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width:250px;"> <tbody><tr> <td><br /><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/Executive_Branch" title="Executive Branch"><img alt="Executive-Branch-Logo.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/0a/Executive-Branch-Logo.png/130px-Executive-Branch-Logo.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/0a/Executive-Branch-Logo.png/195px-Executive-Branch-Logo.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/0a/Executive-Branch-Logo.png/260px-Executive-Branch-Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></div></div><br /><center><b>Executive Departments of the United States</b></center><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center><b>Executive Departments</b></center> <small><center><a href="/U.S._Department_of_State" title="U.S. Department of State">Department of State</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Treasury" title="U.S. Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Defense" title="U.S. Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Justice" title="U.S. Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Commerce" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Labor" title="U.S. Department of Labor">Department of Labor</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="U.S. Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development">Department of Housing and Urban Development</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Transportation" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Energy" title="U.S. Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Education" title="U.S. Department of Education">Department of Education</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs">Department of Veterans Affairs</a> • <a href="/U.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="U.S. Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> </center></small><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center><b>Department Secretaries</b></center> <small><center><a href="/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Lloyd Austin</a> • <a href="/Xavier_Becerra" title="Xavier Becerra">Xavier Becerra</a> • <a href="/Tony_Blinken" title="Tony Blinken">Tony Blinken</a> • <a href="/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Pete Buttigieg</a> • <a href="/Miguel_Cardona" title="Miguel Cardona">Miguel Cardona</a> • <a href="/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">Merrick Garland</a> • <a href="/Jennifer_Granholm" title="Jennifer Granholm">Jennifer Granholm</a> • <a href="/Debra_Haaland" title="Debra Haaland">Debra Haaland</a> • <a href="/Alejandro_Mayorkas" title="Alejandro Mayorkas">Alejandro Mayorkas</a> • <a href="/Denis_McDonough" title="Denis McDonough">Denis McDonough</a> • <a href="/Gina_Raimondo" title="Gina Raimondo">Gina Raimondo</a> • <a href="/Julie_Su" title="Julie Su">Julie Su</a> <i>(Acting)</i> • <a href="/Joe_Biden%27s_Cabinet" title="Joe Biden's Cabinet">Adrienne Todman</a> <i>(Acting)</i> • <a href="/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Tom Vilsack</a> • <a href="/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a></center></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="float:right; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; ;" class="toclimit-3"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Confirmation_process"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Confirmation process</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Nomination"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Nomination</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Committee_hearings"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Committee hearings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Committee_jurisdictions"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Committee jurisdictions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Senate_hearings"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Senate hearings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Presidential_notification"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Presidential notification</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <p><br /> </p><p>All presidential appointments requiring <a href="/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> confirmation (PAS) must follow the <b>appointment confirmation process</b> before taking office. Although the number of PAS positions varies by administration, it typically includes all executive department secretaries, undersecretaries, and inspectors general. Some roles in independent agencies and commissions also require confirmation.<sup id="cite_ref-crs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-1">[1]</a></sup> Recent administrations have included approximately 1,200 PAS positions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wapo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-4">[4]</a></sup> The full list of positions for each administration can be found in the corresponding <i>United States Government Policy and Supporting Positions,</i> commonly referred to as the <i>Plum Book.</i><sup id="cite_ref-plum_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plum-5">[5]</a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/Confirmation_process_overview_for_Donald_Trump%27s_Cabinet_nominees_(2016-2017)" title="Confirmation process overview for Donald Trump's Cabinet nominees (2016-2017)">Confirmation process overview for Donald Trump's Cabinet nominees (2016-2017)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/Confirmation_process_for_Joe_Biden%27s_Cabinet_nominees" title="Confirmation process for Joe Biden's Cabinet nominees">Confirmation process for Joe Biden's Cabinet nominees</a></b></li></ul> <p> </p><div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351617089-0"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1548351617089-0'); }); </script> </div><div id="div-hre-Ballotpedia---New-3049" class="publirAds"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function(event) { if (event.slot.getSlotElementId() == "div-hre-Ballotpedia---New-3049") {googletag.display("div-hre-Ballotpedia---New-3049");} });});</script></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Confirmation_process">Confirmation process</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Nomination">Nomination</span></h3> <dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Advice_and_Consent" title="Advice and Consent">Advice and Consent</a></i></dd></dl> <p>Before any nominations are made, the White House Office of Presidential Personnel vets a list of candidates, including suggestions provided by members of <a href="/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> and special interest groups.<sup id="cite_ref-crs1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs1-6">[6]</a></sup> A chosen nominee then must pass through a series of investigations by the <a href="/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>, <a href="/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a>, the Office of Government Ethics and an ethics official from the agency to which the position is assigned.<sup id="cite_ref-crs1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs1-6">[6]</a></sup> The nominee must also fill out the Public Financial Disclosure Report and questionnaires related to his or her background check. </p><p>The process begins when the president provides a written nomination to the <a href="/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>, where it is read on the floor and assigned a number.<sup id="cite_ref-crs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-1">[1]</a></sup> This starts the Senate's procedure of "<a href="/Advice_and_Consent" title="Advice and Consent">Advice and Consent</a>" laid out in Article II of the <a href="/Article_II,_United_States_Constitution#Section_2" title="Article II, United States Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a> for the appointment of high ranking officials by the president.<sup id="cite_ref-crs_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-1">[1]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Committee_hearings">Committee hearings</span></h3> <p>The nomination is passed to the Senate committee with jurisdiction over the appointed position. Some PAS positions require a joint hearing of two or more committees.<sup id="cite_ref-crs_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-1">[1]</a></sup> Committee hearings allow a close examination of the nominee, looking for partisanship and views on public policy. They can also summon supporters and opponents to testify. Committees are permitted to conduct their own investigations into the nominees, as they are not always provided with the information gathered by the White House's investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-crs_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crs1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs1-6">[6]</a></sup> Once committee hearings are closed, most committees have a set amount of time before a vote is taken on whether the nominee is reported to the Senate favorably, unfavorably or without recommendation.<sup id="cite_ref-crs_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-1">[1]</a></sup> They also have the option not to take action on the nominee. If action is taken, the committee notifies the executive clerk. The nomination is then given a number and added to the Executive Calendar of the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-crs_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-1">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>Only one cabinet position since 1945 has been confirmed by the Senate after being reported as unfavorable by a committee. Henry A. Wallace was confirmed by the Senate by a vote of 56-32 to become the secretary of commerce on March 1, 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Committee_jurisdictions">Committee jurisdictions</span></h3> <p>The following table outlines jurisdiction of the Senate committees in terms of the presidential appointment confirmation process. The left column indicates the Senate committee, and the right indicates the federal departments and administrations over which the committee has jurisdiction. <b>For more information on each committee, follow the link in the left column.</b> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="background:none; width:80%; margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;">Jurisdictions of Senate committees in presidential appointment confirmation </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#444; color: white;">U.S. Senate committee </th> <th style="background-color:#444; color: white;">Jurisdiction<sup id="cite_ref-confirmation_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-confirmation-9">[9]</a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry">Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry</a></td> <td><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Armed Services</a></td> <td><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Defense" title="U.S. Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Banking,_Housing,_and_Urban_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs">Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs</a></td> <td><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a><br />Securities and Exchange Commission<br />Heads of Federal Banking institutions (e.g., FDIC) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on Budget">Budget</a></td> <td>All issues concerning the Budget (e.g., tax revenues, government expenditures) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science_and_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation">Commerce, Science, and Transportation</a></td> <td><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Transportation" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">U.S. Department of Transportation</a><br />Federal Trade Commission<br /><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Commerce" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">U.S. Department of Commerce</a><br />U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Under Secretary for Science and Technology<br /><a href="/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources">Energy and Natural Resources</a></td> <td><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Energy" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a><br /><a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">U.S. Department of the Interior</a><br /><a href="/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" title="United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works">Environment and Public Works</a></td> <td>Oversight in any issue concerning the environment, public works, or federal buildings </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Finance</a></td> <td><a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Treasury" title="U.S. Department of the Treasury">U.S. Department of the Treasury</a><br />Social Security Administration<br />International Trade Commission </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Foreign Relations</a></td> <td><a href="/U.S._Department_of_State" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a><br />International Monetary Fund<br />U.S. Agency for International Development<br />Peace Corps </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor,_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions">Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions</a></td> <td><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="U.S. Department of Health and Human Services">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</a><br /><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Education" title="U.S. Department of Education">U.S. Department of Education</a><br /><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Labor" title="U.S. Department of Labor">U.S. Department of Labor</a><br />U.S. Food and Drug Administration </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs</a></td> <td><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="U.S. Department of Homeland Security">U.S. Department of Homeland Security</a><br />U.S. General Services Administration<br />National Archives and Records Administration<br />Circuit and Appeals Courts of District of Columbia<br />United States Postal Service<br />Inspectors General of all departments </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Judiciary</a></td> <td>Supreme Court<br />Circuit Courts<br />District Courts<br /><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Justice" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" title="United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration">Rules and Administration</a></td> <td>Rules of the Senate<br />General administration of congressional buildings<br />Smithsonian Institution<br />Botanic Gardens </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Small_Business_and_Entrepreneurship" title="United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship">Small Business and Entrepreneurship</a></td> <td>Small Business Administration </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs">Veterans' Affairs</a></td> <td><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs">U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs</a><br />U.S. Department of Labor's Assistant Secretary for the Veterans Employment and Training </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Intelligence_(Select)" title="United States Senate Committee on Intelligence (Select)">Intelligence (Select)</a></td> <td>Central Intelligence Agency<br />U.S. Department of Treasury's Assistant Secretary for Intelligence Analysis<br /> U.S. Department of Justice's Attorney General for National Security<br />Director of National Intelligence </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Senate_hearings">Senate hearings</span></h3> <p>The nomination must be on the Executive Calendar for more than one day before it can make it to the Senate floor for consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-crs_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-1">[1]</a></sup> Unanimous consent of the time and date for debate must be agreed upon by all senators.<sup id="cite_ref-crs1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs1-6">[6]</a></sup> If even one senator does not agree, a <i>hold</i> is placed on the nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-crs1_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs1-6">[6]</a></sup> </p><p>Once the nomination is considered by the Senate, unlimited debate is allowed until a majority of the Senate votes to invoke cloture and close debate. Following a vote of cloture, the Senate conducts a simple majority vote on whether to confirm, reject, or take no action on the nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> If a nomination is left pending at the end of a Congress, it must be sent back to the president who can then re-submit the nomination to the new Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-crs_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-1">[1]</a></sup> The same procedure holds true with any nominee not considered before the Senate enters a recess of more than 30 days, unless there is unanimous consent to bypass the procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-crs1_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs1-6">[6]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Presidential_notification">Presidential notification</span></h3> <p>Finally, the Senate's action on the nomination is sent to the president. All results are recorded in the <i>Congressional Record</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-crs_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-1">[1]</a></sup> </p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/Advice_and_Consent" title="Advice and Consent">Advice and Consent</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-PLUMBOOK-2020/pdf/GPO-PLUMBOOK-2020.pdf">United States Government Policy and Supporting Positions (Plum Book) 2020</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-PLUMBOOK-2016/pdf/GPO-PLUMBOOK-2016.pdf">United States Government Policy and Supporting Positions (Plum Book) 2016</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-PLUMBOOK-2012/content-detail.html">United States Government Policy and Supporting Positions (Plum Book) 2012</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-crs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs_1-2">1.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs_1-3">1.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs_1-4">1.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs_1-5">1.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs_1-6">1.6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs_1-7">1.7</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs_1-8">1.8</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs_1-9">1.9</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20041027095822/http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/35647.pdf"><i>CRS Report for Congress</i>, "Senate Confirmation Process: An Overview," accessed July 24, 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-PLUMBOOK-2012/pdf/GPO-PLUMBOOK-2012.pdf"><i>U.S. Government Publishing Office</i>, "Plum Book 2012," accessed March 30, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-PLUMBOOK-2016/pdf/GPO-PLUMBOOK-2016.pdf"><i>U.S. Government Publishing Office</i>, "Plum Book 2016," accessed March 30, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wapo_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/07/16/does-the-senate-really-need-to-confirm-1200-executive-branch-jobs/?wprss=rss_ezra-klein&clsrd">2<i>Washington Post</i>, "Does the Senate really need to confirm 1,200 executive branch jobs?" accessed July 25, 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plum-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-plum_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-PLUMBOOK-2012/content-detail.html"><i>Government Printing Office</i>, "United States Government Policy and Supporting Positions (Plum Book) 2012," accessed July 23, 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crs1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs1_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs1_6-1">6.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs1_6-2">6.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs1_6-3">6.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs1_6-4">6.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crs1_6-5">6.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41872.pdf"><i>Congressional Research Service</i>, "Presidential Appointments, the Senate's Confirmation Process, and Proposals for Change," accessed July 25, 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=PeHByMYxVm8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Google Books</i>, "Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992, Volume 4," accessed August 22, 2013 (Note: page 687)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal45-1403668"><i>CQ Almanac</i>, "Separation of Lending Agencies from Department of Commerce; Confirmation of Henry Wallace as Secretary of Commerce," accessed October 7, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-confirmation-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-confirmation_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111141522/http://www.opencongress.org/wiki/U.S._Senate_Confirmation_Process"><i>OpenCongress</i>, "U.S. Senate Confirmation Process," accessed January 17, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/CRSpubs/74919ab6-b407-451c-b429-702e9ae8dcb1.pdf#page13"><i>Congressional Research Service</i>, "Senate Consideration of Presidential Nominations: Committee and Floor Procedure," April 4, 2019</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#bbccee;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; 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