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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria_&_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria_&_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Austria & Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria_&_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland_&_Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland_&_Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Poland & Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland_&_Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monastic_libraries_in_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monastic_libraries_in_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Monastic libraries in England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monastic_libraries_in_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benedictine_vows_and_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benedictine_vows_and_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Benedictine vows and life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benedictine_vows_and_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other orders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Benedictines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Benedictines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable Benedictines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_Benedictines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable Benedictines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_Benedictines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Male_Saints_and_Blesseds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male_Saints_and_Blesseds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Male Saints and Blesseds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male_Saints_and_Blesseds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Popes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founders_of_abbeys_and_congregations_and_prominent_reformers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founders_of_abbeys_and_congregations_and_prominent_reformers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Founders of abbeys and congregations and prominent reformers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founders_of_abbeys_and_congregations_and_prominent_reformers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholars,_historians,_and_spiritual_writers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholars,_historians,_and_spiritual_writers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Scholars, historians, and spiritual writers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholars,_historians,_and_spiritual_writers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maurists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maurists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Maurists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maurists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bishops_and_martyrs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bishops_and_martyrs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Bishops and martyrs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bishops_and_martyrs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twentieth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Twentieth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twentieth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benedictine_Dames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benedictine_Dames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Benedictine Dames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benedictine_Dames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oblates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oblates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Oblates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oblates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktiner" title="Benediktiner – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Benediktiner" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الرهبنة البندكتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الرهبنة البندكتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orden_de_Sant_Benedet" title="Orden de Sant Benedet – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Orden de Sant Benedet" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_de_San_Benitu" title="Orde de San Benitu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Orde de San Benitu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Бенедыкцінцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бенедыкцінцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Бенедиктински орден – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бенедиктински орден" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktinaordn" title="Benediktinaordn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Benediktinaordn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktinci" title="Benediktinci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Benediktinci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urzh_Sant_Benead" title="Urzh Sant Benead – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Urzh Sant Benead" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_de_Sant_Benet" title="Orde de Sant Benet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orde de Sant Benet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бенедиктинсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бенедиктинсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%A1d_svat%C3%A9ho_Benedikta" title="Řád svatého Benedikta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řád svatého Benedikta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdd_Sant_Bened" title="Urdd Sant Bened – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Urdd Sant Bened" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktinerordenen" title="Benediktinerordenen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Benediktinerordenen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktiner" title="Benediktiner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Benediktiner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktlased" title="Benediktlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Benediktlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Τάγμα του Αγίου Βενέδικτου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τάγμα του Αγίου Βενέδικτου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orden_de_San_Benito" title="Orden de San Benito – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orden de San Benito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktanoj" title="Benediktanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Benediktanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Benediktoren_Ordena" title="San Benediktoren Ordena – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="San Benediktoren Ordena" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA" title="نظام سنت بندیکت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نظام سنت بندیکت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktsskipanin" title="Benediktsskipanin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Benediktsskipanin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_de_Saint-Beno%C3%AEt" title="Ordre de Saint-Benoît – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ordre de Saint-Benoît" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktinen" title="Benediktinen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Benediktinen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinidictigh" title="Beinidictigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beinidictigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_de_San_Bieito" title="Orde de San Bieito – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Orde de San Bieito" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%84%A4%EB%94%95%EB%8F%84%ED%9A%8C" title="베네딕도회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베네딕도회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բենեդիկտյան միաբանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բենեդիկտյան միաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktinci" title="Benediktinci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Benediktinci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktano" title="Benediktano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Benediktano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordo_Santo_Benediktus" title="Ordo Santo Benediktus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ordo Santo Benediktus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktsregla" title="Benediktsregla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Benediktsregla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordine_di_San_Benedetto" title="Ordine di San Benedetto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ordine di San Benedetto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בנדיקטינים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנדיקטינים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_ki%C9%96e%C9%96eu_%C9%9Byaa" title="Benoît kiɖeɖeu ɛyaa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Benoît kiɖeɖeu ɛyaa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabenedikto" title="Wabenedikto – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wabenedikto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordo_Sancti_Benedicti" title="Ordo Sancti Benedicti – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ordo Sancti Benedicti" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktie%C5%A1u_ordenis" title="Benediktiešu ordenis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Benediktiešu ordenis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktiner" title="Benediktiner – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Benediktiner" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktinai" title="Benediktinai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Benediktinai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benc%C3%A9sek" title="Bencések – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bencések" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikambanan%27_ny_Benediktina" title="Fikambanan' ny Benediktina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fikambanan' ny Benediktina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%87" title="البندكتيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البندكتيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictijnen" title="Benedictijnen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Benedictijnen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%8D%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E4%BC%9A" title="ベネディクト会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベネディクト会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktinerordenen" title="Benediktinerordenen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Benediktinerordenen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktinarordenen" title="Benediktinarordenen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Benediktinarordenen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rdin_dij_beneditin" title="Órdin dij beneditin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Órdin dij beneditin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedyktyni" title="Benedyktyni – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Benedyktyni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordem_de_S%C3%A3o_Bento" title="Ordem de São Bento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ordem de São Bento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinul_benedictin" title="Ordinul benedictin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ordinul benedictin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Бенедиктинцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бенедиктинцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92rdine_de_Santu_Beneitu" title="Òrdine de Santu Beneitu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Òrdine de Santu Beneitu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktin%C3%ABt" title="Benediktinët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Benediktinët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine" title="Benedictine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Benedictine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1d_sv%C3%A4t%C3%A9ho_Benedikta" title="Rád svätého Benedikta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rád svätého Benedikta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktinci" title="Benediktinci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Benediktinci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Бенедиктинци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бенедиктинци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktinci" title="Benediktinci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Benediktinci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktiinit" title="Benediktiinit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Benediktiinit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktinorden" title="Benediktinorden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Benediktinorden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88" title="புனித ஆசிர்வாதப்பர் சபை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புனித ஆசிர்வாதப்பர் சபை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="คณะเบเนดิกติน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คณะเบเนดิกติน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikten_Tarikat%C4%B1" title="Benedikten Tarikatı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Benedikten Tarikatı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96" title="Бенедиктинці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бенедиктинці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92rdane_de_San_Ben%C3%A9to" title="Òrdane de San Benéto – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Òrdane de San Benéto" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%AC%83%E4%BC%9A" title="本笃会 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="本笃会" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%AF%A4%E6%9C%83" title="本篤會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="本篤會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%AC%83%E4%BC%9A" title="本笃会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="本笃会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131132#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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order</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about monastic order of the Catholic Church. For similar monastic orders of the Eastern Orthodox Church, see <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict_(Orthodox)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Benedict (Orthodox)">Order of Saint Benedict (Orthodox)</a>. For similar monastic orders of the Anglican Communion, see <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Benedict_(Anglican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Benedict (Anglican)">Order of St. Benedict (Anglican)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Benedictine (disambiguation)">Benedictine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"O.S.B." redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/OSB_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="OSB (disambiguation)">OSB</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Black Monks" redirects here. For the Black Friars, see <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/OSBM" class="mw-redirect" title="OSBM">OSBM, the Order of St Basil the Great (Ukrainian Greek Catholic)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Order of Saint Benedict</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="la">Ordo Sancti Benedicti</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Order_of_Saint_Benedict_(simple).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Order_of_Saint_Benedict_%28simple%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Order_of_Saint_Benedict_%28simple%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Order_of_Saint_Benedict_%28simple%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Order_of_Saint_Benedict_%28simple%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Order_of_Saint_Benedict_%28simple%29.svg/320px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Order_of_Saint_Benedict_%28simple%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="989" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Coat of arms of the order</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Benedict_Medal_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Saint_Benedict_Medal_icon.svg/220px-Saint_Benedict_Medal_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Saint_Benedict_Medal_icon.svg/330px-Saint_Benedict_Medal_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Saint_Benedict_Medal_icon.svg/440px-Saint_Benedict_Medal_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="296" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Design on the obverse side of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Benedict_Medal" title="Saint Benedict Medal">Saint Benedict Medal</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">O.S.B.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">529<span class="noprint">; 1495 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">529</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded at</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Subiaco_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Subiaco Abbey">Subiaco Abbey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_religious_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic religious order">Catholic religious order</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anselmo_all%27Aventino" title="Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino">Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Members </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,802 (3,419 priests) as of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit">[update]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Abbot_Primate" title="Abbot Primate">Abbot Primate</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Jeremias Schröder"> Jeremias Schröder, OSB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main organ</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Confederation" title="Benedictine Confederation">Benedictine Confederation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organization</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osb.org">osb<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Benedictines</b>, officially the <b>Order of Saint Benedict</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Ordo Sancti Benedicti</i>, abbreviated as <b>O.S.B.</b> or <b>OSB</b>), are a mainly <a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">contemplative</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">monastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">order</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> for men and for women who follow the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict" title="Rule of Saint Benedict">Rule of Saint Benedict</a>. Initiated in 529 they are the oldest of all the religious orders in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The male religious are also sometimes called the <b>Black Monks</b>, especially in English speaking countries, after the colour of their <a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">habits</a>. Not all Benedictines wear black, however, with some like the <a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a> wearing white.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were founded by <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a>, a 6th-century Italian monk who laid the foundations of Benedictine monasticism through the formulation of his Rule. Benedict's sister, <a href="/wiki/Scholastica" title="Scholastica">Scholastica</a>, possibly his twin, also became a religious from an early age, but chose to live as a <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a>. They retained a close relationship until her death.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite being called an order, the Benedictines do not operate under a single hierarchy but are instead organized as a collection of autonomous monasteries and convents, some known as <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbeys</a>. The order is represented internationally by the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Confederation" title="Benedictine Confederation">Benedictine Confederation</a>, an organization set up in 1893 to represent the order's shared interests. They do not have a <a href="/wiki/Superior_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior general">superior general</a> or <a href="/wiki/Motherhouse" title="Motherhouse">motherhouse</a> with universal jurisdiction but elect an <a href="/wiki/Abbot_Primate" title="Abbot Primate">Abbot Primate</a> to represent themselves to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> and to the world. </p><p>Benedictine <a href="/wiki/Nuns" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuns">nuns</a> are given the title <a href="/wiki/Dame" title="Dame">Dame</a> in preference to <a href="/wiki/Sister_(religious)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister (religious)">Sister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fra_Angelico_031.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fra_Angelico_031.jpg/220px-Fra_Angelico_031.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fra_Angelico_031.jpg/330px-Fra_Angelico_031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fra_Angelico_031.jpg/440px-Fra_Angelico_031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2468" /></a><figcaption>Saint Benedict of Nursia (c. 480–543). Detail from a <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a> (c. 1400–1455) in the <a href="/wiki/San_Marco,_Florence" title="San Marco, Florence">Friary of San Marco</a> <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The monastery at <a href="/wiki/Subiaco,_Lazio" title="Subiaco, Lazio">Subiaco</a> in Italy, established by <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 529, was the first of the dozen monasteries he founded. He later founded the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Monte_Cassino" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Monte Cassino">Abbey of Monte Cassino</a>. There is no evidence, however, that he intended to found an order and the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict" title="Rule of Saint Benedict">Rule of Saint Benedict</a> presupposes the autonomy of each community. When Monte Cassino was sacked by the Lombards about the year 580, the monks fled to Rome, and it seems probable that this constituted an important factor in the diffusion of a knowledge of Benedictine monasticism.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copies of Benedict's Rule survived; around 594 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> spoke favorably of it. The rule is subsequently found in some monasteries in southern Gaul along with other rules used by abbots.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a> says that at <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Martin_d%27Ainay#Ainay_Abbey" title="Basilica of Saint-Martin d'Ainay">Ainay Abbey</a>, in the sixth century, the monks "followed the rules of Basil, Cassian, Caesarius, and other fathers, taking and using whatever seemed proper to the conditions of time and place", and doubtless the same liberty was taken with the Benedictine Rule when it reached them. In Gaul and Switzerland, it gradually supplemented the much stricter Irish or Celtic Rule introduced by <a href="/wiki/Columbanus" title="Columbanus">Columbanus</a> and others. In many monasteries it eventually entirely displaced the earlier codes.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abad%C3%ADa_de_Montecassino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Abad%C3%ADa_de_Montecassino.jpg/220px-Abad%C3%ADa_de_Montecassino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Abad%C3%ADa_de_Montecassino.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="191" /></a><figcaption>Abbey of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By the ninth century, however, the Benedictine had become the standard form of monastic life throughout the whole of Western Europe, excepting Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, where the Celtic observance still prevailed for another century or two.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Largely through the work of <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a>, it became the rule of choice for monasteries throughout the Carolingian empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Theisen_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theisen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monastic scriptoria flourished from the ninth through the twelfth centuries. Sacred Scripture was always at the heart of every monastic scriptorium. As a general rule those of the monks who possessed skill as writers made this their chief, if not their sole, active work. An anonymous writer of the ninth or tenth century speaks of six hours a day as the usual task of a scribe, which would absorb almost all the time available for active work in the day of a medieval monk.<sup id="cite_ref-CE1913_Scriptorium_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE1913_Scriptorium-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Middle Ages monasteries were often founded by the nobility. <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Abbey" title="Cluny Abbey">Cluny Abbey</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/William_I,_Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="William I, Duke of Aquitaine">William I, Duke of Aquitaine</a> in 910. The abbey was noted for its strict adherence to the Rule of Saint Benedict. The abbot of Cluny was the superior of all the daughter houses, through appointed priors.<sup id="cite_ref-Theisen_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theisen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest reforms of Benedictine practice was that initiated in 980 by <a href="/wiki/Romuald" title="Romuald">Romuald</a>, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldolese</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a> branched off from the Benedictines in 1098; they are often called the "White monks".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dominance of the Benedictine monastic way of life began to decline towards the end of the twelfth century, which saw the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">mendicant</a> <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> and nomadic <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Theisen_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theisen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benedictines by contrast, took a vow of "stability", which professed loyalty to a particular foundation in a particular location. Not being bound by location, the mendicants were better able to respond to an increasingly "urban" environment. This decline was further exacerbated by the practice of appointing a commendatory abbot, a lay person, appointed by a noble to oversee and to protect the assets of the monastery. Often, however, this resulted in the appropriation of the assets of monasteries at the expense of the community which they were intended to support.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria_&_Germany"><span id="Austria_.26_Germany"></span>Austria & Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Austria & Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melk_-_Stift_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Melk_-_Stift_%282%29.JPG/220px-Melk_-_Stift_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Melk_-_Stift_%282%29.JPG/330px-Melk_-_Stift_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Melk_-_Stift_%282%29.JPG/440px-Melk_-_Stift_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4130" data-file-height="2617" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Melk" title="Melk">Melk</a> Abbey</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Saint_Blaise_Abbey,_Black_Forest" title="Saint Blaise Abbey, Black Forest">Saint Blaise Abbey</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> is believed to have been founded around the latter part of the tenth century. Between 1070 and 1073 there seem to have been contacts between St. Blaise and the Cluniac <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Fruttuaria" title="Abbey of Fruttuaria">Abbey of Fruttuaria</a> in Italy, which led to St. Blaise following the Fruttuarian reforms. The <a href="/wiki/Empress_Agnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Agnes">Empress Agnes</a> was a patron of Fruttuaria, and retired there in 1065 before moving to Rome. The Empress was instrumental in introducing Fruttuaria's Benedictine customs, as practiced at Cluny, to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Blaise_Abbey,_Black_Forest" title="Saint Blaise Abbey, Black Forest">Saint Blaise Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other houses either reformed by, or founded as priories of, St. Blasien were <a href="/wiki/Muri_Abbey" title="Muri Abbey">Muri Abbey</a> (1082), <a href="/wiki/Ochsenhausen_Abbey" title="Ochsenhausen Abbey">Ochsenhausen Abbey</a> (1093), <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttweig_Abbey" title="Göttweig Abbey">Göttweig Abbey</a> (1094), <a href="/wiki/Stein_am_Rhein" title="Stein am Rhein">Stein am Rhein</a> Abbey (before 1123) and <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm_Abbey" title="Prüm Abbey">Prüm Abbey</a> (1132). It also had significant influence on the abbeys of <a href="/wiki/Alpirsbach_Abbey" title="Alpirsbach Abbey">Alpirsbach</a> (1099), <a href="/wiki/Ettenheim" title="Ettenheim">Ettenheimm</a>ünster (1124) and <a href="/wiki/Sulzburg" title="Sulzburg">Sulzburg</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1125</span>), and the priories of Weitenau (now part of <a href="/wiki/Steinen,_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Steinen, Baden-Württemberg">Steinen</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span>), <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgel_Abbey" title="Bürgel Abbey">Bürgel</a> (before 1130) and <a href="/wiki/Kandern#Sitzenkirch" title="Kandern">Sitzenkirch</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1130</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eglise_abbatiale_Saint-Benoit_-_Ensemble_sud_-_Saint-Beno%C3%AEt-sur-Loire_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APMH00003809.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Eglise_abbatiale_Saint-Benoit_-_Ensemble_sud_-_Saint-Beno%C3%AEt-sur-Loire_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APMH00003809.jpg/220px-Eglise_abbatiale_Saint-Benoit_-_Ensemble_sud_-_Saint-Beno%C3%AEt-sur-Loire_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APMH00003809.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Eglise_abbatiale_Saint-Benoit_-_Ensemble_sud_-_Saint-Beno%C3%AEt-sur-Loire_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APMH00003809.jpg/330px-Eglise_abbatiale_Saint-Benoit_-_Ensemble_sud_-_Saint-Beno%C3%AEt-sur-Loire_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APMH00003809.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Eglise_abbatiale_Saint-Benoit_-_Ensemble_sud_-_Saint-Beno%C3%AEt-sur-Loire_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APMH00003809.jpg/440px-Eglise_abbatiale_Saint-Benoit_-_Ensemble_sud_-_Saint-Beno%C3%AEt-sur-Loire_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APMH00003809.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Abbey" title="Fleury Abbey">Abbatiale Saint-Benoit</a>, southern aspect as in 1893</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_Saint-Martin_d%27Ainay_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Basilique_Saint-Martin_d%27Ainay_I.jpg/220px-Basilique_Saint-Martin_d%27Ainay_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Basilique_Saint-Martin_d%27Ainay_I.jpg/330px-Basilique_Saint-Martin_d%27Ainay_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Basilique_Saint-Martin_d%27Ainay_I.jpg/440px-Basilique_Saint-Martin_d%27Ainay_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4001" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Basilica of Saint-Martin d'Ainay</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Abbey" title="Fleury Abbey">Fleury Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Beno%C3%AEt-sur-Loire" title="Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire">Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loiret" title="Loiret">Loiret</a> was founded in about 640.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the most celebrated Benedictine monasteries of Western Europe, and possesses the relics of St. Benedict. Like many Benedictine abbeys it was located on the banks of a river, here the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ainey Abbey is a ninth century foundation on the <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> peninsula. In the twelfth century on the current site there was a <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">romanesque monastery</a>, subsequently rebuilt. </p><p>The seventeenth century saw a number of Benedictine foundations for women, some dedicated to the indigent to save them from a life of exploitation, others dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Adoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual Adoration">Perpetual Adoration</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Sacrament" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Sacrament">Blessed Sacrament</a> such as the one established by <a href="/wiki/Mechtilde_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Mechtilde of the Blessed Sacrament">Catherine de Bar</a> (1614–1698).<sup id="cite_ref-silver_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silver-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1688 Dame Mechtilde de Bar assisted <a href="/wiki/Marie_Casimire_Louise_de_La_Grange_d%27Arquien" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien">Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien</a>, queen consort of Poland, to establish a Benedictine foundation in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abbeys were among the institutions of the Catholic Church swept away during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Monasteries and convents were again allowed to form in the 19th century under the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>. Later that century, under the <a href="/wiki/Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">Third French Republic</a>, laws were enacted preventing religious teaching. The original intent was to allow secular schools. Thus in 1880 and 1882, Benedictine teaching monks were effectively exiled; this was not completed until 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chadwick1998_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadwick1998-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1898 Marie-Adèle Garnier, in religion, Mother Marie de Saint-Pierre, founded in <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a> (<i>Mount of the Martyr</i>), <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> a Benedictine house.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Waldeck-Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="René Waldeck-Rousseau">Waldeck-Rousseau</a>'s <i>Law of Associations</i>, passed in 1901, placed severe restrictions on religious bodies which were obliged to leave France. Garnier and her community relocated to another place associated with executions, this time it was in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, near the site of <a href="/wiki/Tyburn#Tyburn_gallows" title="Tyburn">Tyburn tree</a> where 105 Catholic martyrs—including <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Plunkett" title="Oliver Plunkett">Saint Oliver Plunkett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Campion" title="Edmund Campion">Saint Edmund Campion</a> had been executed during the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>. A stone's throw from <a href="/wiki/Marble_Arch" title="Marble Arch">Marble Arch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Adorers_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Montmartre" class="mw-redirect" title="Adorers of the Sacred Heart of Montmartre">Tyburn Convent</a> is now the Mother House of the Congregation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland_&_Lithuania"><span id="Poland_.26_Lithuania"></span>Poland & Lithuania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Poland & Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bellotto_New_Town_Market_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bellotto_New_Town_Market_Square.jpg/220px-Bellotto_New_Town_Market_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bellotto_New_Town_Market_Square.jpg/330px-Bellotto_New_Town_Market_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bellotto_New_Town_Market_Square.jpg/440px-Bellotto_New_Town_Market_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2333" data-file-height="1831" /></a><figcaption>Benedictine church in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>'s New Town, depicted by <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bellotto" title="Bernardo Bellotto">Bellotto</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Benedictines are thought to have arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1025-1031)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1025-1031)">Kingdom of Poland</a> in the 11th-century. One of the earliest foundations is <a href="/wiki/Tyniec" title="Tyniec">Tyniec Abbey</a> on a promontory by the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> river. The Tyniec monks led the translation of the Bible into Polish vernacular. Other surviving Benedictine houses can be found in <a href="/wiki/Stary_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Stary Kraków">Stary Kraków Village</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biskup%C3%B3w" title="Biskupów">Biskupów</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lubi%C5%84,_Ko%C5%9Bcian_County" title="Lubiń, Kościan County">Lubiń</a>. Older foundations are in <a href="/wiki/Mogilno" title="Mogilno">Mogilno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trzemeszno" title="Trzemeszno">Trzemeszno</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czyca" title="Łęczyca">Łęczyca</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%81ysa_G%C3%B3ra" title="Łysa Góra">Łysa Góra</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Opactwo" class="mw-redirect" title="Opactwo">Opactwo</a>, among others. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> the city of <a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock" title="Płock">Płock</a>, also on the Vistula, had a successful monastery, which played a significant role in the local economy. In the 18th-century benedictine convents were opened for women, notably in Warsaw's New Town.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A 15th-century Benedictine foundation can be found in <a href="/wiki/Senieji_Trakai" title="Senieji Trakai">Senieji Trakai</a>, a village in Eastern <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rheinau_Abbey" title="Rheinau Abbey">Kloster Rheinau</a> was a Benedictine monastery in Rheinau in the Canton of Zürich, Switzerland, founded in about 778.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abbey of <a href="/wiki/Engelberg_Abbey" title="Engelberg Abbey">Our Lady of the Angels</a> was founded in 1120.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/English_Benedictine_Congregation" title="English Benedictine Congregation">English Benedictine Congregation</a> is the oldest of the nineteen Benedictine congregations. Through the influence of <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid">Wilfrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Biscop" title="Benedict Biscop">Benedict Biscop</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Benedictine Rule spread rapidly, and in the North it was adopted in most of the monasteries that had been founded by the Celtic missionaries from Iona. Many of the episcopal sees of England were founded and governed by the Benedictines, and no fewer than nine of the old cathedrals were served by the black monks of the priories attached to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monasteries served as hospitals and places of refuge for the weak and homeless. The monks studied the healing properties of plants and minerals to alleviate the sufferings of the sick.<sup id="cite_ref-Hicks_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hicks-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, all <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">monasteries were dissolved</a> and their lands confiscated by the Crown, forcing those who wished to continue in the monastic life to flee into exile on the Continent. During the 19th century English members of these communities were able to return to England.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Benedict_Medal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Saint_Benedict_Medal.jpg/220px-Saint_Benedict_Medal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Saint_Benedict_Medal.jpg/330px-Saint_Benedict_Medal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Saint_Benedict_Medal.jpg/440px-Saint_Benedict_Medal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2989" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>The two sides of a Saint Benedict medal</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Minster_in_Thanet_Priory" title="Minster in Thanet Priory">St. Mildred's Priory</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Thanet" title="Isle of Thanet">Isle of Thanet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, was built in 1027 on the site of an abbey founded in 670 by the daughter of the first Christian <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Kent">King of Kent</a>. Currently the priory is home to a community of Benedictine nuns. Five of the most notable English abbeys are the Basilica of St Gregory the Great at Downside, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Downside_Abbey" title="Downside Abbey">Downside Abbey</a>, The Abbey of St Edmund, King and Martyr commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Douai_Abbey" title="Douai Abbey">Douai Abbey</a> in Upper Woolhampton, Reading, Berkshire, <a href="/wiki/Ealing_Abbey" title="Ealing Abbey">Ealing Abbey</a> in Ealing, West London, and <a href="/wiki/Worth_Abbey" title="Worth Abbey">Worth Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Battell_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battell-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martin_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prinknash_Abbey" title="Prinknash Abbey">Prinknash Abbey</a>, used by Henry VIII as a hunting lodge, was officially returned to the Benedictines four hundred years later, in 1928. During the next few years, so-called Prinknash Park was used as a home until it was returned to the order.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ampleforth_Abbey" title="Ampleforth Abbey">St. Lawrence's Abbey</a> in Ampleforth, Yorkshire was founded in 1802. In 1955, Ampleforth set up a daughter house, a priory at St. Louis, Missouri which became independent in 1973 and became <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Abbey" title="Saint Louis Abbey">Saint Louis Abbey</a> in its own right in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanbrook_Abbey_Church,_Wass,_Yorkshire_-_Feilden_Clegg_and_Bradley_Studios_(30431812950).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Stanbrook_Abbey_Church%2C_Wass%2C_Yorkshire_-_Feilden_Clegg_and_Bradley_Studios_%2830431812950%29.jpg/220px-Stanbrook_Abbey_Church%2C_Wass%2C_Yorkshire_-_Feilden_Clegg_and_Bradley_Studios_%2830431812950%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Stanbrook_Abbey_Church%2C_Wass%2C_Yorkshire_-_Feilden_Clegg_and_Bradley_Studios_%2830431812950%29.jpg/330px-Stanbrook_Abbey_Church%2C_Wass%2C_Yorkshire_-_Feilden_Clegg_and_Bradley_Studios_%2830431812950%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Stanbrook_Abbey_Church%2C_Wass%2C_Yorkshire_-_Feilden_Clegg_and_Bradley_Studios_%2830431812950%29.jpg/440px-Stanbrook_Abbey_Church%2C_Wass%2C_Yorkshire_-_Feilden_Clegg_and_Bradley_Studios_%2830431812950%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4960" data-file-height="3307" /></a><figcaption>Interior of <a href="/wiki/Stanbrook_Abbey" title="Stanbrook Abbey">Stanbrook Abbey</a> Church, Wass, Yorkshire</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2015, the English Congregation consists of three abbeys of nuns and ten abbeys of monks. Members of the congregation are found in England, Wales, the United States of America, Peru and Zimbabwe.<sup id="cite_ref-English_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England there are also houses of the <a href="/wiki/Subiaco_Cassinese_Congregation#English_Province" title="Subiaco Cassinese Congregation">Subiaco Cassinese Congregation</a>: Farnborough, Prinknash, and Chilworth: the <a href="/wiki/Solesmes_Congregation" title="Solesmes Congregation">Solesmes Congregation</a>, Quarr and St Cecilia's on the Isle of Wight, as well as a diocesan monastery following the Rule of Saint Benedict: The Community of Our Lady of Glastonbury.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a>, there has also been a modest flourishing of Benedictine monasticism in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Church</a> and Protestant Churches. Anglican Benedictine Abbots are invited guests of the Benedictine Abbot Primate in Rome at Abbatial gatherings at Sant'Anselmo.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1168 local Benedictine monks instigated the anti-semitic <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harold_of_Gloucester" title="Harold of Gloucester">Harold of Gloucester</a> as a template for explaining child deaths. According to historian Joe Hillaby, the blood libel of Harold was crucially important because for the first time an unexplained child death occurring near the Easter festival was arbitrarily linked to Jews in the vicinity by local Christian churchmen: "they established a pattern quickly taken up elsewhere. Within three years the first ritual murder charge was made in France."<sup id="cite_ref-hil_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hil-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monastic_libraries_in_England">Monastic libraries in England</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Monastic libraries in England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The forty-eighth Rule of Saint Benedict prescribes extensive and habitual "holy reading" for the brethren.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three primary types of reading were done by the monks in medieval times. Monks would read privately during their personal time, as well as publicly during services and at mealtimes. In addition to these three mentioned in the Rule, monks would also read in the infirmary. Monasteries were thriving centers of education, with monks and nuns actively encouraged to learn and pray according to the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine Rule">Benedictine Rule</a>. Rule 38 states that 'these brothers' meals should usually be accompanied by reading, and that they were to eat and drink in silence while one read out loud. </p><p>Benedictine monks were not allowed worldly possessions, thus necessitating the preservation and collection of sacred texts in monastic libraries for communal use.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the sake of convenience, the books in the monastery were housed in a few different places, namely the <a href="/wiki/Sacristy" title="Sacristy">sacristy</a>, which contained books for the choir and other liturgical books, the <a href="/wiki/Clergy_house" title="Clergy house">rectory</a>, which housed books for public reading such as sermons and lives of the saints, and the <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a>, which contained the largest collection of books and was typically in the cloister. </p><p>The first record of a monastic library in England is in <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>. To assist with <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_mission" title="Gregorian mission">English mission</a>, Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a> gave him nine books which included the Gregorian Bible in two volumes, the Psalter of Augustine, two copies of the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Martyrologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrologies">martyrologies</a>, an Exposition of the Gospels and Epistles, and a <a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">Psalter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Savage1912_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savage1912-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23–25">: 23–25 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Tarsus" title="Theodore of Tarsus">Theodore of Tarsus</a> brought Greek books to Canterbury more than seventy years later, when he founded a school for the study of Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-Savage1912_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savage1912-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Benedictine to live in the United States was Pierre-Joseph Didier. He came to the United States in 1790 from <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and served in the Ohio and St. Louis areas until his death. The first actual Benedictine monastery founded was <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_Archabbey" title="Saint Vincent Archabbey">Saint Vincent Archabbey</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Latrobe,_Pennsylvania" title="Latrobe, Pennsylvania">Latrobe, Pennsylvania</a>. It was founded in 1832 by <a href="/wiki/Boniface_Wimmer" title="Boniface Wimmer">Boniface Wimmer</a>, a German monk, who sought to serve German immigrants in America. In 1856, Wimmer started to lay the foundations for <a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Abbey,_Collegeville" title="Saint John's Abbey, Collegeville">St. John's Abbey</a> in Minnesota. In 1876, Herman Wolfe, of Saint Vincent Archabbey established <a href="/wiki/Belmont_Abbey,_North_Carolina" title="Belmont Abbey, North Carolina">Belmont Abbey</a> in North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of his death in 1887, Wimmer had sent Benedictine monks to Kansas, New Jersey, North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Illinois, and Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-RB_1980_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RB_1980-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wimmer also asked for Benedictine <a href="/wiki/Nun#Distinction_between_a_nun_and_a_religious_sister" title="Nun">sisters</a> to be sent to America by St. Walburg Convent in <a href="/wiki/Eichst%C3%A4tt" title="Eichstätt">Eichstätt</a>, Bavaria. In 1852, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_Benedicta_Riepp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sister Benedicta Riepp (page does not exist)">Sister Benedicta Riepp</a> and two other sisters founded <a href="/wiki/St._Marys,_Pennsylvania" title="St. Marys, Pennsylvania">St. Marys, Pennsylvania</a>. Soon they would send sisters to Michigan, New Jersey, and Minnesota.<sup id="cite_ref-RB_1980_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RB_1980-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1854, Swiss monks began to arrive and founded <a href="/wiki/St._Meinrad_Archabbey" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Meinrad Archabbey">St. Meinrad Abbey</a> in Indiana, and they soon spread to Arkansas and Louisiana. They were soon followed by Swiss sisters.<sup id="cite_ref-RB_1980_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RB_1980-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are now over 100 Benedictine houses across America. Most Benedictine houses are part of one of four large Congregations: American-Cassinese, Swiss-American, St. Scholastica, and St. Benedict. The congregations mostly are made up of monasteries that share the same lineage. For instance the American-Cassinese congregation included the 22 monasteries descended from Boniface Wimmer.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benedictine_vows_and_life">Benedictine vows and life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Benedictine vows and life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict" title="Rule of Saint Benedict">Rule of Saint Benedict</a></div> <p>A sense of community has been the defining characteristic of the order since the beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To that end, section 17 in chapter 58 of the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict" title="Rule of Saint Benedict">Rule of Saint Benedict</a> specifies the solemn vows candidates joining a Benedictine community are required to make: a vow of stability, to remain in the same community), and to adopt a "conversion of habits", in Latin, <i>conversatio morum</i> and obedience to the community's superior.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Benedictine vows" are equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_counsels" title="Evangelical counsels">evangelical counsels</a> accepted by all candidates entering a <a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">religious order</a>. The interpretation of <i>conversatio morum</i> understood as "conversion of the habits of life" has generally been replaced by notions such as adoption of a monastic manner of life, drawing on the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>'s use of <i>conversatio</i> as indicating "citizenship" or "local customs", see <a href="/wiki/Philippians" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippians">Philippians</a> 3:20. The Rule enjoins monks and nuns "to live in this place as a religious, in obedience to its rule and to the abbot or abbess." </p><p>Benedictine abbots and abbesses have jurisdiction over their <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbey</a> and thus canonical authority over the monks or nuns who are resident. This authority includes the power to assign duties, to decide which books may or may not be read, to regulate comings and goings, and to punish and to <a href="/wiki/Excommunicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunicate">excommunicate</a>, in the sense of an enforced isolation from the monastic community. </p><p>A tight communal timetable – the <a href="/wiki/Horarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Horarium">horarium</a> – is meant to ensure that the time given by God is not wasted but used in God's service, whether for prayer, work, meals, spiritual reading or sleep. The order's motto is <i><a href="/wiki/Ora_et_Labora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ora et Labora">Ora et Labora</a></i> "pray and work". </p><p>Although Benedictines do not take a vow of silence, hours of strict silence are set, and at other times silence is maintained as much as is practically possible. Social conversations tend to be limited to communal recreation times. Such details, like other aspects of the daily routine of a Benedictine house are left to the discretion of the superior, and are set out in its <i>customary</i>, the code adopted by a particular Benedictine house by adapting the Rule to local conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the norms of the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a>, a Benedictine abbey is a "<a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institute</a>" and its members therefore participate in <a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">consecrated life</a> which Canon 588 §1 explains is intrinsically "neither clerical nor lay." Males in consecrated life, however, may be ordained. </p><p>Benedictines' rules contain a reference to <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual purification</a>, which is inspired by Benedict's encouragement of <a href="/wiki/Bathing" title="Bathing">bathing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benedictine monks have played a role in the development and promotion of <a href="/wiki/Spa" title="Spa">spas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ASpiritualHistory_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASpiritualHistory-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benedictine monasticism differs from other Christian religious orders in that as congregations sometimes with several houses, some of them in other countries, they are not bound into a unified religious order headed by a "Superior General". Each Benedictine congregation is autonomous and governed by an abbot or abbess.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The autonomous houses are characterised by their chosen <a href="/wiki/Charism" class="mw-redirect" title="Charism">charism</a> or specific dedication to a particular devotion. For example, In 1313 <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Tolomei" title="Bernardo Tolomei">Bernardo Tolomei</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Order of Our Lady of Mount Olivet</a>. The community adopted the Rule of Saint Benedict and received canonical approval in 1344. The Olivetans are part of the Benedictine Confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other specialisms, such as <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> as at <a href="/wiki/Solesmes_Abbey" title="Solesmes Abbey">Solesmes</a> in France, or <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Adoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual Adoration">Perpetual Adoration</a> of the <i>Holy Sacrament</i> have been adopted by different houses, as at the Warsaw Convent, or the <a href="/wiki/Adorers_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Montmartre" class="mw-redirect" title="Adorers of the Sacred Heart of Montmartre">Adorers of the Sacred Heart of Montmartre</a> at Tyburn Convent in London. Other houses have dedicated themselves to books, reading, writing and printing them as at <a href="/wiki/Stanbrook_Abbey" title="Stanbrook Abbey">Stanbrook Abbey</a> in England. Others still are associated with the places where they were founded or their founders centuries ago, hence <a href="/wiki/Cassinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassinese">Cassinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subiaco,_Lazio" title="Subiaco, Lazio">Subiaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldolese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sylvestrines" title="Sylvestrines">Sylvestrines</a>. </p><p>All Benedictine houses became federated in the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Confederation" title="Benedictine Confederation">Benedictine Confederation</a> brought into existence by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brief" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Brief">Apostolic Brief</a> "<i>Summum semper</i>" on 12 July 1893. Pope Leo also established the office of <a href="/wiki/Abbot_Primate" title="Abbot Primate">Abbot Primate</a> as the abbot elected to represent this Confederation at the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> and to the world. The headquarters of the Benedictine Confederation and the Abbot Primate is the <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anselmo_all%27Aventino" title="Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino">Primatial Abbey of Sant'Anselmo</a> built by Pope Leo XIII in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_orders">Other orders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other orders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Rule of Saint Benedict is also used by a number of religious orders that began as reforms of the Benedictine tradition such as the <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trappist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trappist">Trappists</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These groups are separate congregations and not members of the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Confederation" title="Benedictine Confederation">Benedictine Confederation</a>. </p><p>Although Benedictines are traditionally Catholic, there are also other communities that follow the Rule of Saint Benedict. For example, of an estimated 2,400 celibate Anglican religious (1,080 men and 1,320 women) in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> as a whole, some have adopted the Rule of Benedict. Likewise, such communities can be found in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson2016_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SAH2018_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAH2018-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Benedictines">Notable Benedictines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable Benedictines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Benedictines#Disputed" title="Talk:Benedictines">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonifatius-gregorius-aedelbertus-noordwijk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bonifatius-gregorius-aedelbertus-noordwijk.JPG/170px-Bonifatius-gregorius-aedelbertus-noordwijk.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bonifatius-gregorius-aedelbertus-noordwijk.JPG/255px-Bonifatius-gregorius-aedelbertus-noordwijk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bonifatius-gregorius-aedelbertus-noordwijk.JPG/340px-Bonifatius-gregorius-aedelbertus-noordwijk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="1294" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a> (c. 680 – 750), <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> (c. 540 – 604, Pope 590–604), <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Egmond" title="Adalbert of Egmond">Adalbert of Egmond</a> (8th century) and priest Jeroen van Noordwijk, depicted in a 1529 painting by Jan Joostsz van Hillegom currently on display at the <a href="/wiki/Frans_Hals_Museum" title="Frans Hals Museum">Frans Hals Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruperthead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ruperthead.jpg/170px-Ruperthead.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Ruperthead.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Late_Gothic_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Gothic (art)">Late Gothic</a> sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Rupert_of_Salzburg" title="Rupert of Salzburg">Rupert of Salzburg</a> (c. 660 – 710)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernhard_von_Clairvaux_(Initiale-B).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bernhard_von_Clairvaux_%28Initiale-B%29.jpg/170px-Bernhard_von_Clairvaux_%28Initiale-B%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Bernhard_von_Clairvaux_%28Initiale-B%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a> (1090–1153) featured in a 13th-century illuminated manuscript</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg/170px-Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg/255px-Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg/340px-Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4679" data-file-height="4984" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian manuscript</a>, c. 840, depicting <a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a> (left), supported by <a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a> (middle), presenting his work to <a href="/wiki/Otgar_of_Mainz" title="Otgar of Mainz">Otgar of Mainz</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BritLibRoyal14CVIIFol006rMattParisSelfPort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/BritLibRoyal14CVIIFol006rMattParisSelfPort.jpg/170px-BritLibRoyal14CVIIFol006rMattParisSelfPort.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/BritLibRoyal14CVIIFol006rMattParisSelfPort.jpg/255px-BritLibRoyal14CVIIFol006rMattParisSelfPort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/BritLibRoyal14CVIIFol006rMattParisSelfPort.jpg/340px-BritLibRoyal14CVIIFol006rMattParisSelfPort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2066" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>Self portrait of <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> – 59)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbot_Suger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Abbot_Suger.jpg/170px-Abbot_Suger.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Abbot_Suger.jpg/255px-Abbot_Suger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Abbot_Suger.jpg/340px-Abbot_Suger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abbot_Suger" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbot Suger">Abbot Suger</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1081</span> – 1135) in a medieval stained-glass window</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dom_P%C3%A9rignon_d%C3%A9couvrant_la_prise_de_mousse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Dom_P%C3%A9rignon_d%C3%A9couvrant_la_prise_de_mousse.jpg/170px-Dom_P%C3%A9rignon_d%C3%A9couvrant_la_prise_de_mousse.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Dom_P%C3%A9rignon_d%C3%A9couvrant_la_prise_de_mousse.jpg/255px-Dom_P%C3%A9rignon_d%C3%A9couvrant_la_prise_de_mousse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Dom_P%C3%A9rignon_d%C3%A9couvrant_la_prise_de_mousse.jpg/340px-Dom_P%C3%A9rignon_d%C3%A9couvrant_la_prise_de_mousse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dom_P%C3%A9rignon_(monk)" title="Dom Pérignon (monk)">Dom Pérignon</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Male_Saints_and_Blesseds">Male Saints and Blesseds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Male Saints and Blesseds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 680</span>–755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willibrord" title="Willibrord">Willibrord</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 658</span>–739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_of_Salzburg" title="Rupert of Salzburg">Rupert of Salzburg</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 660</span>–710)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suitbert_of_Kaiserwerdt" class="mw-redirect" title="Suitbert of Kaiserwerdt">Suitbert of Kaiserwerdt</a> (d. 713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Sturm" title="Saint Sturm">Sturm</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 705</span>–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansgar" title="Ansgar">Ansgar</a> (801–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_of_Regensburg" title="Wolfgang of Regensburg">Wolfgang of Regensburg</a> (934–994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Prague" title="Adalbert of Prague">Adalbert of Prague</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 956</span> – 997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 980</span> – 1046)<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1020</span> – 1085, r. 1073–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Pope Victor III</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1026</span>–87, r. 1086–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Pope Celestine V</a> (1215–96, r. 1294)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Pope Urban V</a> (1310–70, r. 1362–70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Barlow" title="Ambrose Barlow">Ambrose Barlow</a> (1585–1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a> (1742–1823, r. 1800–23); Servant of God</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popes">Popes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Popes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Pope Sylvester II</a> (c. 946–1003, r. 999–1003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Pope Paschal II</a> (d. 1118, r. 1099–1118)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_II" title="Pope Gelasius II">Pope Gelasius II</a> (d. 1119, r. 1118–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Pope Clement VI</a> (1291–1352, r. 1342–52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Pope Gregory XVI</a> (1765–1846, r. 1831–46)<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founders_of_abbeys_and_congregations_and_prominent_reformers">Founders of abbeys and congregations and prominent reformers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Founders of abbeys and congregations and prominent reformers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chertsey_Breviary_-_St._Erkenwald.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="manuscript image of a Saxon saint" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chertsey_Breviary_-_St._Erkenwald.jpg/220px-Chertsey_Breviary_-_St._Erkenwald.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chertsey_Breviary_-_St._Erkenwald.jpg/330px-Chertsey_Breviary_-_St._Erkenwald.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Chertsey_Breviary_-_St._Erkenwald.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>St Erkenwald, Saxon Prince, bishop and saint known as the "Light of London"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:046_Ajuntament_de_Terrassa,_galeria_de_terrassencs_il%C2%B7lustres,_Antoni_M._Marcet.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/046_Ajuntament_de_Terrassa%2C_galeria_de_terrassencs_il%C2%B7lustres%2C_Antoni_M._Marcet.JPG/220px-046_Ajuntament_de_Terrassa%2C_galeria_de_terrassencs_il%C2%B7lustres%2C_Antoni_M._Marcet.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/046_Ajuntament_de_Terrassa%2C_galeria_de_terrassencs_il%C2%B7lustres%2C_Antoni_M._Marcet.JPG/330px-046_Ajuntament_de_Terrassa%2C_galeria_de_terrassencs_il%C2%B7lustres%2C_Antoni_M._Marcet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/046_Ajuntament_de_Terrassa%2C_galeria_de_terrassencs_il%C2%B7lustres%2C_Antoni_M._Marcet.JPG/440px-046_Ajuntament_de_Terrassa%2C_galeria_de_terrassencs_il%C2%B7lustres%2C_Antoni_M._Marcet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2872" data-file-height="4416" /></a><figcaption>Abbot of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_de_Montserrat_Abbey" title="Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey">Montserrat</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Biscop" title="Benedict Biscop">Benedict Biscop</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 628</span> – 690)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkenwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Erkenwald">Erkenwald</a> (also known as Earconwald) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 630</span> – 693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leudwinus" title="Leudwinus">Leudwinus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 665</span> – 713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a> (747–821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berno_of_Cluny" title="Berno of Cluny">Berno of Cluny</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 850</span> – 927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Cluny" title="Odo of Cluny">Odo of Cluny</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 878</span> – 942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majolus_of_Cluny" class="mw-redirect" title="Majolus of Cluny">Majolus of Cluny</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 906</span> – 94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilo_of_Cluny" title="Odilo of Cluny">Odilo of Cluny</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 962</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1048</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Pontoise" title="Walter of Pontoise">Walter of Pontoise</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1030</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1099</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Cluny" title="Bernard of Cluny">Bernard of Cluny</a> (d. 1109)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Venerable" title="Peter the Venerable">Peter the Venerable</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1092</span> – 1156)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuald" title="Romuald">Romuald</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 956</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1026</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Molesme" title="Robert of Molesme">Robert of Molesme</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1028</span> – 1111)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberic_of_C%C3%AEteaux" title="Alberic of Cîteaux">Alberic of Cîteaux</a> (d. 1109)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harding" title="Stephen Harding">Stephen Harding</a> (d. 1134)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a> (1090–1153)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Hirsau" title="William of Hirsau">William of Hirsau</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1030</span> – 91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gualbert" title="John Gualbert">John Gualbert</a> (995–1073)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_Obazine" title="Stephen of Obazine">Stephen of Obazine</a> (1084–1154)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Arbrissel" title="Robert of Arbrissel">Robert of Arbrissel</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1045</span> – 1116)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Montevergine" title="William of Montevergine">William of Montevergine</a> (1085–1142)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Justiniani" title="Nicholas Justiniani">Nicholas Justiniani</a> (fl. 1153–1179)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Gozzolini" title="Sylvester Gozzolini">Sylvester Gozzolini</a> (1177–1267)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Tolomei" title="Bernardo Tolomei">Bernardo Tolomei</a> (1272–1348)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_B%C3%A9nard" title="Laurent Bénard">Laurent Bénard</a> (1573–1620)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_Gu%C3%A9ranger" title="Prosper Guéranger">Prosper Guéranger</a> (1805–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Muard" title="Jean-Baptiste Muard">Jean-Baptiste Muard</a> (1809–1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boniface_Wimmer" title="Boniface Wimmer">Boniface Wimmer</a> (1809–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Wolter" title="Maurus Wolter">Maurus Wolter</a> (1825–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Marty_(bishop)" title="Martin Marty (bishop)">Martin Marty</a> (1834–1896)<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Amrhein" title="Andreas Amrhein">Andreas Amrhein</a> (1844–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Beauduin" title="Lambert Beauduin">Lambert Beauduin</a> (1873–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anscar_Vonier" title="Anscar Vonier">Anscar Vonier</a> (1875–1938) supervised the reconstruction of Buckfast Abbey</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholars,_historians,_and_spiritual_writers"><span id="Scholars.2C_historians.2C_and_spiritual_writers"></span>Scholars, historians, and spiritual writers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Scholars, historians, and spiritual writers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_of_Bobbio" title="Jonas of Bobbio">Jonas of Bobbio</a> (600–659)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> (673–735)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldhelm" title="Aldhelm">Aldhelm</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 639</span> – 709)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a> (d. 804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 780</span> – 856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a> (785–865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratramnus" title="Ratramnus">Ratramnus</a> (d. 866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walafrid_Strabo" title="Walafrid Strabo">Walafrid Strabo</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 808</span> – 49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notker_Labeo" title="Notker Labeo">Notker Labeo</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 950</span> – 1022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Arezzo" title="Guido of Arezzo">Guido of Arezzo</a> (991–1050)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_of_Reichenau" title="Hermann of Reichenau">Hermann of Reichenau</a> (1013–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 720</span> – 99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hincmar" title="Hincmar">Hincmar</a> (806–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Maurus_of_P%C3%A9cs" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Maurus of Pécs">Maurus of Pécs</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1075</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1007</span> – 1072)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanfranc" title="Lanfranc">Lanfranc</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1005</span> – 1089)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1033</span> – 1109)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadmer" title="Eadmer">Eadmer</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1060</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1126</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_of_Worcester" title="Florence of Worcester">Florence of Worcester</a> (d. 1118)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_of_Durham" title="Symeon of Durham">Symeon of Durham</a> (d. 1130)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_de_Brakelond" title="Jocelyn de Brakelond">Jocelyn de Brakelond</a> (d. 1211)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> – 1259)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1095</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1143</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gervase_of_Canterbury" title="Gervase of Canterbury">Gervase of Canterbury</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1141</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1210</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Wendover" title="Roger of Wendover">Roger of Wendover</a> (d. 1236)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Deacon" title="Peter the Deacon">Peter the Deacon</a> (d. 1140)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Easton" title="Adam Easton">Adam Easton</a> (d. 1397)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Bonet" title="Honoré Bonet">Honoré Bonet</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1340</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1410</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lydgate" title="John Lydgate">John Lydgate</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1370</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1451</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Whethamstede" title="John Whethamstede">John Whethamstede</a> (d. 1465)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Trithemius" title="Johannes Trithemius">Johannes Trithemius</a> (1462–1516)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Blois" title="Louis de Blois">Louis de Blois</a> (1506–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_van_Haeften" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict van Haeften">Benedict van Haeften</a> (1588–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Baker" title="Augustine Baker">Augustine Baker</a> (1575–1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Batt" title="Anthony Batt">Anthony Batt</a> (d. 1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mabillon" title="Jean Mabillon">Jean Mabillon</a> (1632–1707)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Armellino" title="Mariano Armellino">Mariano Armellino</a> (1657–1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Antoine Augustin Calmet</a> (1672–1757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnoald_Ziegelbauer" title="Magnoald Ziegelbauer">Magnoald Ziegelbauer</a> (1689–1750)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquard_Herrgott" title="Marquard Herrgott">Marquard Herrgott</a> (1694–1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Luigi_Galletti" title="Pietro Luigi Galletti">Pietro Luigi Galletti</a> (1724–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Tosti" title="Luigi Tosti">Luigi Tosti</a> (1811–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Fran%C3%A7ois_Pitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste François Pitra">Jean Baptiste François Pitra</a> (1812–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_William_Moosmuller" title="Oswald William Moosmuller">Oswald William Moosmuller</a> (1842–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suitbert_B%C3%A4umer" title="Suitbert Bäumer">Suitbert Bäumer</a> (1845–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Aidan_Gasquet" title="Francis Aidan Gasquet">Francis Aidan Gasquet</a> (1846–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Cabrol" title="Fernand Cabrol">Fernand Cabrol</a> (1855–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germain_Morin" title="Germain Morin">Germain Morin</a> (1861–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Quentin" title="Henri Quentin">Henri Quentin</a> (1872–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chapman_(priest)" title="John Chapman (priest)">John Chapman</a> (1865–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cuthbert_Butler" title="Edward Cuthbert Butler">Cuthbert Butler</a> (1858–1934)<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maurists">Maurists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Maurists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Saint_Maur" title="Congregation of Saint Maur">Congregation of Saint Maur</a>, a prerevolutionary French <a href="/wiki/Religious_congregation" title="Religious congregation">congregation</a> of Benedictines known for their scholarship:<br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Hugues_M%C3%A9nard" title="Nicolas-Hugues Ménard">Nicolas-Hugues Ménard</a> (1585–1644)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_d%27Achery" title="Luc d'Achery">Luc d'Achery</a> (1609–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Joseph_M%C3%A8ge" title="Antoine-Joseph Mège">Antoine-Joseph Mège</a> (1625–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Ruinart" title="Thierry Ruinart">Thierry Ruinart</a> (1657–1709)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lamy_(theologian)" title="François Lamy (theologian)">François Lamy</a> (1636–1711)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Coustant" title="Pierre Coustant">Pierre Coustant</a> (1654–1721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Mart%C3%A8ne" title="Edmond Martène">Edmond Martène</a> (1654–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursin_Durand" title="Ursin Durand">Ursin Durand</a> (1682–1771)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Montfaucon" title="Bernard de Montfaucon">Bernard de Montfaucon</a> (1655–1741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Prosper_Tassin" title="René-Prosper Tassin">René-Prosper Tassin</a> (1697–1777)<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bishops_and_martyrs">Bishops and martyrs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bishops and martyrs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Ernest" title="Saint Ernest">Ernest</a> (d. 1148)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_of_Canterbury" title="Laurence of Canterbury">Laurence of Canterbury</a> (d. 619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellitus" title="Mellitus">Mellitus</a> (d. 624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus" title="Justus">Justus</a> (d. 627)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_York" title="Paulinus of York">Paulinus of York</a> (d. 644)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leudwinus" title="Leudwinus">Leudwinus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 665</span> – 713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_of_Canterbury" title="Oda of Canterbury">Oda of Canterbury</a> (d. 958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertin" title="Bertin">Bertin</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 615</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 709</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid">Wilfrid</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 633</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 709</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert" title="Cuthbert">Cuthbert</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 634</span> – 687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Beverley" title="John of Beverley">John of Beverley</a> (d. 721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swithun" title="Swithun">Swithun</a> (d. 862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_of_Winchester" title="Æthelwold of Winchester">Æthelwold of Winchester</a> (d. 984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Rich" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Rich">Edmund Rich</a> (1175–1240)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbot_Suger" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbot Suger">Abbot Suger</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1081</span> – 1151)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marshall_(abbot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Marshall (abbot)">John Beche</a> (d. 1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Whiting_(abbot)" title="Richard Whiting (abbot)">Richard Whiting</a> (d. 1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cook_Faringdon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Cook Faringdon">Hugh Cook Faringdon</a> (d. 1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_Buckley" title="Sigebert Buckley">Sigebert Buckley</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1520</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1610</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(martyr)" title="John Roberts (martyr)">John Roberts</a> (1577–1610)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gifford" title="Gabriel Gifford">Gabriel Gifford</a> (1554–1629)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Roe" title="Alban Roe">Alban Roe</a> (1583–1642)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Michael_Ellis" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Michael Ellis">Philip Michael Ellis</a> (1652–1726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Walmesley" title="Charles Walmesley">Charles Walmesley</a> (1722–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Placid_Morris" title="William Placid Morris">William Placid Morris</a> (1794–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Polding" class="mw-redirect" title="John Polding">John Polding</a> (1794–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bernard_Ullathorne" title="William Bernard Ullathorne">William Bernard Ullathorne</a> (1806–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Vaughan_(archbishop)" title="Roger Vaughan (archbishop)">Roger Vaughan</a> (1834–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Sanfelice_d%27Acquavilla" title="Guglielmo Sanfelice d'Acquavilla">Guglielmo Sanfelice d'Acquavilla</a> (1834–1897)<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pothier" title="Joseph Pothier">Joseph Pothier</a> (1835–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cuthbert_Hedley" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cuthbert Hedley">John Cuthbert Hedley</a> (1837–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Serafini" title="Domenico Serafini">Domenico Serafini</a> (1852–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placidus_Nkalanga" title="Placidus Nkalanga">Placidus Nkalanga</a> (1918–2015)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twentieth_century">Twentieth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Twentieth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal_Schuster_(original).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cardinal Schuster"><img alt="Cardinal Schuster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cardinal_Schuster_%28original%29.jpg/150px-Cardinal_Schuster_%28original%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cardinal_Schuster_%28original%29.jpg/225px-Cardinal_Schuster_%28original%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cardinal_Schuster_%28original%29.jpg/300px-Cardinal_Schuster_%28original%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Cardinal Schuster</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Beauduin" title="Lambert Beauduin">Lambert Beauduin</a> (1873–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfredo Schuster">Alfredo Schuster</a> (1880–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede_Griffiths" title="Bede Griffiths">Bede Griffiths</a> (1906–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Augustin_Mayer" title="Paul Augustin Mayer">Paul Augustin Mayer</a> (1911–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hermann_Gro%C3%ABr" title="Hans Hermann Groër">Hans Hermann Groër</a> (1919–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Hume" title="Basil Hume">Basil Hume</a> (1923–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembert_Weakland" title="Rembert Weakland">Rembert Weakland</a> (1927–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_M._Buechlein" title="Daniel M. Buechlein">Daniel M. Buechlein</a> (1938–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Hanus" title="Jerome Hanus">Jerome Hanus</a> (1940-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_Gr%C3%BCn" title="Anselm Grün">Anselm Grün</a> (1945–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Ansgar_Nelson" title="Knut Ansgar Nelson">Knut Ansgar Nelson</a> (1906–1990)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benedictine_Dames">Benedictine Dames</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Benedictine Dames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dame_Catherine_Gascoigne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dame_Catherine_Gascoigne.jpg/220px-Dame_Catherine_Gascoigne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Dame_Catherine_Gascoigne.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>Dame Catherine Gascoigne</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ad%C3%A8le_Garnier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ad%C3%A8le_Garnier.jpg/220px-Ad%C3%A8le_Garnier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Ad%C3%A8le_Garnier.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Adèle Garnier</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scholastica" title="Scholastica">Scholastica</a> (c. 480 – 547)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a> (c. 636 – 679)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_of_Whitby" title="Hilda of Whitby">Hilda of Whitby</a> (c. 614 – 680)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werburh" class="mw-redirect" title="Werburh">Werburh</a> (d. 699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildrith" title="Mildrith">Mildrith</a> (d. early 7th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Walpurga" title="Saint Walpurga">Walpurga</a> (c. 710 – 779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfthryth_of_Wilton" title="Wulfthryth of Wilton">Wulfthryth of Wilton</a> (c. 937 – 1000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Wilton" title="Edith of Wilton">Edith of Wilton</a> (c. 961 – 984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunigunde_of_Luxembourg" title="Cunigunde of Luxembourg">Cunigunde of Luxembourg</a> (c. 975 – 1040)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a> (1098–1179)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_the_Great" title="Gertrude the Great">Gertrude the Great</a> (1256 – c. 1302)<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Mort%C4%99ska" title="Magdalena Mortęska">Magdalena Mortęska</a> (1554–1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Gascoigne" title="Catherine Gascoigne">Catherine Gascoigne</a> (1601–1676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_More" title="Gertrude More">Gertrude More</a> (1606–1633)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Constable" title="Barbara Constable">Barbara Constable</a> (1617–1674)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad%C3%A8le_Garnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adèle Garnier (page does not exist)">Adèle Garnier</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Garnier" class="extiw" title="fr:Adèle Garnier">fr</a>]</span> (1838–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentia_McLachlan" title="Laurentia McLachlan">Laurentia McLachlan</a> (1866–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margit_Slachta" title="Margit Slachta">Margit Slachta</a> (or <i>Schlachta</i>, 1884–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werburg_Welch" title="Werburg Welch">Werburg Welch</a> (1898–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felicitas_Corrigan" title="Felicitas Corrigan">Felicitas Corrigan</a> (1908–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildelith_Cumming" title="Hildelith Cumming">Hildelith Cumming</a> (1909–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Boulding" title="Mary Boulding">Mary Boulding</a> (1929–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Chittister" title="Joan Chittister">Joan Chittister</a> (1936–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Welder" title="Thomas Welder">Thomas Welder</a> (1940–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noella_Marcellino" title="Noella Marcellino">Noella Marcellino</a> (1951–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Forcades" title="Teresa Forcades">Teresa Forcades</a> (1966–)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oblates">Oblates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Oblates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Oliver_Plunkett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Saint_Oliver_Plunkett.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="174" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Saint <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Plunkett" title="Oliver Plunkett">Oliver Plunkett</a>, archbishop and martyr</figcaption></figure> <p>Benedictine <a href="/wiki/Oblate_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblate (religion)">Oblates</a> endeavor to embrace the spirit of the Benedictine vow in their own life in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-CCC928_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC928-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oblates are affiliated with a particular monastery. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Henry II</a> (972–1024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_of_Rome" title="Frances of Rome">Frances of Rome</a> (1384–1440)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Plunkett" title="Oliver Plunkett">Oliver Plunkett</a> (1625–1681)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris-Karl_Huysmans" title="Joris-Karl Huysmans">Joris-Karl Huysmans</a> (1848–1907)<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a> (1882–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a> (1885–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a> (1897–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Percy" title="Walker Percy">Walker Percy</a> (1916–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Norris_(poet)" title="Kathleen Norris (poet)">Kathleen Norris</a> (1947– )</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dom_P%C3%A9rignon_(monk)" title="Dom Pérignon (monk)">Dom Pierre Pérignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Confederation" title="Benedictine Confederation">Benedictine Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_religious_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic religious order">Catholic religious order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Romanesque_architecture" title="French Romanesque architecture">French Romanesque architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Social_Service" title="Sisters of Social Service">Sisters of Social Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02443a.htm">https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02443a.htm</a> Almond, Joseph Cuthbert. "Order of St Benedict" The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 16 July 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11244c.htm">Almond, Joseph Cuthbert. "Olivetans." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 10 April 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jAPnDqXxVmMC&dq=Saint+Scholastica&pg=PA5">Mary Richard Boo OSB and Joan M. Braun OSB, <i>Emerging from the Shadows: St. Scholastica</i>, in <i>Medieval Women Monastics</i></a>, (Miriam Schmitt OSB and Linda Kulzer OSB, eds) The Liturgical Press, Collegeville, 1996 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814622926" title="Special:BookSources/9780814622926">9780814622926</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanford2003" class="citation news cs1">Stanford, P. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/oct/23/guardianobituaries">"Dame Felicitas Corrigan"</a>. UK Guardian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>Dame Felicitas - the title Dame is given to English Benedictine nuns in preference to Sister ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dame+Felicitas+Corrigan&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Stanford&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2Foct%2F23%2Fguardianobituaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedictines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlston1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Alston, Cyprian (1907). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Benedictine Order"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Benedictine_Order">"Benedictine Order" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Benedictine+Order&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Alston&rft.aufirst=Cyprian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedictines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osb.org/our-roots/a-brief-history-of-the-benedictine-order/">Oliver OSB, Richard . "A Brief History of the Benedictine Order", OSB.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theisen-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Theisen_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theisen_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theisen_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025422/https://www.osb.org//gen/benedictines.html">"The Benedictines: An Introduction by Abbot Primate Jerome Theisen OSB. Liturgical Press"</a>. <i>www.osb.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osb.org//gen/benedictines.html">the original</a> on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.osb.org&rft.atitle=The+Benedictines%3A+An+Introduction+by+Abbot+Primate+Jerome+Theisen+OSB.+Liturgical+Press.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osb.org%2F%2Fgen%2Fbenedictines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedictines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CE1913_Scriptorium-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CE1913_Scriptorium_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddleston1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Huddleston, Gilbert Roger (1912). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Scriptorium"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Scriptorium">"Scriptorium" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scriptorium&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Gilbert+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedictines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cuthbert_Butler" title="Edward Cuthbert Butler">Butler, Edward Cuthbert</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Camaldulians" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Camaldulians">Camaldulians</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 79–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Camaldulians&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=79-80&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Edward+Cuthbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedictines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cuthbert_Butler" title="Edward Cuthbert Butler">Butler, Edward Cuthbert</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cistercians"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cistercians">"Cistercians" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 393–395.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cistercians&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=393-395&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Edward+Cuthbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedictines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtt1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ott, Michael (1908). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Commendatory_Abbot" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Commendatory Abbot">Commendatory Abbot</a>". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Commendatory+Abbot&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Ott&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedictines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QP8fNo5UNIYC&dq=Abbey+of+Fruttuaria&pg=PA126">Robinson, I. S., <i>Henry IV of Germany 1056–1106</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 126</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521545907" title="Special:BookSources/9780521545907">9780521545907</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1845" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Alban (1845). <i>The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints, Volume 3</i>. Dublin. p. 218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Fathers%2C+Martyrs%2C+and+Other+Principal+Saints%2C+Volume+3&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=218&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedictines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100816070746/http://www.abbaye-fleury.com/index2.htm">"Abbaye de Fleury"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abbaye-fleury.com/index2.htm">the original</a> on 16 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abbaye+de+Fleury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abbaye-fleury.com%2Findex2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedictines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-silver-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-silver_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cenacleosb.org/mother-mectilde">"Mother Mectilde De Bar", Silverstream Priory</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mechtylda.info/zyciorys/fundacja-w-warszawie/">"Fundacja w Warszawie"</a>. <i>mechtylda.info</i> (in Polish). 18 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mechtylda.info&rft.atitle=Fundacja+w+Warszawie&rft.date=2013-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mechtylda.info%2Fzyciorys%2Ffundacja-w-warszawie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedictines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090330145729/http://www.st-benoit-du-lac.com/histoire1/history1.html">"History I"</a>. st-benoit-du-lac.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-benoit-du-lac.com/histoire1/history1.html">the original</a> on 30 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+I&rft.pub=st-benoit-du-lac.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-benoit-du-lac.com%2Fhistoire1%2Fhistory1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedictines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chadwick1998-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chadwick1998_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1998" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Owen (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk1KzHS1IagC&pg=PA495"><i>A History of the Popes, 1830–1914</i></a>. Clarendon Press. pp. 495–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826922-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826922-9"><bdi>978-0-19-826922-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Popes%2C+1830%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=495-&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826922-9&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk1KzHS1IagC%26pg%3DPA495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedictines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ryde.shalfleet.net/wootton_and_quarr.htm">Wootton and Fishbourne</a>. Ryde.shalfleet.net (4 August 2013). Retrieved on 7 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citeaux.net/assisi2005/delivrance-eng.htm">RGM 2005 OCSO</a>. Citeaux.net (28 February 1947). Retrieved on 7 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tyburnconvent.org.uk/foundress/foundress.html">Tyburn Foundress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205020044/http://www.tyburnconvent.org.uk/foundress/foundress.html">Archived</a> 5 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Tyburn Convent official website. Retrieved 23 February 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tyburnconvent.org.uk/martyrs/martyrs_main.html">Tyburn Martyrs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121100511/http://www.tyburnconvent.org.uk/martyrs/martyrs_main.html">Archived</a> 21 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Tyburn Convent official website. Retrieved 23 February 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YwU4AAAAIAAJ&dq=Rheinau+Abbey&pg=PA285">Clark, James Midgley. <i>The Abbey of St. Gall as a Centre of Literature & Art</i>, Chapter XII, CUP Archive, 1926, 1926</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristen2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Christen, Beat (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.luzernerzeitung.ch/zentralschweiz/obwalden/auf-den-tag-genau-vor-900-jahren-wurde-das-kloster-gegrundet-ld.1209199">"Auf den Tag genau vor 900 Jahren wurde das Kloster Engelberg gegründet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Luzerner_Zeitung" title="Luzerner Zeitung">Luzerner Zeitung</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Luzerner+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Auf+den+Tag+genau+vor+900+Jahren+wurde+das+Kloster+Engelberg+gegr%C3%BCndet&rft.date=2020-04&rft.aulast=Christen&rft.aufirst=Beat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.luzernerzeitung.ch%2Fzentralschweiz%2Fobwalden%2Fauf-den-tag-genau-vor-900-jahren-wurde-das-kloster-gegrundet-ld.1209199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedictines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (1997). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press, US. p. 514</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hicks-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hicks_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDom_Bruno_Hicks2009" class="citation web cs1">Dom Bruno Hicks (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105194639/http://www.osb.org/gen/hicks/index.html">"The Benedictines"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osb.org/gen/hicks/index.html">the original</a> on 5 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Benedictines&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Dom+Bruno+Hicks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osb.org%2Fgen%2Fhicks%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedictines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Battell-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Battell_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_Battell2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Colin Battell, OSB (2 December 2006). "Spirituality on the beach". <i>The Tablet</i>. pp. 18–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tablet&rft.atitle=Spirituality+on+the+beach&rft.pages=18-19&rft.date=2006-12-02&rft.aulast=Colin+Battell&rft.aufirst=OSB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedictines" class="Z3988"></span> The late Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Basil_Hume" title="Basil Hume">Basil Hume</a> was Abbot of Ampleforth Abbey before being appointed Archbishop of Westminster.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2007" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Christopher (2007). <i>A Glimpse of Heaven: Catholic Churches in England and Wales</i>. London: English Heritage.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glimpse+of+Heaven%3A+Catholic+Churches+in+England+and+Wales&rft.place=London&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedictines" class="Z3988"></span> Examines the abbeys rebuilt after 1850 (by benefactors among the Catholic aristocracy and recusant squirearchy), mainly Benedictine but including a Cistercian Abbey at Mount St. Bernard (by Pugin) and a Carthusian Charterhouse in Sussex. There is a review of book by Richard Lethbridge "Monuments to Catholic confidence," <i>The Tablet</i> 10 February 2007, 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMian_Ridge2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Mian Ridge (12 November 2005). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benedictines.org.uk/our-tradition/history/">the original</a> on 11 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+%E2%80%93+Part+1+Section+2+Chapter+3+Article+9+Paragraph+4&rft.atitle=928%3A+Secular+institutes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scborromeo.org%2Fccc%2Fp123a9p4.htm%23III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedictines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Dom <a href="/wiki/Columba_Marmion" title="Columba Marmion">Columba Marmion</a>, <i>Christ the Ideal of the Monk – Spiritual Conferences on the Monastic and Religious Life</i> (Engl. edition London 1926, trsl. from the French by a nun of Tyburn Convent).</li> <li>Mariano Dell'Omo, <i>Storia del monachesimo occidentale dal medioevo all'età contemporanea. Il carisma di san Benedetto tra VI e XX secolo</i>. Jaca Book, Milano 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-16-30493-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-16-30493-2">978-88-16-30493-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abbey"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abbey">"Abbey <i>s.v.</i> Benedictine" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abbey+s.v.+Benedictine&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=13&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenedictines" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictines&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131132#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131132#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131132#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012169277X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/247149196253174790123">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/25880-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81012408">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11881773q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11881773q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01024647">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Benediktini"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2002148856&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="benediktini"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114135&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs68c5xd5sdcb1z">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258432705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058616370606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026601303">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011707">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gk072t">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from 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