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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="معركة سارانتابورو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة سارانتابورو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Сражение при Сарандапоро – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сражение при Сарандапоро" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Μάχη του Σαρανταπόρου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη του Σαρανταπόρου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Sarantaporo" title="Batalla de Sarantaporo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Sarantaporo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Sarant%C3%A1poro" title="Bataille de Sarantáporo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Sarantáporo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Sarantaporo" title="Battaglia di Sarantaporo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Sarantaporo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Sarantaporo" title="Bitwa pod Sarantaporo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Sarantaporo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Битва при Сарантапоро – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Сарантапоро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beteja_e_Sarantaporo" title="Beteja e Sarantaporo – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Beteja e Sarantaporo" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarantaporon_Muharebesi" title="Sarantaporon Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sarantaporon Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_(1912)" title="Сарантапороська битва (1912) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сарантапороська битва (1912)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Sarantaporo&params=40.04_N_22.03_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°02′N</span> <span class="longitude">22°02′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.04°N 22.03°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.04; 22.03</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battle fought in the First Balkan War</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1943 ambush of German forces, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarantaporos_(1943)" title="Battle of Sarantaporos (1943)">Battle of Sarantaporos (1943)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Sarantaporo</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarantaporo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A relief map of modern day Greece, with the location of the battle marked." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sarantaporo.png/250px-Sarantaporo.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sarantaporo.png/375px-Sarantaporo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sarantaporo.png/500px-Sarantaporo.png 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="564" /></a></span><br />Map of the battle.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>9–10 October 1912<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Sarantaporo" title="Sarantaporo">Sarantaporo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manastir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manastir Vilayet">Manastir Vilayet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>)</div><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Sarantaporo&params=40.04_N_22.03_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°02′N</span> <span class="longitude">22°02′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.04°N 22.03°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.04; 22.03</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Greek victory </p> <ul><li>Greek army captures <a href="/wiki/Servia,_Greece" title="Servia, Greece">Servia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kozani" title="Kozani">Kozani</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> General <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_Pasha" title="Hasan Tahsin Pasha">Hasan Tahsin Pasha</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Hellenic_Army_in_the_First_Balkan_War#Army_of_Thessaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Hellenic Army in the First Balkan War">Army of Thessaly</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(Greece)" title="1st Infantry Division (Greece)">1st Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Infantry Division (Greece)">2nd Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(Greece)" title="3rd Infantry Division (Greece)">3rd Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(Greece)" title="4th Infantry Division (Greece)">4th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Infantry Division (Greece)">5th Infantry Division</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><a href="/wiki/VIII_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="VIII Corps (Ottoman Empire)">VIII Corps</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=22nd_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="22nd Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire) (page does not exist)">22nd Infantry Division</a></li> <li>Nasliç Division</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <i>5 divisions</i></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <i>2 divisions</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 182 killed<br />1,000 wounded</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 500 killed<br />1,000 wounded<br />701 prisoners of war<br />22–25 field artillery pieces</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarantaporo is located in Greece"><img alt="Sarantaporo is located in Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greece_relief_location_map.jpg/220px-Greece_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greece_relief_location_map.jpg/330px-Greece_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greece_relief_location_map.jpg/440px-Greece_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="825" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.486%;left:27.13%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sarantaporo"><img alt="Sarantaporo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Sarantaporo</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Greece relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Location of the battle in present day Greece</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_First_Balkan_War" title="Template:Campaignbox First Balkan War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_First_Balkan_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox First Balkan War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_First_Balkan_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox First Balkan War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Balkan_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War"><span class="wrap">First Balkan War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Front_of_First_Balkan_War" title="Bulgarian Front of First Balkan War">Bulgarian Front</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardzhali" title="Battle of Kardzhali">Kardzhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kilisse" title="Battle of Kirk Kilisse">Kirk Kilisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Lule Burgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merhamli" title="Battle of Merhamli">Merhamli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaliakra_(1912)" title="Battle of Kaliakra (1912)">Kaliakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">1st Çatalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair"> Bulair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Şarköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="Second Battle of Çatalca">2nd Çatalca</a></li></ul> <p><b>Serbian and Montenegrin front</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lum%C3%AB" title="Battle of Lumë">Lumë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">Scutari</a></li></ul> <p><b>Greek front</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Lemnos" title="Capture of Lemnos">Lemnos Island</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarantaporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenidje" title="Battle of Yenidje">Yenidje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pente_Pigadia" title="Battle of Pente Pigadia">Pente Pigadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorovich" title="Battle of Sorovich">Sorovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">Himara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lesbos_(1912)" title="Battle of Lesbos (1912)">Lesbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(1912)" title="Battle of Chios (1912)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Driskos" title="Battle of Driskos">Driskos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elli" title="Battle of Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Korytsa" title="Capture of Korytsa">Korytsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1913)" title="Battle of Lemnos (1913)">Lemnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Bizani</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Sarantaporo</b>, also variously transliterated as <b>Sarantaporon</b> or <b>Sarandaporon</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Μάχη του Σαρανταπόρου</span>, Turkish: <i lang="tr">Sarantaporo Muharebesi</i>), took place on 9–10 October, 1912. It was the first major battle fought between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greek</a> forces under Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> forces under General <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_Pasha" title="Hasan Tahsin Pasha">Hasan Tahsin Pasha</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a>. The battle began when the Greek army attacked the Ottoman defensive line at the Sarantaporo pass, which connected <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> with central <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>. </p><p>Despite being perceived as impregnable by its defenders, the main body of the Greek forces managed to advance deep inside the pass, while auxiliary units broke through the Ottoman flanks. The Ottomans abandoned their defensive line during the night, fearing encirclement. The Greek victory at Sarantaporo opened the way for the capture of <a href="/wiki/Servia,_Greece" title="Servia, Greece">Servia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kozani" title="Kozani">Kozani</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sarantaporo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a> (Great Idea) ideology came to dominate Greek foreign policy. The ultimate goal of the Megali Idea was the incorporation of all areas traditionally populated by Greeks into an independent Greek state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlapsis2009127–131_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlapsis2009127–131-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disastrous Greek defeat in the short <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War of 1897</a> exposed major flaws in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Army">Greek Army</a>'s organization, training and logistics. Upon his appointment in December 1905, <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Theotokis" title="Georgios Theotokis">Georgios Theotokis</a> became the first postwar Greek prime minister to focus his attention on strengthening the army. He established the National Defense Fund which financed the purchase of large quantities of ammunition. In addition a new <a href="/wiki/Table_of_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of organization">table of organization</a> was introduced for the country's <a href="/wiki/Greek_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Navy">navy</a> and army, the latter being augmented by numerous artillery batteries. Theotokis' resignation in January 1909 and the perceived neglect of the armed forces by his successor resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Goudi_coup" title="Goudi coup">Goudi coup</a> seven months later. Rather than taking power for themselves, the putschists invited <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Cretan</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a> to rule the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargakos201219–21_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargakos201219–21-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venizelos followed in Theotokis' footsteps by rearming and retraining the military, enacting extensive fortification and infrastructure works, purchasing new weapons, and recalling the <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">reservists</a> for training.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatsikostas20145–6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatsikostas20145–6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The climax of this effort was the invitation in 1911 of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_naval_mission_to_Greece_(1911%E2%80%931915)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British naval mission to Greece (1911–1915) (page does not exist)">British naval mission</a> and a <a href="/wiki/French_military_mission_to_Greece_(1911%E2%80%931914)" title="French military mission to Greece (1911–1914)">French military mission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatsikostas20145–6_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatsikostas20145–6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British mission was headed by Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Grant_Tufnell" title="Lionel Grant Tufnell">Lionel Grant Tufnell</a>, who placed an emphasis on gunnery practice and fleet maneuvers, while his assistants introduced a new fuse for the <a href="/wiki/Whitehead_torpedo" title="Whitehead torpedo">Whitehead torpedo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooton201465_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton201465-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French mission under Brigadier General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Paul_Eydoux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Paul Eydoux (page does not exist)">Joseph Paul Eydoux</a> focused its attention on improving discipline and training senior officers in large <a href="/wiki/Formation_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (military)">formation</a> operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatsikostas201412_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatsikostas201412-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Military_Academy" title="Hellenic Military Academy">Hellenic Military Academy</a> was modeled after the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr" title="École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr">École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr</a> shifting its focus from artillery and engineer training towards that of infantry and cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeremis1976115_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeremis1976115-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After being informed of a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> alliance, Venizelos ordered his ambassador in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> to prepare a Greco-Bulgarian defense agreement by 14 April 1912. This was due to fears that should Greece fail to participate in a future war against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> it would be unable to capture the Greek majority areas of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>. The treaty was signed on 15 July 1912, with the two countries agreeing to assist each other in case of a defensive war and to safeguard the rights of Christian populations in Ottoman-held Macedonia, thus joining the loose <a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a> alliance with Serbia, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and Bulgaria. Fearing a new war in the Balkans, the Ottomans mobilized their armed forces on 14 September and began transferring units to <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>; the Balkan League responded in kind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargakos201226–29_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargakos201226–29-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 September, the League presented the Ottomans with a list of demands regarding the rights of its Christian population. The Ottoman Empire rebuffed the demands, recalled its ambassadors in Sofia, Belgrade and Athens and expelled the League's negotiators on 4 October. The League declared <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">war</a> against the Ottomans, while Montenegro had already began military operations on 25 September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargakos201235–38_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargakos201235–38-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sarantaporo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greece dispatched the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of Epirus">Army of Epirus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Thessaly" title="Army of Thessaly">Army of Thessaly</a> to its frontiers in <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> respectively. The latter numbered 100,000 men, and was divided into seven divisions: namely the <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(Greece)" title="1st Infantry Division (Greece)">1st</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Infantry Division (Greece)">2nd</a>, the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(Greece)" title="3rd Infantry Division (Greece)">3rd</a>, the <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(Greece)" title="4th Infantry Division (Greece)">4th</a>, the <a href="/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Infantry Division (Greece)">5th</a>, the <a href="/wiki/6th_Infantry_Division_(Greece)" title="6th Infantry Division (Greece)">6th</a> and the <a href="/wiki/7th_Mechanized_Infantry_Brigade_(Greece)" title="7th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Greece)">7th Infantry Divisions</a>, as well as a cavalry brigade and four independent <a href="/wiki/Evzones" title="Evzones">Evzones</a> battalions. The Army of Thessaly was commanded by Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977289–290_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977289–290-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Facing the Greeks in Thessaly was the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/VIII_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="VIII Corps (Ottoman Empire)">VIII Corps</a> under General <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_Pasha" title="Hasan Tahsin Pasha">Hasan Tahsin Pasha</a> which included three divisions: the regular (<i>nizamiye</i>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=22nd_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="22nd Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire) (page does not exist)">22nd Division</a> and the reserve (<i>redif</i>) Nasliç and Aydın Divisions<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003170_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003170-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, combined with the Ottoman garrisons in western Macedonia, totaled 35,000–40,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977290_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977290-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Army of Thessaly crossed into Ottoman territory in the early morning hours of 5 October, finding most border posts to be abandoned, with the garrisons at Melouna Pass, Profitis Ilias and Tsouka resisting for several hours before retreating. The first major clashes took place the following day when the 1st and 2nd Greek Divisions attacked hastily organized defenses north of <a href="/wiki/Elassona" title="Elassona">Elassona</a>. Elassona was defended by three infantry battalions, two artillery batteries and half a squadron of cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977290_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977290-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle for Elassona lasted for three hours, with the Ottomans retreating to avoid encirclement, thus giving the troops manning the main defensive line at Sarantaporo additional time to reinforce their positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargakos201244–45_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargakos201244–45-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greeks went on to advance 20 kilometres (12 miles) into the Elassona plateau without encountering any resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargakos201247_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargakos201247-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 7 and 8 October, Greek troops regrouped in front of Sarantaporo and dispatched cavalry reconnaissance patrols towards the Ottoman positions, locating the headquarters of the Ottoman VIII Corps at Hania Viglas and those of a reserve division at Glikovo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977290_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977290-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Situated between the Vigla and Amorves mountains, Sarantaporo was a narrow mountain pass, the only one connecting Thessaly with central Macedonia; it spanned some 7–8 km (4–5 miles). Having ceded Thessaly to Greece in the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Constantinople_(1881)" title="Convention of Constantinople (1881)">Convention of Constantinople (1881)</a>, the Ottomans had been methodically reinforcing their positions around Sarantaporo in anticipation of a future war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargakos201248_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargakos201248-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans had organized their defenses under the guidance of German military advisors, placing their artillery batteries and infantry in sheltered, camouflaged trenches on the ravine's steep slopes, allowing them to accurately fire along its entire length. Considered to be nearly impenetrable it was dubbed "the graveyard of the Greek Army" by the Prussian Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Colmar_Freiherr_von_der_Goltz" title="Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz">Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimitracopoulos199242_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimitracopoulos199242-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sarantaporo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At 7 a.m. on 9 October, the Greek infantry began its assault on Sarantaporo. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd Divisions attacked the Ottoman main line frontally, their advance hampered by accurate Ottoman rifle and artillery fire and the ruggedness of the terrain. In the meantime, the 4th Division conducted a flanking maneuver from the west with the intention of occupying the <a href="/wiki/Pyli" title="Pyli">Porta Pass</a>, and striking the rear of the Ottoman positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977291_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977291-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 5th Division advanced further to the west towards the village of Zampourda which was situated on the other bank of the <a href="/wiki/Haliacmon" title="Haliacmon">Haliacmon</a> River, with the intention of protecting the left flank of the Greek forces emerging from the Sarantaporo pass. The cavalry brigade moved on the extreme west along the road towards <a href="/wiki/Servia,_Greece" title="Servia, Greece">Servia</a>, planning to block the bridge across the Haliacmon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargakos201251_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargakos201251-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attacking from the east of the pass the Konstantinopoulos Evzone detachment overcame stiff resistance at Vlacholeivado and captured the village, but failed to advance further due to heavy fog.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977291_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977291-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApostolidis1913207–209_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApostolidis1913207–209-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 2 p.m., the main bulk of the Greek artillery was brought to the main line, joining the engagement. Despite suffering heavy casualties, the three divisions had halted some 500–700 metres (500–800 yd) from the Ottoman trenches intending to launch a final assault the following morning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977291_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977291-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 4th Division fought its way through the villages of Metaxas and Rachovo. Upon reaching the Porta Pass it engaged in a bloody clash with the defenders, securing its objective at 5 p.m.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargakos201253_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargakos201253-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 5th Division and the Gennadis Evzone detachment were confronted by four Ottoman reserve battalions at Lazarades which held their ground until sunset.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977291_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977291-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commander of the cavalry brigade ordered his unit to encamp at Loudani, refusing to advance further because of the resistance offered by the Ottomans at Lazarades. Fearing that they would be encircled by the Konstantinopoulos Evzone detachment, the Ottomans began to withdraw at 7 p.m., towards their second defensive line at Hani 739, under the cover of the night. Before retreating they fired a 20-minute artillery barrage on Greek positions along the entire frontline. Unaware of the Ottoman retreat the Greeks failed to use the opportunity and cut their access to the bridge across the Haliacmon. Upon reaching their second defensive line, the Ottomans became aware of the 4th Divisions' seizure of Porta Pass and panic spread in their ranks and many soldiers fled, abandoning their equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApostolidis1913203–205_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApostolidis1913203–205-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the morning of 10 October, the 4th Division charged down the northern slope of the Rahovo Mountain, surprising the Ottoman infantry and artillerymen who abandoned over twenty <a href="/wiki/Krupp_gun" title="Krupp gun">Krupp guns</a> and engaged in a disorganized retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimitracopoulos199244_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimitracopoulos199244-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003218–219_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003218–219-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek cavalry's indecision once again enabled the fleeing Ottomans to safely reach Servia and <a href="/wiki/Kozani" title="Kozani">Kozani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargakos201256–57_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargakos201256–57-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sarantaporo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At 4 p.m. on 10 October, the 4th Division entered Servia, witnessing 75 to 90 severed human heads belonging to local Christians lined up on either side of one of its streets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimitracopoulos199244_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimitracopoulos199244-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977292_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977292-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the declaration of war local authorities had detained all the Christian dignitaries from Servia and the surrounding villages with the intention of massacring them, a plan that was thwarted by Ottoman officer Omer Bey. However, upon realizing the imminent defeat of the Ottoman troops at Sarantaporo, the town's Muslim population massacred 117 local Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargakos201258–59_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargakos201258–59-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 11 October, the entirety of the Army of Thessaly had reached the banks of the Haliacmon, while the Greek cavalry entered Kozani unopposed,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977292_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977292-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opening the way for the Greeks to advance towards the Greek majority city of <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> and assist the Serbs at <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Monastir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimitracopoulos199246_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimitracopoulos199246-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 October, the Greek army transferred its general headquarters to Kozani; the following day King <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I</a> arrived in the city, ordering the army to march towards Thessaloniki and <a href="/wiki/Veroia" class="mw-redirect" title="Veroia">Veroia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApostolidis1913241–243_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApostolidis1913241–243-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek casualties in the battle of Sarantaporo numbered 182 killed and over 1,000 wounded,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977292_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977292-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Ottomans lost approximately 500 killed, 1,000 wounded, 701 personnel taken prisoner, around 22 to 25 <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">field artillery</a> pieces captured and other significant material losses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimitracopoulos199244_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimitracopoulos199244-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzcan2013161_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzcan2013161-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003218–219_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003218–219-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By May 1913, the numerically inferior Ottomans had suffered a series of serious defeats to the League's armies on all fronts. The League had captured most of the Ottoman Empire's European territories and was rapidly approaching <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. On 30 May, the two sides signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a> which granted the League's members all Ottoman lands west of <a href="/wiki/Enos,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Enos, Turkey">Enos</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> and north of <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Midia</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, as well as Crete. The fate of <a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Albania</a> and the Ottoman-held Aegean islands was to be determined by the <a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_the_Great_Powers_(1814%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)">Great Powers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvolopoulos1977330–332_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESvolopoulos1977330–332-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sarantaporo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Footnotes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All dates used in this article are <a href="/wiki/Old_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Style">Old Style</a> which is 13 days before New Style.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlapsis2009127–131-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlapsis2009127–131_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlapsis2009">Klapsis 2009</a>, pp. 127–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargakos201219–21-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargakos201219–21_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKargakos2012">Kargakos 2012</a>, pp. 19–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatsikostas20145–6-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatsikostas20145–6_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatsikostas20145–6_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatsikostas2014">Katsikostas 2014</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton201465-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooton201465_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHooton2014">Hooton 2014</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatsikostas201412-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatsikostas201412_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatsikostas2014">Katsikostas 2014</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeremis1976115-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeremis1976115_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeremis1976">Veremis 1976</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargakos201226–29-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargakos201226–29_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKargakos2012">Kargakos 2012</a>, pp. 26–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargakos201235–38-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargakos201235–38_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKargakos2012">Kargakos 2012</a>, pp. 35–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977289–290-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977289–290_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOikonomou1977">Oikonomou 1977</a>, pp. 289–290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003170-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003170_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977290-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977290_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977290_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977290_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOikonomou1977">Oikonomou 1977</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargakos201244–45-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargakos201244–45_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKargakos2012">Kargakos 2012</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargakos201247-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargakos201247_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKargakos2012">Kargakos 2012</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargakos201248-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargakos201248_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKargakos2012">Kargakos 2012</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimitracopoulos199242-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimitracopoulos199242_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDimitracopoulos1992">Dimitracopoulos 1992</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977291-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977291_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977291_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977291_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977291_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOikonomou1977">Oikonomou 1977</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargakos201251-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargakos201251_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKargakos2012">Kargakos 2012</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApostolidis1913207–209-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApostolidis1913207–209_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFApostolidis1913">Apostolidis 1913</a>, pp. 207–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargakos201253-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargakos201253_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKargakos2012">Kargakos 2012</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApostolidis1913203–205-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApostolidis1913203–205_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFApostolidis1913">Apostolidis 1913</a>, pp. 203–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimitracopoulos199244-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimitracopoulos199244_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimitracopoulos199244_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimitracopoulos199244_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDimitracopoulos1992">Dimitracopoulos 1992</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003218–219-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003218–219_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003218–219_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, pp. 218–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargakos201256–57-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargakos201256–57_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKargakos2012">Kargakos 2012</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977292-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977292_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977292_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOikonomou1977292_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOikonomou1977">Oikonomou 1977</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargakos201258–59-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargakos201258–59_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKargakos2012">Kargakos 2012</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimitracopoulos199246-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimitracopoulos199246_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDimitracopoulos1992">Dimitracopoulos 1992</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApostolidis1913241–243-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApostolidis1913241–243_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFApostolidis1913">Apostolidis 1913</a>, pp. 241–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzcan2013161-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzcan2013161_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÖzcan2013">Özcan 2013</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESvolopoulos1977330–332-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvolopoulos1977330–332_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSvolopoulos1977">Svolopoulos 1977</a>, pp. 330–332.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sarantaporo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFApostolidis1913" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Apostolidis, Dimitrios (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/8/d/1/metadata-9272bd94229998ed96a378ab0f986a22_1270023610.tkl"><i>Ο νικηφόρος ελληνοτουρκικός πόλεμος του 1912–1913</i></a> [<i>The Victorious Greco-Turkish War of 1912–1913</i>] (in Greek). Vol. I. Athens: Estia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%9F+%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82+%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+1912%E2%80%931913&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Estia&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Apostolidis&rft.aufirst=Dimitrios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanemi.lib.uoc.gr%2Fmetadata%2F8%2Fd%2F1%2Fmetadata-9272bd94229998ed96a378ab0f986a22_1270023610.tkl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Sarantaporo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitracopoulos1992" class="citation book cs1">Dimitracopoulos, Anastasios (1992). <i>The First Balkan War Through the Pages of Review L'Illustration</i>. Athens: Hellenic Committee of Military History. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37043754">37043754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Balkan+War+Through+the+Pages+of+Review+L%27Illustration&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Hellenic+Committee+of+Military+History&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37043754&rft.aulast=Dimitracopoulos&rft.aufirst=Anastasios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Sarantaporo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2003" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Edward (2003). <i>Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913</i>. Westport: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97888-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97888-4"><bdi>978-0-275-97888-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defeat+in+Detail%3A+The+Ottoman+Army+in+the+Balkans%2C+1912%E2%80%931913&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97888-4&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Sarantaporo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooton2014" class="citation book cs1">Hooton, Edward (2014). <i>Prelude to the First World War: The Balkan Wars 1912–1913</i>. Stroud: Fonthill Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781551806" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781551806"><bdi>978-1781551806</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prelude+to+the+First+World+War%3A+The+Balkan+Wars+1912%E2%80%931913&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Fonthill+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1781551806&rft.aulast=Hooton&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Sarantaporo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKargakos2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kargakos, Sarandos (2012). <i>Η Ελλάς κατά τους Βαλκανικούς Πολέμους (1912–1913)</i> [<i>Greece in the Balkan Wars (1912–1913)</i>] (in Greek). Athens: Peritechnon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-8411-26-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-8411-26-5"><bdi>978-960-8411-26-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%97+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%82+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82+%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%82+%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82+%281912%E2%80%931913%29&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Peritechnon&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-960-8411-26-5&rft.aulast=Kargakos&rft.aufirst=Sarandos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Sarantaporo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatsikostas2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Katsikostas, Dimitrios (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dis.army.gr/sites/dis.army.gr/files/unmanaged/pdf/Articles_June14/Greek_French/ANADIORG_ED_APOST_EYDOUX.pdf">"Η αναδιοργάνωση των ενόπλων δυνάμεων και το έργο της γαλλικής στρατιωτικής αποστολής Eydoux"</a> [The Reorganization of the Armed Forces and the Efforts of the French Military Mission of Eydoux] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Greek). Hellenic Army History Directorate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%97+%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CF%84%CE%BF+%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82+%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE%CF%82+Eydoux&rft.pub=Hellenic+Army+History+Directorate&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Katsikostas&rft.aufirst=Dimitrios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdis.army.gr%2Fsites%2Fdis.army.gr%2Ffiles%2Funmanaged%2Fpdf%2FArticles_June14%2FGreek_French%2FANADIORG_ED_APOST_EYDOUX.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Sarantaporo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlapsis2009" class="citation journal cs1">Klapsis, Antonis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hephaestus.nup.ac.cy/handle/11728/7388">"Between the Hammer and the Anvil. The Cyprus Question and the Greek Foreign Policy from the Treaty of Lausanne to the 1931 Revolt"</a>. <i>Modern Greek Studies Yearbook</i>. <b>24</b>: 127–140<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Greek+Studies+Yearbook&rft.atitle=Between+the+Hammer+and+the+Anvil.+The+Cyprus+Question+and+the+Greek+Foreign+Policy+from+the+Treaty+of+Lausanne+to+the+1931+Revolt&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=127-140&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Klapsis&rft.aufirst=Antonis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhephaestus.nup.ac.cy%2Fhandle%2F11728%2F7388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Sarantaporo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOikonomou1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Oikonomou, Nikolaos (1977). "Ο Α′ Βαλκανικός Πόλεμος: Οι επιχειρήσεις του ελληνικού στρατού και στόλου" [The First Balkan War: Operations of the Greek Army and Fleet]. In Christopoulos, Georgios A. & Bastias, Ioannis K. (eds.). <i>Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΔ΄: Νεώτερος Ελληνισμός από το 1881 έως το 1913</i> [<i>History of the Greek Nation, Volume XIV: Modern Hellenism from 1881 to 1913</i>] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. pp. 289–326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-213-110-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-213-110-7"><bdi>978-960-213-110-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CE%9F+%CE%91%E2%80%B2+%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82+%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82%3A+%CE%9F%CE%B9+%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85&rft.btitle=%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%88%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82%2C+%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%99%CE%94%CE%84%3A+%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82+%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C+%CF%84%CE%BF+1881+%CE%AD%CF%89%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%BF+1913&rft.place=Athens&rft.pages=289-326&rft.pub=Ekdotiki+Athinon&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-960-213-110-7&rft.aulast=Oikonomou&rft.aufirst=Nikolaos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Sarantaporo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzcan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Özcan, Ugur (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4722022/U_%C3%96zcan_Ottoman_Prisoners_of_War_and_their_Repatrition_Challange_in_Balkan_Wars_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_P%D0%B0%D1%82_1912_1913_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%98_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9A%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%98_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_1912_V_I_The_University_of_Ni%C5%A1_Ed_Prf_Dr_Aleksandar_Rastovi%C3%A7_Ni%C5%9F_2013">"Ottoman Prisoners of War and Their repatriation challenge in Balkan Wars"</a>. <i>First Balkan War 1912/1913: The Social and Civilizational Meaning</i> (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ni%C5%A1" title="University of Niš">University of Niš</a>: 159–182<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Balkan+War+1912%2F1913%3A+The+Social+and+Civilizational+Meaning&rft.atitle=Ottoman+Prisoners+of+War+and+Their+repatriation+challenge+in+Balkan+Wars&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=159-182&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=%C3%96zcan&rft.aufirst=Ugur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4722022%2FU_%25C3%2596zcan_Ottoman_Prisoners_of_War_and_their_Repatrition_Challange_in_Balkan_Wars_%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8_%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_P%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582_1912_1913_%25D0%2593%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5_%25D0%2594%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D1%2588%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8_%25D0%2598_%25D0%25A6%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BE_%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC_%25D0%25A1%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D1%2588%25D1%259A%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D0%25B5_%25D0%259E%25D1%2581%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2592%25D0%25B5%25D1%259A%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A1%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25A1%25D1%2580%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B5_%25D0%2598_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B5_1912_V_I_The_University_of_Ni%25C5%25A1_Ed_Prf_Dr_Aleksandar_Rastovi%25C3%25A7_Ni%25C5%259F_2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Sarantaporo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvolopoulos1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Svolopoulos, Konstantinos (1977). "Η Συνθήκη του Λονδίνου" [The Treaty of London]. In Christopoulos, Georgios A. & Bastias, Ioannis K. (eds.). <i>Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΔ΄: Νεώτερος Ελληνισμός από το 1881 έως το 1913</i> [<i>History of the Greek Nation, Volume XIV: Modern Hellenism from 1881 to 1913</i>] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. pp. 330–334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-213-110-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-213-110-7"><bdi>978-960-213-110-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CE%97+%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85&rft.btitle=%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%88%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82%2C+%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%99%CE%94%CE%84%3A+%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82+%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C+%CF%84%CE%BF+1881+%CE%AD%CF%89%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%BF+1913&rft.place=Athens&rft.pages=330-334&rft.pub=Ekdotiki+Athinon&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-960-213-110-7&rft.aulast=Svolopoulos&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Sarantaporo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeremis1976" class="citation journal cs1">Veremis, Thanos (1976). "The Officer Corps in Greece (1912–1936)". <i>Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (1). Routledge: 113–133. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-0131">0307-0131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantine+and+Modern+Greek+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Officer+Corps+in+Greece+%281912%E2%80%931936%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113-133&rft.date=1976&rft.issn=0307-0131&rft.aulast=Veremis&rft.aufirst=Thanos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Sarantaporo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Balkan_Wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed 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href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li>Annexation of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War" title="Serbo-Bulgarian War">Serbo-Bulgarian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War of 1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">IMRO</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">Bulgarian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudi_coup" title="Goudi coup">Goudi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Albanian revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarantaporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardzhali" title="Battle of Kardzhali">Kardzhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pente_Pigadia" title="Battle of Pente Pigadia">Pente Pigadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorovich" title="Battle of Sorovich">Sorovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kilisse" title="Battle of Kirk Kilisse">Kirk Kilisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">Scutari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Lule Burgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenidje" title="Battle of Yenidje">Yenidje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">Himara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">First Çatalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaliakra_(1912)" title="Battle of Kaliakra (1912)">Kaliakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merhamli" title="Battle of Merhamli">Merhamli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Driskos" title="Battle of Driskos">Driskos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elli" title="Battle of Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Korytsa" title="Capture of Korytsa">Korytsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1913)" title="Battle of Lemnos (1913)">Lemnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair">Bulair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Şarköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Bizani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="Second Battle of Çatalca">Second Çatalca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Diplomacy and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1912%E2%80%931913" title="London Conference of 1912–1913">London Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Albanian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kilkis%E2%80%93Lachanas" title="Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas">Kilkis–Lachanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1913)" title="Battle of Doiran (1913)">Doiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bregalnica" title="Battle of Bregalnica">Bregalnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knja%C5%BEevac" title="Battle of Knjaževac">Knjaževac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalimanci" title="Battle of Kalimanci">Kalimanci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kresna_Gorge" title="Battle of Kresna Gorge">Kresna Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja_Offensive" title="Southern Dobruja Offensive">Southern Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_landings_in_Bulgaria" title="Romanian landings in Bulgaria">Romanian landings in Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vidin_(1913)" title="Siege of Vidin (1913)">Vidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pirot_(1913)" title="Battle of Pirot (1913)">Pirot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Diplomacy and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1913" title="Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913">Greek–Serbian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Western_Thrace" title="Provisional Government of Western Thrace">Provisional Government of Western Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1913)">Treaty of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Athens" title="Treaty of Athens">Treaty of Athens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Romanian_Army_cholera_outbreak" title="1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak">1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>General</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Autonomy of Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_crisis_of_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914">Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo Assassination</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Bulgarian_alliance" title="Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance">Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans campaign of WWI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_International_Commission_on_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars">Carnegie Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Bulgarians deportation program</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Ottoman_civilians_during_the_Balkan_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massacres of Ottoman civilians during the Balkan Wars (page does not exist)">Massacres of Civilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide#Events" title="Greek genocide">Initial phase of the Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_burned_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="List of places burned during the Balkan Wars">Places burned down</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Evstratiev_Geshov" title="Ivan Evstratiev Geshov">Ivan Geshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoyan_Danev" title="Stoyan Danev">Stoyan Danev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savov" title="Mihail Savov">Mihail Savov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fichev" title="Ivan Fichev">Ivan Fichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Kutinchev" title="Vasil Kutinchev">Vasil Kutinchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Ivanov" title="Nikola Ivanov">Nikola Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiliyan_Kovachev" title="Stiliyan Kovachev">Stiliyan Kovachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Todorov_(general)" title="Georgi Todorov (general)">Georgi Todorov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Danglis" title="Panagiotis Danglis">Panagiotis Danglis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Kountouriotis" title="Pavlos Kountouriotis">Pavlos Kountouriotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Sapountzakis" title="Konstantinos Sapountzakis">Konstantinos Sapountzakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Dousmanis" title="Viktor Dousmanis">Viktor Dousmanis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro" title="Nicholas I of Montenegro">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danilo,_Crown_Prince_of_Montenegro" title="Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro">Crown Prince Danilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janko_Vukoti%C4%87" title="Janko Vukotić">Janko Vukotić</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazim_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim Pasha">Nazim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Esad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lemen_Abdullah_Pasha" title="Kölemen Abdullah Pasha">Kölemen Abdullah Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Ali Rıza Pasha">Ali Rıza Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_Pasha" title="Hasan Tahsin Pasha">Hasan Tahsin Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Izzet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Izzet Pasha">Ahmed Izzet Pasha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Crown Prince Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Alexandru Averescu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Serbia in the Balkan Wars">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia" title="Peter I of Serbia">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Crown Prince Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radomir_Putnik" title="Radomir Putnik">Radomir Putnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Bojovi%C4%87" title="Petar Bojović">Petar Bojović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepa_Stepanovi%C4%87" title="Stepa Stepanović">Stepa Stepanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)" title="Božidar Janković (general)">Božidar Janković</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other Balkan states: <a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ismail_Qemali" title="Ismail Qemali">Ismail Kemal</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Balkan_Wars" title="Category:Balkan Wars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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