">Tenbun</a> 天文 </td> <td>1532–1555 CE </td> <td>24 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Tenmon. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dji_(Muromachi_period)" title="Kōji (Muromachi period)">Kōji</a> 弘治 </td> <td>1555–1558 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Northern_Qi" title="Book of Northern Qi">Book of Northern Qi</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_%C5%8Cgimachi" title="Emperor Ōgimachi">Emperor Ōgimachi</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_%C5%8Cgimachi" title="Emperor Ōgimachi">Emperor Ōgimachi</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> 正親町天皇 (r. 1557–1586 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eiroku" title="Eiroku">Eiroku</a> 永禄 </td> <td>1558–1570 CE </td> <td>13 years </td> <td>The Governing Principles of Ancient China (羣書治要) </td> <td>Also rendered as Yōroku. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genki_(era)" title="Genki (era)">Genki</a> 元亀 </td> <td>1570–1573 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mao_Commentary" title="Mao Commentary">Mao Commentary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wen_Xuan" title="Wen Xuan">Selections of Refined Literature</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azuchi–Momoyama_period"><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama period</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Azuchi–Momoyama period">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Era name </th> <th>Period of use </th> <th>Length of use </th> <th>Derived from </th> <th>Remark </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_%C5%8Cgimachi" title="Emperor Ōgimachi">Emperor Ōgimachi</a> 正親町天皇 (r. 1557–1586 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tensh%C5%8D_(Momoyama_period)" title="Tenshō (Momoyama period)">Tenshō</a> 天正 </td> <td>1573–1592 CE </td> <td>20 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wen_Xuan" title="Wen Xuan">Selections of Refined Literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Book of the Way and of Virtue</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Y%C5%8Dzei" title="Emperor Go-Yōzei">Emperor Go-Yōzei</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Y%C5%8Dzei" title="Emperor Go-Yōzei">Emperor Go-Yōzei</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> 後陽成天皇 (r. 1586–1611 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bunroku" title="Bunroku">Bunroku</a> 文禄 </td> <td>1592–1596 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tongdian" title="Tongdian">Comprehensive Institutions</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Keich%C5%8D" title="Keichō">Keichō</a> 慶長 </td> <td>1596–1615 CE </td> <td>20 years </td> <td>Correct Interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Mao_Commentary" title="Mao Commentary">Mao Commentary</a> (毛詩注疏) </td> <td>Also rendered as Kyōchō. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Mizunoo" title="Emperor Go-Mizunoo">Emperor Go-Mizunoo</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edo_period"><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Edo period">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Era name </th> <th>Period of use </th> <th>Length of use </th> <th>Derived from </th> <th>Remark </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Mizunoo" title="Emperor Go-Mizunoo">Emperor Go-Mizunoo</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> 後水尾天皇 (r. 1611–1629 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genna" title="Genna">Genna</a> 元和 </td> <td>1615–1624 CE </td> <td>10 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Era name</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xianzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xianzong of Tang">Emperor Xianzong of Tang</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Genwa. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kan%27ei" title="Kan'ei">Kan'ei</a> 寛永 </td> <td>1624–1644 CE </td> <td>21 years </td> <td>Collected Commentaries on the <a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a> (詩集傳) </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Meish%C5%8D" title="Empress Meishō">Empress Meishō</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-K%C5%8Dmy%C5%8D" title="Emperor Go-Kōmyō">Emperor Go-Kōmyō</a> upon their ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-K%C5%8Dmy%C5%8D" title="Emperor Go-Kōmyō">Emperor Go-Kōmyō</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> 後光明天皇 (r. 1643–1654 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Shōhō">Shōhō</a> 正保 </td> <td>1645–1648 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Keian" title="Keian">Keian</a> 慶安 </td> <td>1648–1652 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Kyōan. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8D%C5%8D_(Edo_period)" title="Jōō (Edo period)">Jōō</a> 承応 </td> <td>1652–1655 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Shōō. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Sai" title="Emperor Go-Sai">Emperor Go-Sai</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Sai" title="Emperor Go-Sai">Emperor Go-Sai</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> 後西天皇 (r. 1655–1663 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meireki" title="Meireki">Meireki</a> 明暦 </td> <td>1655–1658 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Myōryaku and Meiryaku. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manji_(era)" title="Manji (era)">Manji</a> 万治 </td> <td>1658–1661 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a>, The Political Program of the Zhenguan Period (貞觀政要) </td> <td>Also rendered as Manchi. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanbun_(era)" title="Kanbun (era)">Kanbun</a> 寛文 </td> <td>1661–1673 CE </td> <td>13 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(book)" title="Xunzi (book)">Xunzi</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Reigen" title="Emperor Reigen">Emperor Reigen</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Reigen" title="Emperor Reigen">Emperor Reigen</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> 霊元天皇 (r. 1663–1687 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enp%C5%8D" title="Enpō">Enpō</a> 延宝 </td> <td>1673–1681 CE </td> <td>9 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sui" title="Book of Sui">Book of Sui</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Enhō. Formerly written as "延寳" in <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenna" title="Tenna">Tenna</a> 天和 </td> <td>1681–1684 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Tenwa. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%8D" title="Jōkyō">Jōkyō</a> 貞享 </td> <td>1684–1688 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Higashiyama" title="Emperor Higashiyama">Emperor Higashiyama</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Higashiyama" title="Emperor Higashiyama">Emperor Higashiyama</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> 東山天皇 (r. 1687–1709 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genroku" title="Genroku">Genroku</a> 元禄 </td> <td>1688–1704 CE </td> <td>16 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wen_Xuan" title="Wen Xuan">Selections of Refined Literature</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dei" title="Hōei">Hōei</a> 宝永 </td> <td>1704–1711 CE </td> <td>8 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Nakamikado" title="Emperor Nakamikado">Emperor Nakamikado</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Nakamikado" title="Emperor Nakamikado">Emperor Nakamikado</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> 中御門天皇 (r. 1709–1735 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dtoku_(era)" title="Shōtoku (era)">Shōtoku</a> 正徳 </td> <td>1711–1716 CE </td> <td>6 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Kyōhō">Kyōhō</a> 享保 </td> <td>1716–1736 CE </td> <td>21 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zhou" title="Book of Zhou">Book of Zhou</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sakuramachi" title="Emperor Sakuramachi">Emperor Sakuramachi</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sakuramachi" title="Emperor Sakuramachi">Emperor Sakuramachi</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> 桜町天皇 (r. 1735–1747 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genbun" title="Genbun">Genbun</a> 元文 </td> <td>1736–1741 CE </td> <td>6 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wen_Xuan" title="Wen Xuan">Selections of Refined Literature</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanp%C5%8D" title="Kanpō">Kanpō</a> 寛保 </td> <td>1741–1744 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guoyu_(book)" title="Guoyu (book)">Discourses of the States</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Kanhō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enky%C5%8D_(Edo_period)" title="Enkyō (Edo period)">Enkyō</a> 延享 </td> <td>1744–1748 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yiwen_Leiju" title="Yiwen Leiju">Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Momozono" title="Emperor Momozono">Emperor Momozono</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Momozono" title="Emperor Momozono">Emperor Momozono</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> 桃園天皇 (r. 1747–1762 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kan%27en" title="Kan'en">Kan'en</a> 寛延 </td> <td>1748–1751 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wen_Xuan" title="Wen Xuan">Selections of Refined Literature</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dreki" title="Hōreki">Hōreki</a> 宝暦 </td> <td>1751–1764 CE </td> <td>14 years </td> <td>The Political Program of the Zhenguan Period (貞觀政要) </td> <td>Also rendered as Hōryaku. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Go-Sakuramachi" title="Empress Go-Sakuramachi">Empress Go-Sakuramachi</a> upon her ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Go-Sakuramachi" title="Empress Go-Sakuramachi">Empress Go-Sakuramachi</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> 後桜町天皇 (r. 1762–1771 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meiwa" title="Meiwa">Meiwa</a> 明和 </td> <td>1764–1772 CE </td> <td>9 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Myōwa. Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Momozono" title="Emperor Go-Momozono">Emperor Go-Momozono</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Momozono" title="Emperor Go-Momozono">Emperor Go-Momozono</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> 後桃園天皇 (r. 1771–1779 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/An%27ei" title="An'ei">An'ei</a> 安永 </td> <td>1772–1781 CE </td> <td>10 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wen_Xuan" title="Wen Xuan">Selections of Refined Literature</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dkaku" title="Emperor Kōkaku">Emperor Kōkaku</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dkaku" title="Emperor Kōkaku">Emperor Kōkaku</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> 光格天皇 (r. 1780–1817 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenmei" title="Tenmei">Tenmei</a> 天明 </td> <td>1781–1789 CE </td> <td>9 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansei" title="Kansei">Kansei</a> 寛政 </td> <td>1789–1801 CE </td> <td>13 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zuo_zhuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuo zhuan">The Commentary of Zuo</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dwa" title="Kyōwa">Kyōwa</a> 享和 </td> <td>1801–1804 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wen_Xuan" title="Wen Xuan">Selections of Refined Literature</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bunka" title="Bunka">Bunka</a> 文化 </td> <td>1804–1818 CE </td> <td>15 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Nink%C5%8D" title="Emperor Ninkō">Emperor Ninkō</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Nink%C5%8D" title="Emperor Ninkō">Emperor Ninkō</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> 仁孝天皇 (r. 1817–1846 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bunsei" title="Bunsei">Bunsei</a> 文政 </td> <td>1818–1830 CE </td> <td>13 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenp%C5%8D" title="Tenpō">Tenpō</a> 天保 </td> <td>1830–1844 CE </td> <td>15 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td>Also rendered as Tenhō. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dka" title="Kōka">Kōka</a> 弘化 </td> <td>1844–1848 CE </td> <td>5 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dmei" title="Emperor Kōmei">Emperor Kōmei</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dmei" title="Emperor Kōmei">Emperor Kōmei</a> 孝明天皇 (r. 1846–1867 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaei" title="Kaei">Kaei</a> 嘉永 </td> <td>1848–1854 CE </td> <td>7 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Song" title="Book of Song">Book of Song</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ansei" title="Ansei">Ansei</a> 安政 </td> <td>1854–1860 CE </td> <td>7 years </td> <td>The Governing Principles of Ancient China (羣書治要) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Man%27en" title="Man'en">Man'en</a> 万延 </td> <td>1860–1861 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bunky%C5%AB" title="Bunkyū">Bunkyū</a> 文久 </td> <td>1861–1864 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of Later Han</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genji (era)">Genji</a> 元治 </td> <td>1864–1865 CE </td> <td>2 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kei%C5%8D" title="Keiō">Keiō</a> 慶応 </td> <td>1865–1868 CE </td> <td>4 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wen_Xuan" title="Wen Xuan">Selections of Refined Literature</a> </td> <td>Usage continued by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> upon his ascension to the throne. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Japan"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan#Modern_Japan" title="History of Japan">Modern Japan</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modern Japan">edit</a>]</div> The "one reign, one era name" (一世一元) system was implemented in 1868 CE. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Era name </th> <th>Period of use </th> <th>Length of use </th> <th>Derived from </th> <th>Remark </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> 明治天皇 (r. 1867–1912 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji</a> 明治 </td> <td>1868–1912 CE </td> <td>45 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td>In 1873 Japan adopted the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Seireki</a> (西暦), the Common Era. Nowadays, Japanese people know it as well as the regnal eras. Prior to the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in 1873, the reference calendar was based on the lunisolar <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Emperor Taishō</a> 大正天皇 (r. 1912–1926 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō</a> 大正 </td> <td>1912–1926 CE </td> <td>15 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">Classic of Changes</a> </td> <td>Rejected proposals were Tenkō (天興), Kōka (興化), Eian (永安), Kentoku (乾徳), Shōtoku (昭徳). </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Emperor Shōwa</a> 昭和天皇 (r. 1926–1989 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa</a> 昭和 </td> <td>1926–1989 CE </td> <td>64 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td>Rejected proposals were Jinka (神化), Genka (元化), Jinwa (神和), Dōwa (同和), Keimei (繼明), Junmei (順明), Meiho (明保), Kan'an (寛安), Gen'an (元安), Ryūsei (立成), Teigyō (定業), Kōbun (光文), Shōmei (章明), Kyōchū (協中). </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Emperor Emeritus（Akihito）</a> 明仁 (r. 1989–2019 CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei</a> 平成 </td> <td>1989–2019 CE </td> <td>31 years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> </td> <td>Rejected proposals were Shūbun (修文), Seika (正化). </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Emperor Naruhito</a> 徳仁 (r. 2019 CE–present) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa</a> 令和 </td> <td>2019 CE–present </td> <td>5 years, 207 days </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Man'yōshū">Man'yōshū</a> </td> <td>First Japanese era name extracted from <a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Japanese literature</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Rejected proposals were Eikō (英弘), Kyūka (久化), Kōshi (also rendered as Kōji; 広至), Banna (also rendered as Banwa; 万和), Banpo (also rendered as Banhō; 万保). </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-nengō_periods">Non-nengō periods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Non-nengō periods">edit</a>]</div> Unofficial non-nengō <a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">periods</a> (shinengō) before 701 are called itsunengō (逸年号). Pre-Taika chronology intervals include: <ul><li>Reign of Emperor Jimmu, 660–581 BCE</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Suizei, 581–548 BCE</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Annei, 548–510 BC</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Itoku, 510–475 BCE</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Kōshō, 475–392 BCE</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Kōan, 392–290 BC</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Kōrei, 290–214 BCE</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Kōgen, 214–157 BCE</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Kaika, 157–97 BCE</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Sujin, 97–29 BCE</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Suinin, 29 BCE– 71 CE</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Keikō, 71–131 CE</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Seimu, 131–192</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Chūai, 192–201</li> <li>Regency of Empress Jingū, 201–270</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Ōjin, 270–313</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Nintoku, 313–400</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Richū, 400–406</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Hanzei, 406–412</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Ingyō, 412–454</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Ankō, 454–457</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Yūryaku, 457–480</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Seinei, 480–485</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Kenzō, 485–488</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Ninken, 488–499</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Buretsu, 499–507</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Keitai, 507–534</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Ankan, 534–536</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Senka, 536–540</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Kinmei, 540–572</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Bidatsu, 572–586</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Yōmei, 586–588</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Sushun, 588–593</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Suiko, 593–629<a href="#cite_note-106">[b]</a></li> <li>Reign of Emperor Jomei, 629–645</li></ul> Post-Taika chronology intervals not covered by the nengō system include: <ul><li>Reign of Empress Saimei, 655–662<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> ... <a href="/wiki/Saimei_(period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saimei (period)">Saimei (period)</a><a href="#cite_note-murray402-12">[12]</a></li> <li>Reign of Emperor Tenji, 662–672<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> ... <a href="/wiki/Tenji_(period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenji (period)">Tenji (period)</a><a href="#cite_note-murray402-12">[12]</a></li> <li>Reign of Emperor Kōbun, 672–673<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> ... <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dbun_(period)" title="Kōbun (period)">Kōbun (period)</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sujaku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sujaku (page does not exist)">Sujaku</a><a href="#cite_note-murray402-12">[12]</a> (or Suzaku)</li> <li>Reign of Emperor Tenmu, 673–686<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> ... <a href="/wiki/Tenmu_(period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenmu (period)">Tenmu (period)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D_period" title="Hakuhō period">Hakuhō period</a><a href="#cite_note-murray402-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nussbaum-111">[109]</a></li> <li>Reign of Empress Jitō, 687–697<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> ... <a href="/wiki/Jit%C5%8D_(period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jitō (period)">Jitō (period)</a><a href="#cite_note-murray402-12">[12]</a></li> <li>Reign of Emperor Monmu, 697–701<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> ... <a href="/wiki/Monmu_(period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monmu (period)">Monmu (period)</a><a href="#cite_note-murray402-12">[12]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_imperial_year" title="Japanese imperial year">Japanese imperial year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Jikkan Jūnishi (sexagenary cycle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal years worldwide</a></li> <li>Related systems: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese era name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean era name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese era name</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jawiki-15"><a href="#cite_ref-jawiki_15-0">^</a> A list of shinengō and more information can be seen in the Japanese language entry on <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B7#日本の私年号一覧" class="extiw" title="ja:私年号">私年号</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">National Diet Library</a> (NDL) website explains that "Japan organized its first calendar in the 12th year of Suiko (604)", which was a pre-nengō time frame.<a href="#CITEREFNussbaum2005">Nussbaum (2005)</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-First1-1"><a href="#cite_ref-First1_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLü2003" class="citation book cs1">Lü, Zongli (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvYvAQAAIAAJ&q=era+name+nian+hao+origin">Power of the words: Chen prophecy in Chinese politics, AD 265-618</a>. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783906769561" title="Special:BookSources/9783906769561"><bdi>9783906769561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+of+the+words%3A+Chen+prophecy+in+Chinese+politics%2C+AD+265-618&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9783906769561&rft.aulast=L%C3%BC&rft.aufirst=Zongli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvYvAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dera%2Bname%2Bnian%2Bhao%2Borigin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-First2-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-First2_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-First2_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSogner2001" class="citation book cs1">Sogner, Sølvi (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7nsWAQAAIAAJ&q=era+name+china+Korea+Japan+vietnam+making+sense+of+global+history">Making Sense of Global History: The 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo 2000, Commemorative Volume</a>. Universitetsforlaget. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788215001067" title="Special:BookSources/9788215001067"><bdi>9788215001067</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+Global+History%3A+The+19th+International+Congress+of+the+Historical+Sciences%2C+Oslo+2000%2C+Commemorative+Volume&rft.pub=Universitetsforlaget&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788215001067&rft.aulast=Sogner&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8lvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7nsWAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dera%2Bname%2Bchina%2BKorea%2BJapan%2Bvietnam%2Bmaking%2Bsense%2Bof%2Bglobal%2Bhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinosphere-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Sinosphere_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJølstadLunde2000" class="citation journal cs1">Jølstad, Anders; Lunde, Marianne (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ervAAAAMAAJ&q=era+name+china+Korea+Japan+vietnam">"International Congress of Historical Sciences"</a>. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788299561419" title="Special:BookSources/9788299561419"><bdi>9788299561419</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=International+Congress+of+Historical+Sciences&rft.volume=19&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788299561419&rft.aulast=J%C3%B8lstad&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=Lunde%2C+Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ervAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dera%2Bname%2Bchina%2BKorea%2BJapan%2Bvietnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Japan-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Japan_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Japan-s-Reiwa-era/Ancient-tradition-carries-forward-with-Japan-s-new-era">"Ancient tradition carries forward with Japan's new era"</a>. Retrieved 29 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+tradition+carries+forward+with+Japan%27s+new+era&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FSpotlight%2FJapan-s-Reiwa-era%2FAncient-tradition-carries-forward-with-Japan-s-new-era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reiwaannouncement-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reiwaannouncement_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reiwaannouncement_5-1">b</a> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/GFU9-8jQ2Nk">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401070643/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFU9-8jQ2Nk&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFU9-8jQ2Nk">Reiwa Nengō Announcement Footage</a>, 1 April 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reiwa+Neng%C5%8D+Announcement+Footage&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGFU9-8jQ2Nk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/japan-rings-era-naruhito-emperor-190430180007614.html">"Japan rings in new era as Naruhito becomes emperor"</a>. Al Jazeera. 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Japan+rings+in+new+era+as+Naruhito+becomes+emperor&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F04%2Fjapan-rings-era-naruhito-emperor-190430180007614.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich2019" class="citation news cs1">Rich, Motoko (30 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/30/world/asia/emperor-akihito-abdication-prince-naruhito.html">"Emperor Akihito, Who Gave Japan's Monarchy a Human Face, Abdicates Throne"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 30 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Emperor+Akihito%2C+Who+Gave+Japan%27s+Monarchy+a+Human+Face%2C+Abdicates+Throne&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Motoko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F30%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Femperor-akihito-abdication-prince-naruhito.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160713100512/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20160713/k10010594271000.html">"天皇陛下「生前退位」の意向示される ("His Majesty The Emperor Indicates His Intention to 'Abdicate'")"</a> (in Japanese). NHK. 13 July 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20160713/k10010594271000.html">the original</a> on 13 July 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87%E9%99%9B%E4%B8%8B+%E3%80%8C%E7%94%9F%E5%89%8D%E9%80%80%E4%BD%8D%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E6%84%8F%E5%90%91%E7%A4%BA%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B+%28%22His+Majesty+The+Emperor+Indicates+His+Intention+to+%27Abdicate%27%22%29&rft.date=2016-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.nhk.or.jp%2Fnews%2Fhtml%2F20160713%2Fk10010594271000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36784045">"Japanese Emperor Akihito 'wishes to abdicate'"</a>. BBC News. 13 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Japanese+Emperor+Akihito+%27wishes+to+abdicate%27&rft.date=2016-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-36784045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownIshida1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidw4f5FrmIJKICpgPA32_32]-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownIshida1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidw4f5FrmIJKICpgPA32_32]_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownIshida1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidw4f5FrmIJKICpgPA32_32]_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA32">32</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869, p. 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-murray402-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-murray402_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-murray402_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-murray402_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-murray402_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-murray402_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-murray402_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-murray402_12-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurray1894">Murray (1894)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ez0qAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA402">p. 402</a>, citing <a href="#CITEREFBramsen1880">Bramsen (1880)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jKgVty_XFoC&pg=PA54">pp. 54–55</a>.The year-periods (nengō) do not ordinarily overlap with the reigns of the early monarchs; and generally, a new one was chosen whenever it was deemed necessary to commemorate an auspicious or ward off a malign event. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/">"The Japanese Calendar"</a>, National Diet Library, Japan </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071019050706/http://homepage1.nifty.com/gyouseinet/history/nengouichiran.htm">"年号一覧"</a> (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage1.nifty.com/gyouseinet/history/nengouichiran.htm">the original</a> on 19 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B7%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage1.nifty.com%2Fgyouseinet%2Fhistory%2Fnengouichiran.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/time/chrono/JapaneseDate.html">"JapaneseDate (Java Platform SE 8 )"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150515211441/https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/time/chrono/JapaneseDate.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JapaneseDate+%28Java+Platform+SE+8+%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.oracle.com%2Fjavase%2F8%2Fdocs%2Fapi%2Fjava%2Ftime%2Fchrono%2FJapaneseDate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/shawnste/2018/04/12/the-japanese-calendars-y2k-moment/">"The Japanese Calendar's Y2K Moment"</a>. 12 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Calendar%27s+Y2K+Moment&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.microsoft.com%2Fshawnste%2F2018%2F04%2F12%2Fthe-japanese-calendars-y2k-moment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/11-relnote-issues-5012449.html#JDK-8202088">"JDK 11 Release Notes, Important Changes, and Information"</a>. www.oracle.com. Retrieved 1 October 2018. <q>Japanese calendars, both in java.time.chrono and java.util packages support the upcoming Japanese new era, which will be in effect from May 1st, 2019. While the name of the era was yet to be known, placeholder names ("元号" for Japanese, "NewEra" for other languages) are provided for its display names. The placeholder names will be replaced with the legitimate era name, Reiwa, in a future update, thus applications should not depend on those placeholder names.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oracle.com&rft.atitle=JDK+11+Release+Notes%2C+Important+Changes%2C+and+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oracle.com%2Ftechnetwork%2Fjava%2Fjavase%2F11-relnote-issues-5012449.html%23JDK-8202088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKishida2018" class="citation web cs1">Kishida, Naoki (14 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dzone.com/articles/java-11-api-changes-so-far">"Java 11 API Change Proposals"</a>. DZone Java. Retrieved 1 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DZone+Java&rft.atitle=Java+11+API+Change+Proposals&rft.date=2018-07-14&rft.aulast=Kishida&rft.aufirst=Naoki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdzone.com%2Farticles%2Fjava-11-api-changes-so-far&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17429-sc2-n4577-japan-new-era.pdf">Request to reserve the code point for square Japanese new era name</a> (PDF), 19 December 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Request+to+reserve+the+code+point+for+square+Japanese+new+era+name&rft.date=2017-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2017%2F17429-sc2-n4577-japan-new-era.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Japan_National_Body2018" class="citation cs2">The Japan National Body (23 May 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4949-Japanese_new_era.pdf">Update on SC2 N4577 "Request to reserve the code point for square Japanese new era name"</a> (PDF)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Update+on+SC2+N4577+%22Request+to+reserve+the+code+point+for+square+Japanese+new+era+name%22&rft.date=2018-05-23&rft.au=The+Japan+National+Body&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fwg2%2Fdocs%2Fn4949-Japanese_new_era.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"RESOLUTION M 23-10", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink?func=ll&objId=19813998&objAction=Open">Resolutions of the 23rd ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 Plenary Meeting</a>, 28 June 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=RESOLUTION+M+23-10&rft.btitle=Resolutions+of+the+23rd+ISO%2FIEC+JTC+1%2FSC+2+Plenary+Meeting&rft.date=2018-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisotc.iso.org%2Flivelink%2Flivelink%3Ffunc%3Dll%26objId%3D19813998%26objAction%3DOpen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18056-future-adds.pdf">Future Additions to ISO/IEC 10646 (January 2018)</a> (PDF), 25 January 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Future+Additions+to+ISO%2FIEC+10646+%28January+2018%29&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2018%2F18056-future-adds.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html">"Proposed New Characters: Pipeline Table"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>. 30 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposed+New+Characters%3A+Pipeline+Table&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2018-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Falloc%2FPipeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhistler2018" class="citation cs2">Whistler, Ken (16 July 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18220-u121planning.txt">Unicode 12.1 Planning Considerations</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unicode+12.1+Planning+Considerations&rft.date=2018-07-16&rft.aulast=Whistler&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2018%2F18220-u121planning.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsuchihashi195216-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsuchihashi195216_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsuchihashi1952">Tsuchihashi (1952)</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA266">pp. 266–267</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a> pp. 132–133; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA47">pp. 47–50</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA268">pp. 268–269</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 135–136; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA58">pp. 58–59</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA270">pp. 270–271</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 137–140; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA60">pp. 60–63</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA271">p. 271</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, p. 140; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA63">pp. 63–65</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA271">pp. 271–272</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 140–141; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA65">pp. 65–67</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA272">pp. 272–273</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 141–143; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA67">pp. 67–73</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA274">pp. 274–275</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, p. 143; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA73">pp. 73–75</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA276">p. 276</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 144–147; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA78">pp. 78–81</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA276">pp. 276–277</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 147–148; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA81">pp. 81–85</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA277">pp. 277–279</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 148–150; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA86">pp. 86–95</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA279">pp. 279–280</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, p. 151; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA96">pp. 96–97</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA280">pp. 280–282</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 151–164; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA97">pp. 97–102</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA282">pp. 282–283</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, p. 164; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA103">pp. 103–106</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA283">pp. 283–284</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 164–165; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA106">pp. 106–112</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA285">pp. 285–286</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA112">pp. 112–115</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA286">pp. 286–288</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 166–170; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA115">pp. 115–121</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA288">pp. 288–289</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 170–171; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA121">pp. 121–124</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA289">p. 289</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 171–175; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA124">pp. 124–125</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA289">pp. 289–290</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 175–179; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA125">pp. 125–129</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA290">pp. 290–293</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 179–181; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA129">pp. 129–134</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA294">pp. 294–295</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 181–183; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134">pp. 134–138</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA295">pp. 295–298</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 183–190; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA139">pp. 139–142</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA298">p. 298</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 190–191; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA142">pp. 142–143</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA299">pp. 299–300</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 191–192; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA144">pp. 144–148</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA300">pp. 300–302</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, p. 192; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA148">pp. 148–149</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA302">pp. 302–307</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 192–195; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA150">pp. 150–154</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA307">p. 307</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, p. 195; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA154">pp. 154–155</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA307">pp. 307–310</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 195–196; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA156">pp. 156–160</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA310">pp. 310–311</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, p. 197; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA160">pp. 160–162</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA311">pp. 311–314</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 197–198; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA162">pp. 162–166</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA314">pp. 314–315</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 198–199; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA166">pp. 166–168</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA315">pp. 315–317</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 199–202; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA169">pp. 169–171</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA317">pp. 317–320</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, p. 202; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA172">pp. 172–178</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA320">pp. 320–322</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 203–204; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA178">pp. 178–181</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA322">pp. 322–324</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 204–205; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA181">pp. 181–185</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA324">pp. 324–326</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, p. 205; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA186">pp. 186–188</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA326">pp. 326–327</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 205–208; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA188">pp. 188–190</a>188–190. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA327">pp. 327–329</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 208–212; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA191">pp. 191–194</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-t194-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t194_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t194_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA329">pp. 329–330</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, p. 212; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA194">pp. 194–195</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA333">pp. 333–334</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 214–215; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA200">pp. 20–207</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA334">pp. 334–339</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 215–220; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA207">pp. 207–221</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA339">pp. 339–341</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, p. 220; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA221">pp. 221–230</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA341">pp. 341–343</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 221–223; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA230">pp. 230–238</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownIshida1979">Brown & Ishida (1979)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA344">pp. 344–349</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 226–227; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA238">pp. 238–241</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, p. 227; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA242">pp. 242–245</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 228–231; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA245">pp. 245–247</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 231–232; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA248">pp. 248–253</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 232–233; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA253">pp. 253–261</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 233–237; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA262">pp. 262–269</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 237–238; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA269">pp. 269–274</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 238–239; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA274">pp. 274–275</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, p. 239; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA275">pp. 275–278</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 239–241; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA278">pp. 278–281</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVarley1980">Varley (1980)</a>, pp. 241–269; <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA281">pp. 281–286</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA290">290–294</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA327">pp. 327–331</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA331">pp. 331–351</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA352">pp. 352–364</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA364">pp. 364–372</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA372">pp. 372–382</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA382">pp. 382–402</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA402">pp. 402–409</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA411">pp. 410–411</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA412">pp. 412–413</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA413">p. 413</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA414">pp. 414–415</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA415">pp. 415–416</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA416">pp. 416–417</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA417">pp. 417–418</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA418">pp. 418–419</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA419">p. 419</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA419">pp. 419–420</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA420">pp. 420–421</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTitsingh1834">Titsingh (1834)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA421">p. 421</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCurry" class="citation news cs1">McCurry, Justin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/01/reiwa-how-japans-new-era-name-is-breaking-tradition">"Reiwa: how Japan's new era name is breaking tradition"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reiwa%3A+how+Japan%27s+new+era+name+is+breaking+tradition&rft.aulast=McCurry&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fapr%2F01%2Freiwa-how-japans-new-era-name-is-breaking-tradition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSim" class="citation news cs1">Sim, Walter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/japan-to-unveil-new-imperial-era-name-in-worlds-oldest-monarchy">"Sign of the times: Japan picks Reiwa to succeed Heisei as new imperial era from May 1"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sign+of+the+times%3A+Japan+picks+Reiwa+to+succeed+Heisei+as+new+imperial+era+from+May+1&rft.aulast=Sim&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fasia%2Feast-asia%2Fjapan-to-unveil-new-imperial-era-name-in-worlds-oldest-monarchy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsaki" class="citation news cs1">Osaki, Tomohiro. "Reiwa: Japan reveals name of new era ahead of Emperor's abdication".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reiwa%3A+Japan+reveals+name+of+new+era+ahead+of+Emperor%27s+abdication&rft.aulast=Osaki&rft.aufirst=Tomohiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASM3Z4V6QM3ZUTFK007.html?iref=pc_extlink">"新元号は「令和」（れいわ）万葉集典拠、国書由来は初"</a>. Asahi News Digital (in Japanese). 1 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401175450/https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASM3Z4V6QM3ZUTFK007.html?iref=pc_extlink">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asahi+News+Digital&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E6%96%B0%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B7%E3%81%AF%E3%80%8C%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C%E3%80%8D%EF%BC%88%E3%82%8C%E3%81%84%E3%82%8F%EF%BC%89+%E4%B8%87%E8%91%89%E9%9B%86%E5%85%B8%E6%8B%A0%E3%80%81%E5%9B%BD%E6%9B%B8%E7%94%B1%E6%9D%A5%E3%81%AF%E5%88%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Farticles%2FASM3Z4V6QM3ZUTFK007.html%3Firef%3Dpc_extlink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/">"The Japanese Calendar"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Calendar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndl.go.jp%2Fkoyomi%2Fe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> "Jikkan Jūnishi" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA420">p. 420</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNengoCalc">NengoCalc</a> (655) 斉明 Saimei </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNengoCalc">NengoCalc</a> (622) 天智 Tenji </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNengoCalc">NengoCalc</a> (672) 弘文 Kōbun </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNengoCalc">NengoCalc</a> (673) 弘文 Tenmu </li> <li id="cite_note-Nussbaum-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Nussbaum_111-0">^</a> Compare <a href="#CITEREFNussbaum2005">Nussbaum (2005)</a> "Hakuhō" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA280">p. 280</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/h/hakuhoujidai.htm">"Hakuhou jidai"</a>. JAANUS (Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System). 2001. Retrieved 24 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JAANUS+%28Japanese+Architecture+and+Art+Net+Users+System%29&rft.atitle=Hakuhou+jidai&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisf.or.jp%2F~jaanus%2Fdeta%2Fh%2Fhakuhoujidai.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNengoCalc">NengoCalc</a> (687) 持統 Jitō </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNengoCalc">NengoCalc</a> (697) 文武 Monmu </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramsen1880" class="citation book cs1">Bramsen, William. (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_mk8aAAAAIAAJ">Japanese Chronological Tables: Showing the Date, According to the Julian or Gregorian Calendar, of the First Day of Each Japanese Month, from Tai-kwa 1st year to Mei-ji 6th year (645 AD to 1873 AD): with an Introductory Essay on Japanese Chronology and Calendars</a>. Tokyo: Seishi Bunsha. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35728014">35728014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Chronological+Tables%3A+Showing+the+Date%2C+According+to+the+Julian+or+Gregorian+Calendar%2C+of+the+First+Day+of+Each+Japanese+Month%2C+from+Tai-kwa+1st+year+to+Mei-ji+6th+year+%28645+AD+to+1873+AD%29%3A+with+an+Introductory+Essay+on+Japanese+Chronology+and+Calendars&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Seishi+Bunsha&rft.date=1880&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35728014&rft.aulast=Bramsen&rft.aufirst=William.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_mk8aAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownIshida1979" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Delmer M.; Ishida, Ichirō, eds. (1979). The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the Gukanshô, an interpretative history of Japan written in 1219. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03460-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03460-0"><bdi>978-0-520-03460-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/251325323">251325323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+and+the+Past%3A+a+translation+and+study+of+the+Gukansh%C3%B4%2C+an+interpretative+history+of+Japan+written+in+1219&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F251325323&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03460-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daijirin" title="Daijirin">Daijirin</a>, 2nd edition.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daijisen" title="Daijisen">Daijisen</a>, 1st edition.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Djien" title="Kōjien">Kōjien</a>, 5th edition.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1894" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Murray_(educator)" title="David Murray (educator)">Murray, David</a> (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japan01murrgoog">The Story of Japan</a>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1016340">1016340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Japan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1016340&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapan01murrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNengoCalc" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.me.com/meyer.eva/www.yukikurete.de/nengo_calc.htm">NengoCalc</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NengoCalc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.me.com%2Fmeyer.eva%2Fwww.yukikurete.de%2Fnengo_calc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> Online conversion of Japanese dates into their Western equivalents; calculation is based on tables from <a href="#CITEREFTsuchihashi1952">Tsuchihashi (1952)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFZöllner2003">Zöllner (2003)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNussbaum2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Frédéric">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric</a> (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Translated by Käthe Roth. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01753-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01753-5"><bdi>978-0-674-01753-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128">58053128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+encyclopedia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58053128&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01753-5&rft.aulast=Nussbaum&rft.aufirst=Louis-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ponsonby-Fane" title="Richard Ponsonby-Fane">Ponsonby-Fane, Richard</a>. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan">The Imperial House of Japan.</a> Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/194887">OCLC 194887</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTitsingh1834" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Nipon o daï itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon (in French). Translated by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh">Titsingh, Isaac</a>. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691">5850691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nipon+o+da%C3%AF+itsi+ran%3A+ou+Annales+des+empereurs+du+Japon&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Royal+Asiatic+Society%2C+Oriental+Translation+Fund+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.date=1834&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5850691&rft.aulast=Titsingh&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Nihon_%C5%8Cdai_Ichiran" title="Nihon Ōdai Ichiran">Nihon Ōdai Ichiran</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsuchihashi1952" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tuschihashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Tuschihashi">Tsuchihashi, Paul Yashita</a> (1952). Japanese chronological tables from 601 to 1872 (邦曆西曆對照表: 自推古九年至明治五年, Hōreki seireki taishōhyō: Suiko kyūnen yori Meiji gonen ni itaru) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Sophia University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/001291275">001291275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+chronological+tables+from+601+to+1872%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E9%82%A6%E6%9B%86%E8%A5%BF%E6%9B%86%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E8%A1%A8%3A+%E8%87%AA%E6%8E%A8%E5%8F%A4%E4%B9%9D%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B3%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%2C+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Hepburn+transliteration%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22ja-Latn%22%3EH%C5%8Dreki+seireki+taish%C5%8Dhy%C5%8D%3A+Suiko+ky%C5%ABnen+yori+Meiji+gonen+ni+itaru%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Sophia+University&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F001291275&rft.aulast=Tsuchihashi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Yashita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarley1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._Paul_Varley" title="H. Paul Varley">Varley, H. Paul</a> (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-04940-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-04940-5"><bdi>978-0-231-04940-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59145842">59145842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jinn%C5%8D+Sh%C5%8Dt%C5%8Dki%3A+A+Chronicle+of+Gods+and+Sovereigns&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59145842&rft.isbn=978-0-231-04940-5&rft.aulast=Varley&rft.aufirst=H.+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZöllner2003" class="citation book cs1">Zöllner, Reinhard (2003). Japanische Zeitrechnung: ein Handbuch. Munich: Iudicium Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783891297834" title="Special:BookSources/9783891297834"><bdi>9783891297834</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/249297777">249297777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanische+Zeitrechnung%3A+ein+Handbuch&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Iudicium+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F249297777&rft.isbn=9783891297834&rft.aulast=Z%C3%B6llner&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+era+name" class="Z3988"></li> <li>二中歴1 第一～第四（尊経閣善本影印集成） <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-8406-2314-7" title="Special:BookSources/4-8406-2314-7">4-8406-2314-7</a>.</li> <li>二中歴2 第五～第十（尊経閣善本影印集成） <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-8406-2315-5" title="Special:BookSources/4-8406-2315-5">4-8406-2315-5</a>.</li> <li>二中歴3 第十一～第十三（尊経閣善本影印集成） <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-8406-2316-3" title="Special:BookSources/4-8406-2316-3">4-8406-2316-3</a>.</li> <li>所功, (1977). 日本の年号　揺れ動く＜元号＞問題の原点. 雄山閣.</li> <li>井上清, (1989). 元号制批判やめよう元号を. 明石書店. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7503-0236-8" title="Special:BookSources/4-7503-0236-8">4-7503-0236-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_era_name&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yukikurete.de/nengo_calc.htm">Nengō converter</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_era_names_(nengō)_by_period" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_era_names" title="Template:Japanese era names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_era_names" title="Template talk:Japanese era names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_era_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese era names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_era_names_(nengō)_by_period" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese era names (nengō)</a> by period</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;;font-size:90%:;"><div id="538–1264" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">538–1264</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;">Heian (cont'd)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;">Heian (cont'd)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;">Heian (cont'd)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;">Heian (cont'd)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;">Kamakura (cont'd)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">645–650</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Taika_(era)" title="Taika (era)">Taika</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">650–654</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Hakuchi_(era)" title="Hakuchi (era)">Hakuchi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">686–686</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Shuch%C5%8D" title="Shuchō">Shuchō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">701–704</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_(era)" title="Taihō (era)">Taihō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">704–708</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Keiun" title="Keiun">Keiun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">708–715</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wad%C5%8D_(era)" title="Wadō (era)">Wadō</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">715–717</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Reiki_(era)" title="Reiki (era)">Reiki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">717–724</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dr%C5%8D" title="Yōrō">Yōrō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">724–729</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Jinki_(era)" title="Jinki (era)">Jinki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">729–749</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenpy%C5%8D" title="Tenpyō">Tenpyō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">749</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenpy%C5%8D-kanp%C5%8D" title="Tenpyō-kanpō">Tenpyō-kanpō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">749–757</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenpy%C5%8D-sh%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Tenpyō-shōhō">Tenpyō-shōhō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">757–765</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenpy%C5%8D-h%C5%8Dji" title="Tenpyō-hōji">Tenpyō-hōji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">765–767</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenpy%C5%8D-jingo" title="Tenpyō-jingo">Tenpyō-jingo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">767–770</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Jingo-keiun" title="Jingo-keiun">Jingo-keiun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">770–781</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dki" title="Hōki">Hōki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">781–782</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ten%27%C5%8D" title="Ten'ō">Ten'ō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">782–806</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enryaku" title="Enryaku">Enryaku</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">806–810</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Daid%C5%8D" title="Daidō">Daidō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">810–824</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dnin_(era)" title="Kōnin (era)">Kōnin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">824–834</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tench%C5%8D" title="Tenchō">Tenchō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">834–848</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dwa_(Heian_period)" title="Jōwa (Heian period)">Jōwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">848–851</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kash%C5%8D" title="Kashō">Kashō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">851–854</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ninju" title="Ninju">Ninju</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">854–857</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Saik%C5%8D" title="Saikō">Saikō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">857–859</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ten%27an" title="Ten'an">Ten'an</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">859–877</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dgan" title="Jōgan">Jōgan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">877–885</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gangy%C5%8D" title="Gangyō">Gangyō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">885–889</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ninna" title="Ninna">Ninna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">889–898</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kanpy%C5%8D_(era)" title="Kanpyō (era)">Kanpyō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">898–901</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dtai" title="Shōtai">Shōtai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">901–923</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Engi_(era)" title="Engi (era)">Engi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">923–931</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ench%C5%8D" title="Enchō">Enchō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">931–938</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dhei" title="Jōhei">Jōhei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">938–947</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tengy%C5%8D" title="Tengyō">Tengyō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">947–957</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenryaku" title="Tenryaku">Tenryaku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">957–961</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tentoku" title="Tentoku">Tentoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">961–964</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cwa" title="Ōwa">Ōwa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">964–968</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Kōhō">Kōhō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">968–970</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Anna_(era)" title="Anna (era)">Anna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">970–973</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenroku" title="Tenroku">Tenroku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">973–976</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ten%27en" title="Ten'en">Ten'en</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">976–978</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dgen_(Heian_period)" title="Jōgen (Heian period)">Jōgen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">978–983</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tengen_(era)" title="Tengen (era)">Tengen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">983–985</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eikan" title="Eikan">Eikan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">985–987</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kanna_(era)" title="Kanna (era)">Kanna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">987–988</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eien" title="Eien">Eien</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">988–990</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eiso_(era)" title="Eiso (era)">Eiso</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">990–995</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dryaku" title="Shōryaku">Shōryaku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">995–999</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dtoku" title="Chōtoku">Chōtoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">999–1004</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dh%C5%8D_(era)" title="Chōhō (era)">Chōhō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1004–1012</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kank%C5%8D" title="Kankō">Kankō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1012–1017</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dwa" title="Chōwa">Chōwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1017–1021</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kannin" title="Kannin">Kannin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1021–1024</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Jian_(era)" title="Jian (era)">Jian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1024–1028</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Manju_(era)" title="Manju (era)">Manju</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1028–1037</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dgen" title="Chōgen">Chōgen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1037–1040</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dryaku" title="Chōryaku">Chōryaku</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1040–1044</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dky%C5%AB" title="Chōkyū">Chōkyū</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1044–1046</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kantoku" title="Kantoku">Kantoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1046–1053</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eish%C5%8D_(Heian_period)" title="Eishō (Heian period)">Eishō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1053–1058</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tengi" title="Tengi">Tengi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1058–1065</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dhei" title="Kōhei">Kōhei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1065–1069</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Jiryaku" title="Jiryaku">Jiryaku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1069–1074</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enky%C5%AB" title="Enkyū">Enkyū</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1074–1077</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Jōhō">Jōhō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1077–1081</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dryaku" title="Jōryaku">Jōryaku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1081–1084</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eih%C5%8D" title="Eihō">Eihō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1084–1087</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctoku" title="Ōtoku">Ōtoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1087–1094</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji_(era)" title="Kanji (era)">Kanji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1094–1096</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kah%C5%8D" title="Kahō">Kahō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1096–1097</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eich%C5%8D" title="Eichō">Eichō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1097–1099</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dtoku" title="Jōtoku">Jōtoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1099–1104</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dwa_(Heian_period)" title="Kōwa (Heian period)">Kōwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1104–1106</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dji" title="Chōji">Chōji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1106–1108</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kaj%C5%8D" title="Kajō">Kajō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1108–1110</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tennin_(era)" title="Tennin (era)">Tennin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1110–1113</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ten%27ei" title="Ten'ei">Ten'ei</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1113–1118</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eiky%C5%AB" title="Eikyū">Eikyū</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1118–1120</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gen%27ei" title="Gen'ei">Gen'ei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1120–1124</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dan" title="Hōan">Hōan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1124–1126</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenji_(era)" title="Tenji (era)">Tenji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1126–1131</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Daiji_(era)" title="Daiji (era)">Daiji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1131–1132</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tensh%C5%8D_(Heian_period)" title="Tenshō (Heian period)">Tenshō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1132–1135</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D" title="Chōshō">Chōshō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1135–1141</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Den" title="Hōen">Hōen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1141–1142</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eiji_(era)" title="Eiji (era)">Eiji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1142–1144</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dji_(Heian_period)" title="Kōji (Heian period)">Kōji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1144–1145</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ten%27y%C5%8D" title="Ten'yō">Ten'yō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1145–1151</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABan" title="Kyūan">Kyūan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1151–1154</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ninpei" title="Ninpei">Ninpei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1154–1156</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABju" title="Kyūju">Kyūju</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1156–1159</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dgen_(era)" title="Hōgen (era)">Hōgen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1159–1160</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Heiji" title="Heiji">Heiji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1160–1161</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eiryaku" title="Eiryaku">Eiryaku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1161–1163</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ch%C5%8D" title="Ōhō">Ōhō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1163–1165</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dkan" title="Chōkan">Chōkan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1165–1166</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eiman" title="Eiman">Eiman</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1166–1169</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Nin%27an" title="Nin'an">Nin'an</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1169–1171</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%8D_(era)" title="Kaō (era)">Kaō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1171–1175</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dan_(era)" title="Jōan (era)">Jōan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1175–1177</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Angen" title="Angen">Angen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1177–1181</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Jish%C5%8D" title="Jishō">Jishō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1181–1182</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dwa" title="Yōwa">Yōwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1182–1184</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Juei" title="Juei">Juei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1184–1185</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Genryaku" title="Genryaku">Genryaku</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1185–1190</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunji_(era)" title="Bunji (era)">Bunji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1190–1199</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kenky%C5%AB" title="Kenkyū">Kenkyū</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1199–1201</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dji_(era)" title="Shōji (era)">Shōji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1201–1204</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kennin" title="Kennin">Kennin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1204–1206</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Genky%C5%AB" title="Genkyū">Genkyū</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1206–1207</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ken%27ei" title="Ken'ei">Ken'ei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1207–1211</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dgen_(Kamakura_period)" title="Jōgen (Kamakura period)">Jōgen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1211–1213</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kenryaku" title="Kenryaku">Kenryaku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1213–1219</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kempo_(era)" title="Kempo (era)">Kempo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1219–1222</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%AB" title="Jōkyū">Jōkyū</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1222–1224</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8D%C5%8D_(Kamakura_period)" title="Jōō (Kamakura period)">Jōō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1224–1225</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gennin" title="Gennin">Gennin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1225–1227</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Karoku" title="Karoku">Karoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1227–1229</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Antei" title="Antei">Antei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1229–1232</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kangi" title="Kangi">Kangi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1232–1233</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dei" title="Jōei">Jōei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1233–1234</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenpuku" title="Tenpuku">Tenpuku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1234–1235</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunryaku" title="Bunryaku">Bunryaku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1235–1238</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Katei" title="Katei">Katei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1238–1239</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ryakunin" title="Ryakunin">Ryakunin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1239–1240</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/En%27%C5%8D" title="En'ō">En'ō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1240–1243</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ninji" title="Ninji">Ninji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1243–1247</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kangen" title="Kangen">Kangen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1247–1249</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dji_(era)" title="Hōji (era)">Hōji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1249–1256</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kench%C5%8D" title="Kenchō">Kenchō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1256–1257</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dgen" title="Kōgen">Kōgen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1257–1259</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dka_(era)" title="Shōka (era)">Shōka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1259–1260</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgen" title="Shōgen">Shōgen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1260–1261</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bun%27%C5%8D" title="Bun'ō">Bun'ō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1261–1264</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Kōchō">Kōchō</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;;font-size:90%:;"><div id="1264–present" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1264–present</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura</a> (cont'd)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">Nanboku-chō</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;">Nanboku-chō</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;">Muromachi (cont'd)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Momoyama</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;">Edo (cont'd)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:lightsteelblue;text-align:left;">Modern Japan</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1264–1275</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bun%27ei" title="Bun'ei">Bun'ei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1275–1278</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kenji_(era)" title="Kenji (era)">Kenji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1278–1288</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan_(Kamakura_period)" title="Kōan (Kamakura period)">Kōan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1288–1293</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8D%C5%8D_(Kamakura_period)" title="Shōō (Kamakura period)">Shōō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1293–1299</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Einin" title="Einin">Einin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1299–1302</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dan" title="Shōan">Shōan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1302–1303</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kengen" title="Kengen">Kengen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1303–1306</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kagen" title="Kagen">Kagen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1306–1308</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tokuji" title="Tokuji">Tokuji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1308–1311</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enky%C5%8D_(Kamakura_period)" title="Enkyō (Kamakura period)">Enkyō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1311–1312</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cch%C5%8D" title="Ōchō">Ōchō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1312–1317</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_(1312%E2%80%931317)" title="Shōwa (1312–1317)">Shōwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1317–1319</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunp%C5%8D" title="Bunpō">Bunpō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1319–1321</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gen%27%C5%8D" title="Gen'ō">Gen'ō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1321–1324</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_(first)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genkō (first)">Genkō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1324–1326</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB_(era)" title="Shōchū (era)">Shōchū</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1326–1329</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Karyaku" title="Karyaku">Karyaku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1329–1331</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gentoku" title="Gentoku">Gentoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1331–1334</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_(second)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genkō (second)">Genkō</a>a</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1332–1333</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dky%C5%8D" title="Shōkyō">Shōkyō</a>b</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Court" title="Northern Court">Northern Court</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1334–1338</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kenmu" title="Kenmu">Kenmu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1338–1342</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ryaku%C5%8D" title="Ryakuō">Ryakuō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1342–1345</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dei" title="Kōei">Kōei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1345–1350</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dwa_(Muromachi_period)" title="Jōwa (Muromachi period)">Jōwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1350–1352</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kann%C5%8D" title="Kannō">Kannō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1352–1356</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunna" title="Bunna">Bunna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1356–1361</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enbun" title="Enbun">Enbun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1361–1362</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan_(Muromachi_period)" title="Kōan (Muromachi period)">Kōan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1362–1368</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dji" title="Jōji">Jōji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1368–1375</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Can" title="Ōan">Ōan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1375–1379</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eiwa" title="Eiwa">Eiwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1379–1381</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dryaku" title="Kōryaku">Kōryaku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1381–1384</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eitoku" title="Eitoku">Eitoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1384–1387</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Shitoku" title="Shitoku">Shitoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1387–1389</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kakei" title="Kakei">Kakei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1389–1390</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8D%C5%8D" title="Kōō">Kōō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1390–1394</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Meitoku" title="Meitoku">Meitoku</a>c</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Court" title="Southern Court">Southern Court</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1334–1336</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kenmu" title="Kenmu">Kenmu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1336–1340</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Engen" title="Engen">Engen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1340–1346</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dkoku" title="Kōkoku">Kōkoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1346–1370</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dhei" title="Shōhei">Shōhei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1370–1372</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kentoku" title="Kentoku">Kentoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1372–1375</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunch%C5%AB" title="Bunchū">Bunchū</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1375–1381</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenju" title="Tenju">Tenju</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1381–1384</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dwa_(Muromachi_period)" title="Kōwa (Muromachi period)">Kōwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1384–1392</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gench%C5%AB" title="Genchū">Genchū</a>c</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1394–1428</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cei" title="Ōei">Ōei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1428–1429</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Shōchō">Shōchō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1429–1441</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eiky%C5%8D" title="Eikyō">Eikyō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1441–1444</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kakitsu" title="Kakitsu">Kakitsu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1444–1449</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bun%27an" title="Bun'an">Bun'an</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1449–1452</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dtoku" title="Hōtoku">Hōtoku</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1452–1455</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dtoku" title="Kyōtoku">Kyōtoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1455–1457</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D" title="Kōshō">Kōshō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1457–1460</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Droku" title="Chōroku">Chōroku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1460–1466</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kansh%C5%8D" title="Kanshō">Kanshō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1466–1467</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunsh%C5%8D" title="Bunshō">Bunshō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1467–1469</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin" title="Ōnin">Ōnin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1469–1487</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunmei" title="Bunmei">Bunmei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1487–1489</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dky%C5%8D" title="Chōkyō">Chōkyō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1489–1492</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Entoku" title="Entoku">Entoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1492–1501</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mei%C5%8D" title="Meiō">Meiō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1501–1521</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunki" title="Bunki">Bunki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1504–1521</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eish%C5%8D_(Muromachi_period)" title="Eishō (Muromachi period)">Eishō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1521–1528</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Daiei_(era)" title="Daiei (era)">Daiei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1528–1532</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Droku" title="Kyōroku">Kyōroku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1532–1555</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenbun" title="Tenbun">Tenbun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1555–1558</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dji_(Muromachi_period)" title="Kōji (Muromachi period)">Kōji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1558–1570</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eiroku" title="Eiroku">Eiroku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1570–1573</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Genki_(era)" title="Genki (era)">Genki</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1573–1592</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tensh%C5%8D_(Momoyama_period)" title="Tenshō (Momoyama period)">Tenshō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1592–1596</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunroku" title="Bunroku">Bunroku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1596–1615</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Keich%C5%8D" title="Keichō">Keichō</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1615–1624</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Genna" title="Genna">Genna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1624–1644</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kan%27ei" title="Kan'ei">Kan'ei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1644–1648</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Shōhō">Shōhō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1648–1652</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Keian" title="Keian">Keian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1652–1655</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8D%C5%8D_(Edo_period)" title="Jōō (Edo period)">Jōō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1655–1658</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Meireki" title="Meireki">Meireki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1658–1661</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Manji_(era)" title="Manji (era)">Manji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1661–1673</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kanbun_(era)" title="Kanbun (era)">Kanbun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1673–1681</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enp%C5%8D" title="Enpō">Enpō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1681–1684</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenna" title="Tenna">Tenna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1684–1688</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%8D" title="Jōkyō">Jōkyō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1688–1704</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Genroku" title="Genroku">Genroku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1704–1711</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dei" title="Hōei">Hōei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1711–1716</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dtoku_(era)" title="Shōtoku (era)">Shōtoku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1716–1736</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Kyōhō">Kyōhō</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1736–1741</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Genbun" title="Genbun">Genbun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1741–1744</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kanp%C5%8D" title="Kanpō">Kanpō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1744–1748</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enky%C5%8D_(Edo_period)" title="Enkyō (Edo period)">Enkyō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1748–1751</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kan%27en" title="Kan'en">Kan'en</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1751–1764</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dreki" title="Hōreki">Hōreki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1764–1772</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Meiwa" title="Meiwa">Meiwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1772–1781</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/An%27ei" title="An'ei">An'ei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1781–1789</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenmei" title="Tenmei">Tenmei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1789–1801</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kansei" title="Kansei">Kansei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1801–1804</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dwa" title="Kyōwa">Kyōwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1804–1818</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunka" title="Bunka">Bunka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1818–1830</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunsei" title="Bunsei">Bunsei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1830–1844</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tenp%C5%8D" title="Tenpō">Tenpō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1844–1848</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dka" title="Kōka">Kōka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1848–1854</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kaei" title="Kaei">Kaei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1854–1860</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ansei" title="Ansei">Ansei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1860–1861</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Man%27en" title="Man'en">Man'en</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1861–1864</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bunky%C5%AB" title="Bunkyū">Bunkyū</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1864–1865</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Genji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genji (era)">Genji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1865–1868</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kei%C5%8D" title="Keiō">Keiō</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1868–1912</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1912–1926</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1926–1989</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">1989–2019</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:5.5em;background:transparent;padding-right:1.0em;text-align:right; font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;color:#555;white-space:nowrap;">2019–present</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;;background:lightsteelblue;font-size:90%;"><div> <ul><li>a Not recognized by the Northern Court, which retained <a href="/wiki/Gentoku" title="Gentoku">Gentoku</a> until 1332.</li> <li>b Not recognized by the Southern Court.</li> <li>c Genchū discontinued upon <a href="/wiki/Northern_Court#Re-unification_of_Imperial_Courts" title="Northern Court">reunification of the Northern and Southern Courts</a> in 1392 and Meitoku retained until 1394.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Calendars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calendars" title="Template:Calendars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calendars" title="Template talk:Calendars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Calendars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In wide use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Lunar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In more limited use</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_calendar" title="Akan calendar">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_calendar" title="Assamese calendar">Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí</a> <ul><li>Badí‘</li></ul></li> <li>Bali <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pawukon_calendar" title="Pawukon calendar">Pawukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi calendar">Bangladeshi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borana_calendar" title="Borana calendar">Borana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthly_Branches" title="Earthly Branches">Earthly Branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Stems" title="Heavenly Stems">Heavenly Stems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">Solar term</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_holidays" title="Heathen holidays">Germanic heathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calendar" title="Georgian calendar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_calendar" title="Hmong calendar">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalali_calendar" title="Jalali calendar">Jalali</a> <ul><li>medieval</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Irish</a> <ul><li>Gaelic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasli_calendar" title="Fasli calendar">Fasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabular_Islamic_calendar" title="Tabular Islamic calendar">Tabular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar">Juche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_calendar" title="Kurdish calendar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_calendar" title="Lithuanian calendar">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_Panchang" title="Tirhuta Panchang">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar" title="Mandaean calendar">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_calendar" title="Meitei calendar">Manipuri (Meitei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_calendar" title="Melanau calendar">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calendar" title="Mongolian calendar">Mongolian</a></li> <li>Nepal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_Sambat" title="Yele Sambat">Yele Sambat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a#Nisga’a_calendar/life" title="Nisga'a">Nisg̱a'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_calendar" title="Odia calendar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_calendar" title="Punjabi calendar">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_calendar" title="Romanian calendar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_calendar" title="Shona calendar">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_calendar" title="Somali calendar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_calendar" title="Sotho calendar">Sesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_calendar" title="Slavic calendar">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_calendars_and_holidays" title="Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_months" title="Macedonian months">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_calendar" title="Thai calendar">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_calendar" title="Tripuri calendar">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_calendar" title="Tulu calendar">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calendar" title="Vietnamese calendar">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_calendar" title="Xhosa calendar">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_calendar" title="Zulu calendar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runic_calendar" title="Runic calendar">Runic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar round">Calendar round</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Christian variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian and Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabian_calendar" title="Pre-Islamic Arabian calendar">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dnalp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Tōnalpōhualli">Tōnalpōhualli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Xiuhpōhualli">Xiuhpōhualli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_calendar" title="Bulgar calendar">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_calendar" title="Cham calendar">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Sakarat" title="Chula Sakarat">Culāsakaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coligny_calendar" title="Coligny calendar">Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_calendar" title="Enoch calendar">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_calendar" title="Florentine calendar">Florentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca calendar">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_calendar" title="Ancient Macedonian calendar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecontad_calendar" title="Pentecontad calendar">Pentecontad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisan_calendar" title="Pisan calendar">Pisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts" title="Qumran calendrical texts">Qumran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_calendar" title="Rapa Nui calendar">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_calendar" title="Rumi calendar">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Sexagenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_calendar" title="Soviet calendar">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_calendar" title="Swedish calendar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_renaming_of_Turkmen_months_and_days_of_week" title="2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By specialty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a> <ul><li>anthropological</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a> <ul><li>historiographical</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian_calendar" title="Darian calendar">Darian</a> <ul><li>Martian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamspell" title="Dreamspell">Dreamspell</a> <ul><li>New Age</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Pataphysics#Pataphysical_calendar" title="'Pataphysics">'Pataphysical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_reform" title="Calendar reform">Reform proposals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanke%E2%80%93Henry_Permanent_Calendar" title="Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar">Hanke–Henry Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar" title="International Fixed Calendar">International Fixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Calendar" title="Pax Calendar">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_calendar" title="Positivist calendar">Positivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry454" title="Symmetry454">Symmetry454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Calendar" title="World Calendar">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Displays and applications</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendaring_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendaring software">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_calendar" title="Perpetual calendar">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(stationery)" title="Calendar (stationery)">Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Year naming and numbering</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">Epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a>/<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Lucis" title="Anno Lucis">Anno Lucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_the_Martyrs" title="Era of the Martyrs">Anno Martyrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym_dating_system" title="Eponym dating system">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Chinese Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijri year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human (Holocene)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirayana_system" title="Nirayana system">Nirayana system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yugas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discworld_(world)#Calendar" title="Discworld (world)">Discworld</a> (<a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanaess#Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanaess">Greyhawk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-earth calendar">Middle-earth</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardate" title="Stardate">Stardate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List of calendars</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Calendars" title="Category:Calendars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chronology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chronology" title="Template:Chronology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chronology" title="Template talk:Chronology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chronology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">Eras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (reference date)">Epochs</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar eras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_era" title="Bosporan era">Bosporan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostran_era" title="Bostran era">Bostran era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Caesar_(Iberian_Peninsula)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era of Caesar (Iberian Peninsula)">Era of Caesar (Iberia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">Before present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sothic_cycle" title="Sothic cycle">Sothic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar#Short_Count" title="Maya calendar">Short Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolk'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haab%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Haab'">Haab'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Kings" title="Canon of Kings">Canon of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regnal_lists" title="Category:Regnal lists">Lists of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limmu" title="Limmu">Limmu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Era names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Pre-Julian / Julian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Pre-Julian Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Original Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised Julian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Gregorian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style and New Style dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Adoption of the Gregorian calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_dating" title="Dual dating">Dual dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical year numbering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Chinese sexagenary cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_Calendar" title="Geologic Calendar">Geologic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO week date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_count" title="Winter count">Winter count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_Time" title="New Earth Time">New Earth Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#fff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Calendar" title="Cosmic Calendar">Cosmic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">Ephemeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale#Terminology" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standard_Stratigraphic_Age" title="Global Standard Stratigraphic Age">Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronostratigraphy" title="Chronostratigraphy">Chronostratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_geochemistry" title="Isotope geochemistry">Isotope geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_superposition" title="Law of superposition">Law of superposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93neodymium_dating" title="Samarium–neodymium dating">Samarium–neodymium dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">Absolute dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_dating" title="Amino acid dating">Amino acid racemisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeomagnetic_dating" title="Archaeomagnetic dating">Archaeomagnetic dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Ice core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_dating" title="Incremental dating">Incremental dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichenometry" title="Lichenometry">Lichenometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">Paleomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Lead–lead dating">Lead–lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%93Ar_dating" title="K–Ar dating">Potassium–argon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Uranium–lead dating">Uranium–lead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrochronology" title="Tephrochronology">Tephrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoluminescence_dating" title="Thermoluminescence dating">Thermoluminescence dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Relative_dating" title="Relative dating">Relative dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_absorption_dating" title="Fluorine absorption dating">Fluorine absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dating" title="Nitrogen dating">Nitrogen dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian_hydration_dating" title="Obsidian hydration dating">Obsidian hydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriation_(archaeology)" title="Seriation (archaeology)">Seriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy_(archaeology)" title="Stratigraphy (archaeology)">Stratigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Genetic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">Molecular clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Linguistic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Chronology_(Fomenko)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Chronology (Fomenko)">New Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronoptic_view" title="Synchronoptic view">Synchronoptic view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">Floruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminus_post_quem" title="Terminus post quem">Terminus post quem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASPRO_chronology" title="ASPRO chronology">ASPRO chronology</a></li></ul> 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