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id="toc-Northern_Region/Zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_of_India_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_of_India_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Government of India definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_of_India_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colloquial_definitions_of_Northern_Region/Zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colloquial_definitions_of_Northern_Region/Zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Colloquial definitions of Northern Region/Zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colloquial_definitions_of_Northern_Region/Zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_press_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_press_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Indian press definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_press_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latitude-based_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latitude-based_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Latitude-based definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latitude-based_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anecdotal_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anecdotal_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Anecdotal usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anecdotal_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vedic_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedic_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vedic Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedic_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Medieval Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Early modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Modern India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>General climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precipitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precipitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Precipitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precipitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_seasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_seasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Traditional seasons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_seasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flora and fauna subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wildlife_parks_and_reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife_parks_and_reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Wildlife parks and reserves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife_parks_and_reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Places of interest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Places_of_interest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Places of interest subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Places_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pilgrimage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilgrimage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Pilgrimage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilgrimage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Historical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cuisine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Popular_dishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_dishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Popular dishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">North India</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="شمال الهند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شمال الهند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimali_Hindistan" title="Şimali Hindistan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şimali Hindistan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4" title="উত্তর ভারত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উত্তর ভারত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="उत्तर भारत – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="उत्तर भारत" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amihanan_na_Indya" title="Amihanan na Indya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Amihanan na Indya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Nord de l'Índia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nord de l'Índia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_septentrional" title="India septentrional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="India septentrional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norda_Barato" title="Norda Barato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Norda Barato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="شمال هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شمال هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inde_du_Nord" title="Inde du Nord – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inde du Nord" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%81%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84" title="북인도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="북인도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="उत्तर भारत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्तर भारत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverna_Indija" title="Sjeverna Indija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjeverna Indija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Utara" title="India Utara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="India Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95" title="צפון הודו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צפון הודו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4" title="ಉತ್ತರ ಭಾರತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉತ್ತರ ಭಾರತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჩრდილოეთი ინდოეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩრდილოეთი ინდოეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zieme%C4%BCindija" title="Ziemeļindija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziemeļindija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="വടക്കേ ഇന്ത്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വടക്കേ ഇന്ത്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="उत्तर भारत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उत्तर भारत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ოორუე ინდოეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოორუე ინდოეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Utara" title="India Utara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="India Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="उत्तर भारत – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उत्तर भारत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="北インド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="北インド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Къилбаседа ХӀинди – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Къилбаседа ХӀинди" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-India" title="Nord-India – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nord-India" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4" title="ਉੱਤਰੀ ਭਾਰਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਤਰੀ ਭਾਰਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="شمالی بھارت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شمالی بھارت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndia_do_Norte" title="Índia do Norte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Índia do Norte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Северная Индия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Северная Индия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="उत्तरभारतम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="उत्तरभारतम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Indie" title="North Indie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="North Indie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_India" title="North India – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="North India" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اتر هندستان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اتر هندستان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Северна Индија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Северна Индија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverna_Indija" title="Sjeverna Indija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sjeverna Indija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="வட இந்தியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வட இந்தியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82" title="ఉత్తర భారతదేశం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉత్తర భారతదేశం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="อินเดียเหนือ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อินเดียเหนือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Ҳиндустони Шимолӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳиндустони Шимолӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Північна Індія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Північна Індія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF" title="شمالی ہند – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شمالی ہند" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99" title="Bắc Ấn Độ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bắc Ấn Độ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C4%B1stan%C3%AA_Z%C4%B1mey" title="Hindıstanê Zımey – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hindıstanê Zımey" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8" title="印度北部 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印度北部" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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in India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">North India</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Northern India</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:293px;max-width:293px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div style=";height:75px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kinnaur_Kailash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kinnaur_Kailash.jpg/114px-Kinnaur_Kailash.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kinnaur_Kailash.jpg/171px-Kinnaur_Kailash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kinnaur_Kailash.jpg/228px-Kinnaur_Kailash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7568" data-file-height="5032" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div style=";height:75px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Memorial_situated_in_Kolkata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Victoria_Memorial_situated_in_Kolkata.jpg/170px-Victoria_Memorial_situated_in_Kolkata.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Victoria_Memorial_situated_in_Kolkata.jpg/255px-Victoria_Memorial_situated_in_Kolkata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Victoria_Memorial_situated_in_Kolkata.jpg/340px-Victoria_Memorial_situated_in_Kolkata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12725" data-file-height="5694" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div style=";height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Gate_in_New_Delhi_03-2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/India_Gate_in_New_Delhi_03-2016.jpg/107px-India_Gate_in_New_Delhi_03-2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/India_Gate_in_New_Delhi_03-2016.jpg/161px-India_Gate_in_New_Delhi_03-2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/India_Gate_in_New_Delhi_03-2016.jpg/214px-India_Gate_in_New_Delhi_03-2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:180px;max-width:180px"><div style=";height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Temple,_Amritsar,_Punjab_UNAG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar%2C_Punjab_UNAG.jpg/178px-Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar%2C_Punjab_UNAG.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar%2C_Punjab_UNAG.jpg/267px-Golden_Temple%2C_Amritsar%2C_Punjab_UNAG.jpg 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/File:Tussle_of_tuskers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tussle_of_tuskers.jpg/142px-Tussle_of_tuskers.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tussle_of_tuskers.jpg/213px-Tussle_of_tuskers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tussle_of_tuskers.jpg/284px-Tussle_of_tuskers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div style=";height:98px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gateway_of_India_Ambalavs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gateway_of_India_Ambalavs.JPG/141px-Gateway_of_India_Ambalavs.JPG" decoding="async" width="141" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gateway_of_India_Ambalavs.JPG/212px-Gateway_of_India_Ambalavs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gateway_of_India_Ambalavs.JPG/282px-Gateway_of_India_Ambalavs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4821" data-file-height="3380" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div style=";height:98px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal_(105136313).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Taj_Mahal_%28105136313%29.jpeg/143px-Taj_Mahal_%28105136313%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="143" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Taj_Mahal_%28105136313%29.jpeg/215px-Taj_Mahal_%28105136313%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Taj_Mahal_%28105136313%29.jpeg/286px-Taj_Mahal_%28105136313%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1407" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">From top, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Kinnaur_Kailash" title="Kinnaur Kailash">Kinnaur Kailash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Memorial">Victoria Memorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/India_Gate" title="India Gate">India Gate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephants</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Corbett_National_Park" title="Jim Corbett National Park">Jim Corbett National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gateway_of_India" title="Gateway of India">Gateway of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0px;background-color: transparent;color: black;margin: 3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/North_India.png/300px-North_India.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/North_India.png/450px-North_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/North_India.png/600px-North_India.png 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Extent of North India in its broader sense</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of India">Subregions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_India" class="mw-redirect" title="West India">West India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States</a><sup id="cite_ref-States_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-States-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bihar_Government_Banner.png/23px-Bihar_Government_Banner.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bihar_Government_Banner.png/35px-Bihar_Government_Banner.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bihar_Government_Banner.png/45px-Bihar_Government_Banner.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Goa%2C_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_Goa%2C_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Goa%2C_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_Goa%2C_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Goa%2C_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_Goa%2C_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Gujarat.svg/21px-Flag_of_Gujarat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Gujarat.svg/32px-Flag_of_Gujarat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Gujarat.svg/42px-Flag_of_Gujarat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Haryana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haryana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Haryana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haryana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Haryana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Haryana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Jharkhand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jharkhand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Jharkhand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jharkhand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Jharkhand.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jharkhand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Maharashtra.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maharashtra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Maharashtra.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maharashtra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Maharashtra.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maharashtra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Madhya_Pradesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madhya_Pradesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Madhya_Pradesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madhya_Pradesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Madhya_Pradesh.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madhya_Pradesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_Odisha.svg/23px-Flag_of_Odisha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_Odisha.svg/35px-Flag_of_Odisha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_Odisha.svg/45px-Flag_of_Odisha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg/13px-Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg/19px-Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg/25px-Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1958" data-file-height="2330" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Rajasthan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rajasthan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Rajasthan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rajasthan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Rajasthan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rajasthan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Uttarakhand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uttarakhand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Uttarakhand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uttarakhand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Uttarakhand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uttarakhand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Union territories</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li></ul> </div><br /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Most populous cities <span style="font-weight:normal">(2011)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,389,300 km<sup>2</sup> (922,500 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2011)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">912,030,836</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">380/km<sup>2</sup> (990/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="North Indian">North Indian</a><br /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>See all demonyms</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_people" title="Awadhi people">Awadhi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bagheli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagheli">Bagheli</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengali</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_people" title="Bhojpuri people">Bhojpuri</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Brajwasi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bundeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundeli">Bundeli</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhattisgarhi">Chhattisgarhi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_people" title="Garhwali people">Garhwali</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_people" title="Haryanvi people">Haryanvi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu Division">Jammuites</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri people">Kashmiri</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Konkani_people" title="Konkani people">Konkani</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_people" title="Kumaoni people">Kumaoni</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Magahi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Magahi people">Magahis</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Maithili_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Maithili people">Maithili</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Malvi" title="Malvi">Malvi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Marwari_people" title="Marwari people">Marwari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mewari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mewari">Mewari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Odia_people" title="Odia people">Odia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pahari_people_(Kashmir)" title="Pahari people (Kashmir)">Pahari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:30" title="UTC+05:30">UTC+05:30</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Common languages</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malwi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malwi language">Malwi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official languages</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>North India</b>, also called <b>Northern India</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Geographical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical region">geographical</a> and broad <a href="/wiki/Cultural_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural region">cultural region</a> comprising the northern part of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (or historically, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>) wherein <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryans">Indo-Aryans</a> form the prominent majority population. It extends from the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayan mountain range</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Gangetic plain">Indo-Gangetic plains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(India)" title="Central Highlands (India)">Central Highlands</a> and the northwestern part of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan plateau">Deccan plateau</a>. It occupies nearly three-quarters of the area and population of India and includes all of the three <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_cities_by_population#List" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian cities by population">mega cities of India</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>. In a more specific and administrative sense, North India can also be used to denote the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> within this broader expanse, stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Ganga-Yamuna_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga-Yamuna Doab">Ganga-Yamuna Doab</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frykenberg2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frykenberg2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several major rivers flow through the region including the Indus, the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Narmada" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada">Narmada</a> rivers. North India includes the states of <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and union territories of <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-States_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-States-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its narrower administrative sense, the term has varying implications (<a href="#North_Zone/Region_vs_North_India">see below</a>) with different states included being <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> and union territories of <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Indian_Zonal_Council_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indian_Zonal_Council-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isc.nic_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isc.nic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MoM-GSI_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoM-GSI-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryans">Indo-Aryans</a>, who today form a majority in North India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, are descendents of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a> who <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migrations" title="Indo-Aryan migrations">migrated</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Central Asia</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria-Margiana Culture</a> into this region between 2000 BC and 1500 BC after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a slow migration of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Iranian peoples">Indo-Iranian peoples</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_India_(pre-1947)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest India (pre-1947)">northwest</a> leading to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> and minor vocal synthesis with the Dravidian languages. North India was the historical centre of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Vedic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic culture">Vedic culture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapada" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahajanapada">Mahajanapadas</a>, and Magadha Empire, the medieval <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> and the modern <a href="/wiki/Mughal_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal India">Mughal India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian Empire</a>, among many others. </p><p>It has a diverse culture, and includes the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> pilgrimage centres of <a href="/wiki/Chota_Char_Dham" title="Chota Char Dham">Char Dham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishno_Devi" title="Vaishno Devi">Vaishno Devi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pushkar" title="Pushkar">Pushkar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> pilgrimage centres of <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Golden Temple</a> as well as world heritage sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi_Biosphere_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve">Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho temples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hill_Forts_of_Rajasthan" title="Hill Forts of Rajasthan">Hill Forts of Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar_(Jaipur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)">Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Minar" title="Qutb Minar">Qutb Minar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>. North India's culture developed as a result of <a href="/wiki/Ganga-Jamuni_tehzeeb" title="Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb">interaction</a> between these Hindu and Muslim religious traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhulipala2000_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhulipala2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northern_Region/Zone"><span id="Northern_Region.2FZone"></span>Northern Region/Zone</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zonal_Councils.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Zonal_Councils.svg/300px-Zonal_Councils.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Zonal_Councils.svg/450px-Zonal_Councils.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Zonal_Councils.svg/600px-Zonal_Councils.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1868" /></a><figcaption>States under Northern Zonal Council in <i>orange</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northwest_India_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Northwest_India_map.svg/220px-Northwest_India_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Northwest_India_map.svg/330px-Northwest_India_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Northwest_India_map.svg/440px-Northwest_India_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Various states often included in Northern Zone/Region</figcaption></figure> <p>The terms 'North Zone,' 'North Region,' or 'Northern Cultural Zone' are used by various ministries of the Government of India to refer to the northernmost administrative division of the country, whether one of four or six. These terms are distinct from 'North India,' which refers to a much larger geo-cultural region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_of_India_definitions">Government of India definitions</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zonal_Council" title="Northern Zonal Council">Northern Zonal Council</a> is one of the advisory councils, created in 1956 by the <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="States Reorganisation Act">States Reorganisation Act</a> to foster interstate co-operation under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of Home Affairs (India)">Ministry of Home Affairs</a>, which included the states of <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Indian_Zonal_Council_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indian_Zonal_Council-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isc.nic_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isc.nic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(India)" title="Ministry of Culture (India)">Ministry of Culture</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zones_of_India" title="Cultural Zones of India">North Culture Zone</a> in <a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> on 23 March 1985. It differs from the North Zonal Council in its inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> and the omission of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MoC-North_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoC-North-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_India" title="Geological Survey of India">Geological Survey of India</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Mines_(India)" title="Ministry of Mines (India)">Ministry of Mines</a>) in its Northern Region, included <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, but excluded <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, with a regional headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MoM-GSI_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoM-GSI-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colloquial_definitions_of_Northern_Region/Zone"><span id="Colloquial_definitions_of_Northern_Region.2FZone"></span>Colloquial definitions of Northern Region/Zone</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_press_definition">Indian press definition</h4></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i> newspaper puts Bihar, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh related articles on its <i>North</i> pages.<sup id="cite_ref-TheHindu-Apr2017_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHindu-Apr2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Articles in the Indian press have included the states of Bihar,<sup id="cite_ref-TNN-marriages_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNN-marriages-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gujarat,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Hindu,_May_22,_2016_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu,_May_22,_2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Hindu,_July_27,_2016_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu,_July_27,_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jharkhand,<sup id="cite_ref-Jharkhand_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jharkhand-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madhya Pradesh,<sup id="cite_ref-FP-overtake_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FP-overtake-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and West Bengal<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Bhaskar,_May_12,_2015_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Bhaskar,_May_12,_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Hindu,_January_26,_2016_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu,_January_26,_2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in North as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latitude-based_definition">Latitude-based definition</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a>, which divides the <a href="/wiki/Temperate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate zone">temperate zone</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical zone">tropical zone</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, runs through India, and could theoretically be regarded as a geographical dividing line in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-dubey1961_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubey1961-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian states that are entirely above the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a> are <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and most of <a href="/wiki/North_East_India" class="mw-redirect" title="North East India">North East Indian</a> states. However that definition would also include major parts of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and minor regions of <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anecdotal_usage">Anecdotal usage</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, the term "North Indian" is sometimes used to describe migrants from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, often using the term <i>bhaiya</i> (which literally means 'elder brother') along with it in a derogatory sense.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deccan2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deccan2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However within Uttar Pradesh (literally meaning "North Province" in Hindi) itself, "the cultural divide between the east and the west is considerable, with the <i>purabiyas</i> (easterners) often being clubbed with Biharis in the perception of the westerners."<sup id="cite_ref-mazumdar1988_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazumdar1988-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-raghavan2007_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raghavan2007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bihar" title="Government of Bihar">Government of Bihar</a> official site places the state in the eastern part of India.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are largely considered as being a part of north India, however.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deccan2012_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deccan2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/India#History" title="India">India § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Era">Ancient Era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_at_Lanka,_Ramayana,_Udaipur,_1649-53.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Battle_at_Lanka%2C_Ramayana%2C_Udaipur%2C_1649-53.jpg/220px-Battle_at_Lanka%2C_Ramayana%2C_Udaipur%2C_1649-53.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Battle_at_Lanka%2C_Ramayana%2C_Udaipur%2C_1649-53.jpg/330px-Battle_at_Lanka%2C_Ramayana%2C_Udaipur%2C_1649-53.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Battle_at_Lanka%2C_Ramayana%2C_Udaipur%2C_1649-53.jpg/440px-Battle_at_Lanka%2C_Ramayana%2C_Udaipur%2C_1649-53.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="2995" /></a><figcaption>Manuscript illustration, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1650</span>, of the Sanskrit epic <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, composed in story-telling fashion <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span><sup id="cite_ref-Lowe2017-epic_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowe2017-epic-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>By 55,000 years ago, the first modern humans, or <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i>, had arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa, where they had earlier evolved.<sup id="cite_ref-PetragliaAllchin_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PetragliaAllchin-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dyson2018p1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyson2018p1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fisher2018p23_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher2018p23-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known modern human remains in South Asia date to about 30,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-PetragliaAllchin_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PetragliaAllchin-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 6500 BC, evidence for domestication of food crops and animals, construction of permanent structures, and storage of agricultural surplus appeared in <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> and other sites in <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan, Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConinghamYoung2015104–105_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConinghamYoung2015104–105-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These gradually developed into the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200421–23_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200421–23-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConinghamYoung2015104–105_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConinghamYoung2015104–105-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first urban culture in South Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009181_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009181-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which flourished during 2500–1900 BC north-western Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPossehl20032_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPossehl20032-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Centred around cities such as <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kalibangan" title="Kalibangan">Kalibangan</a>, and relying on varied forms of subsistence, the civilisation engaged robustly in crafts production and wide-ranging trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009181_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009181-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vedic_Era">Vedic Era</h3></div> <p>Between 2000 BC and 1500 BC, several waves of Indo-Aryan migrations from Central Asia occurred and these migrants settled in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, the oldest scriptures associated with <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009186–187_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009186–187-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were composed during this period,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel200368–69_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel200368–69-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and historians have analysed these to posit a <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic culture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a> and the upper <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Gangetic Plain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009255_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009255-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period 2000–500 <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span>, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> cultures to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009255_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009255-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system">caste system</a>, which created a hierarchy of priests (<a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a>), warriors <a href="/wiki/Kshatriyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kshatriyas">Kshatriyas</a>, and commoners and peasants (<a href="/wiki/Vaishyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishyas">Vaishyas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shudras" class="mw-redirect" title="Shudras">Shudras</a>), and but which excluded certain peoples whose occupations were considered impure, arose during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200441–43_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200441–43-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a>, archaeological evidence from this period suggests the existence of a chiefdom stage of political organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009255_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009255-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late Vedic period, around the 6th century BCE, the small states and chiefdoms of the Ganges Plain and the north-western regions had consolidated into 16 major oligarchies and monarchies that were known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">mahajanapadas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009260–265_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009260–265-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200453–54_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200453–54-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emerging urbanisation gave rise to non-Vedic religious movements, two of which became independent religions. <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> came into prominence during the life of its exemplar, <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009312–313_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009312–313-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, based on the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, attracted followers from all social classes excepting the middle class; chronicling the life of the Buddha was central to the beginnings of recorded history in India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200454–56_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200454–56-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein199821_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199821-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein199867–68_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199867–68-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an age of increasing urban wealth, both religions held up <a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">renunciation</a> as an ideal,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009300_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009300-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and both established long-lasting monastic traditions. Politically, by the 3rd century BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Kingdom of Magadha</a> had annexed or reduced other states and evolved into the Magadha Empire under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Maurya" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Maurya">House of Maurya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009319_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009319-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Magadhan Mauryan emperors are known as much for their empire-building and determined management of public life as for <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>'s renunciation of militarism and far-flung advocacy of the Buddhist <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">dhamma</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009367_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009367-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200463_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200463-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In North India, by the 4th and 5th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Gupta" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Gupta">House of Gupta</a> of Magadha had created a complex system of administration and taxation in the greater Ganges Plain; this system became a model for later Indian kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200489–91_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200489–91-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009545_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009545-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Guptas, a renewed Hinduism based on devotion, rather than the management of ritual, began to assert itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein199898–99_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199898–99-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This renewal was reflected in a flowering of <a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent">sculpture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">architecture</a>, which found patrons among an urban elite.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009545_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009545-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature#Classical_Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Classical Sanskrit literature</a> flowered as well, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Indian science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">medicine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">mathematics</a> made significant advances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009545_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009545-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Era">Medieval Era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:228px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gopuram_Corner_View_of_Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gopuram_Corner_View_of_Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple..JPG/152px-Gopuram_Corner_View_of_Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple..JPG" decoding="async" width="152" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gopuram_Corner_View_of_Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple..JPG/228px-Gopuram_Corner_View_of_Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gopuram_Corner_View_of_Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple..JPG/304px-Gopuram_Corner_View_of_Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Brihadeshwara_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadeshwara temple">Brihadeshwara temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a>, completed in 1010 <span title="Common Era">CE</span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:228px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qutb_minar_ruins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Qutb_minar_ruins.jpg/152px-Qutb_minar_ruins.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Qutb_minar_ruins.jpg/228px-Qutb_minar_ruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Qutb_minar_ruins.jpg/304px-Qutb_minar_ruins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Qutub_Minar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutub Minar">Qutub Minar</a>, 73 m (240 ft) tall, completed by the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Delhi">Sultan of Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Indian early medieval age, from 600 to 1200 AD, is defined by regional kingdoms and cultural diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998132_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998132-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a>, who ruled much of the Indo-Gangetic Plain from 606 to 647 <span title="Common Era">CE</span>, attempted to expand southwards, he was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> ruler of the Deccan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998119–120_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998119–120-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When his successor attempted to expand eastwards, he was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998119–120_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998119–120-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No ruler of this period was able to create an empire and consistently control lands much beyond their core region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998132_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998132-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, pastoral peoples, whose land had been cleared to make way for the growing agricultural economy, were accommodated within caste society, as were new non-traditional ruling classes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998121–122_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998121–122-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The caste system consequently began to show regional differences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998121–122_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998121–122-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 6th and 7th centuries, the first <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">devotional hymns</a> were created in the Tamil language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998123_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998123-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were imitated all over India and led to both the resurgence of Hinduism and the development of all <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">modern languages of the subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998123_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998123-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian royalty, big and small, and the temples they patronised drew citizens in great numbers to the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998124_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998124-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temple towns of various sizes began to appear everywhere as India underwent another urbanisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998124_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998124-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 8th and 9th centuries, the effects were felt in South-East Asia, as South Indian culture and political systems were exported to lands that became part of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998127–128_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998127–128-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian merchants, scholars, and sometimes armies were involved in this transmission; South-East Asians took the initiative as well, with many sojourning in Indian seminaries and translating Buddhist and Hindu texts into their languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998127–128_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998127–128-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans, using <a href="/wiki/Courser_(horse)" title="Courser (horse)">swift-horse</a> cavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity and religion, repeatedly overran South Asia's north-western plains. A general <a href="/wiki/Qutub-ud-din_Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutub-ud-din Aibak">Qutub-ud-din Aibak</a> declared his independence and established the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Delhi">Sultanate of Delhi</a> in 1206.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudden200268_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudden200268-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sultanate was to control much of North India and to make many forays into South India. Although at first disruptive for the Indian elites, the sultanate largely left its vast non-Muslim subject population to its own laws and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200847_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200847-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf20066_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf20066-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By repeatedly repulsing <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol raiders</a> in the 13th century, the sultanate saved India from the devastation visited on West and Central Asia, setting the scene for centuries of <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a> of fleeing soldiers, learned men, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from that region into the subcontinent, thereby creating a syncretic Indo-Islamic culture in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudden200267_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudden200267-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200850–51_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200850–51-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sultanate's raiding and weakening of the regional kingdoms of South India paved the way for the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200853_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200853-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_era">Early modern era</h3></div> <p>In the early 16th century, northern India, then under mainly Muslim rulers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb200180_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb200180-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998164_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998164-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Turco-Mongol emir, <a href="/wiki/Zahir-ud-din_Mohammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahir-ud-din Mohammad">Zahir-ud-din Mohammad</a> "Babur", after defeating the Delhi Sultanate, upgraded himself from <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a> and proclaimed himself as the <a href="/wiki/Padishah_of_Hindustan" class="mw-redirect" title="Padishah of Hindustan">Padishah of Hindustan</a>. His successors were called <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a> or Moguls by European historians owing to the dynasty's Mongol origins. They did not stamp out the local societies it came to rule. Instead, it balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008115_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008115-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb200190–91_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb200190–91-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and diverse and inclusive ruling elites,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200617_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200617-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008152_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008152-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, the Mughals united their far-flung realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to an emperor who had near-divine status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200617_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200617-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The State's economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008158_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008158-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mandating that taxes be paid in the well-regulated silver currency,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998169_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998169-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008152_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008152-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008152_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008152-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in greater patronage of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">painting</a>, literary forms, textiles, and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008186_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008186-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikhs</a>, gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200623–24_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200623–24-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expanding commerce during Mughal rule gave rise to new Indian commercial and political elites along the coasts of southern and eastern India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200623–24_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200623–24-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the empire disintegrated, many among these elites were able to seek and control their own affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008256_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008256-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Agra_Fort_DistantTaj.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Agra_Fort_DistantTaj.JPG/149px-Agra_Fort_DistantTaj.JPG" decoding="async" width="149" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Agra_Fort_DistantTaj.JPG/224px-Agra_Fort_DistantTaj.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Agra_Fort_DistantTaj.JPG/298px-Agra_Fort_DistantTaj.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A distant view of the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:197px;max-width:197px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_1835_2_Mohurs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/India_1835_2_Mohurs.jpg/195px-India_1835_2_Mohurs.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/India_1835_2_Mohurs.jpg/293px-India_1835_2_Mohurs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/India_1835_2_Mohurs.jpg/390px-India_1835_2_Mohurs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5752" data-file-height="2923" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A two <a href="/wiki/Mohur" title="Mohur">mohur</a> Company gold coin, issued in 1835, the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">obverse</a> inscribed "<a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a>, King"</div></div></div></div></div> <p>By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred, a number of European trading companies, including the English <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, had established coastal outposts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008286_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008286-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200644–49_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200644–49-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The East India Company's control of the seas, greater resources, and more advanced military training and technology led it to increasingly assert its military strength and caused it to become attractive to a portion of the Indian elite; these factors were crucial in allowing the company to gain powerful influence over the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal province</a> in 1757 and sideline the other European companies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb200198–100_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb200198–100-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008286_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008286-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudden2002128–132_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudden2002128–132-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200651–55_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200651–55-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its further access to the riches of Bengal and the subsequent increased strength and size of its army enabled it to annex or subdue most of India by the 1820s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200668–71_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200668–71-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India was then no longer exporting manufactured goods as it long had, but was instead supplying <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> with raw materials. By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a> and having effectively been made an arm of British administration, the East India Company began more consciously to enter non-economic arenas, including education, social reform, and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008289_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008289-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1833, the three presidencies of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> were unified into a unitary state, headed by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a> and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_India">Modern India</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></div> <p>Historians consider India's modern age to have begun sometime between 1848 and 1885. The appointment in 1848 of <a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Lord Dalhousie</a> as <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor General of India">Governor General of India</a> set the stage for changes essential to a modern state. These included the consolidation and demarcation of sovereignty, the surveillance of the population, and the education of citizens. Technological changes—among them, railways, canals, and the telegraph—were introduced not long after their introduction in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2001151–152_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2001151–152-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200694–99_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200694–99-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199483_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199483-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers200650_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers200650-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, disaffection with the company also grew during this time and set off the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>. Fed by diverse resentments and perceptions, including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, and summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes, the rebellion rocked many regions of northern and central India and shook the foundations of Company rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006100–103_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006100–103-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199485–86_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199485–86-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the rebellion was suppressed by 1858, it led to the dissolution of the East India Company and the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">direct administration of British territories in India</a> by the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a>. Proclaiming a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> and a gradual but limited British-style parliamentary system, the new rulers also protected princes and landed gentry as a feudal safeguard against future unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998239_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998239-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006103–108_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006103–108-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1861, a supreme legislature for India was established — the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Legislative_Council_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Legislative Council of India">Imperial Legislative Council of India</a>. Further reforms also created a unified bank — the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Bank_of_India" title="Imperial Bank of India">Imperial Bank of India</a>, a police force — the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Imperial_Police" title="Indian Imperial Police">Indian Imperial Police</a> and a unified army — the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Imperial Indian Army</a>. In 1876, the Crown-ruled India and the numerous Indian states under the Crown's suzerainty formed a loose political union called the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> was crowned the <a href="/wiki/Empress_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress of India">Empress of India</a> in 1877. In the decades following, public life gradually emerged all over India, leading eventually to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2001183_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2001183-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar19831–4_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar19831–4-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopland2001ix–x_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopland2001ix–x-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006123_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006123-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rush of technology and the commercialisation of agriculture in the second half of the 19th century was marked by economic setbacks, and many small farmers became dependent on the whims of far-away markets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998260_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998260-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an increase in the number of large-scale <a href="/wiki/Famine_in_India" title="Famine in India">famines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein2010245_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein2010245-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, despite the risks of infrastructure development borne by Indian taxpayers, little industrial employment was generated for Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998258_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998258-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also salutary effects: commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to increased food production for internal consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006126_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006126-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The railway network provided critical famine relief,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200697_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200697-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notably reduced the cost of moving goods,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200697_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200697-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and helped nascent Indian-owned industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006126_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006126-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/164px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/246px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/328px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1223" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Political Divisions of the Indian Empire in 1909</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nehru_gandhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nehru_gandhi.jpg/180px-Nehru_gandhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nehru_gandhi.jpg/270px-Nehru_gandhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nehru_gandhi.jpg/360px-Nehru_gandhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="314" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> sharing a light moment with <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, Mumbai, 6 July 1946</div></div></div></div></div> <p>After World War I, in which approximately <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Indian Army during World War I">one million Indians served</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian Army</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006163_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006163-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a new period began. It was marked by the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Montagu%E2%80%93Chelmsford_Reforms" title="Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms">Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms</a> as the Government of India Act 1919 but also <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_act" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowlatt act">repressive legislation</a>, by more strident Indian calls for self-rule, and by the beginnings of a <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent">nonviolent</a> movement of non-co-operation, of which <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> would become the leader and enduring symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006167_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006167-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1930s, slow legislative reform was enacted; the Indian National Congress won victories in the resulting elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006195–197_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006195–197-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next decade was beset with crises: <a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">Indian participation in World War II</a>, the Congress's final push for non-co-operation, and an upsurge of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism</a>. All were capped by the advent of independence in 1947, but tempered by the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> into two states: India and Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006203_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006203-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vital to India's self-image as an independent nation was its constitution, completed in 1950, which put in place a secular and democratic republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006231_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006231-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per the <a href="/wiki/London_Declaration" title="London Declaration">London Declaration</a>, India retained its membership of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>, becoming the first republic within it.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic liberalisation, which <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">began in the 1980s</a> and the collaboration with Soviet Union for technical know-how,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has created a large urban middle class, transformed India into <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(real)_growth_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by GDP (real) growth rate">one of the world's fastest-growing economies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and increased its geopolitical clout. Yet, India is also shaped by seemingly unyielding poverty, both rural and urban;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006265–266_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006265–266-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caste-related_violence_in_India" title="Caste-related violence in India">caste-related violence</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006266–270_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006266–270-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Maoist-inspired Naxalite insurgencies</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006253_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006253-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">separatism in Jammu and Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">in Northeast India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006274_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006274-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has unresolved territorial disputes with <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations#1960s" title="China–India relations">China</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006247–248_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006247–248-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006247–248_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006247–248-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India's sustained democratic freedoms are unique among the world's newer nations; however, in spite of its recent economic successes, freedom from want for its disadvantaged population remains a goal yet to be achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006304_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006304-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_sunset_on_the_dunes_of_the_Great_Indian_Thar_Desert_Rajasthan_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/A_sunset_on_the_dunes_of_the_Great_Indian_Thar_Desert_Rajasthan_India.jpg/220px-A_sunset_on_the_dunes_of_the_Great_Indian_Thar_Desert_Rajasthan_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/A_sunset_on_the_dunes_of_the_Great_Indian_Thar_Desert_Rajasthan_India.jpg/330px-A_sunset_on_the_dunes_of_the_Great_Indian_Thar_Desert_Rajasthan_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/A_sunset_on_the_dunes_of_the_Great_Indian_Thar_Desert_Rajasthan_India.jpg/440px-A_sunset_on_the_dunes_of_the_Great_Indian_Thar_Desert_Rajasthan_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption>Sunset on the sand dunes at <a href="/wiki/Thar_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Thar desert">Thar desert</a> located in North Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>North India lies mainly on continental India, north of peninsular India.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Towards its north are the Himalayas which define the boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan plateau">Tibetan plateau</a>. To its west is the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar desert</a>, shared between North India and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aravalli_Range" title="Aravalli Range">Aravalli Range</a>, beyond which lies the state of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vindhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindhya">Vindhya</a> mountains are, in some interpretations, taken to be the southern boundary of North India. </p><p>The predominant geographical features of North India are: </p> <ul><li>the Indo-Gangetic plain, which spans the states and union territories of Chandigarh, Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Jharkhand.</li> <li>the Himalayas and sub-Himalayan belt, which lie in the states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and West Bengal;</li> <li>the Thar desert, which lies mainly in the state of Rajasthan.</li></ul> <p>The states of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Jammu and Kashmir also have a large forest coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-fsi2003_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsi2003-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_climate">General climate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_and_South_Asia_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_map_with_legend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/India_and_South_Asia_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_map_with_legend.jpg/220px-India_and_South_Asia_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_map_with_legend.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/India_and_South_Asia_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_map_with_legend.jpg/330px-India_and_South_Asia_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_map_with_legend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/India_and_South_Asia_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_map_with_legend.jpg/440px-India_and_South_Asia_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_map_with_legend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>India's <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> map<sup id="cite_ref-Peel_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peel-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is based on native vegetation, temperature, precipitation and their seasonality.(Major categories) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0077FF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">(Am) Tropical monsoon</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#46A9FA; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">(Aw) Tropical savanna, wet & dry</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FE0000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">(BWh) Hot desert</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FE9695; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cold_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold desert climate">(BWk) Cold desert</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F5A301; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">(BSh) Hot semi arid</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#96FF96; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">(Cwa) Subtropical humid summer, dry winter</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#63C764; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical highland climate">(Cwb) Subtropical highland, dry wint</a></div> </figcaption></figure> <p>North India lies mainly in the north <a href="/wiki/Temperate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate zone">temperate zone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref48buhij_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref48buhij-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though cool or cold winters, hot summers, and moderate monsoons are the general patterns, North India is one of the most climatically diverse regions on Earth. During summer, temperatures often rise above 35°C across much of the Indo-Gangetic plain, reaching as high as 50°C in the Thar Desert, Rajasthan, and up to 49°C in Delhi. During winter, the lowest temperatures on the plains dip below 5°C and drop below freezing in some states. Heavy to moderate snowfall occurs in Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, and Uttarakhand. Much of North India is also notorious for heavy fog during the winters. </p><p>Extreme temperatures among inhabited regions have ranged from −45 °C (−49 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Dras" title="Dras">Dras</a>, Ladakh<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 50.6 °C (123 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Alwar" title="Alwar">Alwar</a>, Rajasthan. <a href="/wiki/Dras" title="Dras">Dras</a> is claimed to be the second-coldest inhabited place on the planet (after <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>), with a recorded low of −60 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-singh2003_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh2003-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref71hoxij_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref71hoxij-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref13puzoj_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref13puzoj-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precipitation">Precipitation</h3></div> <p>The region receives heavy rain in plains and light snow on Himalayas precipitation through two primary weather patterns: the Indian <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Disturbance" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Disturbance">Western Disturbances</a>. The Monsoon carries moisture northwards from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, occurs in late summer and is important to the <a href="/wiki/Kharif_crop" title="Kharif crop">Kharif or autumn harvest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-katiyar1990_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katiyar1990-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jainchatterjee1972_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jainchatterjee1972-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western Disturbances, on the other hand, are an extratropical weather phenomenon that carry moisture eastwards from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hbl2005_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbl2005-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wang2006_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang2006-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-datta1968_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-datta1968-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dimri2004_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dimri2004-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They primarily occur during the winter season and are critically important for the <a href="/wiki/Rabi_crop" title="Rabi crop">Rabi or spring harvest</a>, which includes the main staple over much of North India, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wang2006_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang2006-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand receive some snowfall in winter months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_seasons">Traditional seasons</h3></div> <p>Northern Indian tradition recognises six distinct seasons in the region: summer (<i>grishma</i> or <i>garmi</i>(jyesth- ashadh), May–June), rainy (<i>varsha</i> (shravan-bhadra), July–August), cool (<i>sharad</i> (ashivan-kartik), September–October, sometimes thought of as 'early autumn'), autumn (<i>hemant</i>(margh-paush), November–December, also called <i>patjhar</i>, lit. <i>leaf-fall</i>), winter (<i>shishir</i> or <i>sardi</i>(magh-phagun),January–February) and spring (<i>vasant</i>(chaitra-baishakh), March–April). The literature, poetry and folklore of the region uses references to these six seasons quite extensively and has done so since ancient times when <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> was prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-ref38bujab_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref38bujab-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref72yuvur_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref72yuvur-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref08loqih_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref08loqih-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mountainous areas, sometimes the winter is further divided into "big winter" (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> <i>chillai kalaan</i>) and "little winter" (<i>chillai khurd</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ref52dapeb_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref52dapeb-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <p>The people of North India mostly belong to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> ethno linguistic branch,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and include various social groups such as <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayasthas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanika" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanika">Banias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jats" title="Jats">Jats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ror" title="Ror">Rors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolis">Kolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yadav" title="Yadav">Yadavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamboj" title="Kamboj">Kambojs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-roy1996_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roy1996-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abbi2002_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abbi2002-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-haryana2002_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haryana2002-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other minority aboriginal ethnic communities such as <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatics</a> exist throughout the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is the dominant religion in North India. Other religions practiced by various ethnic communities include <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. Hindus constitutes more than 80 percent of the North India's population. National capital of India (<a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>) is overwhelming Hindu-majority with Hindus constituting nearly 90% of the capital city's population. The states of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh are overwhelmingly Hindu-majority. Maharashtra, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, Bihar, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> are also Hindu majority states, but have a large Muslim minority (12% in Maharashtra, 14% In Uttarakhand, 18% in Bihar, 19% in Uttar Pradesh and 27% in West Bengal). Jharkhand is also a Hindu majority state but has a large aboriginal minority. The union territories of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> is a Muslim majority territories while Ladakh has a Muslim plurality with minority Hindus and Buddhists. The state of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikh</a> majority of 60% and is the homeland of Sikh religion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-Aryan_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Indo-Aryan_languages.png/250px-Indo-Aryan_languages.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Indo-Aryan_languages.png/375px-Indo-Aryan_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Indo-Aryan_languages.png/500px-Indo-Aryan_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Linguistically, North India is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>. It is in this region, or its proximity, that <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and the various <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrits</a> are thought to have evolved.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hindi is spoken in Western Uttar Pradesh and Delhi and by a large number of people in many urban centres across North India. Many other languages of the Central Indo-Aryan languages such as Awadhi, Braj, Haryanvi, Chhattisgarhi, Bundeli and Bagheli are spoken in Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Marwari, Harauti, Malvi, Gujarati, Khandeshi, Marathi and Konkani are spoken in Rajasthan, extreme eastern Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Goa. Towards the far north, languages of Dardic (such as Kashmiri) and Pahari (such as Dogri, Kumaoni and Garhwali) groups are spoken in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal and Uttarakhand. <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>. Bengali is spoken in West Bengal. Languages of Bihari group, such as Maithili, Magahi and Bhojpuri are spoken in Bihar and Jharkhand.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A number of aboriginal languages of Austroasiatic and Dravidian origin are spoken in some regions.<sup id="cite_ref-languages_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languages-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a> are spoken in the Himalayan region like <a href="/wiki/Kinnauri" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinnauri">Kinnauri</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-languages_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languages-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lahuli%E2%80%93Spiti_languages" title="Lahuli–Spiti languages">Lahuli–Spiti languages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_bride_in_Lehenga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hindu_bride_in_Lehenga.jpg/220px-Hindu_bride_in_Lehenga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Hindu_bride_in_Lehenga.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>North Indian Hindu bride in <a href="/wiki/Lehenga" title="Lehenga">Lehenga</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The composite <a href="/wiki/North_Indian_culture" title="North Indian culture">culture of North India</a> is known as <a href="/wiki/Ganga-Jamuni_tehzeeb" title="Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb">Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb</a>, a result of the amicable interaction of Hindus and Muslims there.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhulipala2000_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhulipala2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_folk_dances" title="List of Indian folk dances">List of Indian folk dances</a></div> <p>Dance of North India too has diverse <i>folk</i> and <i>classical</i> forms. Among the well-known <a href="/wiki/Indian_folk_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian folk dance">folk dances</a> are the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">bhangra</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>, Ghoomar of Rajasthan, <a href="/wiki/Nati_(dance)" title="Nati (dance)">Nati</a> of <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> and <i>rouf</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bhand_pather" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhand pather">bhand pather</a></i> of Kashmir. Main dance forms, many with narrative forms and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">mythological</a> elements, have been accorded <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">classical dance status</a> by India's <i><a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Academi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangeet Natak Academi">National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama</a></i> such as <a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a><i>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_clothing" title="Punjabi clothing">Punjabi clothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_dress" title="Jammu dress">Jammu dress</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phiran" class="mw-redirect" title="Phiran">Phiran</a></div> <p>Each state of North India has its own regional forms of clothing: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>: Chikan Suit, Pathani Salwar, Kurta Paijama, Lehenga, <a href="/wiki/Gharara" title="Gharara">Gharara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">Sari</a> .</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kurta" title="Kurta">Kurta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jammu_dress" title="Jammu dress">Dogri suthan</a> and kurta/churidar pajama and kurta.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>: <a href="/wiki/Phiran" class="mw-redirect" title="Phiran">Phiran and poots</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">Shalwar kameez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurta" title="Kurta">Kurta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Churidar" title="Churidar">Churidar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">Dhoti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachali_cap" title="Himachali cap">Himachali cap</a> and angarkha.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>/<a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Salwar_(Punjabi)_Suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Salwar (Punjabi) Suit">Salwar (Punjabi) Suit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_salwar" title="Patiala salwar">Patiala salwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Tamba_and_Kurta" title="Punjabi Tamba and Kurta">Punjabi Tamba and Kurta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Sikh Dastar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phulkari" title="Phulkari">Phulkari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Ghagra" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Ghagra">Punjabi Ghagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>: Rangwali Phichora</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinkara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chinkara.jpg/200px-Chinkara.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chinkara.jpg/300px-Chinkara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Chinkara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">Chinkara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Is_this_pose_ok%3F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Is_this_pose_ok%3F.jpg/220px-Is_this_pose_ok%3F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Is_this_pose_ok%3F.jpg/330px-Is_this_pose_ok%3F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Is_this_pose_ok%3F.jpg/440px-Is_this_pose_ok%3F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Goat at Great Himalayan national Park in <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife of India</a></div> <p>North Indian vegetation is predominantly Tropical evergreen and Montane . Of the evergreen trees <a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">sal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a>, Mahogany, <a href="/wiki/Sheesham_delbergia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheesham delbergia">sheesham</a> (Indian rosewood) and <a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplar</a> are some which are important commercially.<sup id="cite_ref-saxena1997_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saxena1997-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western Himalayan region abounds in <a href="/wiki/Chir_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chir pine">chir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cedrus_deodara" title="Cedrus deodara">deodar</a> (Himalayan cedar), <a href="/wiki/Blue_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue pine">blue pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">firs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">junipers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-singh1971_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh1971-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kaul1995_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaul1995-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-negi2002_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-negi2002-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sharma1946_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharma1946-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The birch, especially, has historical significance in Indian culture due to the extensive use of birch paper (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <i lang="sa">bhurja patra</i>) as parchment for many ancient Indian texts.<sup id="cite_ref-sgupta1972_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgupta1972-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ghosh1990_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghosh1990-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Eastern Himalayan region consists of <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurels" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurels">laurels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron" title="Rhododendron">rhododendrons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alder</a>, birch and <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_willow" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf willow">dwarf willows</a>. Reflecting the diverse climatic zones and terrain contained in the region, the floral variety is extensive and ranges from Alpine to Cloud forests, coniferous to evergreen, and thick tropical rainforests to cool temperate woods.<sup id="cite_ref-singh1971_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh1971-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wood1933_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood1933-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are around 500 varieties of mammals, 2000 species of birds, 30,000 types of insects and a wide variety of fish, amphibians and reptiles in the region. Animal species in North India include <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">bengal tiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_leopard" title="Indian leopard">indian leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">snow leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambar_(deer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambar (deer)">sambar (Asiatic stag)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">chital (spotted deer)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_stag" title="Kashmir stag">hangul (red deer)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hog_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hog deer">hog deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">chinkara (Indian gazelle)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">blackbuck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">nilgai (blue bull antelope)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">porcupine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_fox" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian fox">Indian fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sand_fox" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan sand fox">Tibetan sand fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhesus_monkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhesus monkey">rhesus monkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langur" class="mw-redirect" title="Langur">langur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">jungle cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">striped hyena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalayan bear">black bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_brown_bear" title="Himalayan brown bear">Himalayan brown bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">sloth bear</a>, and the endangered <a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">caracal</a>. </p><p>Reptiles are represented by a large number of <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizard</a> species, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ghariyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghariyal">ghariyal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venomous snakes found in the region include <a href="/wiki/King_cobra" title="King cobra">king cobra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krait" class="mw-redirect" title="Krait">krait</a>. Various <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> species include the commercially useful <a href="/wiki/Honeybee" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeybee">honeybees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silkworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworm">silkworms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lac_(resin)" title="Lac (resin)">lac</a> insects. The strikingly coloured <a href="/wiki/Trombidiidae" title="Trombidiidae">bir bahuti</a> is also found in this region.<sup id="cite_ref-shakespear1817_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shakespear1817-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region has a wide variety of birds, including <a href="/wiki/Peafowl" title="Peafowl">peafowl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a>, and thousands of immigrant birds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_crane" title="Siberian crane">Siberian crane</a>. Other birds include <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">geese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mynah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mynah">mynahs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parakeet" title="Parakeet">parakeets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">cranes</a> (including the celebrated <a href="/wiki/Sarus_crane" title="Sarus crane">sarus crane</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Hornbill" title="Hornbill">hornbills</a>. <a href="/wiki/Great_hornbill" title="Great hornbill">great pied hornbill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pallas%27s_fish-eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallas's fish-eagle">Pallas's fishing eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey-headed_fish_eagle" title="Grey-headed fish eagle">grey-headed fishing eagle</a>, red-thighed <a href="/wiki/Microhierax" title="Microhierax">falconet</a> are found in the Himalayan areas. Other birds found here are <a href="/wiki/Tawny_fish-owl" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawny fish-owl">tawny fish owl</a>, scale-bellied woodpecker, <a href="/wiki/Red-breasted_parakeet" title="Red-breasted parakeet">red-breasted parakeet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_swiftlet" title="Himalayan swiftlet">Himalayan swiftlet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stork-billed_kingfisher" title="Stork-billed kingfisher">stork-billed kingfisher</a> and <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_rubythroat" title="White-tailed rubythroat">Himalayan or white-tailed rubythroat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corbett_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbett-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife_parks_and_reserves">Wildlife parks and reserves</h3></div> <p>Important national parks and tiger reserves of North India include: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corbett_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Corbett_View.jpg/200px-Corbett_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Corbett_View.jpg/300px-Corbett_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Corbett_View.jpg/400px-Corbett_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jim_Corbett_National_Park" title="Jim Corbett National Park">Jim Corbett National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunrise_in_Kishtwar_National_Park,_Jammu_and_Kashmir,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sunrise_in_Kishtwar_National_Park%2C_Jammu_and_Kashmir%2C_India.jpg/350px-Sunrise_in_Kishtwar_National_Park%2C_Jammu_and_Kashmir%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sunrise_in_Kishtwar_National_Park%2C_Jammu_and_Kashmir%2C_India.jpg/525px-Sunrise_in_Kishtwar_National_Park%2C_Jammu_and_Kashmir%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sunrise_in_Kishtwar_National_Park%2C_Jammu_and_Kashmir%2C_India.jpg/700px-Sunrise_in_Kishtwar_National_Park%2C_Jammu_and_Kashmir%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3647" /></a><figcaption>Sunrise in Kishtwar National Park, Jammu and Kashmir, India</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Corbett_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Corbett National Park">Corbett National Park</a>: It was established in 1936 as Hailey National Park<sup id="cite_ref-corbett-national-park.com_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corbett-national-park.com-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along the banks of the Ramganga River. It is India's first National Park, and was designated a Project Tiger Reserve in 1973. Situated in <a href="/wiki/Nainital_district" title="Nainital district">Nainital district</a> of Uttarakhand, the park acts as a protected area for the critically endangered Bengal tiger of India. Cradled in the foothills of the Himalayas, it comprises a total area of 500 km<sup>2</sup> out of which 350 km<sup>2</sup> is core reserve. This park is known not only for its rich and varied wildlife but also for its scenic beauty. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi_National_Park" title="Nanda Devi National Park">Nanda Devi National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Flowers_National_Park" title="Valley of Flowers National Park">Valley of Flowers National Park</a>: Located in West Himalaya, in the state of Uttarakhand, these two national parks constitute a biosphere reserve that is in the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2004. The Valley of Flowers is known for its meadows of endemic alpine flowers and the variety of flora, this richly diverse area is also home to rare and endangered animals. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dachigam_National_Park" title="Dachigam National Park">Dachigam National Park</a>: Dachigam is a higher altitude national reserve in the state of Jammu and Kashmir that ranges from 5,500 to 14,000 feet above sea level. It is home to the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_stag" title="Kashmir stag">hangul</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a> species, also called the Kashmir stag). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayan_National_Park" title="Great Himalayan National Park">Great Himalayan National Park</a>: This park is located in Himachal Pradesh and ranges in altitude from 5,000 to 17,500 feet. Wildlife resident here includes the <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">snow leopard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_brown_bear" title="Himalayan brown bear">Himalayan brown bear</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">musk deer</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Desert_National_Park" title="Desert National Park">Desert National Park</a>: Located in Rajasthan, this national reserve features extensive sand dunes and dry salt lakes. Wildlife unique to the region includes the desert fox and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Indian_bustard" title="Great Indian bustard">great Indian bustard</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kanha_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanha National Park">Kanha National Park</a>: The sal and bamboo forests, grassy meadows and ravines of Kanha were the setting for <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s collection of stories, "<a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a>". The Kanha National Park in Madhya Pradesh came into being in 1955 and forms the core of the Kanha Tiger Reserve, created in 1974 under Project Tiger. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vikramshila_Gangetic_Dolphin_Sanctuary" title="Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary">Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary</a>: Located in the state of Bihar, it is the only protected zone for the endangered <a href="/wiki/Ganges_and_Indus_river_dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges and Indus river dolphin">Ganges and Indus river dolphin</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bharatpur_Bird_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary">Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary</a>: It is one of the finest bird parks in the world, it is a reserve that offers protection to faunal species as well. Nesting indigenous water birds as well as migratory water birds and waterside birds, this sanctuary is also inhabited by sambar, chital, nilgai and boar. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dudhwa_National_Park" title="Dudhwa National Park">Dudhwa National Park</a>: It covers an area of 500 km<sup>2</sup> along the Indo-Nepal border in <a href="/wiki/Lakhimpur_Kheri_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhimpur Kheri District">Lakhimpur Kheri District</a> of Uttar Pradesh, is best known for the <a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">barasingha</a> or swamp deer. The grasslands and woodlands of this park, consist mainly of sal forests. The barasingha is found in the southwest and southeast regions of the park. Among the big cats, tigers abound at Dudhwa. There are also a few leopards. The other animals found in large numbers, are the <a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhinoceros</a>, elephant, jungle cats, leopard cats, fishing cats, jackals, <a href="/wiki/Civet" title="Civet">civets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">sloth bears</a>, sambar, <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otters</a>, crocodiles and <a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">chital</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ranthambhore_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranthambhore National Park">Ranthambhore National Park</a>: It spans an area of 400 km<sup>2</sup> with an estimated head count of thirty two tigers is perhaps India's finest example of <a href="/wiki/Project_Tiger" title="Project Tiger">Project Tiger</a>, a conservation effort started by the government in an attempt to save the dwindling number of tigers in India. Situated near the small town of <a href="/wiki/Sawai_Madhopur" title="Sawai Madhopur">Sawai Madhopur</a> it boasts of variety of plant and animal species of North India. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kalesar_National_Park" title="Kalesar National Park">Kalesar National Park</a>: Kalesar is a <a href="/wiki/Sal_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Sal tree">sal</a> forest in the <a href="/wiki/Shivalik_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivalik Hills">Shivalik Hills</a> of eastern Haryana state. Primarily known for birds, it also contains a small number of tigers and panthers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_of_interest">Places of interest</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akshardham_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Akshardham_Delhi.jpg/220px-Akshardham_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Akshardham_Delhi.jpg/330px-Akshardham_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Akshardham_Delhi.jpg/440px-Akshardham_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Akshardham_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshardham (Delhi)">Akshardham</a> Temple, Delhi</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature">Nature</h3></div> <p>The Indian <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thar_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Thar desert">Thar desert</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Gangetic plain">Indo-Gangetic plain</a> dominate the natural scenery of North India. The region encompasses several of the most highly regarded hill destinations of India such as <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manali,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Manali, Himachal Pradesh">Manali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussoorie" title="Mussoorie">Mussoorie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kausani" title="Kausani">Kausani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Abu" title="Mount Abu">Mount Abu</a>. Several spots in the states of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh provide panoramic views of the snow-clad Himalayan range. The Himalayan region also provides ample opportunity for adventure sports such as mountaineering, trekking, river rafting and skiing. Camel or jeep safaris of the Thar desert are also popular in the state of Rajasthan. North India includes several national parks such as the <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi_Biosphere_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve">Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Corbett_National_Park" title="Jim Corbett National Park">Jim Corbett National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keoladeo_National_Park" title="Keoladeo National Park">Keoladeo National Park</a> <a href="/wiki/Ranthambore_National_Park" title="Ranthambore National Park">Ranthambore National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_National_Park" title="Sundarbans National Park">Sundarbans National Park</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kutch_Desert_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary">Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</h3></div> <p>North India encompasses several of the holiest pilgrimage centres of Hinduism (<a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chota_Char_Dham" title="Chota Char Dham">Char Dham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishno_Devi" title="Vaishno Devi">Vaishno Devi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rishikesh" title="Rishikesh">Rishikesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pushkar" title="Pushkar">Pushkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Prayag</a> and seven of the twelve <a href="/wiki/Jyotirlinga" title="Jyotirlinga">Jyotirlinga</a> sites), the most sacred destinations of Buddhism (<a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a>), the most regarded pilgrimage centres of Sikhism (<a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemkund" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemkund">Hemkund</a>) and some of the highly regarded destinations in Sufi Islam (<a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>). The largest Hindu temple, <a href="/wiki/Akshardham_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshardham (Delhi)">Akshardham Temple</a>, the largest Buddhist temple in India, <a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi</a>, the largest mosque in India, <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid</a>, and the largest Sikh shrine, <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Golden Temple</a>, are all in this region.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal,_Agra,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra%2C_India.jpg/220px-Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra%2C_India.jpg/330px-Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra%2C_India.jpg/440px-Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2525" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amberjpr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Amberjpr.jpg/220px-Amberjpr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Amberjpr.jpg/330px-Amberjpr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Amberjpr.jpg/440px-Amberjpr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amer_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Amer Fort">Amer Fort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>North India includes some highly regarded historical, architectural and archaeological treasures of India. The <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>, an immense mausoleum of white marble in <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, is one of the universally admired buildings of world heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides Agra, <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> also carry some great exhibits from the Mughal architecture. In Punjab, <a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a> is known for being the city of royalty while <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> is a city known for its <a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh architecture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> has the famous Awadhi Nawab culture while <a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a> reflects excellent Anglo-Indian architecture with monuments like <a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Memorial_Church" title="Kanpur Memorial Church">All Souls Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Sangrahalaya" title="Kanpur Sangrahalaya">King Edward Memorial</a>, Police Quarters, <a href="/wiki/British_India_Corporation" title="British India Corporation">Cawnpore Woollen Mills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cemetery,_Kanpur" title="Portuguese Cemetery, Kanpur">Cutchery Cemetery</a> etc. <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho temples</a> constitute another famous world heritage site. The state of Rajasthan is known for exquisite <a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Rajasthan" title="List of palaces in Rajasthan">palaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hill_Forts_of_Rajasthan" title="Hill Forts of Rajasthan">forts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> clans. Historical sites and architecture from the ancient and medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">Buddhist</a> periods of Indian history, such as <a href="/wiki/Jageshwar" title="Jageshwar">Jageshwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deogarh,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh">Deogarh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>, as well as sites from the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Manda,_Jammu" title="Manda, Jammu">Manda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alamgirpur" title="Alamgirpur">Alamgirpur</a>, can be found scattered throughout northern India. <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/River_Ganga" class="mw-redirect" title="River Ganga">River Ganga</a>, is considered one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world and the second oldest in India after <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bhimbetka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhimbetka">Bhimbetka</a> is an archaeological site of the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> era, exhibiting the earliest traces of human life on the Indian subcontinent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Universities">Universities</h2></div> <p>North India has several universities, including </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Agra University">Agra University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alakh_Prakash_Goyal_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Alakh Prakash Goyal University">Alakh Prakash Goyal University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences">All India Institute of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahabad_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad University">Allahabad University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University" title="Aligarh Muslim University">Aligarh Muslim University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka_University" title="Ashoka University">Ashoka University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avadh_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Avadh University">Avadh University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Farid_University_of_Health_Sciences" title="Baba Farid University of Health Sciences">Baba Farid University of Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babasaheb_Bhimrao_Ambedkar_University" title="Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University">Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahra_University" title="Bahra University">Bahra University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Phool_Singh_Mahila_Vishwavidyalaya" title="Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya">Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birla_Institute_of_Technology_and_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Birla Institute of Technology and Science">Birla Institute of Technology and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_University_of_Punjab" title="Central University of Punjab">Central University of Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_University_of_Rajasthan" title="Central University of Rajasthan">Central University of Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh_University" title="Chandigarh University">Chandigarh University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT_University" title="CT University">CT University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAV_University" title="DAV University">DAV University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deenbandhu_Chhotu_Ram_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology">Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deen_Dayal_Upadhyay_Gorakhpur_University" title="Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University">Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_University" title="Delhi University">Delhi University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Technological_University" title="Delhi Technological University">Delhi Technological University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desh_Bhagat_University" title="Desh Bhagat University">Desh Bhagat University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_Technical_University" title="Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University">Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._B.R._Ambedkar_National_Law_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Law University">Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Law University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautam_Buddha_University" title="Gautam Buddha University">Gautam Buddha University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNA_University" title="GNA University">GNA University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant_University_of_Agriculture_%26_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology">Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurukul_Kangri_Vishwavidyalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya">Gurukul Kangri University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Jambheshwar_University_of_Science_%26_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology">Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Dev_University" title="Guru Nanak Dev University">Guru Nanak Dev University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh_Indraprastha_University" title="Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University">Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Agricultural_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryana Agricultural University">Haryana Agricultural University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_University" title="Himachal Pradesh University">Himachal Pradesh University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_National_Law_University" title="Himachal Pradesh National Law University">Himachal Pradesh National Law University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Narain_Vyas_University" title="Jai Narain Vyas University">Jai Narain Vyas University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_University" title="Jawaharlal Nehru University">Jawaharlal Nehru University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiwaji_University" title="Jiwaji University">Jiwaji University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanpur University">Kanpur University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon University">Kumaon University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_University" title="Kurukshetra University">Kurukshetra University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovely_Professional_University" title="Lovely Professional University">Lovely Professional University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Ganga_Singh_University" title="Maharaja Ganga Singh University">Maharaja Ganga Singh University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap_University_of_Agriculture_and_Technology" title="Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology">Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Law_University,_Sonipat" class="mw-redirect" title="National Law University, Sonipat">National Law University, Sonipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._P._Jindal_Global_University" title="O. P. Jindal Global University">O. P. Jindal Global University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjab_University" title="Panjab University">Panjab University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_University" title="Punjabi University">Punjabi University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Agricultural_University" title="Punjab Agricultural University">Punjab Agricultural University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Technical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab Technical University">Punjab Technical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_University" title="South Asian University">South Asian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher-e-Kashmir_University_of_Agricultural_Sciences_and_Technology" title="Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology">Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRM_University,_Haryana" title="SRM University, Haryana">SRM University, Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Guru_Granth_Sahib_World_University" title="Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University">Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thapar_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Thapar University">Thapar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Jammu" title="University of Jammu">University of Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kashmir" title="University of Kashmir">University of Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kota" title="University of Kota">University of Kota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lucknow" title="University of Lucknow">University of Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rajasthan" title="University of Rajasthan">University of Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Technical_University" title="Uttarakhand Technical University">Uttarakhand Technical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardhaman_Mahaveer_Open_University" title="Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University">Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_University_of_Design" title="World University of Design">World University of Design</a></li></ul> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology">Indian Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Technology">National Institute of Technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Management">Indian Institute of Management</a> have campuses in several cities of North India such as <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roorkee" title="Roorkee">Roorkee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ropar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ropar">Ropar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohtak" title="Rohtak">Rohtak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashipur,_Uttarakhand" title="Kashipur, Uttarakhand">Kashipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanbad" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhillai" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhillai">Bhillai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rourkela" title="Rourkela">Rourkela</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Fashion_Technology" title="National Institute of Fashion Technology">National Institute of Fashion Technology</a> has campuses in several cities of North India such as <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangra_district" title="Kangra district">Kangra district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raebareli" title="Raebareli">Raebareli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>. One of the first great universities in recorded history, the <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_University" title="Nalanda University">Nalanda University</a>, is in the state of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>. There has been plans for revival of this ancient university, including an effort by a multinational consortium led by Singapore, China, India and Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy of India</a></div> <p>The economy of North India varies from agrarian in the northern plains to very industrialised in Maharashtra, the <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="National Capital Region">National Capital Region</a> and West Bengal. Northwest Indian plains have prospered as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a> in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh, and have experienced both economic and social development.<sup id="cite_ref-ghonemy1986_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghonemy1986-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rastyannikov1981_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rastyannikov1981-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bhatia1985_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhatia1985-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eastern areas of East Uttar Pradesh, however, have lagged<sup id="cite_ref-lucas1988_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lucas1988-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-etienne1985_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etienne1985-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the resulting disparity has contributed to a demand for separate statehood in West Uttar Pradesh (the <a href="/wiki/Harit_Pradesh" title="Harit Pradesh">Harit Pradesh</a> movement).<sup id="cite_ref-kudaisya2006_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kudaisya2006-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major industrial regions in North India are the Gurugram-Delhi-Merut Belt (<a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="National Capital Territory">NCT</a>), Mumbai-Pune Belt (Maharashtra), Kolkata-Hoogly Belt (West Bengal), Ahmedabad-Vadodara Belt (Gujarat), and Chhota Nagpur plateau region (Jharkhand). North India has the state with highest GDP per capita in the Indian Union was Goa in 2021. Other North Indian states which follow are Haryana and Gujarat. North India also has the state with the highest GDP in India which is Maharashtra.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chandigarh has the highest per-capita State Domestic Product (SDP) of any Indian union territory.<sup id="cite_ref-mosapi_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mosapi-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Capital Region of Delhi has emerged as an economic power house with rapid industrial growth. </p><p>According to a 2009–10 report, a large number of unskilled and skilled workers have moved to <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">southern India</a> and other nations because of the unavailability of jobs locally.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technology boom that occurred in the past three decades in southern India has helped many Indians from the northern region to find jobs and live prosperous lives in southern cities. An analysis by Multidimensional Poverty Index creators reveals that acute poverty prevails in eight Indian states including the northern states of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_dishes">Popular dishes</h3></div> <p>The best-known<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North-Indian food items are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tandoori_chicken" title="Tandoori chicken">Tandoori chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reshmi_kabab" title="Reshmi kabab">Reshmi kabab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadai_paneer" title="Kadai paneer">Kadai paneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chole_bhature" title="Chole bhature">Chole bhature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloo_paratha" title="Aloo paratha">Aloo paratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_chicken" title="Butter chicken">Butter chicken</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Asia" title="Northern South Asia">Northern South Asia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-States-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-States_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-States_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-TheHindu-Apr2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHindu-Apr2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TNN-marriages_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNN-marriages-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FP-overtake_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FP-overtake-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Hindu,_July_27,_2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu,_July_27,_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Hindu,_May_22,_2016_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu,_May_22,_2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Bhaskar,_May_12,_2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Bhaskar,_May_12,_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Hindu,_January_26,_2016_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu,_January_26,_2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jharkhand_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jharkhand-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maha1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maha1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maha2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maha2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maha3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maha3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maha4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maha4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maha5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maha5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frykenberg2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frykenberg2008_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrykenberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Frykenberg, Robert Eric (27 June 2008). <i>Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-154419-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-154419-4"><bdi>978-0-19-154419-4</bdi></a>. <q>The central feature of Norh India is the gigantic Indo-Gangetic plain, together with all of the sacred rivers that flow into it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+India%3A+From+Beginnings+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-06-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-154419-4&rft.aulast=Frykenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheHindu-Apr2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India+Blog&rft.atitle=%27Jharkhand+is+a+North+Indian+state+and+for+BJP+to+get+decimated+there+is+a+statement+in+itself%27&rft.date=2019-12-25&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Amin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fblogs%2Ftoi-edit-page%2Fjharkhand-is-a-north-indian-state-and-for-bjp-to-get-decimated-there-is-a-statement-in-itself%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maha1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maha1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fact.co.in/home/Dynamicpages?MenuId=18">"Marketing Division activities"</a>. <i>FACT</i>. <q>FACT is also expanding its market to North Indian states like Maharashtra, West Bengal, Odisha and Gujarat</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FACT&rft.atitle=Marketing+Division+activities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffact.co.in%2Fhome%2FDynamicpages%3FMenuId%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maha2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maha2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://servdharm.com/blogs/post/gowri-habba-celebrations-rituals-and-practices">"Gowri Habba Celebrations, Rituals and Practices"</a>. <i>servdharm</i>. <q>The festival is also celebrated in some North Indian states like Maharashtra, 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Geological Survey of India, MOI, Government of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=108,957826&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Region+%E2%80%93+Geological+Survey+of+India&rft.pub=Geological+Survey+of+India%2C+MOI%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portal.gsi.gov.in%2Fportal%2Fpage%3F_pageid%3D108%2C957826%26_dad%3Dportal%26_schema%3DPORTAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Erdosy1995" class="citation book cs1">George Erdosy (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A6ZRShEIFwMC"><i>The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014447-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014447-5"><bdi>978-3-11-014447-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryans+of+Ancient+South+Asia%3A+Language%2C+Material+Culture+and+Ethnicity&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014447-5&rft.au=George+Erdosy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA6ZRShEIFwMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Beckwith, Christopher I.</a> (16 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ue8BxLEMt4C&pg=PA32"><i>Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2994-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2994-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-2994-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Silk+Road%3A+A+History+of+Central+Eurasia+from+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Present&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009-03-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2994-1&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Ue8BxLEMt4C%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhulipala2000-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dhulipala2000_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhulipala2000_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhulipala2000" class="citation book cs1">Dhulipala, Venkat (2000). <i>The Politics of Secularism: Medieval Indian Historiography and the Sufis</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>. p. 27. <q>The composite culture of northern India , known as the <i>Ganga Jamuni tehzeeb</i> was a product of the interaction between Hindu society and Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Secularism%3A+Medieval+Indian+Historiography+and+the+Sufis&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dhulipala&rft.aufirst=Venkat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoC-North-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MoC-North_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturenorthindia.com/">"North Zone Cultural Centre"</a>. <i>culturenorthindia.com</i>. Ministry of Culture, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=culturenorthindia.com&rft.atitle=North+Zone+Cultural+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturenorthindia.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dubey1961-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dubey1961_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ram Nath Dubey, "Economic Geography of India", Kitab Mahal, 1961. <i>... The Tropic of Cancer divides India roughly into two equal parts: the Warm Temperate and Tropical ... </i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutta2022" class="citation web cs1">Dutta, Prabhash K. (18 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/bhaiya-uttar-pradesh-up-bihar-punjab-channi-1914880-2022-02-18">"Who is a Bhaiya?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a>. <q>These 'bhaiyas' were identified with the migrants from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar who were working in Maharashtra.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+is+a+Bhaiya%3F&rft.pub=India+Today&rft.date=2022-02-18&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Prabhash+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fnews-analysis%2Fstory%2Fbhaiya-uttar-pradesh-up-bihar-punjab-channi-1914880-2022-02-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deccan2012-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deccan2012_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deccan2012_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/india/thackerays-are-infiltrators-in-maharashtra-from-bihar-lalu-prasad-269315.html">"Thackerays are 'infiltrators' in Maharashtra from Bihar: Lalu Prasad"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Herald" title="Deccan Herald">Deccan Herald</a>. 9 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>. <q>Lalu said the Thackerays have always been indulging in a campaign against North Indians, mostly Biharis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thackerays+are+%27infiltrators%27+in+Maharashtra+from+Bihar%3A+Lalu+Prasad&rft.pub=Deccan+Herald&rft.date=2012-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Findia%2Fthackerays-are-infiltrators-in-maharashtra-from-bihar-lalu-prasad-269315.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mazumdar1988-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mazumdar1988_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040401063623/https://www.indialabourarchives.org/publications/Indrani%20Mazumdar.htm">"Unorganised Workers of Delhi and the Seven Day Strike of 1988"</a>. Indrani Mazumdar, Archives of Indian Labour. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indialabourarchives.org/publications/Indrani%20Mazumdar.htm">the original</a> on 1 April 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unorganised+Workers+of+Delhi+and+the+Seven+Day+Strike+of+1988&rft.pub=Indrani+Mazumdar%2C+Archives+of+Indian+Labour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indialabourarchives.org%2Fpublications%2FIndrani%2520Mazumdar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-raghavan2007-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-raghavan2007_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susheela Raghavan, "Handbook of Spices, Seasonings, and Flavorings", CRC Press, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-2842-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-2842-X">0-8493-2842-X</a>. <i>... Maharashtra, in North India, has kala masala in many versions ... </i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://state.bihar.gov.in/main/CitizenHome.html">"Government of Bihar"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+of+Bihar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstate.bihar.gov.in%2Fmain%2FCitizenHome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassankhanRoopnarineMahase2016" class="citation book cs1">Hassankhan, Maurits S.; Roopnarine, Lomarsh; Mahase, Radica (10 November 2016). <i>Social and Cultural Dimensions of Indian Indentured Labour and its Diaspora: Past and Present</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-98589-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-98589-5"><bdi>978-1-351-98589-5</bdi></a>. <q>The north Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have the highest percentages of rural populations, with 18.6 and 11.1 percent of people living in villages, respecively, as per the 2011 census. These states are also the largest migrant-sending states. Substantial flows of labour migrants relocate from Uttar Pradesh to Maharashtra, Delhi, West Bengal, Haryana, Gujarat, and other states across northern and central India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+and+Cultural+Dimensions+of+Indian+Indentured+Labour+and+its+Diaspora%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft.isbn=978-1-351-98589-5&rft.aulast=Hassankhan&rft.aufirst=Maurits+S.&rft.au=Roopnarine%2C+Lomarsh&rft.au=Mahase%2C+Radica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/tamil-nadu-migrant-attack-india-numbers-explained-8482919/">"Concern over north Indian workers in Tamil Nadu: What the numbers say about India's migrants"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. 7 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concern+over+north+Indian+workers+in+Tamil+Nadu%3A+What+the+numbers+say+about+India%27s+migrants&rft.pub=The+Indian+Express&rft.date=2023-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fexplained-economics%2Ftamil-nadu-migrant-attack-india-numbers-explained-8482919%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowe2017-epic-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lowe2017-epic_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2017" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, John J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nSgmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58"><i>Transitive Nouns and Adjectives: Evidence from Early Indo-Aryan</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879357-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879357-1"><bdi>978-0-19-879357-1</bdi></a>. <q>The term 'Epic Sanskrit' refers to the language of the two great Sanskrit epics, the Mahābhārata and the Rāmāyaṇa. ... It is likely, therefore, that the epic-like elements found in Vedic sources and the two epics that we have are not directly related, but that both drew on the same source, an oral tradition of storytelling that existed before, throughout, and after the Vedic period.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transitive+Nouns+and+Adjectives%3A+Evidence+from+Early+Indo-Aryan&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-879357-1&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnSgmDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PetragliaAllchin-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PetragliaAllchin_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PetragliaAllchin_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetragliaAllchin2007">Petraglia & Allchin 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA10">10</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPetragliaAllchin2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>, "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. ... Coalescence dates for most non-European populations average to between 73–55 ka."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyson2018p1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dyson2018p1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">1</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDyson2018 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>, "Modern human beings—<i>Homo sapiens</i>—originated in Africa. Then, intermittently, sometime between 60,000 and 80,000 years ago, tiny groups of them began to enter the north-west of the Indian subcontinent. It seems likely that initially they came by way of the coast. ... it is virtually certain that there were <i>Homo sapiens</i> in the subcontinent 55,000 years ago, even though the earliest fossils that have been found of them date to only about 30,000 years before the present."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher2018p23-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher2018p23_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisher2018">Fisher 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">23</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFisher2018 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>, "Scholars estimate that the first successful expansion of the <i>Homo sapiens</i> range beyond Africa and across the Arabian Peninsula occurred from as early as 80,000 years ago to as late as 40,000 years ago, although there may have been prior unsuccessful emigrations. Some of their descendants extended the human range ever further in each generation, spreading into each habitable land they encountered. One human channel was along the warm and productive coastal lands of the Persian Gulf and northern Indian Ocean. Eventually, various bands entered India between 75,000 years ago and 35,000 years ago."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConinghamYoung2015104–105-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConinghamYoung2015104–105_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConinghamYoung2015104–105_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConinghamYoung2015">Coningham & Young 2015</a>, pp. 104–105.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFConinghamYoung2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200421–23-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200421–23_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004">Kulke & Rothermund 2004</a>, pp. 21–23.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009181-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009181_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009181_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2009">Singh 2009</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPossehl20032-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPossehl20032_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPossehl2003">Possehl 2003</a>, p. 2.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPossehl2003 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009186–187-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009186–187_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2009">Singh 2009</a>, pp. 186–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel200368–69-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel200368–69_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitzel2003">Witzel 2003</a>, pp. 68–69.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWitzel2003 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009255-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009255_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009255_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009255_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2009">Singh 2009</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200441–43-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200441–43_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004">Kulke & Rothermund 2004</a>, pp. 41–43.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009260–265-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009260–265_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2009">Singh 2009</a>, pp. 260–265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200453–54-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200453–54_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004">Kulke & Rothermund 2004</a>, pp. 53–54.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009312–313-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009312–313_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2009">Singh 2009</a>, pp. 312–313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200454–56-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200454–56_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004">Kulke & Rothermund 2004</a>, pp. 54–56.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199821-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein199821_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1998">Stein 1998</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199867–68-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein199867–68_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1998">Stein 1998</a>, pp. 67–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009300-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009300_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2009">Singh 2009</a>, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009319-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009319_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2009">Singh 2009</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009367-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009367_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2009">Singh 2009</a>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200463-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200463_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004">Kulke & Rothermund 2004</a>, p. 63.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200489–91-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund200489–91_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004">Kulke & Rothermund 2004</a>, pp. 89–91.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009545-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009545_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009545_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009545_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2009">Singh 2009</a>, p. 545.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199898–99-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein199898–99_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1998">Stein 1998</a>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998132-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998132_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998132_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1998">Stein 1998</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998119–120-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998119–120_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998119–120_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1998">Stein 1998</a>, pp. 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998121–122-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998121–122_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998121–122_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1998">Stein 1998</a>, pp. 121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998123-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998123_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998123_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1998">Stein 1998</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998124-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998124_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998124_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1998">Stein 1998</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998127–128-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998127–128_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998127–128_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1998">Stein 1998</a>, pp. 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudden200268-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudden200268_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudden2002">Ludden 2002</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200847-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200847_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2008">Asher & Talbot 2008</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf20066-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf20066_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudden200267-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudden200267_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudden2002">Ludden 2002</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200850–51-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200850–51_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2008">Asher & Talbot 2008</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200853-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200853_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2008">Asher & Talbot 2008</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb200180-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb200180_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobb2001">Robb 2001</a>, p. 80.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRobb2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998164-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998164_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1998">Stein 1998</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008115-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008115_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2008">Asher & Talbot 2008</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb200190–91-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb200190–91_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobb2001">Robb 2001</a>, pp. 90–91.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRobb2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200617-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200617_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200617_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008152-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008152_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008152_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008152_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2008">Asher & Talbot 2008</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008158-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008158_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2008">Asher & Talbot 2008</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998169-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998169_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1998">Stein 1998</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008186-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008186_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2008">Asher & Talbot 2008</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200623–24-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200623–24_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200623–24_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008256-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008256_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2008">Asher & Talbot 2008</a>, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008286-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008286_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008286_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2008">Asher & Talbot 2008</a>, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200644–49-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200644–49_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, pp. 44–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb200198–100-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb200198–100_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobb2001">Robb 2001</a>, pp. 98–100.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRobb2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudden2002128–132-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudden2002128–132_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudden2002">Ludden 2002</a>, pp. 128–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200651–55-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200651–55_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, pp. 51–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200668–71-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200668–71_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, pp. 68–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008289-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008289_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2008">Asher & Talbot 2008</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2001151–152-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2001151–152_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobb2001">Robb 2001</a>, pp. 151–152.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRobb2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200694–99-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200694–99_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, pp. 94–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199483-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199483_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1994">Brown 1994</a>, p. 83.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrown1994 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers200650-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers200650_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeers2006">Peers 2006</a>, p. 50.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPeers2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006100–103-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006100–103_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, pp. 100–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199485–86-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199485–86_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1994">Brown 1994</a>, pp. 85–86.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrown1994 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998239-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998239_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1998">Stein 1998</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006103–108-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006103–108_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, pp. 103–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2001183-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb2001183_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobb2001">Robb 2001</a>, p. 183.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRobb2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar19831–4-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar19831–4_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar1983">Sarkar 1983</a>, pp. 1–4.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSarkar1983 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopland2001ix–x-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopland2001ix–x_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopland2001">Copland 2001</a>, pp. ix–x.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFCopland2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006123-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006123_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998260-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998260_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1998">Stein 1998</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein2010245-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein2010245_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein2010">Stein 2010</a>, p. 245: An expansion of state functions in British and in princely India occurred as a result of the terrible famines of the later nineteenth century, ... A reluctant regime decided that state resources had to be deployed and that anti-famine measures were best managed through technical experts.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFStein2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998258-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1998258_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1998">Stein 1998</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006126-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006126_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006126_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200697-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200697_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200697_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006163-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006163_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006167-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006167_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006195–197-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006195–197_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, pp. 195–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006203-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006203_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006231-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006231_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/london-declaration-1949">"London Declaration, 1949"</a>. <i>Commonwealth</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth&rft.atitle=London+Declaration%2C+1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecommonwealth.org%2Flondon-declaration-1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijrar.com/upload_issue/ijrar_issue_20544196.pdf">"Role of Soviet Union in India's industrialisation: a comparative assessment with the West"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ijrar.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ijrar.com&rft.atitle=Role+of+Soviet+Union+in+India%27s+industrialisation%3A+a+comparative+assessment+with+the+West&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fijrar.com%2Fupload_issue%2Fijrar_issue_20544196.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520002800/https://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/India/">"Briefing Rooms: India"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_Research_Service" title="Economic Research Service">Economic Research Service</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>, 2009, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/India/">the original</a> on 20 May 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Research+Service&rft.atitle=Briefing+Rooms%3A+India&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ers.usda.gov%2FBriefing%2FIndia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006265–266-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006265–266_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, pp. 265–266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006266–270-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006266–270_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, pp. 266–270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006253-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006253_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006274-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006274_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006247–248-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006247–248_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006247–248_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, pp. 247–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006304-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006304_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fsi2003-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fsi2003_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsi.nic.in/sfr_2003.htm">"Forest Survey of India – State of Forest Report 2003"</a>. Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forest+Survey+of+India+%E2%80%93+State+of+Forest+Report+2003&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Environment+%26+Forests%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsi.nic.in%2Fsfr_2003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peel-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peel_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeel,_M._C.Finlayson,_B._L.McMahon,_T._A.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html">"Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification"</a>. <i>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences</i>. <b>11</b> (5): 1633–1644. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HESS...11.1633P">2007HESS...11.1633P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007">10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1027-5606">1027-5606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrology+and+Earth+System+Sciences&rft.atitle=Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen%E2%80%93Geiger+climate+classification&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1633-1644&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1027-5606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007HESS...11.1633P&rft.au=Peel%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Finlayson%2C+B.+L.&rft.au=McMahon%2C+T.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net%2F11%2F1633%2F2007%2Fhess-11-1633-2007.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span> <i>(direct: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf">Final Revised Paper</a>)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref48buhij-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref48buhij_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYash_Pal_Singh2006" class="citation cs2">Yash Pal Singh (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hvq7wTsNxoQC"><i>Social Science Textbook for Class IX Geography</i></a>, VK Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89611-15-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89611-15-6"><bdi>978-81-89611-15-6</bdi></a>, <q>... The Tropic of Cancer divides India into almost two equal parts. It makes the southern half of India in the Tropical Zone and the northern half in the Temperate zone ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Science+Textbook+for+Class+IX+Geography&rft.pub=VK+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-89611-15-6&rft.au=Yash+Pal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhvq7wTsNxoQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=24534&refer=&units=metric">"Dras, India Travel Weather Averages"</a>. <i>Weatherbase</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weatherbase&rft.atitle=Dras%2C+India+Travel+Weather+Averages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweather.php3%3Fs%3D24534%26refer%3D%26units%3Dmetric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-singh2003-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-singh2003_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarina Singh, "India: Lonely Planet Guide", Lonely Planet, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74059-421-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-74059-421-5">1-74059-421-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref71hoxij-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref71hoxij_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._N._Kaul1998" class="citation cs2">H. N. Kaul (1 January 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC"><i>Rediscovery of Ladakh</i></a>, Indus Publishing, 1998, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173870866" title="Special:BookSources/9788173870866"><bdi>9788173870866</bdi></a>, <q>... With its altitude of 10000 ft. above the sea, Dras is considered to be the second coldest inhabited place in the world after Siberia where mercury sinks as low as -40 °C during winter, though it has also recorded a low of −60 °C ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovery+of+Ladakh&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing%2C+1998&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=9788173870866&rft.au=H.+N.+Kaul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmg8My6WaWRcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref13puzoj-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref13puzoj_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalen_A._Rowell,_Ed_Reading1980" class="citation cs2">Galen A. Rowell, Ed Reading (June 1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjsTAQAAIAAJ"><i>Many people come, looking, looking</i></a>, Mountaineers, 1980, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780916890865" title="Special:BookSources/9780916890865"><bdi>9780916890865</bdi></a>, <q>... the bleak village of Dras, reportedly the second coldest place in Asia with recorded temperatures of −80 °F (−62 °C) ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+people+come%2C+looking%2C+looking&rft.pub=Mountaineers%2C+1980&rft.date=1980-06&rft.isbn=9780916890865&rft.au=Galen+A.+Rowell%2C+Ed+Reading&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZjsTAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-katiyar1990-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-katiyar1990_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidya Sagar Katiyar, "Indian Monsoon and Its Frontiers", Inter-India Publications, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-210-0245-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-210-0245-1">81-210-0245-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jainchatterjee1972-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jainchatterjee1972_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ajit Prasad Jain and Shiba Prasad Chatterjee, "Report of the Irrigation Commission, 1972", Ministry of Irrigation and Power, Government of India, 1972.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hbl2005-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hbl2005_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/11/17/stories/2005111702801900.htm">"Western disturbances herald winter in Northern India"</a>. The Hindu Business Line. 17 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+disturbances+herald+winter+in+Northern+India&rft.pub=The+Hindu+Business+Line&rft.date=2005-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2F2005%2F11%2F17%2Fstories%2F2005111702801900.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wang2006-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wang2006_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wang2006_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bin Wang, "The Asian Monsoon", Springer, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-40610-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-40610-7">3-540-40610-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-datta1968-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-datta1968_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.K. Datta (Meteorological Office, Dum Dum) and M.G. Gupta (Meteorological Office, Delhi), "Synoptic study of the formation and movements of Western Depressions", Indian Journal of Meteorology & Geophysics, India Meteorological Department, 1968.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dimri2004-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dimri2004_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.P. Dimri, "Models to improve winter minimum surface temperature forecasts, Delhi, India", <i><a href="/wiki/Meteorological_Applications" title="Meteorological Applications">Meteorological Applications</a></i>, 11, pp 129–139, Royal Meteorological Society, Cambridge University Press, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref38bujab-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref38bujab_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dGaVXekPkngC">Geography</a>, Yash Pal Singh, pp. 420, FK Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788189611859" title="Special:BookSources/9788189611859">9788189611859</a>, <i>... The sequence of the six traditional seasons is correct only for northern and central parts of India ...</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref72yuvur-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref72yuvur_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=19zvfkwXyzUC">The Life of a Text: Performing the Rāmcaritmānas of Tulsidas</a>, Philip Lutgendorf, pp. 22, University of California Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520066908" title="Special:BookSources/9780520066908">9780520066908</a>, <i>... likening the major episodes of the narrative to various features of the river and its banks, and to the appearance of the river in each of the six seasons of the North Indian year ...</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref08loqih-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref08loqih_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XuyTqD0Ybw4C">Essays on North Indian Folk Traditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Snow_Wadley" title="Susan Snow Wadley">Susan Snow Wadley</a>, pp. 226, Orient Blackswan, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788180280160" title="Special:BookSources/9788180280160">9788180280160</a>, <i>... Yet another cultural division of the year views it as six seasons ... This cycle of six seasons, while known and referred to today, is more widely recognised in Sanskrit literature ...</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref52dapeb-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref52dapeb_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZh3Zkoqtc4C">Systematic Geography Of Jammu And Kashmir</a>, S.A. Qazi, pp. 25, APH Publishing, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176487863" title="Special:BookSources/9788176487863">9788176487863</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roy1996-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roy1996_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarat Chandra Roy and Ral Bahadur, "Man in India", A.K. Bose, 1996.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abbi2002-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abbi2002_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumool Abbi, "Discourse of Zindaginama: A semio-anthropological critique", Harman Publishing House, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haryana2002-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-haryana2002_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kiran Prem, Haryana Gazetteers Organization, "Haryana District Gazetteers", Government of Haryana, 1970.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-languages-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-languages_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-languages_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf">"Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Commissioner+for+linguistic+minorities%3A+50th+report+%28July+2012+to+June+2013%29&rft.pub=Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities%2C+Ministry+of+Minority+Affairs%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnclm.nic.in%2Fshared%2Flinkimages%2FNCLM50thReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatsyayan1992" class="citation book cs1">Vatsyayan, Kapila (14 December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianclassicald00vats"><i>Indian Classical Dance</i></a>. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788123005898" title="Special:BookSources/9788123005898"><bdi>9788123005898</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2019</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Classical+Dance&rft.pub=Publications+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Govt.+of+India&rft.date=1992-12-14&rft.isbn=9788123005898&rft.aulast=Vatsyayan&rft.aufirst=Kapila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findianclassicald00vats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saxena1997-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saxena1997_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N.C. Saxena, "The Saga of Participatory Forest Management in India", Center for International Forestry Research, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8764-15-3" title="Special:BookSources/979-8764-15-3">979-8764-15-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-singh1971-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-singh1971_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh1971_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R.L. Singh, "India: A Regional Geography", National Geographical Society of India, 1971.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kaul1995-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kaul1995_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bansi Lal Kaul, "Ecodegradation of Himalayas", Vinod Publishers & Distributors, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-negi2002-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-negi2002_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.S. Negi, "Himalayan Forests and Forestry", Indus Publishing, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7387-112-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-7387-112-4">81-7387-112-4</a>. Snippet:<i>... Important Himalayan trees are sal, chir pine, deodar, oaks, fir, spruce, rhododendrons, and the giant evergreen trees of the Eastern Himalayas ...</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sharma1946-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sharma1946_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.P. Sharma, "The Indian Forester", v.72:6–12 (Jan–June 1946).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sgupta1972-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sgupta1972_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanjukta Gupta, "Lakṣmī Tantra: A Pāñcarātra Text", Brill Archive, 1972, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-03419-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-03419-6">90-04-03419-6</a>. Snippet:<i>... the text recommends that the bark of the Himalayan birch tree (bhurja-patra) should be used for scribbling mantras ...</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghosh1990-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ghosh1990_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amalananda Ghosh, "An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology", BRILL, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09264-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09264-1">90-04-09264-1</a>. Snippet:<i>... Bhurja-patra, the inner bark on the birch tree grown in the Himalayan region, was a very common <a href="/wiki/Writing_material" title="Writing material">writing material</a> ...</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wood1933-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wood1933_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casey A. Wood, "Through Forest and Jungle in Kashmir and Other Parts of North India: The Annual Smithsonian Institution Report, 1932", Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1933.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131126023744/https://north-india.in/fauna.htm">"North India Online – India – Flora and Fauna – Animals – Trees – Birds – Mammals – Insects"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.north-india.in/fauna.htm">the original</a> on 26 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+India+Online+%E2%80%93+India+%E2%80%93+Flora+and+Fauna+%E2%80%93+Animals+%E2%80%93+Trees+%E2%80%93+Birds+%E2%80%93+Mammals+%E2%80%93+Insects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.north-india.in%2Ffauna.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shakespear1817-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shakespear1817_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Shakespear1817" class="citation cs2">John Shakespear (1817), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=31cVAAAAIAAJ"><i>Dictionary: Hindustani and English</i></a>, Taylor & Francis, <q><i>... bir bahuti: a small insect with a back of a bright red colour; the scarlet or lady fly, commonly called the "Rain insect" as it makes its appearance when the first rains have fallen ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary%3A+Hindustani+and+English&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1817&rft.au=John+Shakespear&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D31cVAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indianmirror.com/geography/geography.html">"India Geography – indian rivers, indian flora & fauna wildlife, national symbols in india"</a>. <i>indianmirror.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indianmirror.com&rft.atitle=India+Geography+%E2%80%93+indian+rivers%2C+indian+flora+%26+fauna+wildlife%2C+national+symbols+in+india&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianmirror.com%2Fgeography%2Fgeography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corbett-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corbett_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070818212629/https://www.corbettnationalpark.com/wildpackage.htm">"Flora & Fauna North India"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corbettnationalpark.com/wildpackage.htm">the original</a> on 18 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flora+%26+Fauna+North+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corbettnationalpark.com%2Fwildpackage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corbett-national-park.com-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-corbett-national-park.com_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2012" class="citation web cs1">Sharma, Tanmay (24 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corbett-national-park.com/blog/edward-jim-corbett-the-legendary-hunter-who-inspired-conservation-of-wild-life.html">"Edward Jim Corbett – Hunter who Inspired Wildlife Conservation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edward+Jim+Corbett+%E2%80%93+Hunter+who+Inspired+Wildlife+Conservation&rft.date=2012-03-24&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Tanmay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corbett-national-park.com%2Fblog%2Fedward-jim-corbett-the-legendary-hunter-who-inspired-conservation-of-wild-life.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110208012231/https://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_Largest-Hindu-temple/blog/467129/7691.html">"Largest Hindu Temple: Guinness World Records"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_Largest-Hindu-temple/blog/467129/7691.html">the original</a> on 8 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Largest+Hindu+Temple%3A+Guinness+World+Records&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.guinnessworldrecords.com%2F_Largest-Hindu-temple%2Fblog%2F467129%2F7691.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asiaexplorers.com/india/jama_masjid.htm">"Jama Masjid, Delhi's biggest mosque, India"</a>. <i>asiaexplorers.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asiaexplorers.com&rft.atitle=Jama+Masjid%2C+Delhi%27s+biggest+mosque%2C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaexplorers.com%2Findia%2Fjama_masjid.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252">Taj Mahal</a> UNESCO " Culture " World Heritage Centre " World Heritage List</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghonemy1986-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ghonemy1986_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mohamad_Riad_El-Ghonemy" title="Mohamad Riad El-Ghonemy">Mohamad Riad El-Ghonemy</a>, "The Dynamics of Rural Poverty", Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1986. <i>... Haryana and West Uttar Pradesh recorded spectacular production increases ...</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rastyannikov1981-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rastyannikov1981_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. G. Rastyannikov, "Agrarian Evolution in a Multiform Structure Society: Experience of Independent India", Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-0755-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-0755-8">0-7100-0755-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhatia1985-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bhatia1985_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. M. Bhatia, "Food Security in South Asia", Oxford & IHB Pub. Co., 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lucas1988-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lucas1988_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert E. B. Lucas, Gustav Fritz Papanek, "The Indian Economy: Recent Development and Future Prospects", Westview Press, 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-7505-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-7505-3">0-8133-7505-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etienne1985-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etienne1985_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert Etienne, "Rural Development in Asia: Meetings With Peasants", Sage Publications, 1985, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8039-9495-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8039-9495-8">0-8039-9495-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kudaisya2006-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kudaisya2006_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gyanesh Kudaisya, "Region, Nation, Heartland: Uttar Pradesh in India's Body Politic", Sage Publications, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-3519-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-3519-3">0-7619-3519-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070219/nation.htm#1">"RLD, BSP gear up as Mulayam exit looms"</a>. The Tribune, Chandigarh. 19 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RLD%2C+BSP+gear+up+as+Mulayam+exit+looms&rft.pub=The+Tribune%2C+Chandigarh&rft.date=2007-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2007%2F20070219%2Fnation.htm%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanade2004" class="citation news cs1">Ranade, Sudhanshu (19 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110415065855/https://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/08/19/stories/2004081900500500.htm">"Maharashtra, richest State"</a>. <i>Business Line</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/08/19/stories/2004081900500500.htm">the original</a> on 15 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Line&rft.atitle=Maharashtra%2C+richest+State&rft.date=2004-08-19&rft.aulast=Ranade&rft.aufirst=Sudhanshu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.in%2F2004%2F08%2F19%2Fstories%2F2004081900500500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mosapi-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mosapi_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040901150627/https://mospi.nic.in/cso_rept_pubn.htm">"Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation – Publications"</a>. Government of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mospi.nic.in/cso_rept_pubn.htm">the original</a> on 1 September 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Statistics+and+Programme+Implementation+%E2%80%93+Publications&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmospi.nic.in%2Fcso_rept_pubn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPTI2009" class="citation news cs1">PTI (23 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/north-india-vs-south-india-who-is-doing-better-report-says-south-india-162101-2013-05-07">"North India vs South India: Who is doing better? Report says South India"</a>. <i>India Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=North+India+vs+South+India%3A+Who+is+doing+better%3F+Report+says+South+India&rft.date=2009-09-23&rft.au=PTI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fnorth%2Fstory%2Fnorth-india-vs-south-india-who-is-doing-better-report-says-south-india-162101-2013-05-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPTI2010" class="citation news cs1">PTI (12 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/8-Indian-states-have-more-poor-than-26-poorest-African-nations/articleshow/6158960.cms">"West Bengal: 8 Indian states have more poor than 26 poorest African nations"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=West+Bengal%3A+8+Indian+states+have+more+poor+than+26+poorest+African+nations&rft.date=2010-06-12&rft.au=PTI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2F8-Indian-states-have-more-poor-than-26-poorest-African-nations%2Farticleshow%2F6158960.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crazymasalafood.com/top-20-delicious-and-irresistible-north-indian-food">"Top 20 Delicious and Irresistible North Indian Food"</a>. <i>Crazymasalafood.com</i>. 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crazymasalafood.com&rft.atitle=Top+20+Delicious+and+Irresistible+North+Indian+Food&rft.date=2017-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crazymasalafood.com%2Ftop-20-delicious-and-irresistible-north-indian-food&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsherTalbot2008" class="citation cs2">Asher, C. B.; Talbot, C. (2008), <i>India Before Europe t</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51750-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51750-8"><bdi>978-0-521-51750-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Before+Europe+t&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51750-8&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=C.+B.&rft.au=Talbot%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudden2002" class="citation cs2">Ludden, D. 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Metcalf">Metcalf, Thomas R.</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C"><i>A Concise History of Modern India</i></a> (2nd ed.), <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68225-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68225-1"><bdi>978-0-521-68225-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Modern+India&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68225-1&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Barbara+D.&rft.au=Metcalf%2C+Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiuESgYNYPl0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link 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title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20546-3"><bdi>978-0-631-20546-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20546-3&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSXdVS0SzQSAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>North India</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/North_India" class="extiw" title="wikt:North India">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:North_India" class="extiw" title="c:Category:North India">Media</a> from Commons</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Northern_India#Q1058785" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Northern India">Northern India</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/419263/North-Indian-temple-architecture">North Indian temple architecture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geographia.com/india/">Geographia.com: India</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eragenx.com/2016/07/20/north-india-tourist-places-attractions/">Tourist places in North India</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_North_India" style="width:auto; clear:none; display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_North_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to North India</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_Province" title="Badakhshan Province">Badakhshan</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a>)</td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>)</td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">North India</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">Western India</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central India</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East India</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_India" title="Template:Geography of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_India" title="Template talk:Geography of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">Indian plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">Geological Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landforms_of_India" title="Landforms of India">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_India" title="Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_rivers_of_India" title="List of major rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_India" title="List of waterfalls in India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_India" class="mw-redirect" title="West India">West India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of India">Geographical regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern Coastal Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Circars" title="Northern Circars">Circars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkal_Plains" title="Utkal Plains">Utkal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Himalaya">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Himalaya">Himachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayas" title="Great Himalayas">Himadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western Coastal Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canara" class="mw-redirect" title="Canara">Canara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkan Coast">Konkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiawar" title="Kathiawar">Kathiawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_divisions_in_India" title="List of divisions in India">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of India">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected Areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_forests_of_India" title="Communal forests of India">Communal forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_areas_of_India" title="Conservation areas of India">Conservation areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_reserves_and_community_reserves_of_India" title="Conservation reserves and community reserves of India">Conservation and community reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Elephant#Elephant_reserves" title="Project Elephant">Elephant reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_India" title="List of Ramsar sites in India">Ramsar Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_forests_and_protected_forests_of_India" title="Reserved forests and protected forests of India">Reserved and protected forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_reserves_of_India" title="Tiger reserves of India">Tiger reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife sanctuaries of India">Wildlife sanctuaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_regions_of_North_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_regions_of_North_India" title="Template:Historical regions of North India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_regions_of_North_India" title="Template talk:Historical regions of North India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_regions_of_North_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical regions of North India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_regions_of_North_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical regions of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">North India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahirwal" title="Ahirwal">Ahirwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagelkhand" title="Bagelkhand">Bagelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagar_region" title="Bagar region">Bagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_region" title="Bhojpuri region">Bhojpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand" title="Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardistan" title="Dardistan">Dardistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Doaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundhar" title="Dhundhar">Dhundhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_division" title="Garhwal division">Garhwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorwar" title="Gorwar">Gorwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadoti" title="Hadoti">Hadoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_division" title="Jammu division">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_division" title="Kumaon division">Kumaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majha" title="Majha">Majha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwar" title="Marwar">Marwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewat" title="Mewat">Mewat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)" title="Malwa (Punjab)">Malwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purvanchal" title="Purvanchal">Purvanchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati" title="Shekhawati">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagad" title="Vagad">Vagad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p> 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