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<div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-1dac4028-160e-44d2-a5a1-d7bbc1352a94"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Stan Schein</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/">University of California, Los Angeles</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/Departments/California_Nanosystems_Institute/Documents">California Nanosystems Institute</a>, 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class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Stan Schein</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="21236188"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/21236188/A_geometric_constraint_the_head_to_tail_exclusion_rule_may_be_the_basis_for_the_isolated_pentagon_rule_in_fullerenes_with_more_than_60_vertices"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A geometric constraint, the head-to-tail exclusion rule, may be the basis for the isolated-pentagon rule in fullerenes with more than 60 vertices" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775782/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/21236188/A_geometric_constraint_the_head_to_tail_exclusion_rule_may_be_the_basis_for_the_isolated_pentagon_rule_in_fullerenes_with_more_than_60_vertices">A geometric constraint, the head-to-tail exclusion rule, may be the basis for the isolated-pentagon rule in fullerenes with more than 60 vertices</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</span><span>, Sep 12, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9642f93b3c918b3a8be280aa27bb9c7e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":41775782,"asset_id":21236188,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" 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})(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9642f93b3c918b3a8be280aa27bb9c7e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=21236188]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":21236188,"title":"A geometric constraint, the head-to-tail exclusion rule, may be the basis for the isolated-pentagon rule in fullerenes with more than 60 vertices","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Carbon atoms self-assemble into the famous soccer-ball shaped Buckminsterfullerene (C 60), the smallest fullerene cage that obeys the isolated-pentagon rule (IPR). Carbon atoms self-assemble into larger (n \u003e 60 vertices) empty cages as well-but only the few that obey the IPR-and at least 1 small fullerene (n \u003c 60) with adjacent pentagons. Clathrin protein also self-assembles into small fullerene cages with adjacent pentagons, but just a few of those. We asked why carbon atoms and clathrin proteins self-assembled into just those IPR and small cage isomers. In answer, we described a geometric constraint-the head-to-tail exclusion rule-that permits self-assembly of just the following fullerene cages: among the 5,769 possible small cages (n \u003c 60 vertices) with adjacent pentagons, only 15; the soccer ball (n ‫؍‬ 60); and among the 216,739 large cages with 60 \u003c n \u003c 84 vertices, only the 50 IPR ones. The last finding was a complete surprise. Here, by showing that the largest permitted fullerene with adjacent pentagons is one with 60 vertices and a ring of interleaved hexagons and pentagon pairs, we prove that for all n \u003e 60, the head-to-tail exclusion rule permits only (and all) fullerene cages and nanotubes that obey the IPR. We therefore suggest that self-assembly that obeys the IPR may be explained by the head-to-tail exclusion rule, a geometric constraint.","publication_date":{"day":12,"month":9,"year":2008,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":41775782},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236188/A_geometric_constraint_the_head_to_tail_exclusion_rule_may_be_the_basis_for_the_isolated_pentagon_rule_in_fullerenes_with_more_than_60_vertices","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:42.937-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41775782,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775782/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"19142.full.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775782/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAwOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"A_geometric_constraint_the_head_to_tail.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775782/19142.full-libre.pdf?1454164591=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_geometric_constraint_the_head_to_tail.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=bAnrroOnH8QdcIDkVcSrB2ZIUL2X~b87In-auu58WAAlj3ZqHw0qCUBk5BQ5vigcEA38iE93llGeivr-dz8xgODpAy3K-JsH9s2aEl5tfynf~31TB8FAxpid9JpeiUXy3BroBYdZbUY5vjBumti9POMgE5z8AO-9FH7wqarRmT7ZdTwmdfLGietoZwI-CVnLBQ1AZ~QX1Q5Oz9zZi8WrqTpu~pscn91pMH36ybDtPFN~1~hZECAXuRDID0qIiVirVewqRxpyE-SNaePFj8KM1uEC17AQKTHJaFRbydDD9Y-Ug~JWfuhLGiIC-NaTOLK23LTcZjEnGmOU7VWtNj9lXQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"A_geometric_constraint_the_head_to_tail_exclusion_rule_may_be_the_basis_for_the_isolated_pentagon_rule_in_fullerenes_with_more_than_60_vertices","translated_slug":"","page_count":6,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[{"id":41775782,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775782/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"19142.full.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775782/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAwOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"A_geometric_constraint_the_head_to_tail.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775782/19142.full-libre.pdf?1454164591=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_geometric_constraint_the_head_to_tail.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=bAnrroOnH8QdcIDkVcSrB2ZIUL2X~b87In-auu58WAAlj3ZqHw0qCUBk5BQ5vigcEA38iE93llGeivr-dz8xgODpAy3K-JsH9s2aEl5tfynf~31TB8FAxpid9JpeiUXy3BroBYdZbUY5vjBumti9POMgE5z8AO-9FH7wqarRmT7ZdTwmdfLGietoZwI-CVnLBQ1AZ~QX1Q5Oz9zZi8WrqTpu~pscn91pMH36ybDtPFN~1~hZECAXuRDID0qIiVirVewqRxpyE-SNaePFj8KM1uEC17AQKTHJaFRbydDD9Y-Ug~JWfuhLGiIC-NaTOLK23LTcZjEnGmOU7VWtNj9lXQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary"},{"id":53354,"name":"Fullerenes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fullerenes"},{"id":111748,"name":"Nanotubes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotubes"},{"id":1549061,"name":"Clathrin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clathrin"}],"urls":[{"id":6276946,"url":"http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN\u0026cpsidt=20973517"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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Electrophysiological studies indicate that strontium and barium can also carry the inward current. Exposure to high concentrations of barium rapidly paralyzes and later kills wild-type paramecia. Following mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine, seven mutants which continued to swim in the 'high-barium' solution were selected. All of the mutants show decreased reversal behavior, with phenotypes ranging from extremely non-reversing ('extreme' pawns) to nearly wild-type reversal behavior ('partial' pawns). The mutations fall into three complementation groups, identical to the pwA, pwB, and pwC genes of KUNC et al. (1975). All of the p w A and pwB mutants withstand longer exposure to barium, the pwB mutants surviving longer than the p w A mutants. Among mutants of each gene, survival is correlated with loss of reversal behavior. 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They lack the inward ionic (calcium) current required for the upstroke of the electrically excitable membrane response. By following the progressive loss of reversal response and excitability in cells that are suddenly changed from a heterozygous (wild-type) state to a homozygous mutant state, an estimate of the stability and mean lifetime of the calcium channel has been obtained. During rapid growth, channel dilution due to division occurred, but no channel decay was observed. Under conditions of slow growth, decay could also be observed; channel lifetime was found to be from 5 to 8 days.","publication_name":"Journal of Experimental Biology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":41775793},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236186/Calcium_channel_stability_measured_by_gradual_loss_of_excitability_in_pawn_mutants_of_Paramecium_aurelia","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:42.735-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41775793,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775793/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Calcium_channel_stability_measured_by_gr20160130-15209-10n47cc.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775793/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAwOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Calcium_channel_stability_measured_by_gr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775793/Calcium_channel_stability_measured_by_gr20160130-15209-10n47cc-libre.pdf?1454164788=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCalcium_channel_stability_measured_by_gr.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=ep~Y~XS2ibM36JEFChiUSt8k6an7AB5uzDGyAs1qtn6Du7T0OPTpZvJ3zIMYEx7P3SipC-TOrqgwMx4FO1US~eQQTWvXmsyEVpgmEzkTfHibAz~CI1P5ov9LIN5qgHcpJyzUj~GYHOeH9TrrUoadOeKxomdcFR61k~E0bLWUPezIEChjXMbBav4ftyD-y7ndrmiJqCYr2KuSmBGAEucIbhcmknpkUM38IgnoebyA0uyvOjD~QgyvzAbM3NklRmk7iJwcQh9EWoBfsUDyRYwkl3ktvlKJvDNwsGeEkyE7~FjR2FuMdPvd71MBTpZ2IyrHdc80rTnYfKlFTvbmt7EK1Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Calcium_channel_stability_measured_by_gradual_loss_of_excitability_in_pawn_mutants_of_Paramecium_aurelia","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[{"id":41775793,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775793/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Calcium_channel_stability_measured_by_gr20160130-15209-10n47cc.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775793/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAwOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Calcium_channel_stability_measured_by_gr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775793/Calcium_channel_stability_measured_by_gr20160130-15209-10n47cc-libre.pdf?1454164788=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCalcium_channel_stability_measured_by_gr.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=ep~Y~XS2ibM36JEFChiUSt8k6an7AB5uzDGyAs1qtn6Du7T0OPTpZvJ3zIMYEx7P3SipC-TOrqgwMx4FO1US~eQQTWvXmsyEVpgmEzkTfHibAz~CI1P5ov9LIN5qgHcpJyzUj~GYHOeH9TrrUoadOeKxomdcFR61k~E0bLWUPezIEChjXMbBav4ftyD-y7ndrmiJqCYr2KuSmBGAEucIbhcmknpkUM38IgnoebyA0uyvOjD~QgyvzAbM3NklRmk7iJwcQh9EWoBfsUDyRYwkl3ktvlKJvDNwsGeEkyE7~FjR2FuMdPvd71MBTpZ2IyrHdc80rTnYfKlFTvbmt7EK1Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior"},{"id":9534,"name":"Calcium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation"},{"id":84745,"name":"Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Movement"},{"id":213897,"name":"Phenotype","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phenotype"},{"id":233229,"name":"Genes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genes"},{"id":372410,"name":"Genotype","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genotype"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors"},{"id":1202042,"name":"Electric Conductivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electric_Conductivity"},{"id":1764230,"name":"Experimental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Biology"},{"id":1895142,"name":"Paramecium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paramecium"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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This report shows that all of the single and double mutants have reduced active inward (calcium) current, the reduction correlating with the degree of behavioural deficit. All of the mutants display normal resting potential, input impedance and delayed rectification. Mutants in genes pwA and ptoC show normal anomalous rectification, but pwB mutants do not show anomalous rectification until the membrane is hyperpolarized further. We suggest that the pwA gene plays a role in depolarization sensitivity (the 'gate') and thepwB gene a role affecting either the wall of the channel itself or the total number of channels. 7\u003cx\u003e S. J. SCHEIN, M . V. L . BENNETT AND G . M . K A T Z allow a smaller receptor potential to produce coordinated entry of adequate calcium over the entire surface of the cell.","publication_name":"Journal of Experimental Biology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":41775790},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236185/Altered_calcium_conductance_in_Pawns_behavioural_mutants_of_Paramecium_aurelia","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:42.632-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41775790,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775790/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Altered_calcium_conductance_in_Pawns_beh20160130-4855-8zxvtj.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775790/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAwOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Altered_calcium_conductance_in_Pawns_beh.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775790/Altered_calcium_conductance_in_Pawns_beh20160130-4855-8zxvtj-libre.pdf?1454164791=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAltered_calcium_conductance_in_Pawns_beh.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=SjX9gWgvTAdr~PYmRDrB4aSGi~JJRVIsQHFORxoKOF0W0LYHoRFxTXIU1iZR0x2p7zgGb15nd4NJievwvqiDlsmUltD7JjGg2snK2hNRQpg5CcG7ZkM4lDDMebW08QQJdBm~blIzUWnqrRbwwqRRtNuGJtEQpG87hXdc3fBDnUQJZJ0GRszUFoGzXSeFpGCBFrtkzHh0lnk6s3FAzgpYUrYIEnjXqitc9HkTlFYT6JpAYhFXH0LCXAKmwJwtgmPID5UDzbowCcHLXXS7oO4sbGVd8Ap~WHPTziQv0xPuHftQyKVizwTpmm5g3ala9GLUXAbwkYiQ8Kbf5o3Cg8sA6Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Altered_calcium_conductance_in_Pawns_behavioural_mutants_of_Paramecium_aurelia","translated_slug":"","page_count":26,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[{"id":41775790,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775790/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Altered_calcium_conductance_in_Pawns_beh20160130-4855-8zxvtj.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775790/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAwOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Altered_calcium_conductance_in_Pawns_beh.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775790/Altered_calcium_conductance_in_Pawns_beh20160130-4855-8zxvtj-libre.pdf?1454164791=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAltered_calcium_conductance_in_Pawns_beh.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=SjX9gWgvTAdr~PYmRDrB4aSGi~JJRVIsQHFORxoKOF0W0LYHoRFxTXIU1iZR0x2p7zgGb15nd4NJievwvqiDlsmUltD7JjGg2snK2hNRQpg5CcG7ZkM4lDDMebW08QQJdBm~blIzUWnqrRbwwqRRtNuGJtEQpG87hXdc3fBDnUQJZJ0GRszUFoGzXSeFpGCBFrtkzHh0lnk6s3FAzgpYUrYIEnjXqitc9HkTlFYT6JpAYhFXH0LCXAKmwJwtgmPID5UDzbowCcHLXXS7oO4sbGVd8Ap~WHPTziQv0xPuHftQyKVizwTpmm5g3ala9GLUXAbwkYiQ8Kbf5o3Cg8sA6Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior"},{"id":9534,"name":"Calcium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation"},{"id":84745,"name":"Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Movement"},{"id":233229,"name":"Genes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genes"},{"id":1202042,"name":"Electric Conductivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electric_Conductivity"},{"id":1764230,"name":"Experimental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Biology"},{"id":1895142,"name":"Paramecium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paramecium"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="21236184"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/21236184/Calcium_channels_in_Paramecium_aurelia"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Calcium channels in Paramecium aurelia" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/21236184/Calcium_channels_in_Paramecium_aurelia">Calcium channels in Paramecium aurelia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Progress in clinical and biological research</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Reversal of swimming direction in paramecium is dependent on the calcium influx through the excit...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Reversal of swimming direction in paramecium is dependent on the calcium influx through the excitable-membrane calcium channels. Several mutants of Paramecium aurelia have been selected on the basis of their resistance to the paralyzing effect of barium. The mutants have reduced reversal behavior and are in the same three pawn genes as discovered by Kung (16, 17). Also, in barium solutions, the pawns live longer than the wild-type; however, pwB mutants are more resistant to barium toxicity than pwA mutants. These results suggest that the selection picked up mutants in the calcium channel. Electrophysiological studies demonstrate this point directly, showing defective calcium activation in all pawns, but also defective anomalous rectification in pwB mutants. A model is presented which accounts for the differences between pwA and pwB mutants. It ascribes the depolarization-sensitive &amp;quot;gate&amp;quot; function to the pwA gene product and the &amp;quot;pore&amp;quot; function to the pwB gene product. Additionally, the stability of the channel structure is demonstrated, channel half-life being from five to eight days.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21236184"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21236184"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236184; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21236184]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21236184]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236184; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='21236184']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21236184, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=21236184]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":21236184,"title":"Calcium channels in Paramecium aurelia","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Reversal of swimming direction in paramecium is dependent on the calcium influx through the excitable-membrane calcium channels. Several mutants of Paramecium aurelia have been selected on the basis of their resistance to the paralyzing effect of barium. The mutants have reduced reversal behavior and are in the same three pawn genes as discovered by Kung (16, 17). Also, in barium solutions, the pawns live longer than the wild-type; however, pwB mutants are more resistant to barium toxicity than pwA mutants. These results suggest that the selection picked up mutants in the calcium channel. Electrophysiological studies demonstrate this point directly, showing defective calcium activation in all pawns, but also defective anomalous rectification in pwB mutants. A model is presented which accounts for the differences between pwA and pwB mutants. It ascribes the depolarization-sensitive \u0026amp;quot;gate\u0026amp;quot; function to the pwA gene product and the \u0026amp;quot;pore\u0026amp;quot; function to the pwB gene product. Additionally, the stability of the channel structure is demonstrated, channel half-life being from five to eight days.","publication_name":"Progress in clinical and biological research"},"translated_abstract":"Reversal of swimming direction in paramecium is dependent on the calcium influx through the excitable-membrane calcium channels. Several mutants of Paramecium aurelia have been selected on the basis of their resistance to the paralyzing effect of barium. The mutants have reduced reversal behavior and are in the same three pawn genes as discovered by Kung (16, 17). Also, in barium solutions, the pawns live longer than the wild-type; however, pwB mutants are more resistant to barium toxicity than pwA mutants. These results suggest that the selection picked up mutants in the calcium channel. Electrophysiological studies demonstrate this point directly, showing defective calcium activation in all pawns, but also defective anomalous rectification in pwB mutants. A model is presented which accounts for the differences between pwA and pwB mutants. It ascribes the depolarization-sensitive \u0026amp;quot;gate\u0026amp;quot; function to the pwA gene product and the \u0026amp;quot;pore\u0026amp;quot; function to the pwB gene product. Additionally, the stability of the channel structure is demonstrated, channel half-life being from five to eight days.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236184/Calcium_channels_in_Paramecium_aurelia","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:42.469-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Calcium_channels_in_Paramecium_aurelia","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":9534,"name":"Calcium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium"},{"id":396427,"name":"Barium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Barium"},{"id":1895142,"name":"Paramecium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paramecium"},{"id":2246318,"name":"Motor activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_activity"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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Neurophysiol. 57, 835-868</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Neurophysiology</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21236182"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21236182"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236182; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21236182]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21236182]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236182; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='21236182']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21236182, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=21236182]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":21236182,"title":"Visual properties of neurons in area V4 of the macaque: Sensitivity to stimulus form. 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Neurophysiol. 57, 835-868","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"ABSTRACT","publication_name":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},"translated_abstract":"ABSTRACT","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236182/Visual_properties_of_neurons_in_area_V4_of_the_macaque_Sensitivity_to_stimulus_form_J_Neurophysiol_57_835_868","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:42.203-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Visual_properties_of_neurons_in_area_V4_of_the_macaque_Sensitivity_to_stimulus_form_J_Neurophysiol_57_835_868","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":22272,"name":"Neurophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="21236181"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/21236181/Spectral_bandwidths_of_color_opponent_cells_of_geniculocortical_pathway_of_macaque_monkeys_J_Neurophysiol_47_2_p_214_24"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Spectral bandwidths of color-opponent cells of geniculocortical pathway of macaque monkeys. J Neurophysiol, 47(2): p. 214-24" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/21236181/Spectral_bandwidths_of_color_opponent_cells_of_geniculocortical_pathway_of_macaque_monkeys_J_Neurophysiol_47_2_p_214_24">Spectral bandwidths of color-opponent cells of geniculocortical pathway of macaque monkeys. J Neurophysiol, 47(2): p. 214-24</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Neurophysiology</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">1. The spectral-response bandwidth and peak sensitivity of the responses of color-opponent retina...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">1. The spectral-response bandwidth and peak sensitivity of the responses of color-opponent retinal ganglion cells of the macaque monkey were examined in conditions of neutral adaptation. Color-opponent cells showed specific &amp;quot;signatures&amp;quot; in plots of response bandwidth versus wavelength of the peak sensitivity that allow for an acceptable estimate of the cone types whose signals mediate cell responses. 2. Averaged spectral bandwidths of color-opponent ganglion cells were compared with published data from color-selective neurons of subsequent levels of the geniculocortical pathway, including the extrastriate area termed V4. No significant differences were found between color-selective cells of the retina, dorsal lateral geniculate body, striate cortex, and V4. 3. The spectral location of the peak sensitivity of responses of the various types of color-opponent ganglion cells showed a relatively broad distribution, loosely clustering at some spectral loci. Comparison of such distribution with that of recently reported V4 cells response indicates that a remarkable scarcity of &amp;quot;blue/yellow&amp;quot; opponent responses in such reports. 4. In association with more recent electrophysiological studies of V4 cells, the results do not support current claims of a color specialization of this extrastriate area, and suggest lack of significant spectral tuning of the retinal output in, so far known, higher visual centers having color-selective cells.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21236181"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21236181"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236181; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21236181]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21236181]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236181; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='21236181']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21236181, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=21236181]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":21236181,"title":"Spectral bandwidths of color-opponent cells of geniculocortical pathway of macaque monkeys. 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The spectral location of the peak sensitivity of responses of the various types of color-opponent ganglion cells showed a relatively broad distribution, loosely clustering at some spectral loci. Comparison of such distribution with that of recently reported V4 cells response indicates that a remarkable scarcity of \u0026amp;quot;blue/yellow\u0026amp;quot; opponent responses in such reports. 4. In association with more recent electrophysiological studies of V4 cells, the results do not support current claims of a color specialization of this extrastriate area, and suggest lack of significant spectral tuning of the retinal output in, so far known, higher visual centers having color-selective cells.","publication_name":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},"translated_abstract":"1. The spectral-response bandwidth and peak sensitivity of the responses of color-opponent retinal ganglion cells of the macaque monkey were examined in conditions of neutral adaptation. Color-opponent cells showed specific \u0026amp;quot;signatures\u0026amp;quot; in plots of response bandwidth versus wavelength of the peak sensitivity that allow for an acceptable estimate of the cone types whose signals mediate cell responses. 2. Averaged spectral bandwidths of color-opponent ganglion cells were compared with published data from color-selective neurons of subsequent levels of the geniculocortical pathway, including the extrastriate area termed V4. No significant differences were found between color-selective cells of the retina, dorsal lateral geniculate body, striate cortex, and V4. 3. The spectral location of the peak sensitivity of responses of the various types of color-opponent ganglion cells showed a relatively broad distribution, loosely clustering at some spectral loci. Comparison of such distribution with that of recently reported V4 cells response indicates that a remarkable scarcity of \u0026amp;quot;blue/yellow\u0026amp;quot; opponent responses in such reports. 4. In association with more recent electrophysiological studies of V4 cells, the results do not support current claims of a color specialization of this extrastriate area, and suggest lack of significant spectral tuning of the retinal output in, so far known, higher visual centers having color-selective cells.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236181/Spectral_bandwidths_of_color_opponent_cells_of_geniculocortical_pathway_of_macaque_monkeys_J_Neurophysiol_47_2_p_214_24","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:42.103-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Spectral_bandwidths_of_color_opponent_cells_of_geniculocortical_pathway_of_macaque_monkeys_J_Neurophysiol_47_2_p_214_24","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":22272,"name":"Neurophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology"},{"id":38756,"name":"Color Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Color_Perception"},{"id":49962,"name":"Visual Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Cortex"},{"id":56477,"name":"Macaca","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons"},{"id":484219,"name":"Basal ganglia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Basal_ganglia"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="21236180"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/21236180/Non_fluorescent_dye_staining_of_blue_cones"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Non-fluorescent dye staining of blue cones" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775788/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/21236180/Non_fluorescent_dye_staining_of_blue_cones">Non-fluorescent dye staining of blue cones</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Investigative Ophthalmology &amp Visual Science</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="aca28814a8ebfdd8d058a30fb50f88fa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":41775788,"asset_id":21236180,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775788/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21236180"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21236180"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236180; 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Because at the concentrations used the dye is poorly visible in conventional light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy is required for the observation of the stained cones. 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These cones form an approximately regular array whose separation varies with retinal eccentricity. They are absent in the very center of the fovea, and their density peaks at 1 degree. The distribution of stained cones resembles that reported for blue-sensitive cones of other primates and, consistent with such an identification, they are found with less incidence in species having lower concentrations of blue cones.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21236177"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21236177"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236177; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21236177]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21236177]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236177; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='21236177']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21236177, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=21236177]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":21236177,"title":"Staining of blue-sensitive cones of the macaque retina by a fluorescent dye","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Intravitreal injection of a fluorescent dye, Procion yellow, results in the complete and systematic staining of a cone population in the monkey retina. These cones form an approximately regular array whose separation varies with retinal eccentricity. They are absent in the very center of the fovea, and their density peaks at 1 degree. The distribution of stained cones resembles that reported for blue-sensitive cones of other primates and, consistent with such an identification, they are found with less incidence in species having lower concentrations of blue cones.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1981,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Science"},"translated_abstract":"Intravitreal injection of a fluorescent dye, Procion yellow, results in the complete and systematic staining of a cone population in the monkey retina. These cones form an approximately regular array whose separation varies with retinal eccentricity. They are absent in the very center of the fovea, and their density peaks at 1 degree. The distribution of stained cones resembles that reported for blue-sensitive cones of other primates and, consistent with such an identification, they are found with less incidence in species having lower concentrations of blue cones.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236177/Staining_of_blue_sensitive_cones_of_the_macaque_retina_by_a_fluorescent_dye","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:41.556-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Staining_of_blue_sensitive_cones_of_the_macaque_retina_by_a_fluorescent_dye","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":6779,"name":"Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science"},{"id":18529,"name":"Fluorescent Dyes and Reagents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluorescent_Dyes_and_Reagents"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary"},{"id":56477,"name":"Macaca","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca"},{"id":99234,"name":"Animals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animals"},{"id":444844,"name":"Spectrum analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spectrum_analysis"},{"id":801410,"name":"Triazines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Triazines"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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Carbon atoms self-assemble into larger (n \u003e 60 vertices) empty cages as well-but only the few that obey the IPR-and at least 1 small fullerene (n \u003c 60) with adjacent pentagons. Clathrin protein also self-assembles into small fullerene cages with adjacent pentagons, but just a few of those. We asked why carbon atoms and clathrin proteins self-assembled into just those IPR and small cage isomers. In answer, we described a geometric constraint-the head-to-tail exclusion rule-that permits self-assembly of just the following fullerene cages: among the 5,769 possible small cages (n \u003c 60 vertices) with adjacent pentagons, only 15; the soccer ball (n ‫؍‬ 60); and among the 216,739 large cages with 60 \u003c n \u003c 84 vertices, only the 50 IPR ones. The last finding was a complete surprise. Here, by showing that the largest permitted fullerene with adjacent pentagons is one with 60 vertices and a ring of interleaved hexagons and pentagon pairs, we prove that for all n \u003e 60, the head-to-tail exclusion rule permits only (and all) fullerene cages and nanotubes that obey the IPR. 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The smallest cage in which all of the pentagons are surrounded by hexagons and thus isolated from each other has 60 vertices and is shaped like a soccer ball. The protein clathrin self-assembles into fullerene cages of a variety of sizes and shapes, including smaller ones with adjacent pentagons as well as larger ones, but the variety is limited. To explain the range of clathrin architecture and how these fullerene cages self-assemble, we proposed a hypothesis, the \"head-to-tail exclusion rule\" (the \"Rule\"). Of the 5769 small clathrin cage isomers with n ≤ 60 vertices and adjacent pentagons, the Rule permits just 15, three identified in 1976 and 12 others. A \"weak version\" of the Rule permits another 99. Based on cryo-electron tomography, Cheng et al. reported six raw clathrin fullerene cages. One was among the three identified in 1976. Here, (1) we identify the remaining five.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2009,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Molecular Biology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":41775795},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236174/Architecture_of_Clathrin_Fullerene_Cages_Reflects_a_Geometric_Constraint_the_Head_to_Tail_Exclusion_Rule_and_a_Preference_for_Asymmetry","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:41.004-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41775795,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775795/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Architecture_of_Clathrin_Fullerene_Cages20160130-1055-16vsxc5.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775795/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Architecture_of_Clathrin_Fullerene_Cages.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775795/Architecture_of_Clathrin_Fullerene_Cages20160130-1055-16vsxc5-libre.pdf?1454164788=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DArchitecture_of_Clathrin_Fullerene_Cages.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=QrDSJvI~04VlVwIVkuBpHDVPlKm-f9mWhoKVPOHW0Cw83Jv9weM97zNGQRgz5fduvDqXNFku4NYxgTFNQezWpBRANU7h9u~-ycUuZpR~QZwWxeM4Brd9LkDCorllm1z9TX0oyVmPACm4LGWvuvp9alL26Wi96Cy0mYCHGP47MN6BgY1upd5zVmQiEt5AiDaYIHfjW604CMbNBaCmcEK4fBuStusu3iVfOmzLJLm-~jk3r1bB6TZ~2xMmgN0T0vjEkwNzUYG8a4GAi~SX6ZlUd7juhjA8FKuqvz6r~N3dVCbjEHeszofPd2ZYLhj28V0Pjhi59qAEwQw4CoyJOXFpxw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Architecture_of_Clathrin_Fullerene_Cages_Reflects_a_Geometric_Constraint_the_Head_to_Tail_Exclusion_Rule_and_a_Preference_for_Asymmetry","translated_slug":"","page_count":13,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[{"id":41775795,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775795/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Architecture_of_Clathrin_Fullerene_Cages20160130-1055-16vsxc5.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775795/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Architecture_of_Clathrin_Fullerene_Cages.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775795/Architecture_of_Clathrin_Fullerene_Cages20160130-1055-16vsxc5-libre.pdf?1454164788=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DArchitecture_of_Clathrin_Fullerene_Cages.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=QrDSJvI~04VlVwIVkuBpHDVPlKm-f9mWhoKVPOHW0Cw83Jv9weM97zNGQRgz5fduvDqXNFku4NYxgTFNQezWpBRANU7h9u~-ycUuZpR~QZwWxeM4Brd9LkDCorllm1z9TX0oyVmPACm4LGWvuvp9alL26Wi96Cy0mYCHGP47MN6BgY1upd5zVmQiEt5AiDaYIHfjW604CMbNBaCmcEK4fBuStusu3iVfOmzLJLm-~jk3r1bB6TZ~2xMmgN0T0vjEkwNzUYG8a4GAi~SX6ZlUd7juhjA8FKuqvz6r~N3dVCbjEHeszofPd2ZYLhj28V0Pjhi59qAEwQw4CoyJOXFpxw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology"},{"id":4493,"name":"Supramolecular Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supramolecular_Chemistry"},{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics"},{"id":7577,"name":"Electron Tomography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Tomography"},{"id":11073,"name":"Self Assembly","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self_Assembly"},{"id":53354,"name":"Fullerenes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fullerenes"},{"id":90156,"name":"Endocytosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endocytosis"},{"id":126829,"name":"Symmetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Symmetry"},{"id":1549061,"name":"Clathrin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clathrin"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="21236173"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/21236173/Anatomy_of_macaque_fovea_and_spatial_densities_of_neurons_in_foveal_representation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Anatomy of macaque fovea and spatial densities of neurons in foveal representation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/21236173/Anatomy_of_macaque_fovea_and_spatial_densities_of_neurons_in_foveal_representation">Anatomy of macaque fovea and spatial densities of neurons in foveal representation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Journal of Comparative Neurology</span><span>, 1988</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Fine visual sampling in the macaque depends on the high density of cone outer and inner segments ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Fine visual sampling in the macaque depends on the high density of cone outer and inner segments in the fovea. Cone pedicles, at the opposite, presynaptic end of the cone, are absent from the center of the fovea. Both ends of the cones, inner segments and pedicles, are closely packed within their respective monolayers, but the spatial density of foveal pedicles is lower because foveal pedicles are wider than inner segments. Because there is one pedicle for every inner segment, and because pedicles are wider than inner segments, increase in eccentricity finds increasing lateral displacement of the cone&amp;#39;s pedicle from its inner segment. Further increase of eccentricity finds inner segment density falling below pedicle density, and so this lateral displacement declines. By 2-3 mm from the center, inner segments catch up with pedicles. Additional lateral displacements, of bipolar cells from pedicles and ganglion from bipolar cells, are largest for central-most elements and fall steeply with eccentricity. By taking into account all of these lateral displacements, the eccentricity of the cone inner segment(s) associated with a ganglion cell was determined, as was the area of inner segments represented by a unit area in the ganglion cell layer. Then raw ganglion cell densities were transformed to densities comparable to densities of inner segments and of cells in dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. On average there appears to be close to 2 ganglion cells for each cone in the central fovea out to about 2.5 degrees. Thus, the density of foveal ganglion cells is sufficient to allow each red and each green cone to connect to 2 midget ganglion cells, and each blue cone to connect to 1 ganglion cell. Furthermore, there appears to be a single dorsal lateral geniculate cell for each ganglion cell.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21236173"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21236173"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236173; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21236173]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21236173]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236173; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='21236173']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21236173, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=21236173]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":21236173,"title":"Anatomy of macaque fovea and spatial densities of neurons in foveal representation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Fine visual sampling in the macaque depends on the high density of cone outer and inner segments in the fovea. Cone pedicles, at the opposite, presynaptic end of the cone, are absent from the center of the fovea. Both ends of the cones, inner segments and pedicles, are closely packed within their respective monolayers, but the spatial density of foveal pedicles is lower because foveal pedicles are wider than inner segments. Because there is one pedicle for every inner segment, and because pedicles are wider than inner segments, increase in eccentricity finds increasing lateral displacement of the cone\u0026amp;#39;s pedicle from its inner segment. Further increase of eccentricity finds inner segment density falling below pedicle density, and so this lateral displacement declines. By 2-3 mm from the center, inner segments catch up with pedicles. Additional lateral displacements, of bipolar cells from pedicles and ganglion from bipolar cells, are largest for central-most elements and fall steeply with eccentricity. By taking into account all of these lateral displacements, the eccentricity of the cone inner segment(s) associated with a ganglion cell was determined, as was the area of inner segments represented by a unit area in the ganglion cell layer. Then raw ganglion cell densities were transformed to densities comparable to densities of inner segments and of cells in dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. On average there appears to be close to 2 ganglion cells for each cone in the central fovea out to about 2.5 degrees. Thus, the density of foveal ganglion cells is sufficient to allow each red and each green cone to connect to 2 midget ganglion cells, and each blue cone to connect to 1 ganglion cell. Furthermore, there appears to be a single dorsal lateral geniculate cell for each ganglion cell.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1988,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"The Journal of Comparative Neurology"},"translated_abstract":"Fine visual sampling in the macaque depends on the high density of cone outer and inner segments in the fovea. Cone pedicles, at the opposite, presynaptic end of the cone, are absent from the center of the fovea. Both ends of the cones, inner segments and pedicles, are closely packed within their respective monolayers, but the spatial density of foveal pedicles is lower because foveal pedicles are wider than inner segments. Because there is one pedicle for every inner segment, and because pedicles are wider than inner segments, increase in eccentricity finds increasing lateral displacement of the cone\u0026amp;#39;s pedicle from its inner segment. Further increase of eccentricity finds inner segment density falling below pedicle density, and so this lateral displacement declines. By 2-3 mm from the center, inner segments catch up with pedicles. Additional lateral displacements, of bipolar cells from pedicles and ganglion from bipolar cells, are largest for central-most elements and fall steeply with eccentricity. By taking into account all of these lateral displacements, the eccentricity of the cone inner segment(s) associated with a ganglion cell was determined, as was the area of inner segments represented by a unit area in the ganglion cell layer. Then raw ganglion cell densities were transformed to densities comparable to densities of inner segments and of cells in dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. On average there appears to be close to 2 ganglion cells for each cone in the central fovea out to about 2.5 degrees. Thus, the density of foveal ganglion cells is sufficient to allow each red and each green cone to connect to 2 midget ganglion cells, and each blue cone to connect to 1 ganglion cell. Furthermore, there appears to be a single dorsal lateral geniculate cell for each ganglion cell.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236173/Anatomy_of_macaque_fovea_and_spatial_densities_of_neurons_in_foveal_representation","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:40.893-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Anatomy_of_macaque_fovea_and_spatial_densities_of_neurons_in_foveal_representation","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology"},{"id":56477,"name":"Macaca","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina"},{"id":186234,"name":"Medical Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology"},{"id":513105,"name":"Retinal Ganglion Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal_Ganglion_Cells"},{"id":584606,"name":"Macaca fascicularis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_fascicularis"},{"id":956026,"name":"Somatic Cell Count","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Somatic_Cell_Count"},{"id":1002863,"name":"Comparative Neurology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Neurology"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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We show that a geometric constraintexclusion of head-to-tail dihedral angle discrepancies (DADs)-explains this limited selection as well as successful assembly into such closed cages in the first place. An edge running from a pentagon to a hexagon has a DAD, since the dihedral angles about the edge broaden from its pentagon (tail) end to its hexagon (head) end. Of the 21 configurations of a central face and surrounding faces, six have such DAD vectors arranged head-to-tail. Of the 5770 mathematically possible fullerene cages for n # 60, excluding those with any of the six configurations leaves just 15 cages plus buckminsterfullerene (n ¼ 60), among them the known clathrin cages. Of the 216,739 mathematically possible cages for 60 , n # 84, just the 50 that obey the isolated-pentagon rule, among them known carbon cages, pass. The absence of likely fullerenes for some n 46, explains the abundance of certain cages, including buckminsterfullerene. These principles also suggest a ''probable roads'' path to self-assembly in place of pentagon-road and fullerene-road hypotheses.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2008,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Biophysical Journal","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":41775796},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236172/A_Geometric_Principle_May_Guide_Self_Assembly_of_Fullerene_Cages_from_Clathrin_Triskelia_and_from_Carbon_Atoms","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:40.796-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41775796,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775796/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"A_Geometric_Principle_May_Guide_Self-Ass20160130-4863-1852p5i.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775796/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Geometric_Principle_May_Guide_Self_Ass.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775796/A_Geometric_Principle_May_Guide_Self-Ass20160130-4863-1852p5i-libre.pdf?1454164787=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Geometric_Principle_May_Guide_Self_Ass.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=RIqkM~BBpxReFqr~aZmS11TxTSVmd3ZWqEqbGqDQyMZARx~qSK5RhWYt9ZruCrin0jv5~kF7LfaMgD7ty6JU591wJmgLy2giX6oAWVScGOU~90jmAksmJdKwaX7laqCKo3YerZc7T5oyy4KdHa8jrcCQwV3Di1SMyHV-vNBqckbAbuM4SRAntBSXRsc7bjEXsMglGWnzEiNZLZqfre1Zf4TTOsBUK55ZgwElg7gSzKLFzQJQRML4aXLPLgaoOoAVi-olJH43h8WQv~Wd84OO8ExpTpvm2zthM7lxm59NRAvoNmCCFF0iEfHqx-nNgi4MpUOl-l2ccuSwya7BK3yVUQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"A_Geometric_Principle_May_Guide_Self_Assembly_of_Fullerene_Cages_from_Clathrin_Triskelia_and_from_Carbon_Atoms","translated_slug":"","page_count":19,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[{"id":41775796,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775796/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"A_Geometric_Principle_May_Guide_Self-Ass20160130-4863-1852p5i.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775796/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Geometric_Principle_May_Guide_Self_Ass.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775796/A_Geometric_Principle_May_Guide_Self-Ass20160130-4863-1852p5i-libre.pdf?1454164787=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Geometric_Principle_May_Guide_Self_Ass.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=RIqkM~BBpxReFqr~aZmS11TxTSVmd3ZWqEqbGqDQyMZARx~qSK5RhWYt9ZruCrin0jv5~kF7LfaMgD7ty6JU591wJmgLy2giX6oAWVScGOU~90jmAksmJdKwaX7laqCKo3YerZc7T5oyy4KdHa8jrcCQwV3Di1SMyHV-vNBqckbAbuM4SRAntBSXRsc7bjEXsMglGWnzEiNZLZqfre1Zf4TTOsBUK55ZgwElg7gSzKLFzQJQRML4aXLPLgaoOoAVi-olJH43h8WQv~Wd84OO8ExpTpvm2zthM7lxm59NRAvoNmCCFF0iEfHqx-nNgi4MpUOl-l2ccuSwya7BK3yVUQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11073,"name":"Self Assembly","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self_Assembly"},{"id":12597,"name":"Crystallization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crystallization"},{"id":19156,"name":"Biophysical Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biophysical_Chemistry"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":53354,"name":"Fullerenes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fullerenes"},{"id":69542,"name":"Computer Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Simulation"},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences"},{"id":128132,"name":"Nanostructures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanostructures"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":649537,"name":"Molecular Conformation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Conformation"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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Due to the quantal and stochastic nature of release, discrete distributions of Q count for darkness versus one isomerization of rhodopsin (R*) overlap. We suggested that release must be regular to narrow these distributions, reduce overlap, reduce the rate of false positives, and increase transmission efficiency (the fraction of R* events that are identified as light). Unsurprisingly, higher quantal release rates (Q rates ) yield higher efficiencies. Focusing here on the effect of small changes in Q rate , we find that a slightly higher Q rate yields greatly reduced efficiency, due to a necessarily fixed quantal-count threshold. To stabilize efficiency in the face of drift in Q rate , the dendrite needs to regulate the biochemical realization of its quantal-count threshold with respect to its Q count . These considerations reveal the mathematical role of calcium-based negative feedback and suggest a helpful role for spontaneous R*. 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However, activation of one rhodopsin molecule (Rh*) hyperpolarizes a mammalian rod by just 1 mV. Based on the properties of the voltage-dependent Ca 21 channel and data on [Ca 21 ] in the rod synaptic terminal, the 1 mV hyperpolarization should reduce the rate of release of quanta of neurotransmitter by only ;20%. If quantal release were Poisson, the distributions of quantal count in the dark and in response to one Rh* would overlap greatly. Depending on the threshold quantal count, the overlap would generate too frequent false positives in the dark, too few true positives in response to one Rh*, or both. Therefore, quantal release must be regular, giving narrower distributions of quantal count that overlap less. We model regular release as an Erlang process, essentially a mechanism that counts many Poisson events before release of a quantum of neurotransmitter. The combination of appropriately narrow distributions of quantal count and a suitable threshold can give few false positives and appropriate (e.g., 35%) efficiency for one Rh*.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2005,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Biophysical Journal","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":41775786},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236170/A_Clockwork_Hypothesis_Synaptic_Release_by_Rod_Photoreceptors_Must_Be_Regular","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:40.508-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41775786,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775786/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"A_Clockwork_Hypothesis_Synaptic_Release_20160130-4863-1efwtlg.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775786/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Clockwork_Hypothesis_Synaptic_Release.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775786/A_Clockwork_Hypothesis_Synaptic_Release_20160130-4863-1efwtlg-libre.pdf?1454164788=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Clockwork_Hypothesis_Synaptic_Release.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=RH9T-6mMvRdBLL6WJVkn5-hywJYC1jvKc8kYarnfRcON9y8Z3gJl~Nex04ZaMnzlbCaTpcyBUJqr8zvEHhvtxEie1IFKwUvFz2PyaFeFyruuerajujDQCARLzQ8nqtkdLSpzRNDFH1Vb-9GNRW93p0BXAHB8NiSuf7CYXj~t-gsAZH1mE-fZGsr8f8m9PIPHBufZkjrMEThDvz6w~SB7Bj~B5G~zADzB4knw8uLr9XF-Io4B24p4hznaM0yoBnNky0SUn-A1VJkcQPZTdDqEr2gqc0hqaZAS3xZKX6sTgCZKn~s3aUTYSGmmIYzpPeozR6PFqM69W5mKU71TWht7wg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"A_Clockwork_Hypothesis_Synaptic_Release_by_Rod_Photoreceptors_Must_Be_Regular","translated_slug":"","page_count":19,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[{"id":41775786,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775786/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"A_Clockwork_Hypothesis_Synaptic_Release_20160130-4863-1efwtlg.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775786/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Clockwork_Hypothesis_Synaptic_Release.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775786/A_Clockwork_Hypothesis_Synaptic_Release_20160130-4863-1efwtlg-libre.pdf?1454164788=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Clockwork_Hypothesis_Synaptic_Release.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=RH9T-6mMvRdBLL6WJVkn5-hywJYC1jvKc8kYarnfRcON9y8Z3gJl~Nex04ZaMnzlbCaTpcyBUJqr8zvEHhvtxEie1IFKwUvFz2PyaFeFyruuerajujDQCARLzQ8nqtkdLSpzRNDFH1Vb-9GNRW93p0BXAHB8NiSuf7CYXj~t-gsAZH1mE-fZGsr8f8m9PIPHBufZkjrMEThDvz6w~SB7Bj~B5G~zADzB4knw8uLr9XF-Io4B24p4hznaM0yoBnNky0SUn-A1VJkcQPZTdDqEr2gqc0hqaZAS3xZKX6sTgCZKn~s3aUTYSGmmIYzpPeozR6PFqM69W5mKU71TWht7wg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":19156,"name":"Biophysical Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biophysical_Chemistry"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":69542,"name":"Computer Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Simulation"},{"id":99271,"name":"Calcium channels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium_channels"},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences"},{"id":128057,"name":"Light","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Light"},{"id":176503,"name":"Synaptic Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Transmission"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":387505,"name":"Light Intensity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Light_Intensity"},{"id":418263,"name":"SYNAPSES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SYNAPSES"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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Malpeli","title":"Composition of geniculostriate input to superior colliculus of the rhesus monkey"}],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Composition_of_geniculostriate_input_to_superior_colliculus_of_the_rhesus_monkey","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":22272,"name":"Neurophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="4491514" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="21236188"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/21236188/A_geometric_constraint_the_head_to_tail_exclusion_rule_may_be_the_basis_for_the_isolated_pentagon_rule_in_fullerenes_with_more_than_60_vertices"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A geometric constraint, the head-to-tail exclusion rule, may be the basis for the isolated-pentagon rule in fullerenes with more than 60 vertices" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775782/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/21236188/A_geometric_constraint_the_head_to_tail_exclusion_rule_may_be_the_basis_for_the_isolated_pentagon_rule_in_fullerenes_with_more_than_60_vertices">A geometric constraint, the head-to-tail exclusion rule, may be the basis for the isolated-pentagon rule in fullerenes with more than 60 vertices</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</span><span>, Sep 12, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9642f93b3c918b3a8be280aa27bb9c7e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":41775782,"asset_id":21236188,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775782/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21236188"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21236188"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236188; 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Carbon atoms self-assemble into larger (n \u003e 60 vertices) empty cages as well-but only the few that obey the IPR-and at least 1 small fullerene (n \u003c 60) with adjacent pentagons. Clathrin protein also self-assembles into small fullerene cages with adjacent pentagons, but just a few of those. We asked why carbon atoms and clathrin proteins self-assembled into just those IPR and small cage isomers. In answer, we described a geometric constraint-the head-to-tail exclusion rule-that permits self-assembly of just the following fullerene cages: among the 5,769 possible small cages (n \u003c 60 vertices) with adjacent pentagons, only 15; the soccer ball (n ‫؍‬ 60); and among the 216,739 large cages with 60 \u003c n \u003c 84 vertices, only the 50 IPR ones. The last finding was a complete surprise. Here, by showing that the largest permitted fullerene with adjacent pentagons is one with 60 vertices and a ring of interleaved hexagons and pentagon pairs, we prove that for all n \u003e 60, the head-to-tail exclusion rule permits only (and all) fullerene cages and nanotubes that obey the IPR. We therefore suggest that self-assembly that obeys the IPR may be explained by the head-to-tail exclusion rule, a geometric constraint.","publication_date":{"day":12,"month":9,"year":2008,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":41775782},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236188/A_geometric_constraint_the_head_to_tail_exclusion_rule_may_be_the_basis_for_the_isolated_pentagon_rule_in_fullerenes_with_more_than_60_vertices","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:42.937-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41775782,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775782/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"19142.full.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775782/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"A_geometric_constraint_the_head_to_tail.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775782/19142.full-libre.pdf?1454164591=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_geometric_constraint_the_head_to_tail.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=bAnrroOnH8QdcIDkVcSrB2ZIUL2X~b87In-auu58WAAlj3ZqHw0qCUBk5BQ5vigcEA38iE93llGeivr-dz8xgODpAy3K-JsH9s2aEl5tfynf~31TB8FAxpid9JpeiUXy3BroBYdZbUY5vjBumti9POMgE5z8AO-9FH7wqarRmT7ZdTwmdfLGietoZwI-CVnLBQ1AZ~QX1Q5Oz9zZi8WrqTpu~pscn91pMH36ybDtPFN~1~hZECAXuRDID0qIiVirVewqRxpyE-SNaePFj8KM1uEC17AQKTHJaFRbydDD9Y-Ug~JWfuhLGiIC-NaTOLK23LTcZjEnGmOU7VWtNj9lXQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"A_geometric_constraint_the_head_to_tail_exclusion_rule_may_be_the_basis_for_the_isolated_pentagon_rule_in_fullerenes_with_more_than_60_vertices","translated_slug":"","page_count":6,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[{"id":41775782,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775782/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"19142.full.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775782/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"A_geometric_constraint_the_head_to_tail.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775782/19142.full-libre.pdf?1454164591=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_geometric_constraint_the_head_to_tail.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=bAnrroOnH8QdcIDkVcSrB2ZIUL2X~b87In-auu58WAAlj3ZqHw0qCUBk5BQ5vigcEA38iE93llGeivr-dz8xgODpAy3K-JsH9s2aEl5tfynf~31TB8FAxpid9JpeiUXy3BroBYdZbUY5vjBumti9POMgE5z8AO-9FH7wqarRmT7ZdTwmdfLGietoZwI-CVnLBQ1AZ~QX1Q5Oz9zZi8WrqTpu~pscn91pMH36ybDtPFN~1~hZECAXuRDID0qIiVirVewqRxpyE-SNaePFj8KM1uEC17AQKTHJaFRbydDD9Y-Ug~JWfuhLGiIC-NaTOLK23LTcZjEnGmOU7VWtNj9lXQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary"},{"id":53354,"name":"Fullerenes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fullerenes"},{"id":111748,"name":"Nanotubes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotubes"},{"id":1549061,"name":"Clathrin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clathrin"}],"urls":[{"id":6276946,"url":"http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN\u0026cpsidt=20973517"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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Electrophysiological studies indicate that strontium and barium can also carry the inward current. Exposure to high concentrations of barium rapidly paralyzes and later kills wild-type paramecia. Following mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine, seven mutants which continued to swim in the 'high-barium' solution were selected. All of the mutants show decreased reversal behavior, with phenotypes ranging from extremely non-reversing ('extreme' pawns) to nearly wild-type reversal behavior ('partial' pawns). The mutations fall into three complementation groups, identical to the pwA, pwB, and pwC genes of KUNC et al. (1975). All of the p w A and pwB mutants withstand longer exposure to barium, the pwB mutants surviving longer than the p w A mutants. Among mutants of each gene, survival is correlated with loss of reversal behavior. 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They lack the inward ionic (calcium) current required for the upstroke of the electrically excitable membrane response. By following the progressive loss of reversal response and excitability in cells that are suddenly changed from a heterozygous (wild-type) state to a homozygous mutant state, an estimate of the stability and mean lifetime of the calcium channel has been obtained. During rapid growth, channel dilution due to division occurred, but no channel decay was observed. Under conditions of slow growth, decay could also be observed; channel lifetime was found to be from 5 to 8 days.","publication_name":"Journal of Experimental Biology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":41775793},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236186/Calcium_channel_stability_measured_by_gradual_loss_of_excitability_in_pawn_mutants_of_Paramecium_aurelia","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:42.735-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41775793,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775793/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Calcium_channel_stability_measured_by_gr20160130-15209-10n47cc.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775793/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Calcium_channel_stability_measured_by_gr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775793/Calcium_channel_stability_measured_by_gr20160130-15209-10n47cc-libre.pdf?1454164788=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCalcium_channel_stability_measured_by_gr.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=ep~Y~XS2ibM36JEFChiUSt8k6an7AB5uzDGyAs1qtn6Du7T0OPTpZvJ3zIMYEx7P3SipC-TOrqgwMx4FO1US~eQQTWvXmsyEVpgmEzkTfHibAz~CI1P5ov9LIN5qgHcpJyzUj~GYHOeH9TrrUoadOeKxomdcFR61k~E0bLWUPezIEChjXMbBav4ftyD-y7ndrmiJqCYr2KuSmBGAEucIbhcmknpkUM38IgnoebyA0uyvOjD~QgyvzAbM3NklRmk7iJwcQh9EWoBfsUDyRYwkl3ktvlKJvDNwsGeEkyE7~FjR2FuMdPvd71MBTpZ2IyrHdc80rTnYfKlFTvbmt7EK1Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Calcium_channel_stability_measured_by_gradual_loss_of_excitability_in_pawn_mutants_of_Paramecium_aurelia","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[{"id":41775793,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775793/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Calcium_channel_stability_measured_by_gr20160130-15209-10n47cc.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775793/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Calcium_channel_stability_measured_by_gr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775793/Calcium_channel_stability_measured_by_gr20160130-15209-10n47cc-libre.pdf?1454164788=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCalcium_channel_stability_measured_by_gr.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=ep~Y~XS2ibM36JEFChiUSt8k6an7AB5uzDGyAs1qtn6Du7T0OPTpZvJ3zIMYEx7P3SipC-TOrqgwMx4FO1US~eQQTWvXmsyEVpgmEzkTfHibAz~CI1P5ov9LIN5qgHcpJyzUj~GYHOeH9TrrUoadOeKxomdcFR61k~E0bLWUPezIEChjXMbBav4ftyD-y7ndrmiJqCYr2KuSmBGAEucIbhcmknpkUM38IgnoebyA0uyvOjD~QgyvzAbM3NklRmk7iJwcQh9EWoBfsUDyRYwkl3ktvlKJvDNwsGeEkyE7~FjR2FuMdPvd71MBTpZ2IyrHdc80rTnYfKlFTvbmt7EK1Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior"},{"id":9534,"name":"Calcium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation"},{"id":84745,"name":"Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Movement"},{"id":213897,"name":"Phenotype","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phenotype"},{"id":233229,"name":"Genes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genes"},{"id":372410,"name":"Genotype","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genotype"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors"},{"id":1202042,"name":"Electric Conductivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electric_Conductivity"},{"id":1764230,"name":"Experimental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Biology"},{"id":1895142,"name":"Paramecium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paramecium"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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This report shows that all of the single and double mutants have reduced active inward (calcium) current, the reduction correlating with the degree of behavioural deficit. All of the mutants display normal resting potential, input impedance and delayed rectification. Mutants in genes pwA and ptoC show normal anomalous rectification, but pwB mutants do not show anomalous rectification until the membrane is hyperpolarized further. We suggest that the pwA gene plays a role in depolarization sensitivity (the 'gate') and thepwB gene a role affecting either the wall of the channel itself or the total number of channels. 7\u003cx\u003e S. J. SCHEIN, M . V. L . BENNETT AND G . M . K A T Z allow a smaller receptor potential to produce coordinated entry of adequate calcium over the entire surface of the cell.","publication_name":"Journal of Experimental Biology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":41775790},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236185/Altered_calcium_conductance_in_Pawns_behavioural_mutants_of_Paramecium_aurelia","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:42.632-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41775790,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775790/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Altered_calcium_conductance_in_Pawns_beh20160130-4855-8zxvtj.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775790/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Altered_calcium_conductance_in_Pawns_beh.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775790/Altered_calcium_conductance_in_Pawns_beh20160130-4855-8zxvtj-libre.pdf?1454164791=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAltered_calcium_conductance_in_Pawns_beh.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=SjX9gWgvTAdr~PYmRDrB4aSGi~JJRVIsQHFORxoKOF0W0LYHoRFxTXIU1iZR0x2p7zgGb15nd4NJievwvqiDlsmUltD7JjGg2snK2hNRQpg5CcG7ZkM4lDDMebW08QQJdBm~blIzUWnqrRbwwqRRtNuGJtEQpG87hXdc3fBDnUQJZJ0GRszUFoGzXSeFpGCBFrtkzHh0lnk6s3FAzgpYUrYIEnjXqitc9HkTlFYT6JpAYhFXH0LCXAKmwJwtgmPID5UDzbowCcHLXXS7oO4sbGVd8Ap~WHPTziQv0xPuHftQyKVizwTpmm5g3ala9GLUXAbwkYiQ8Kbf5o3Cg8sA6Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Altered_calcium_conductance_in_Pawns_behavioural_mutants_of_Paramecium_aurelia","translated_slug":"","page_count":26,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[{"id":41775790,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775790/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Altered_calcium_conductance_in_Pawns_beh20160130-4855-8zxvtj.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775790/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Altered_calcium_conductance_in_Pawns_beh.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775790/Altered_calcium_conductance_in_Pawns_beh20160130-4855-8zxvtj-libre.pdf?1454164791=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAltered_calcium_conductance_in_Pawns_beh.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=SjX9gWgvTAdr~PYmRDrB4aSGi~JJRVIsQHFORxoKOF0W0LYHoRFxTXIU1iZR0x2p7zgGb15nd4NJievwvqiDlsmUltD7JjGg2snK2hNRQpg5CcG7ZkM4lDDMebW08QQJdBm~blIzUWnqrRbwwqRRtNuGJtEQpG87hXdc3fBDnUQJZJ0GRszUFoGzXSeFpGCBFrtkzHh0lnk6s3FAzgpYUrYIEnjXqitc9HkTlFYT6JpAYhFXH0LCXAKmwJwtgmPID5UDzbowCcHLXXS7oO4sbGVd8Ap~WHPTziQv0xPuHftQyKVizwTpmm5g3ala9GLUXAbwkYiQ8Kbf5o3Cg8sA6Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior"},{"id":9534,"name":"Calcium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation"},{"id":84745,"name":"Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Movement"},{"id":233229,"name":"Genes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genes"},{"id":1202042,"name":"Electric Conductivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electric_Conductivity"},{"id":1764230,"name":"Experimental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Biology"},{"id":1895142,"name":"Paramecium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paramecium"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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Several mutants of Paramecium aurelia have been selected on the basis of their resistance to the paralyzing effect of barium. The mutants have reduced reversal behavior and are in the same three pawn genes as discovered by Kung (16, 17). Also, in barium solutions, the pawns live longer than the wild-type; however, pwB mutants are more resistant to barium toxicity than pwA mutants. These results suggest that the selection picked up mutants in the calcium channel. Electrophysiological studies demonstrate this point directly, showing defective calcium activation in all pawns, but also defective anomalous rectification in pwB mutants. A model is presented which accounts for the differences between pwA and pwB mutants. It ascribes the depolarization-sensitive &amp;quot;gate&amp;quot; function to the pwA gene product and the &amp;quot;pore&amp;quot; function to the pwB gene product. Additionally, the stability of the channel structure is demonstrated, channel half-life being from five to eight days.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21236184"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21236184"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236184; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21236184]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21236184]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236184; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='21236184']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21236184, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=21236184]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":21236184,"title":"Calcium channels in Paramecium aurelia","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Reversal of swimming direction in paramecium is dependent on the calcium influx through the excitable-membrane calcium channels. Several mutants of Paramecium aurelia have been selected on the basis of their resistance to the paralyzing effect of barium. The mutants have reduced reversal behavior and are in the same three pawn genes as discovered by Kung (16, 17). Also, in barium solutions, the pawns live longer than the wild-type; however, pwB mutants are more resistant to barium toxicity than pwA mutants. These results suggest that the selection picked up mutants in the calcium channel. Electrophysiological studies demonstrate this point directly, showing defective calcium activation in all pawns, but also defective anomalous rectification in pwB mutants. A model is presented which accounts for the differences between pwA and pwB mutants. It ascribes the depolarization-sensitive \u0026amp;quot;gate\u0026amp;quot; function to the pwA gene product and the \u0026amp;quot;pore\u0026amp;quot; function to the pwB gene product. Additionally, the stability of the channel structure is demonstrated, channel half-life being from five to eight days.","publication_name":"Progress in clinical and biological research"},"translated_abstract":"Reversal of swimming direction in paramecium is dependent on the calcium influx through the excitable-membrane calcium channels. Several mutants of Paramecium aurelia have been selected on the basis of their resistance to the paralyzing effect of barium. The mutants have reduced reversal behavior and are in the same three pawn genes as discovered by Kung (16, 17). Also, in barium solutions, the pawns live longer than the wild-type; however, pwB mutants are more resistant to barium toxicity than pwA mutants. These results suggest that the selection picked up mutants in the calcium channel. Electrophysiological studies demonstrate this point directly, showing defective calcium activation in all pawns, but also defective anomalous rectification in pwB mutants. A model is presented which accounts for the differences between pwA and pwB mutants. It ascribes the depolarization-sensitive \u0026amp;quot;gate\u0026amp;quot; function to the pwA gene product and the \u0026amp;quot;pore\u0026amp;quot; function to the pwB gene product. Additionally, the stability of the channel structure is demonstrated, channel half-life being from five to eight days.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236184/Calcium_channels_in_Paramecium_aurelia","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:42.469-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Calcium_channels_in_Paramecium_aurelia","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":9534,"name":"Calcium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium"},{"id":396427,"name":"Barium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Barium"},{"id":1895142,"name":"Paramecium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paramecium"},{"id":2246318,"name":"Motor activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_activity"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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Neurophysiol. 57, 835-868</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Neurophysiology</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21236182"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21236182"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236182; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21236182]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21236182]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236182; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='21236182']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21236182, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=21236182]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":21236182,"title":"Visual properties of neurons in area V4 of the macaque: Sensitivity to stimulus form. 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Neurophysiol. 57, 835-868","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"ABSTRACT","publication_name":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},"translated_abstract":"ABSTRACT","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236182/Visual_properties_of_neurons_in_area_V4_of_the_macaque_Sensitivity_to_stimulus_form_J_Neurophysiol_57_835_868","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:42.203-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Visual_properties_of_neurons_in_area_V4_of_the_macaque_Sensitivity_to_stimulus_form_J_Neurophysiol_57_835_868","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":22272,"name":"Neurophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="21236181"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/21236181/Spectral_bandwidths_of_color_opponent_cells_of_geniculocortical_pathway_of_macaque_monkeys_J_Neurophysiol_47_2_p_214_24"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Spectral bandwidths of color-opponent cells of geniculocortical pathway of macaque monkeys. J Neurophysiol, 47(2): p. 214-24" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/21236181/Spectral_bandwidths_of_color_opponent_cells_of_geniculocortical_pathway_of_macaque_monkeys_J_Neurophysiol_47_2_p_214_24">Spectral bandwidths of color-opponent cells of geniculocortical pathway of macaque monkeys. J Neurophysiol, 47(2): p. 214-24</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Neurophysiology</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">1. The spectral-response bandwidth and peak sensitivity of the responses of color-opponent retina...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">1. The spectral-response bandwidth and peak sensitivity of the responses of color-opponent retinal ganglion cells of the macaque monkey were examined in conditions of neutral adaptation. Color-opponent cells showed specific &amp;quot;signatures&amp;quot; in plots of response bandwidth versus wavelength of the peak sensitivity that allow for an acceptable estimate of the cone types whose signals mediate cell responses. 2. Averaged spectral bandwidths of color-opponent ganglion cells were compared with published data from color-selective neurons of subsequent levels of the geniculocortical pathway, including the extrastriate area termed V4. No significant differences were found between color-selective cells of the retina, dorsal lateral geniculate body, striate cortex, and V4. 3. The spectral location of the peak sensitivity of responses of the various types of color-opponent ganglion cells showed a relatively broad distribution, loosely clustering at some spectral loci. Comparison of such distribution with that of recently reported V4 cells response indicates that a remarkable scarcity of &amp;quot;blue/yellow&amp;quot; opponent responses in such reports. 4. In association with more recent electrophysiological studies of V4 cells, the results do not support current claims of a color specialization of this extrastriate area, and suggest lack of significant spectral tuning of the retinal output in, so far known, higher visual centers having color-selective cells.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21236181"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21236181"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236181; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21236181]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21236181]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236181; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='21236181']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21236181, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=21236181]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":21236181,"title":"Spectral bandwidths of color-opponent cells of geniculocortical pathway of macaque monkeys. 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The spectral location of the peak sensitivity of responses of the various types of color-opponent ganglion cells showed a relatively broad distribution, loosely clustering at some spectral loci. Comparison of such distribution with that of recently reported V4 cells response indicates that a remarkable scarcity of \u0026amp;quot;blue/yellow\u0026amp;quot; opponent responses in such reports. 4. In association with more recent electrophysiological studies of V4 cells, the results do not support current claims of a color specialization of this extrastriate area, and suggest lack of significant spectral tuning of the retinal output in, so far known, higher visual centers having color-selective cells.","publication_name":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},"translated_abstract":"1. The spectral-response bandwidth and peak sensitivity of the responses of color-opponent retinal ganglion cells of the macaque monkey were examined in conditions of neutral adaptation. Color-opponent cells showed specific \u0026amp;quot;signatures\u0026amp;quot; in plots of response bandwidth versus wavelength of the peak sensitivity that allow for an acceptable estimate of the cone types whose signals mediate cell responses. 2. Averaged spectral bandwidths of color-opponent ganglion cells were compared with published data from color-selective neurons of subsequent levels of the geniculocortical pathway, including the extrastriate area termed V4. No significant differences were found between color-selective cells of the retina, dorsal lateral geniculate body, striate cortex, and V4. 3. The spectral location of the peak sensitivity of responses of the various types of color-opponent ganglion cells showed a relatively broad distribution, loosely clustering at some spectral loci. Comparison of such distribution with that of recently reported V4 cells response indicates that a remarkable scarcity of \u0026amp;quot;blue/yellow\u0026amp;quot; opponent responses in such reports. 4. In association with more recent electrophysiological studies of V4 cells, the results do not support current claims of a color specialization of this extrastriate area, and suggest lack of significant spectral tuning of the retinal output in, so far known, higher visual centers having color-selective cells.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236181/Spectral_bandwidths_of_color_opponent_cells_of_geniculocortical_pathway_of_macaque_monkeys_J_Neurophysiol_47_2_p_214_24","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:42.103-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Spectral_bandwidths_of_color_opponent_cells_of_geniculocortical_pathway_of_macaque_monkeys_J_Neurophysiol_47_2_p_214_24","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":22272,"name":"Neurophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology"},{"id":38756,"name":"Color Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Color_Perception"},{"id":49962,"name":"Visual Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Cortex"},{"id":56477,"name":"Macaca","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons"},{"id":484219,"name":"Basal ganglia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Basal_ganglia"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="21236180"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/21236180/Non_fluorescent_dye_staining_of_blue_cones"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Non-fluorescent dye staining of blue cones" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775788/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/21236180/Non_fluorescent_dye_staining_of_blue_cones">Non-fluorescent dye staining of blue cones</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Investigative Ophthalmology &amp Visual Science</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="aca28814a8ebfdd8d058a30fb50f88fa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":41775788,"asset_id":21236180,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775788/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21236180"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21236180"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236180; 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Because at the concentrations used the dye is poorly visible in conventional light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy is required for the observation of the stained cones. 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These cones form an approximately regular array whose separation varies with retinal eccentricity. They are absent in the very center of the fovea, and their density peaks at 1 degree. The distribution of stained cones resembles that reported for blue-sensitive cones of other primates and, consistent with such an identification, they are found with less incidence in species having lower concentrations of blue cones.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21236177"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21236177"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236177; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21236177]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21236177]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236177; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='21236177']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21236177, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=21236177]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":21236177,"title":"Staining of blue-sensitive cones of the macaque retina by a fluorescent dye","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Intravitreal injection of a fluorescent dye, Procion yellow, results in the complete and systematic staining of a cone population in the monkey retina. These cones form an approximately regular array whose separation varies with retinal eccentricity. They are absent in the very center of the fovea, and their density peaks at 1 degree. The distribution of stained cones resembles that reported for blue-sensitive cones of other primates and, consistent with such an identification, they are found with less incidence in species having lower concentrations of blue cones.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1981,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Science"},"translated_abstract":"Intravitreal injection of a fluorescent dye, Procion yellow, results in the complete and systematic staining of a cone population in the monkey retina. These cones form an approximately regular array whose separation varies with retinal eccentricity. They are absent in the very center of the fovea, and their density peaks at 1 degree. The distribution of stained cones resembles that reported for blue-sensitive cones of other primates and, consistent with such an identification, they are found with less incidence in species having lower concentrations of blue cones.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236177/Staining_of_blue_sensitive_cones_of_the_macaque_retina_by_a_fluorescent_dye","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:41.556-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Staining_of_blue_sensitive_cones_of_the_macaque_retina_by_a_fluorescent_dye","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":6779,"name":"Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science"},{"id":18529,"name":"Fluorescent Dyes and Reagents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluorescent_Dyes_and_Reagents"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary"},{"id":56477,"name":"Macaca","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca"},{"id":99234,"name":"Animals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animals"},{"id":444844,"name":"Spectrum analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spectrum_analysis"},{"id":801410,"name":"Triazines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Triazines"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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Carbon atoms self-assemble into larger (n \u003e 60 vertices) empty cages as well-but only the few that obey the IPR-and at least 1 small fullerene (n \u003c 60) with adjacent pentagons. Clathrin protein also self-assembles into small fullerene cages with adjacent pentagons, but just a few of those. We asked why carbon atoms and clathrin proteins self-assembled into just those IPR and small cage isomers. In answer, we described a geometric constraint-the head-to-tail exclusion rule-that permits self-assembly of just the following fullerene cages: among the 5,769 possible small cages (n \u003c 60 vertices) with adjacent pentagons, only 15; the soccer ball (n ‫؍‬ 60); and among the 216,739 large cages with 60 \u003c n \u003c 84 vertices, only the 50 IPR ones. The last finding was a complete surprise. Here, by showing that the largest permitted fullerene with adjacent pentagons is one with 60 vertices and a ring of interleaved hexagons and pentagon pairs, we prove that for all n \u003e 60, the head-to-tail exclusion rule permits only (and all) fullerene cages and nanotubes that obey the IPR. 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The smallest cage in which all of the pentagons are surrounded by hexagons and thus isolated from each other has 60 vertices and is shaped like a soccer ball. The protein clathrin self-assembles into fullerene cages of a variety of sizes and shapes, including smaller ones with adjacent pentagons as well as larger ones, but the variety is limited. To explain the range of clathrin architecture and how these fullerene cages self-assemble, we proposed a hypothesis, the \"head-to-tail exclusion rule\" (the \"Rule\"). Of the 5769 small clathrin cage isomers with n ≤ 60 vertices and adjacent pentagons, the Rule permits just 15, three identified in 1976 and 12 others. A \"weak version\" of the Rule permits another 99. Based on cryo-electron tomography, Cheng et al. reported six raw clathrin fullerene cages. One was among the three identified in 1976. Here, (1) we identify the remaining five.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2009,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Molecular Biology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":41775795},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236174/Architecture_of_Clathrin_Fullerene_Cages_Reflects_a_Geometric_Constraint_the_Head_to_Tail_Exclusion_Rule_and_a_Preference_for_Asymmetry","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:41.004-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41775795,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775795/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Architecture_of_Clathrin_Fullerene_Cages20160130-1055-16vsxc5.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775795/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Architecture_of_Clathrin_Fullerene_Cages.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775795/Architecture_of_Clathrin_Fullerene_Cages20160130-1055-16vsxc5-libre.pdf?1454164788=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DArchitecture_of_Clathrin_Fullerene_Cages.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=QrDSJvI~04VlVwIVkuBpHDVPlKm-f9mWhoKVPOHW0Cw83Jv9weM97zNGQRgz5fduvDqXNFku4NYxgTFNQezWpBRANU7h9u~-ycUuZpR~QZwWxeM4Brd9LkDCorllm1z9TX0oyVmPACm4LGWvuvp9alL26Wi96Cy0mYCHGP47MN6BgY1upd5zVmQiEt5AiDaYIHfjW604CMbNBaCmcEK4fBuStusu3iVfOmzLJLm-~jk3r1bB6TZ~2xMmgN0T0vjEkwNzUYG8a4GAi~SX6ZlUd7juhjA8FKuqvz6r~N3dVCbjEHeszofPd2ZYLhj28V0Pjhi59qAEwQw4CoyJOXFpxw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Architecture_of_Clathrin_Fullerene_Cages_Reflects_a_Geometric_Constraint_the_Head_to_Tail_Exclusion_Rule_and_a_Preference_for_Asymmetry","translated_slug":"","page_count":13,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[{"id":41775795,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775795/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Architecture_of_Clathrin_Fullerene_Cages20160130-1055-16vsxc5.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775795/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Architecture_of_Clathrin_Fullerene_Cages.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775795/Architecture_of_Clathrin_Fullerene_Cages20160130-1055-16vsxc5-libre.pdf?1454164788=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DArchitecture_of_Clathrin_Fullerene_Cages.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=QrDSJvI~04VlVwIVkuBpHDVPlKm-f9mWhoKVPOHW0Cw83Jv9weM97zNGQRgz5fduvDqXNFku4NYxgTFNQezWpBRANU7h9u~-ycUuZpR~QZwWxeM4Brd9LkDCorllm1z9TX0oyVmPACm4LGWvuvp9alL26Wi96Cy0mYCHGP47MN6BgY1upd5zVmQiEt5AiDaYIHfjW604CMbNBaCmcEK4fBuStusu3iVfOmzLJLm-~jk3r1bB6TZ~2xMmgN0T0vjEkwNzUYG8a4GAi~SX6ZlUd7juhjA8FKuqvz6r~N3dVCbjEHeszofPd2ZYLhj28V0Pjhi59qAEwQw4CoyJOXFpxw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology"},{"id":4493,"name":"Supramolecular Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supramolecular_Chemistry"},{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics"},{"id":7577,"name":"Electron Tomography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Tomography"},{"id":11073,"name":"Self Assembly","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self_Assembly"},{"id":53354,"name":"Fullerenes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fullerenes"},{"id":90156,"name":"Endocytosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endocytosis"},{"id":126829,"name":"Symmetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Symmetry"},{"id":1549061,"name":"Clathrin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clathrin"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="21236173"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/21236173/Anatomy_of_macaque_fovea_and_spatial_densities_of_neurons_in_foveal_representation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Anatomy of macaque fovea and spatial densities of neurons in foveal representation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/21236173/Anatomy_of_macaque_fovea_and_spatial_densities_of_neurons_in_foveal_representation">Anatomy of macaque fovea and spatial densities of neurons in foveal representation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Journal of Comparative Neurology</span><span>, 1988</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Fine visual sampling in the macaque depends on the high density of cone outer and inner segments ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Fine visual sampling in the macaque depends on the high density of cone outer and inner segments in the fovea. Cone pedicles, at the opposite, presynaptic end of the cone, are absent from the center of the fovea. Both ends of the cones, inner segments and pedicles, are closely packed within their respective monolayers, but the spatial density of foveal pedicles is lower because foveal pedicles are wider than inner segments. Because there is one pedicle for every inner segment, and because pedicles are wider than inner segments, increase in eccentricity finds increasing lateral displacement of the cone&amp;#39;s pedicle from its inner segment. Further increase of eccentricity finds inner segment density falling below pedicle density, and so this lateral displacement declines. By 2-3 mm from the center, inner segments catch up with pedicles. Additional lateral displacements, of bipolar cells from pedicles and ganglion from bipolar cells, are largest for central-most elements and fall steeply with eccentricity. By taking into account all of these lateral displacements, the eccentricity of the cone inner segment(s) associated with a ganglion cell was determined, as was the area of inner segments represented by a unit area in the ganglion cell layer. Then raw ganglion cell densities were transformed to densities comparable to densities of inner segments and of cells in dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. On average there appears to be close to 2 ganglion cells for each cone in the central fovea out to about 2.5 degrees. Thus, the density of foveal ganglion cells is sufficient to allow each red and each green cone to connect to 2 midget ganglion cells, and each blue cone to connect to 1 ganglion cell. Furthermore, there appears to be a single dorsal lateral geniculate cell for each ganglion cell.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21236173"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21236173"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236173; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21236173]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21236173]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21236173; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='21236173']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21236173, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=21236173]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":21236173,"title":"Anatomy of macaque fovea and spatial densities of neurons in foveal representation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Fine visual sampling in the macaque depends on the high density of cone outer and inner segments in the fovea. Cone pedicles, at the opposite, presynaptic end of the cone, are absent from the center of the fovea. Both ends of the cones, inner segments and pedicles, are closely packed within their respective monolayers, but the spatial density of foveal pedicles is lower because foveal pedicles are wider than inner segments. Because there is one pedicle for every inner segment, and because pedicles are wider than inner segments, increase in eccentricity finds increasing lateral displacement of the cone\u0026amp;#39;s pedicle from its inner segment. Further increase of eccentricity finds inner segment density falling below pedicle density, and so this lateral displacement declines. By 2-3 mm from the center, inner segments catch up with pedicles. Additional lateral displacements, of bipolar cells from pedicles and ganglion from bipolar cells, are largest for central-most elements and fall steeply with eccentricity. By taking into account all of these lateral displacements, the eccentricity of the cone inner segment(s) associated with a ganglion cell was determined, as was the area of inner segments represented by a unit area in the ganglion cell layer. Then raw ganglion cell densities were transformed to densities comparable to densities of inner segments and of cells in dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. On average there appears to be close to 2 ganglion cells for each cone in the central fovea out to about 2.5 degrees. Thus, the density of foveal ganglion cells is sufficient to allow each red and each green cone to connect to 2 midget ganglion cells, and each blue cone to connect to 1 ganglion cell. Furthermore, there appears to be a single dorsal lateral geniculate cell for each ganglion cell.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1988,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"The Journal of Comparative Neurology"},"translated_abstract":"Fine visual sampling in the macaque depends on the high density of cone outer and inner segments in the fovea. Cone pedicles, at the opposite, presynaptic end of the cone, are absent from the center of the fovea. Both ends of the cones, inner segments and pedicles, are closely packed within their respective monolayers, but the spatial density of foveal pedicles is lower because foveal pedicles are wider than inner segments. Because there is one pedicle for every inner segment, and because pedicles are wider than inner segments, increase in eccentricity finds increasing lateral displacement of the cone\u0026amp;#39;s pedicle from its inner segment. Further increase of eccentricity finds inner segment density falling below pedicle density, and so this lateral displacement declines. By 2-3 mm from the center, inner segments catch up with pedicles. Additional lateral displacements, of bipolar cells from pedicles and ganglion from bipolar cells, are largest for central-most elements and fall steeply with eccentricity. By taking into account all of these lateral displacements, the eccentricity of the cone inner segment(s) associated with a ganglion cell was determined, as was the area of inner segments represented by a unit area in the ganglion cell layer. Then raw ganglion cell densities were transformed to densities comparable to densities of inner segments and of cells in dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. On average there appears to be close to 2 ganglion cells for each cone in the central fovea out to about 2.5 degrees. Thus, the density of foveal ganglion cells is sufficient to allow each red and each green cone to connect to 2 midget ganglion cells, and each blue cone to connect to 1 ganglion cell. Furthermore, there appears to be a single dorsal lateral geniculate cell for each ganglion cell.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236173/Anatomy_of_macaque_fovea_and_spatial_densities_of_neurons_in_foveal_representation","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:40.893-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Anatomy_of_macaque_fovea_and_spatial_densities_of_neurons_in_foveal_representation","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology"},{"id":56477,"name":"Macaca","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca"},{"id":117200,"name":"Retina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retina"},{"id":186234,"name":"Medical Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology"},{"id":513105,"name":"Retinal Ganglion Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal_Ganglion_Cells"},{"id":584606,"name":"Macaca fascicularis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macaca_fascicularis"},{"id":956026,"name":"Somatic Cell Count","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Somatic_Cell_Count"},{"id":1002863,"name":"Comparative Neurology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Neurology"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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We show that a geometric constraintexclusion of head-to-tail dihedral angle discrepancies (DADs)-explains this limited selection as well as successful assembly into such closed cages in the first place. An edge running from a pentagon to a hexagon has a DAD, since the dihedral angles about the edge broaden from its pentagon (tail) end to its hexagon (head) end. Of the 21 configurations of a central face and surrounding faces, six have such DAD vectors arranged head-to-tail. Of the 5770 mathematically possible fullerene cages for n # 60, excluding those with any of the six configurations leaves just 15 cages plus buckminsterfullerene (n ¼ 60), among them the known clathrin cages. Of the 216,739 mathematically possible cages for 60 , n # 84, just the 50 that obey the isolated-pentagon rule, among them known carbon cages, pass. The absence of likely fullerenes for some n 46, explains the abundance of certain cages, including buckminsterfullerene. These principles also suggest a ''probable roads'' path to self-assembly in place of pentagon-road and fullerene-road hypotheses.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2008,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Biophysical Journal","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":41775796},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236172/A_Geometric_Principle_May_Guide_Self_Assembly_of_Fullerene_Cages_from_Clathrin_Triskelia_and_from_Carbon_Atoms","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:40.796-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41775796,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775796/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"A_Geometric_Principle_May_Guide_Self-Ass20160130-4863-1852p5i.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775796/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Geometric_Principle_May_Guide_Self_Ass.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775796/A_Geometric_Principle_May_Guide_Self-Ass20160130-4863-1852p5i-libre.pdf?1454164787=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Geometric_Principle_May_Guide_Self_Ass.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=RIqkM~BBpxReFqr~aZmS11TxTSVmd3ZWqEqbGqDQyMZARx~qSK5RhWYt9ZruCrin0jv5~kF7LfaMgD7ty6JU591wJmgLy2giX6oAWVScGOU~90jmAksmJdKwaX7laqCKo3YerZc7T5oyy4KdHa8jrcCQwV3Di1SMyHV-vNBqckbAbuM4SRAntBSXRsc7bjEXsMglGWnzEiNZLZqfre1Zf4TTOsBUK55ZgwElg7gSzKLFzQJQRML4aXLPLgaoOoAVi-olJH43h8WQv~Wd84OO8ExpTpvm2zthM7lxm59NRAvoNmCCFF0iEfHqx-nNgi4MpUOl-l2ccuSwya7BK3yVUQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"A_Geometric_Principle_May_Guide_Self_Assembly_of_Fullerene_Cages_from_Clathrin_Triskelia_and_from_Carbon_Atoms","translated_slug":"","page_count":19,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[{"id":41775796,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775796/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"A_Geometric_Principle_May_Guide_Self-Ass20160130-4863-1852p5i.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775796/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Geometric_Principle_May_Guide_Self_Ass.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775796/A_Geometric_Principle_May_Guide_Self-Ass20160130-4863-1852p5i-libre.pdf?1454164787=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Geometric_Principle_May_Guide_Self_Ass.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=RIqkM~BBpxReFqr~aZmS11TxTSVmd3ZWqEqbGqDQyMZARx~qSK5RhWYt9ZruCrin0jv5~kF7LfaMgD7ty6JU591wJmgLy2giX6oAWVScGOU~90jmAksmJdKwaX7laqCKo3YerZc7T5oyy4KdHa8jrcCQwV3Di1SMyHV-vNBqckbAbuM4SRAntBSXRsc7bjEXsMglGWnzEiNZLZqfre1Zf4TTOsBUK55ZgwElg7gSzKLFzQJQRML4aXLPLgaoOoAVi-olJH43h8WQv~Wd84OO8ExpTpvm2zthM7lxm59NRAvoNmCCFF0iEfHqx-nNgi4MpUOl-l2ccuSwya7BK3yVUQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11073,"name":"Self Assembly","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self_Assembly"},{"id":12597,"name":"Crystallization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crystallization"},{"id":19156,"name":"Biophysical Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biophysical_Chemistry"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":53354,"name":"Fullerenes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fullerenes"},{"id":69542,"name":"Computer Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Simulation"},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences"},{"id":128132,"name":"Nanostructures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanostructures"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":649537,"name":"Molecular Conformation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Conformation"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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Due to the quantal and stochastic nature of release, discrete distributions of Q count for darkness versus one isomerization of rhodopsin (R*) overlap. We suggested that release must be regular to narrow these distributions, reduce overlap, reduce the rate of false positives, and increase transmission efficiency (the fraction of R* events that are identified as light). Unsurprisingly, higher quantal release rates (Q rates ) yield higher efficiencies. Focusing here on the effect of small changes in Q rate , we find that a slightly higher Q rate yields greatly reduced efficiency, due to a necessarily fixed quantal-count threshold. To stabilize efficiency in the face of drift in Q rate , the dendrite needs to regulate the biochemical realization of its quantal-count threshold with respect to its Q count . These considerations reveal the mathematical role of calcium-based negative feedback and suggest a helpful role for spontaneous R*. 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However, activation of one rhodopsin molecule (Rh*) hyperpolarizes a mammalian rod by just 1 mV. Based on the properties of the voltage-dependent Ca 21 channel and data on [Ca 21 ] in the rod synaptic terminal, the 1 mV hyperpolarization should reduce the rate of release of quanta of neurotransmitter by only ;20%. If quantal release were Poisson, the distributions of quantal count in the dark and in response to one Rh* would overlap greatly. Depending on the threshold quantal count, the overlap would generate too frequent false positives in the dark, too few true positives in response to one Rh*, or both. Therefore, quantal release must be regular, giving narrower distributions of quantal count that overlap less. We model regular release as an Erlang process, essentially a mechanism that counts many Poisson events before release of a quantum of neurotransmitter. The combination of appropriately narrow distributions of quantal count and a suitable threshold can give few false positives and appropriate (e.g., 35%) efficiency for one Rh*.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2005,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Biophysical Journal","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":41775786},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21236170/A_Clockwork_Hypothesis_Synaptic_Release_by_Rod_Photoreceptors_Must_Be_Regular","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-01-30T06:26:40.508-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":42246372,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41775786,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775786/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"A_Clockwork_Hypothesis_Synaptic_Release_20160130-4863-1efwtlg.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775786/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Clockwork_Hypothesis_Synaptic_Release.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775786/A_Clockwork_Hypothesis_Synaptic_Release_20160130-4863-1efwtlg-libre.pdf?1454164788=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Clockwork_Hypothesis_Synaptic_Release.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=RH9T-6mMvRdBLL6WJVkn5-hywJYC1jvKc8kYarnfRcON9y8Z3gJl~Nex04ZaMnzlbCaTpcyBUJqr8zvEHhvtxEie1IFKwUvFz2PyaFeFyruuerajujDQCARLzQ8nqtkdLSpzRNDFH1Vb-9GNRW93p0BXAHB8NiSuf7CYXj~t-gsAZH1mE-fZGsr8f8m9PIPHBufZkjrMEThDvz6w~SB7Bj~B5G~zADzB4knw8uLr9XF-Io4B24p4hznaM0yoBnNky0SUn-A1VJkcQPZTdDqEr2gqc0hqaZAS3xZKX6sTgCZKn~s3aUTYSGmmIYzpPeozR6PFqM69W5mKU71TWht7wg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"A_Clockwork_Hypothesis_Synaptic_Release_by_Rod_Photoreceptors_Must_Be_Regular","translated_slug":"","page_count":19,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":42246372,"first_name":"Stan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Schein","page_name":"StanSchein","domain_name":"ucla","created_at":"2016-01-27T21:22:59.825-08:00","display_name":"Stan Schein","url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/StanSchein"},"attachments":[{"id":41775786,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41775786/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"A_Clockwork_Hypothesis_Synaptic_Release_20160130-4863-1efwtlg.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41775786/download_file?st=MTczMjgwODAxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Clockwork_Hypothesis_Synaptic_Release.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41775786/A_Clockwork_Hypothesis_Synaptic_Release_20160130-4863-1efwtlg-libre.pdf?1454164788=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Clockwork_Hypothesis_Synaptic_Release.pdf\u0026Expires=1732805060\u0026Signature=RH9T-6mMvRdBLL6WJVkn5-hywJYC1jvKc8kYarnfRcON9y8Z3gJl~Nex04ZaMnzlbCaTpcyBUJqr8zvEHhvtxEie1IFKwUvFz2PyaFeFyruuerajujDQCARLzQ8nqtkdLSpzRNDFH1Vb-9GNRW93p0BXAHB8NiSuf7CYXj~t-gsAZH1mE-fZGsr8f8m9PIPHBufZkjrMEThDvz6w~SB7Bj~B5G~zADzB4knw8uLr9XF-Io4B24p4hznaM0yoBnNky0SUn-A1VJkcQPZTdDqEr2gqc0hqaZAS3xZKX6sTgCZKn~s3aUTYSGmmIYzpPeozR6PFqM69W5mKU71TWht7wg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":19156,"name":"Biophysical Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biophysical_Chemistry"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":69542,"name":"Computer Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Simulation"},{"id":99271,"name":"Calcium channels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium_channels"},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences"},{"id":128057,"name":"Light","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Light"},{"id":176503,"name":"Synaptic Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Transmission"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":387505,"name":"Light Intensity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Light_Intensity"},{"id":418263,"name":"SYNAPSES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SYNAPSES"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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