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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Kumanovo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88" title="معركة كومانوفو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة كومانوفو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="کومانوفو دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کومانوفو دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кумановска битка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кумановска битка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Kumanovo" title="Batalla de Kumanovo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Kumanovo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Kumanovo" title="Bataille de Kumanovo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Kumanovo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Kumanovo" title="Pertempuran Kumanovo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Kumanovo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Kumanovo" title="Battaglia di Kumanovo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Kumanovo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanov%C3%B3i_csata" title="Kumanovói csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kumanovói csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_(1912)" title="Битка кај Куманово (1912) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Битка кај Куманово (1912)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Kumanowem" title="Bitwa pod Kumanowem – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Kumanowem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Kumanovo" title="Batalha de Kumanovo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Kumanovo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Битва под Кумановом – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва под Кумановом" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beteja_e_Kumanov%C3%ABs" title="Beteja e Kumanovës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Beteja e Kumanovës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Kumanovem" title="Bitka pri Kumanovem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitka pri Kumanovem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кумановска битка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кумановска битка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovska_bitka" title="Kumanovska bitka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kumanovska bitka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanova_Muharebesi" title="Kumanova Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kumanova Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_(1912)" title="Кумановська битва (1912) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кумановська битва (1912)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Kumanovo" title="Trận Kumanovo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Kumanovo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Kumanovo&params=42_8_9_N_21_43_5_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°8′9″N</span> <span class="longitude">21°43′5″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.13583°N 21.71806°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.13583; 21.71806</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1912 battle of the First Balkan War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Kumanovo</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumanovo1912_marcossouza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kumanovo1912_marcossouza.jpg/300px-Kumanovo1912_marcossouza.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kumanovo1912_marcossouza.jpg/450px-Kumanovo1912_marcossouza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Kumanovo1912_marcossouza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="627" /></a></span><br />First Balkan War. The Serbian Front (Serbia) The march of the armies before the battle of Kumanovo.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>23–24 October 1912</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_district_(Ottoman)" title="Kumanovo district (Ottoman)">Kumanovo district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_%C3%9Csk%C3%BCp" title="Sanjak of Üsküp">Sanjak of Üsküp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosovo Vilayet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(now Kumanovo, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Serbian victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Radomir_Putnik" title="Radomir Putnik">Radomir Putnik</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Prince Alexander</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stepa_Stepanovi%C4%87" title="Stepa Stepanović">Stepa Stepanović</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)" title="Božidar Janković (general)">Božidar Janković</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ademovi%C4%87" title="Ahmed Ademović">Ahmed Ademović</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Halepli Zeki Pasha</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Vardar_Army" title="Vardar Army">Vardar Army</a>)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Fethi Pasha</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/VII_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)#Balkan_Wars" title="VII Corps (Ottoman Empire)">VII Corps</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(Serbia)" title="First Army (Serbia)">First Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Serbia)" title="Second Army (Serbia)">Second Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Serbia)" title="Third Army (Serbia)">Third Army</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)#Balkan_Wars" title="V Corps (Ottoman Empire)">V Corps</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)#Balkan_Wars" title="VI Corps (Ottoman Empire)">VI Corps</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/VII_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)#Balkan_Wars" title="VII Corps (Ottoman Empire)">VII Corps</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 132,000 men<br />148 artillery pieces<br />100 machine guns<br /><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197270_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197270-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 65,000 men<br />164 artillery pieces<br />104 machine guns<br /><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197270_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197270-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 687 killed<br />3,280 wounded<br />597 missing<br /><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><br /><b>Total</b>: 4,564<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1,200 killed<br />3,000 wounded<br />327 captured<br />98 artillery pieces lost<br /><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Total</b>: 4,500<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> 3,000 people were <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">massacred by the Serbian army</a> between Kumanovo and <a href="/wiki/Uskub" class="mw-redirect" title="Uskub">Uskub</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kilisse" title="Battle of Kirk Kilisse">Kirk Kilisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Lule Burgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merhamli" title="Battle of Merhamli">Merhamli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaliakra_(1912)" title="Battle of Kaliakra (1912)">Kaliakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">1st Çatalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair"> Bulair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Şarköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="Second Battle of Çatalca">2nd Çatalca</a></li></ul> <p><b>Serbian and Montenegrin front</b> </p> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lum%C3%AB" title="Battle of Lumë">Lumë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">Scutari</a></li></ul> <p><b>Greek front</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Lemnos" title="Capture of Lemnos">Lemnos Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarantaporo" title="Battle of Sarantaporo">Sarantaporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenidje" title="Battle of Yenidje">Yenidje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pente_Pigadia" title="Battle of Pente Pigadia">Pente Pigadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorovich" title="Battle of Sorovich">Sorovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">Himara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lesbos_(1912)" title="Battle of Lesbos (1912)">Lesbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(1912)" title="Battle of Chios (1912)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Driskos" title="Battle of Driskos">Driskos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elli" title="Battle of Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Korytsa" title="Capture of Korytsa">Korytsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1913)" title="Battle of Lemnos (1913)">Lemnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Bizani</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Kumanovo</b> (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: <span lang="sr"><span title="Serbian-language text"><span lang="sr-Cyrl">Кумановска битка</span></span> / <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">Kumanovska bitka</i></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Kumanova Muharebesi</i>), on 23–24 October 1912, was a major battle of the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a>. It was an important <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbian</a> victory over the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> army in the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosovo Vilayet</a>, shortly after the outbreak of the war. After this defeat, the Ottoman army abandoned the major part of the region, suffering heavy losses in manpower (mostly due to <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">desertions</a>) and in war <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/materiel" class="extiw" title="wikt:materiel">materiel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedic_Lexicon_Mosaic_of_Knowledge_-_History1970363_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedic_Lexicon_Mosaic_of_Knowledge_-_History1970363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kumanovo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The objective of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Serbian_Army" title="Royal Serbian Army">Royal Serbian Army</a> plan was to destroy the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman army</a> in a decisive battle before the Ottomans could complete the <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">mobilisation</a> and concentration of forces. The Serbian planners assumed that the main Ottoman force would be <a href="/wiki/Military_deployment" title="Military deployment">deployed</a> defensively in the <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">strategically</a> important <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ov%C4%8De_Pole" title="Ovče Pole">Ovče Pole</a>. The Serbian <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> was <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Radomir_Putnik" title="Radomir Putnik">Radomir Putnik</a>. The aim was to <a href="/wiki/Pincer_movement" title="Pincer movement">double envelop</a> the Ottoman army by using three armies:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197239–45_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197239–45-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Army_(Serbia)" title="First Army (Serbia)">First Army</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince">Crown Prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Alexander</a>, composed of five <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">division</a> (132,000 men), was deployed in the area around <a href="/wiki/Vranje" title="Vranje">Vranje</a>, with the task to attack the enemy frontally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197239–45_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197239–45-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Serbia)" title="Second Army (Serbia)">Second Army</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Stepa_Stepanovi%C4%87" title="Stepa Stepanović">Stepa Stepanović</a>, composed of one Serbian and one <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> division (74,000 men), deployed in the area around <a href="/wiki/Kyustendil" title="Kyustendil">Kyustendil</a>, was assigned to the easternmost attack, with the objective of attacking the right flank of the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197239–45_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197239–45-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Serbia)" title="Third Army (Serbia)">Third Army</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)" title="Božidar Janković (general)">Božidar Janković</a>, composed of four infantry divisions and one infantry <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a> (76,000 men), deployed in two groups, the first one at <a href="/wiki/Toplica_District" title="Toplica District">Toplica</a> and the second one at <a href="/wiki/Medve%C4%91a" title="Medveđa">Medveđa</a>, was assigned to the westernmost attack, with the task to take <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and then move south to attack the left flank of the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197239–45_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197239–45-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Smaller units were sent to take <a href="/wiki/Sand%C5%BEak" title="Sandžak">Sandžak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197239–45_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197239–45-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>According to the initial Ottoman plan, created by <a href="/wiki/Colmar_Freiherr_von_der_Goltz" title="Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz">Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz</a>, the Ottoman forces in Macedonia would stay in defense and, if necessary, <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">retreat</a> to <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>. The decisive battle would take place in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, versus the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> army. However, <a href="/wiki/Nazim_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim Pasha">Nazim Pasha</a>, the newly appointed commander-in-chief of the Ottoman army, decided to surprise the Serbs by taking an offensive in Macedonia. The plan also included the offensive in Thrace. His goal was to win the initial battles against the surprised <a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">allies</a>, hoping that the <a href="/wiki/Great_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great powers">Great powers</a> would then intervene and stop the war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Ottoman mobilisation in Macedonia was slow, and the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Army" title="Vardar Army">Vardar Army</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a>, had little more than a half of its manpower mobilised when the war started. The army was composed of: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)#Balkan_Wars" title="V Corps (Ottoman Empire)">V Corps</a>, under Said Pasha, composed of 4 divisions (32,000 men), deployed in the area around <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tip" title="Štip">Štip</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)#Balkan_Wars" title="VI Corps (Ottoman Empire)">VI Corps</a>, under Cavit Pasha, composed of two divisions (6,000 men), deployed in the area around <a href="/wiki/Veles_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Veles (city)">Veles</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VII_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)#Balkan_Wars" title="VII Corps (Ottoman Empire)">VII Corps</a>, under Fethi Pasha, composed of three divisions (19,000 men), deployed in the area around <a href="/wiki/Kumanovo" title="Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a>.</li> <li>Smaller units in Kosovo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197245–48_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197245–48-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kumanovo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolnica_kaj_Tabanovce_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bolnica_kaj_Tabanovce_1912.jpg/305px-Bolnica_kaj_Tabanovce_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="305" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bolnica_kaj_Tabanovce_1912.jpg/458px-Bolnica_kaj_Tabanovce_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bolnica_kaj_Tabanovce_1912.jpg/610px-Bolnica_kaj_Tabanovce_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2680" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>Hospital near the village Tabanovce, during the battle of Kumanovo, 1912.</figcaption></figure> <p>Even before the war was declared, border skirmishes occurred. On the 15 October, the front of the Toplica group of the Third Army, Serbian <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">chetniks</a>, acting on their own, attacked the Ottoman forces; although the Serbian deployment had not been completed yet. The Ottomans <a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">counterattacked</a>, but they were stopped by the Morava Division II. The fighting on the border lasted until 19 October when the Ottomans were forced to retreat. On 21 October the entire Third Army began its advance and on 22 October, without serious resistance, entered <a href="/wiki/Pri%C5%A1tina" class="mw-redirect" title="Priština">Pristina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197250–62_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197250–62-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 October, Bulgarian 7th Rila Infantry Division of the Second Army started its advance towards <a href="/wiki/Blagoevgrad" title="Blagoevgrad">Gorna Dzhumaya</a>, while the rest of the army advanced towards the village of <a href="/wiki/Stracin" title="Stracin">Stracin</a> and captured it on 21 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197266–67_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197266–67-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The First Army crossed the border on 20 October and in the evening of 22 October reached the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Kumanovo" title="Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197265–66_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197265–66-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the other side, as soon as his forces were deployed, <a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a> decided to take the offensive towards Kumanovo. In the evening of 22 October, Vardar Army gathered in the valley of <a href="/wiki/P%C4%8Dinja_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Pčinja River">Pčinja River</a>. While Zeki Pasha had the precise information about the strength and disposal of the Serbian forces, the Serbian command did not realise that the battle with the main Ottoman force would start the very next morning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197268–70_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197268–70-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not expecting the attack, Serbs did not <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortify</a> their positions, which were <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topographically</a> strong. Still, only two out of five infantry divisions were deployed in the front echelon – Danube Division I on the left wing, with the Cavalry Division behind it, and Morava Division I on the right wing. The left flank was particularly vulnerable, because Srtevica, the important topographic object, was defended by local <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregulars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197270_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197270-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the night of 22–23 October, VI Corps 17th Infantry Division and Monastir Infantry Division crossed <a href="/wiki/P%C4%8Dinja_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Pčinja River">Pčinja</a> and took the position in the Ottoman centre, on the hill of Zebrnjak. The main forces of V Corps 13th Infantry Division and Štip Infantry Division remained on the left bank of Pčinja, forming the right of the Ottoman's which was acting as a reserve and protecting the route from <a href="/wiki/Stracin" title="Stracin">Stracin</a>, while the main forces of VII Corps <a href="/wiki/19th_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="19th Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)">19th Infantry Division</a> and Üsküb Infantry Division were on the left side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197270_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197270-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kumanovo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="23_October">23 October</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kumanovo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 23 October"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumanovo,_23_October_1912.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kumanovo%2C_23_October_1912.svg/305px-Kumanovo%2C_23_October_1912.svg.png" decoding="async" width="305" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kumanovo%2C_23_October_1912.svg/458px-Kumanovo%2C_23_October_1912.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kumanovo%2C_23_October_1912.svg/610px-Kumanovo%2C_23_October_1912.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Map of the battle on 23 October</figcaption></figure> <p>The morning of 23 October was <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">foggy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> could not be performed properly. On the Serbian left flank, the observers noticed the troops of 17th Infantry Division in movement, but mistook them for the Ottoman battery withdrawing from <a href="/wiki/Stracin" title="Stracin">Stracin</a>. Troops of the 18th <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiment</a> of Danube Division I, which moved forward to capture it, were pushed back, as well as the reconnaissance forces of Cavalry Division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197270–71_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197270–71-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Observing the retreat of these Serbian units, <a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a> concluded that the Serbian left wing was weak. Since there were no actions of the Second Army from Stracin, he decided to attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197271_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197271-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 11:00, with <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> support, V and VI Corps attacked the positions of Danube Division I. Soon, 13th and 17th Infantry Division forced the 18th regiment to retreat in disorder, but, instead of continuing the attack, Zeki Pasha waited for the arrival of Štip Infantry Division from the rear to use this division to attack the Serbian flank and rear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197272–73_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197272–73-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That enabled the Serbian 7th regiment to aid the wavering 18th regiment and to consolidate a defense. Soon after that, the Serbian 8th regiment arrived, and 7th regiment was able to move to the left flank and reinforce the defense of Srtevica, which was endangered by an attack by the Štip Infantry Division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197273_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197273-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the right flank of Danube Division I, its 9th regiment halted the advance of the weakened Monastir Infantry Division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197273–74_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197273–74-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 12:00, VII Corps started its attack on the positions held by Morava Division I. However, Serbian infantry and artillery were already deployed for combat, as the artillery fire from the east suggested that the battle had started.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197274_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197274-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the initial Ottoman progress, Serbs counterattacked and pushed them back to their starting positions. After the Serbian counterattack, Ottoman units were kept at bay by the well organised Serbian artillery fire until the end of day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197274_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197274-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Serbian rear echelon divisions (Danube Division II on the left, Drina Division I in the centre and Timok Division II on the right) and the army artillery were not informed about the combat operations. They remained in the rear, without participating in the first day of the battle. The First Army command did not receive precise information about the battle and did not have any influence on the actual combat. Despite these facts, the Ottoman attack of the 23 October was not successful, mostly thanks to "<i>the high devotion of (Serbian) troops and lower officers</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197276_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197276-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="24_October">24 October</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kumanovo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 24 October"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumanovo,_24_October_1912.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kumanovo%2C_24_October_1912.svg/305px-Kumanovo%2C_24_October_1912.svg.png" decoding="async" width="305" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kumanovo%2C_24_October_1912.svg/458px-Kumanovo%2C_24_October_1912.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kumanovo%2C_24_October_1912.svg/610px-Kumanovo%2C_24_October_1912.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Map of the battle on 24 October</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbian_1st_Army_Staff_1st_Balkan_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Serbian_1st_Army_Staff_1st_Balkan_War.jpg/305px-Serbian_1st_Army_Staff_1st_Balkan_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="305" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Serbian_1st_Army_Staff_1st_Balkan_War.jpg/458px-Serbian_1st_Army_Staff_1st_Balkan_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Serbian_1st_Army_Staff_1st_Balkan_War.jpg/610px-Serbian_1st_Army_Staff_1st_Balkan_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>The staff of <i>1. Armija</i>. On the left side is the army commander, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Crown Prince Alexander</a>, the army chief of staff, <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Petar_Bojovi%C4%87" title="Petar Bojović">Petar Bojović</a>, is sitting next to him.</figcaption></figure> <p>Uninformed about the situation in the field, the First Army command did not realise that the attack of the main Ottoman forces had occurred, as those forces were expected on Ovče Pole. Assuming that the Ottoman units north of Kumanovo were merely forward <a href="/wiki/Detachment_(military)" title="Detachment (military)">detachments</a>, it ordered the troops to continue their advance towards south, as previously planned. After midnight, it received a report from Danube Division I which stated that the division was attacked by the strong enemy forces and suffered heavy casualties, but at that moment it was too late for any change of orders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197276_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197276-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other side, <a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a> decided to continue the attack with the hope that his forces would be able to achieve victory on the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197276_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197276-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ottoman attack on their right wing started around 5:30. VI Corps was assigned to tie up as many enemy forces as possible by attacking from the front, while Štip Infantry Division was again assigned to <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">flank attack</a>. Danube Division I again had to withstand heavy pressure, but around 10:00 parts of Danube Division II arrived from the rear and strengthened the defense. At the same time, Cavalry Division moved to the left bank of Pčinja and slowed the advance of Ottoman forces towards Srtevica. Around 12:00, parts of Danube Division II reinforced the defense of Srtevica, definitely stopping the advance of the Ottoman right wing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197278–79_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197278–79-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the left Ottoman wing, a lot of reservists from Üsküb Infantry Division had <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">deserted</a> during the night, upon hearing that the Third Army had captured <a href="/wiki/Pri%C5%A1tina" class="mw-redirect" title="Priština">Pristina</a> and that it was marching towards <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197279_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197279-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, at 5:30, VII Corps started the attack. However, Morava Division I counterattacked at 6:00 and with the arrival of Timok Division II from the rear they forced the entire Ottoman left wing to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197281–83_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197281–83-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 9:30, Drina Division II from the rear echelon of the First Army arrived to the front and attacked the Ottoman centre. Around 11:00, Monastir Infantry Division started to retreat. The commander of VI Corps managed to temporarily halt the Serbian advance by using his last reserves, but in the repeated attack around 13:00, Drina Division I captured Zebrnjak, the main object in Ottoman defense, and forced 17th Infantry Division to retreat. With Üsküb Infantry Division and Monastir Infantry Division already retreating, the battle was resolved. At 15:00, Morava Division I entered <a href="/wiki/Kumanovo" title="Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197280_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197280-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ottoman forces retreated in disorder: VII and parts of VI Corps towards <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> and V and parts of VI Corps towards <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tip" title="Štip">Štip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veles_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Veles (city)">Veles</a>. Serbian troops missed the chance to pursue them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kumanovo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ottoman Vardar Army fought the battle according to plan, but despite this, suffered a heavy defeat. Although <a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a> <a href="/wiki/Operational_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational art">operationally</a> surprised the Serbian command by his sudden attack, the decision to act offensively against the superior enemy was a grave error which determined the outcome of Battle of Kumanovo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other side, the Serbian command started the battle without plans and preparations, and missed the chance to pursue the defeated enemy and effectively end the operations in the region, although it had the fresh troops of the rear echelon available for such action. Even after the end of battle, the Serbs still believed that it was fought against weaker Ottoman units and that main enemy forces were on <a href="/wiki/Ov%C4%8De_Pole" title="Ovče Pole">Ovče Pole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, the Battle of Kumanovo was a decisive factor in the outcome of the war in the region. The Ottoman plan for an offensive war had failed, and the Vardar Army was forced to abandon much territory and lost a significant number of artillery pieces without the possibility to reinforce, because the supply routes from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> were cut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vardar Army was not able to organise the defense on <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar River</a> and was forced to abandon <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, retreating all the way to <a href="/wiki/Prilep" title="Prilep">Prilep</a>. The First Army advanced slowly and entered Skopje on 26 October. Two days later, it was strengthened by Morava Division II, while the rest of the Third Army was sent to Western Kosovo and then through northern <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic coast</a>. The Second Army was sent to aid the Bulgarians in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(1913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Adrianople (1913)">Siege of Adrianople</a>, while the First Army was preparing for an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">offense towards Prilep and Bitola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197287_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197287-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kumanovo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erickson argues that Serbian casualties may have been as high as 7,000 as the Serbs used their infantry in a manner similar to Japanese <a href="/wiki/Banzai_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Banzai attack">Banzai attacks.</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003181_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003181-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Ottoman casualties don't include the significant number of soldiers who deserted during and after the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erickson estimates that Turkish casualties were 7,000 and argues against Serbian estimates that Turkish casualties were as high as 12,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003181_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003181-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivojin_Mi%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Živojin Mišić">Živojin Mišić</a> states that General <a href="/wiki/Radomir_Putnik" title="Radomir Putnik">Putnik</a> believed that the Vardar army still had the ability to fight a battle at <a href="/wiki/Ov%C4%8De_Pole" title="Ovče Pole">Ovče Pole</a> even after its defeat at Kumanovo. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMišić1985236_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMišić1985236-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kumanovo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197270-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197270_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197270_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197270_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197270_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatkovićĐurišićSkoko1972">Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197283_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatkovićĐurišićSkoko1972">Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003181-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003181_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003181_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Old Europe's Suicide: The Building of a Pyramid of Errors</i>. Library of Alexandria (1920)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Albania's Golgotha</i>. Leo Freundlich</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedic_Lexicon_Mosaic_of_Knowledge_-_History1970363-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedic_Lexicon_Mosaic_of_Knowledge_-_History1970363_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopedic_Lexicon_Mosaic_of_Knowledge_-_History1970">Encyclopedic Lexicon Mosaic of Knowledge - History 1970</a>, p. 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197239–45-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197239–45_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197239–45_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197239–45_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197239–45_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197239–45_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatkovićĐurišićSkoko1972">Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972</a>, pp. 39–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197245–48-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197245–48_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatkovićĐurišićSkoko1972">Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972</a>, pp. 45–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197250–62-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197250–62_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatkovićĐurišićSkoko1972">Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972</a>, pp. 50–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197266–67-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197266–67_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatkovićĐurišićSkoko1972">Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197265–66-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197265–66_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatkovićĐurišićSkoko1972">Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197268–70-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197268–70_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatkovićĐurišićSkoko1972">Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972</a>, pp. 68–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197270–71-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197270–71_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatkovićĐurišićSkoko1972">Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197271-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197271_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatkovićĐurišićSkoko1972">Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197272–73-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197272–73_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatkovićĐurišićSkoko1972">Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972</a>, pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197273-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197273_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatkovićĐurišićSkoko1972">Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197273–74-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197273–74_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatkovićĐurišićSkoko1972">Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197274-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197274_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197274_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatkovićĐurišićSkoko1972">Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197276-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197276_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197276_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197276_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatkovićĐurišićSkoko1972">Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197278–79-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197278–79_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatkovićĐurišićSkoko1972">Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972</a>, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197279-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197279_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatkovićĐurišićSkoko1972">Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197281–83-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197281–83_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatkovićĐurišićSkoko1972">Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972</a>, pp. 81–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197280-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197280_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatkovićĐurišićSkoko1972">Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMišić1985236-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMišić1985236_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMišić1985">Mišić 1985</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197287-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatkovićĐurišićSkoko197287_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRatkovićĐurišićSkoko1972">Ratković, Đurišić & Skoko 1972</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kumanovo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopedic_Lexicon_Mosaic_of_Knowledge_-_History1970" class="citation book cs1"><i>Encyclopedic Lexicon Mosaic of knowledge - History</i>. Belgrade: Interpres. 1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedic+Lexicon+Mosaic+of+knowledge+-+History&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=Interpres&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kumanovo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2003" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Edward J. (2003). <i>Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912-1913</i>. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275978884" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275978884"><bdi>978-0275978884</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defeat+in+Detail%3A+The+Ottoman+Army+in+the+Balkans%2C+1912-1913&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0275978884&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kumanovo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMišić1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mišić, Vojvoda Živojin (1985). <i>My Memories</i> (in Serbian). Belgrade: BIGZ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Memories&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=BIGZ&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Mi%C5%A1i%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vojvoda+%C5%BDivojin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kumanovo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatkovićĐurišićSkoko1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ratković, Borislav; Đurišić, Mitar; Skoko, Savo (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jBAvAAAAMAAJ"><i>Serbia and Montenegro in the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913</i></a> (in Serbian). Belgrade Publishing and Graphic Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbia+and+Montenegro+in+the+Balkan+Wars+of+1912%E2%80%931913&rft.pub=Belgrade+Publishing+and+Graphic+Institute&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Ratkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Borislav&rft.au=%C4%90uri%C5%A1i%C4%87%2C+Mitar&rft.au=Skoko%2C+Savo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjBAvAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Kumanovo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kumanovo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKnGP6hMd-E&ab_channel=KCNS">Lecture (in Serbian) - Battle of Kumanovo - the crown jewel of Serbian military strategy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHsR2dyXzeI&ab_channel=SrpskeBitke">Balkan Wars: Battle of Kumanovo 1912 (DOCUMENTARY)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yo17RbgLHWo">Song about the Kumanovo battle written 1 year after the original battle</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Balkan_Wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Balkan_Wars" title="Template:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Balkan_Wars" title="Template talk:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Balkan_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li>Annexation of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War" title="Serbo-Bulgarian War">Serbo-Bulgarian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War of 1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">IMRO</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">Bulgarian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudi_coup" title="Goudi coup">Goudi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Albanian revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarantaporo" title="Battle of Sarantaporo">Sarantaporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardzhali" title="Battle of Kardzhali">Kardzhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pente_Pigadia" title="Battle of Pente Pigadia">Pente Pigadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorovich" title="Battle of Sorovich">Sorovich</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kilisse" title="Battle of Kirk Kilisse">Kirk Kilisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">Scutari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Lule Burgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenidje" title="Battle of Yenidje">Yenidje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">Himara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">First Çatalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaliakra_(1912)" title="Battle of Kaliakra (1912)">Kaliakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merhamli" title="Battle of Merhamli">Merhamli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Driskos" title="Battle of Driskos">Driskos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elli" title="Battle of Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Korytsa" title="Capture of Korytsa">Korytsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1913)" title="Battle of Lemnos (1913)">Lemnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair">Bulair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Şarköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Bizani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="Second Battle of Çatalca">Second Çatalca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Diplomacy and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1912%E2%80%931913" title="London Conference of 1912–1913">London Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Albanian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kilkis%E2%80%93Lachanas" title="Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas">Kilkis–Lachanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1913)" title="Battle of Doiran (1913)">Doiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bregalnica" title="Battle of Bregalnica">Bregalnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knja%C5%BEevac" title="Battle of Knjaževac">Knjaževac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalimanci" title="Battle of Kalimanci">Kalimanci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kresna_Gorge" title="Battle of Kresna Gorge">Kresna Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja_Offensive" title="Southern Dobruja Offensive">Southern Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_landings_in_Bulgaria" title="Romanian landings in Bulgaria">Romanian landings in Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vidin_(1913)" title="Siege of Vidin (1913)">Vidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pirot_(1913)" title="Battle of Pirot (1913)">Pirot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Diplomacy and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1913" title="Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913">Greek–Serbian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Western_Thrace" title="Provisional Government of Western Thrace">Provisional Government of Western Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1913)">Treaty of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Athens" title="Treaty of Athens">Treaty of Athens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Romanian_Army_cholera_outbreak" title="1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak">1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>General</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Autonomy of Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_crisis_of_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914">Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo Assassination</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Bulgarian_alliance" title="Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance">Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans campaign of WWI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_International_Commission_on_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars">Carnegie Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Bulgarians deportation program</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Ottoman_civilians_during_the_Balkan_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massacres of Ottoman civilians during the Balkan Wars (page does not exist)">Massacres of Civilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide#Events" title="Greek genocide">Initial phase of the Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_burned_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="List of places burned during the Balkan Wars">Places burned down</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Evstratiev_Geshov" title="Ivan Evstratiev Geshov">Ivan Geshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoyan_Danev" title="Stoyan Danev">Stoyan Danev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savov" title="Mihail Savov">Mihail Savov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fichev" title="Ivan Fichev">Ivan Fichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Kutinchev" title="Vasil Kutinchev">Vasil Kutinchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Ivanov" title="Nikola Ivanov">Nikola Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiliyan_Kovachev" title="Stiliyan Kovachev">Stiliyan Kovachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Todorov_(general)" title="Georgi Todorov (general)">Georgi Todorov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Danglis" title="Panagiotis Danglis">Panagiotis Danglis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Kountouriotis" title="Pavlos Kountouriotis">Pavlos Kountouriotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Sapountzakis" title="Konstantinos Sapountzakis">Konstantinos Sapountzakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Dousmanis" title="Viktor Dousmanis">Viktor Dousmanis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro" title="Nicholas I of Montenegro">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danilo,_Crown_Prince_of_Montenegro" title="Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro">Crown Prince Danilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janko_Vukoti%C4%87" title="Janko Vukotić">Janko Vukotić</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazim_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim Pasha">Nazim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Esad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lemen_Abdullah_Pasha" title="Kölemen Abdullah Pasha">Kölemen Abdullah Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Ali Rıza Pasha">Ali Rıza Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_Pasha" title="Hasan Tahsin Pasha">Hasan Tahsin Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Izzet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Izzet Pasha">Ahmed Izzet Pasha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Crown Prince Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Alexandru Averescu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Serbia in the Balkan Wars">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia" title="Peter I of Serbia">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Crown Prince Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radomir_Putnik" title="Radomir Putnik">Radomir Putnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Bojovi%C4%87" title="Petar Bojović">Petar Bojović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepa_Stepanovi%C4%87" title="Stepa Stepanović">Stepa Stepanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)" title="Božidar Janković (general)">Božidar Janković</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other Balkan states: <a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ismail_Qemali" title="Ismail Qemali">Ismail Kemal</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Balkan_Wars" title="Category:Balkan Wars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="28px_Kumanovo_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=North_Macedonia&#124;link=North_Macedonia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kumanovo" title="Template:Kumanovo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kumanovo" title="Template talk:Kumanovo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kumanovo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kumanovo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="28px_Kumanovo_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=North_Macedonia&#124;link=North_Macedonia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kumanovo_Municipality,_North_Macedonia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Kumanovo_Municipality%2C_North_Macedonia.svg/28px-Flag_of_Kumanovo_Municipality%2C_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Kumanovo_Municipality%2C_North_Macedonia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kumanovo_Municipality%2C_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Kumanovo_Municipality%2C_North_Macedonia.svg/56px-Flag_of_Kumanovo_Municipality%2C_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kumanovo" title="Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skopska_Crna_Gora" title="Skopska Crna Gora">Skopska Crna Gora</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradi%C5%A1tanska_planina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gradištanska planina (page does not exist)">Gradištanska planina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_mountain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German mountain (page does not exist)">German mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumanovo River">Kumanovo River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kojnarka_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kojnarka River (page does not exist)">Kojnarka River</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kumanovo_Municipality.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Kumanovo_Municipality.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kumanovo_Municipality.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Kumanovo_Municipality.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kumanovo_Municipality.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Kumanovo_Municipality.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kumanovo_Municipality.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kumanovo" title="Timeline of Kumanovo">Timeline of Kumanovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places of interest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><small>Buildings</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Ossuary_Kumanovo" title="Memorial Ossuary Kumanovo">Memorial Ossuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrnjak" title="Zebrnjak">Zebrnjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanaetchiski_Dom" title="Zanaetchiski Dom">Zanaetchiski Dom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasapski_Krug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasapski Krug (page does not exist)">Kasapski Krug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_Clock_Tower" title="Kumanovo Clock Tower">Clock Tower</a> <small>(former)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_Fortress" title="Kumanovo Fortress">Kumanovo Fortress</a> <small>(former)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><small>Monuments</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batko_Gjorgjija" title="Batko Gjorgjija">Batko Gjorgjija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetiri_Bandere_Monument" title="Chetiri Bandere Monument">Chetiri Bandere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito_Monument,_Kumanovo" title="Josip Broz Tito Monument, Kumanovo">Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makedonka_(sculpture)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makedonka (sculpture) (page does not exist)">Makedonka</a></li> <li>Pero Chicho</li> <li>Magdalena Antova</li> <li>Ajduchka Cheshma</li> <li>Menkova Koliba</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><small>Parks</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradski_Park_Kumanovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gradski Park Kumanovo (page does not exist)">Gradski Park</a></li> <li>Sokolana</li> <li>Shetalishte - Kej</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovska_Banja" title="Kumanovska Banja">Kumanovska Banja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><small>Squares</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Jugoslavija_Square" title="Nova Jugoslavija Square">Nova Jugoslavija Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito_Square_(Kumanovo)" title="Josip Broz Tito Square (Kumanovo)">Josip Broz Tito Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><small>Bridges</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Iskta bridge</li> <li>Mitev bridge</li> <li>Sredorek bridge</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><small>Streets</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ivo Lola Ribar <small>Nagorichki sokak</small></li> <li>Done Bozinov <small>Proevski sokak</small></li> <li>11 Oktomvri <small>Ukjumat sokak</small></li> <li>Narodna Revolucija <small>Pchinski pat</small></li> <li>Nikola Tesla <small>Vranjsko dzade</small></li> <li>Ilindenska <small>Romanovski sokak</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><small>Cemetery</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_Town_Cemetery" title="Kumanovo Town Cemetery">Kumanovo Town Cemetery</a></li> <li>Muslim cemetery</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Religious_organizations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><small>Religious organizations</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Kumanovo_and_Osogovo" title="Diocese of Kumanovo and Osogovo">MOC-OA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muftiship_of_Kumanovo" title="Muftiship of Kumanovo">IRC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><small>Orthodox <br /> Churches and <br /> Monasteries</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Nikolas_(Kumanovo)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nikolas (Kumanovo)">St. Nikolas</a> <small>Old church</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Kumanovo" title="Church of the Holy Trinity, Kumanovo">Holy Trinity</a> <small>New church</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_St._Archangel_Michael,_Kumanovo" title="Church St. Archangel Michael, Kumanovo">St. Archangel Michael</a> <small>Karposh</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Church,_Kumanovo" title="St. George's Church, Kumanovo">St. George</a> <small>Near cemetery</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_St._Petka,_Kumanovo" title="Church St. Petka, Kumanovo">St. Petka</a> <small>Bedinje</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Resurrection_of_Christ,_Kumanovo" title="Church of Resurrection of Christ, Kumanovo">Resurrection of Christ</a> <small>Inside cemetery</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Mina,_Kumanovo" title="Church of St. Mina, Kumanovo">St. Mina</a> <small>Proevce</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Tromegje,_Kumanovo" title="Church of St. George, Tromegje, Kumanovo">St. George</a> <small>Tromegje</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Staro_Nagori%C4%8Dane" title="Church of St. George, Staro Nagoričane">Nagorichane Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karpino_Monastery_(Kumanovo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karpino Monastery (Kumanovo)">Karpino Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matej%C4%8De_Monastery" title="Matejče Monastery">Matejche Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><small>Sunni Mosques</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cherkezi Mosque</li> <li>Willage Mosque <small><a href="/wiki/D%27lga" title="D'lga">D'lga</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mosque,_Kumanovo" title="Old Mosque, Kumanovo">Tatar Sinan Beg Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mosque,_Kumanovo" title="New Mosque, Kumanovo">New Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadzi_Shefket_Mosque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadzi Shefket Mosque (page does not exist)">Hadzi Shefket Mosque</a></li> <li>Osman Biligbash Mosque <small><a href="/wiki/Lopate,_Kumanovo" title="Lopate, Kumanovo">Lopate</a></small></li> <li>Romanovce Mosque</li> <li>Sopot Mosque</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kod%C5%BEa_Mehmet_Beg_Mosque" title="Kodža Mehmet Beg Mosque">Kodža Mehmet Beg Mosque</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Tabanovce" title="Tabanovce">Tabanovce</a></small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><small>Catholic church</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>St. Therese of the Child Jesus, Kumanovo</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><small>Protestant church</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Evangelic church of Kumanovo</li> <li>Adventist church of Kumanovo</li> <li>Jehovah's witnesses Church of Kumanovo</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and <br /> Cultural Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_institution_Museum_Kumanovo" class="mw-redirect" title="National institution Museum Kumanovo">Museum Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_institution_Cultural_Center_Trajko_Prokopiev_-_Kumanovo" title="National institution Cultural Center Trajko Prokopiev - Kumanovo">Cultural Center "Trajko Prokopiev"</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_Museum_of_Hristijan_Todorovski_Karpo%C5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House Museum of Hristijan Todorovski Karpoš (page does not exist)">House Museum of Hristijan Todorovski Karpoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASNOM_Memorial_Center" title="ASNOM Memorial Center">ASNOM Memorial Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theater_Kumanovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theater Kumanovo (page does not exist)">Theater Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_Gallery_Kumanovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art Gallery Kumanovo (page does not exist)">Art Gallery Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_Library" title="Kumanovo Library">Kumanovo Library</a></li> <li>Kozjak cinema <small>(former)</small></li> <li>Napredok cinema <small>(former)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><small>TV</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TV_Plus" title="TV Plus">TV+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Festa" title="TV Festa">Festa</a></li> <li>Hana <small>(former)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K3_Television" title="K3 Television">K3</a> <small>(former)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_KRT_Dalga,_Kumanovo" title="TV KRT Dalga, Kumanovo">KRT</a> <small>(former)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Nova_(Kumanovo)" title="TV Nova (Kumanovo)">TV Nova</a> <small>(former)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Kumanovo" title="TV Kumanovo">TVK</a> <small>(former)</small></li> <li>KTL <small>(former)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><small>Radio</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Bum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Bum (page does not exist)">Radio Bum</a></li> <li>Radio Bravo</li> <li>City FM <small>(former)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><small>Newspaper</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ploshtad_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Ploshtad newspaper">Ploshtad</a> <small>(former)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Vesnik" title="Nash Vesnik">Nash Vesnik</a> <small>(former)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beseda_(Macedonian_magazine)" title="Beseda (Macedonian magazine)">Beseda</a> <small>(former)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovski_Vesnik" title="Kumanovski Vesnik">Kumanovski</a> <small>(former)</small></li> <li>Dedo Ivan <small>(former)</small></li> <li>Oktobris <small>(former)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><small>Sport Centers</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gradski_Stadium_Kumanovo" title="Gradski Stadium Kumanovo">Gradski Stadium Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_Hall_Kumanovo" title="Sports Hall Kumanovo">Sports Hall Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_Hall_Sokolana" title="Sports Hall Sokolana">Sports Hall Sokolana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milano_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Milano Arena">Milano Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_swimming_pool_Kumanovo" title="Public swimming pool Kumanovo">Public swimming pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><small>Sport Teams</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>FK Bashkimi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KF_Bashkimi_(1947%E2%80%932008)" title="KF Bashkimi (1947–2008)">1947–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KF_Bashkimi_(2011)" title="KF Bashkimi (2011)">2011</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KF_Goblen" title="KF Goblen">FK Goblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FK_Karpo%C5%A1_93" title="FK Karpoš 93">FK Karpoš 93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FK_Kumanovo" title="FK Kumanovo">GFK Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KF_Milano_Kumanov%C3%AB" title="KF Milano Kumanovë">FK Milano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KK_Kumanovo" title="KK Kumanovo">KK Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RK_Kumanovo" class="mw-redirect" title="RK Kumanovo">RK Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDRK_Kumanovo" title="ŽRK Kumanovo">ŽRK Kumanovo</a></li> <li>FHC Kumanovo</li> <li>OC Kumanovo</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euro_College" title="Euro College">Euro College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_University_of_Tetovo" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of Tetovo">State University of Tetovo - Faculty of Business Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Comedy" title="Days of Comedy">Days of Comedy</a></li> <li>International Art Colony</li> <li>Pivtijada</li> <li>Summer Jazz Festival <small>(former)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy and <br /> Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_in_Kumanovo" title="List of companies in Kumanovo">List of companies in Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_route_E75" title="European route E75">European route E75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Corridor_X" title="Pan-European Corridor X">Pan-European Corridor X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Corridor_VIII" title="Pan-European Corridor VIII">Pan-European Corridor VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopje_%22Alexander_the_Great%22_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Skopje "Alexander the Great" Airport">Skopje "Alexander the Great" Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adzi_Tepe_Airport" title="Adzi Tepe Airport">Adzi Tepe Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_Bus_Station" title="Kumanovo Bus Station">Kumanovo Bus Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumanovo Railway Station">Kumanovo Railway Station</a></li> <li>Mall Garnizon</li> <li>SUMA Shopping center</li> <li>Tush Market</li> <li>Ramstor Market</li> <li>Tinex Market</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Kumanovo" title="List of people from Kumanovo">List of people from Kumanovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ottoman_Empire&#124;link=Ottoman_Empire_Ottoman_battles_in_the_20th_century" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_battles_in_the_20th_century" title="Template:Ottoman battles in the 20th century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_battles_in_the_20th_century" title="Template talk:Ottoman battles in the 20th century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_battles_in_the_20th_century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman battles in the 20th century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ottoman_Empire&#124;link=Ottoman_Empire_Ottoman_battles_in_the_20th_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Ottoman battles in the 20th century</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–1912)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza_(1911)" title="Battle of Preveza (1911)">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tobruk_(1911)" title="Battle of Tobruk (1911)">Tobruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benghazi_(1911)" title="Battle of Benghazi (1911)">Benghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunfuda_Bay" title="Battle of Kunfuda Bay">Kunfuda Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derna_(1912)" title="Battle of Derna (1912)">Derna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beirut_(1912)" title="Battle of Beirut (1912)">Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhodes_(1912)" title="Battle of Rhodes (1912)">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Zanzur_(1912)" title="Battles of Zanzur (1912)">Zanzur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarantaporo" title="Battle of Sarantaporo">Sarantaporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenidje" title="Battle of Yenidje">Yenidje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardzhali" title="Battle of Kardzhali">Kırcalı (Kardzhali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pente_Pigadia" title="Battle of Pente Pigadia">Beşpınar (Pente Pigadia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorovich" title="Battle of Sorovich">Sorovich</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kilisse" title="Battle of Kirk Kilisse">Kirk Kilise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">İşkodra (Scutari)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Lüleburgaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)">1st Edirne (Adrianople)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">Himara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">1st Çatalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaliakra_(1912)" title="Battle of Kaliakra (1912)">Varna (Kaliakra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merhamli" title="Battle of Merhamli">Merhamli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elli" title="Battle of Elli">İmroz (Elli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Korytsa" title="Capture of Korytsa">Korytsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1913)" title="Battle of Lemnos (1913)">Lemnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1913)">2nd Edirne (Adrianople)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair"> Bolayır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Şarköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Bizani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="Second Battle of Çatalca">2nd Çatalca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> (1914–1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergmann_Offensive" title="Bergmann Offensive">Köprüköy (Bergmann) </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ardahan" title="Battle of Ardahan">Ardahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_the_Suez_Canal" title="Raid on the Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_operations_in_the_Dardanelles_campaign" title="Naval operations in the Dardanelles campaign">Naval operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Katia" title="Battle of Katia">Katya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Cape_Helles" title="Landing at Cape Helles">Seddülbayır (Cape Helles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumkale" title="Battle of Kumkale">Kumkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove" title="Landing at Anzac Cove">1st Arıburnu (Anzac Cove)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Baby_700" title="Battle for Baby 700">Baby 700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Krithia" title="First Battle of Krithia">1st Kirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dilman" title="Battle of Dilman">Battle of Dilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_attack_on_Anzac_Cove" title="Second attack on Anzac Cove">2nd Arıburnu (2nd Anzac Cove)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Krithia" title="Second Battle of Krithia">2nd Kirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_No.3_Post" title="Battle for No.3 Post">No.3 Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_attack_on_Anzac_Cove" title="Third attack on Anzac Cove">3rd Arıburnu (3rd Anzac Cove)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Krithia" title="Third Battle of Krithia">3rd Kirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gully_Ravine" title="Battle of Gully Ravine">Zığındere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert_(1915)" title="Battle of Manzikert (1915)">Manzikert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kara_Killisse_(1915)" title="Battle of Kara Killisse (1915)">Kara Killisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krithia_Vineyard" title="Battle of Krithia Vineyard">Kirte Bağları (Krithia Vineyard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lone_Pine" title="Battle of Lone Pine">Kanlısırt (Lone Pine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Suvla_Bay" title="Landing at Suvla Bay">Anafartalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chunuk_Bair" title="Battle of Chunuk Bair">Conkbayır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sari_Bair" title="Battle of Sari Bair">Sarıbayır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nek" title="Battle of the Nek">Kılıçbayır (The Nek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_60_(Gallipoli)" title="Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)">Hill 60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scimitar_Hill" title="Battle of Scimitar Hill">Yusufçuktepe (Scimitar Hill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(1915)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (1915)">Selman’ı Pak (Ctesiphon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">1st Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sheikh_Sa%27ad" title="Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad">Sağ Sahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_(1916)" title="Battle of Wadi (1916)">Wadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanna" title="Battle of Hanna">Felahiye (Hanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dujaila" title="Battle of Dujaila">Sabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Campaign" title="Trebizond Campaign">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mecca_(1916)" title="Battle of Mecca (1916)">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Erzincan" title="Battle of Erzincan">Erzincan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aqaba" title="Battle of Aqaba">Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitlis" title="Battle of Bitlis">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bir_el_Abd" title="Battle of Bir el Abd">Bir el Abd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Yanbu" title="Capture of Yanbu">Yanbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magdhaba" title="Battle of Magdhaba">Magdhaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rafa" title="Battle of Rafa">Rafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Nekhl" title="Raid on Nekhl">Nekhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Bir_el_Hassana" title="Raid on Bir el Hassana">Bir el Hassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kut" title="Second Battle of Kut">2nd Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_offensive" title="Samarra offensive">Samarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Hamrin" title="Battle of Mount Hamrin">Jebel Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Gaza" title="First Battle of Gaza">1st Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gaza" title="Second Battle of Gaza">2nd Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Istabulat" title="Battle of Istabulat">Istabulat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aqaba" title="Battle of Aqaba">Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Ramadi_(1917)" title="Battles of Ramadi (1917)">Ramadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_Musa" title="Battle of Wadi Musa">Wadi Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1917)">Beersheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_el_Khuweilfe" title="Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe">Khuweilfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Gaza" title="Third Battle of Gaza">3rd Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hareira_and_Sheria" title="Battle of Hareira and Sheria">Hareira and Sheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Wadi_el_Hesi" title="Capture of Wadi el Hesi">Wadi el Hesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Huj" title="Charge at Huj">Huj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mughar_Ridge" title="Battle of Mughar Ridge">Mughar Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayun_Kara" title="Battle of Ayun Kara">Ayun Kara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem" title="Battle of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffa_(1917)" title="Battle of Jaffa (1917)">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Jericho" title="Capture of Jericho">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_%27Asur" title="Battle of Tell 'Asur">Tell 'Asur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_Khan_Baghdadi" title="Action of Khan Baghdadi">Khan Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hijla" title="Battle of Hijla">Hijla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Amman" title="First Battle of Amman">1st Amman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Jordan#Prelude" title="Second Battle of the Jordan">Berukin and 1st Arara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Jordan" title="Second Battle of the Jordan">2nd Transjordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abaran" title="Battle of Abaran">Abaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sardarabad" title="Battle of Sardarabad">Sardarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karakilisa" title="Battle of Karakilisa">Karakilisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay#Shamakhi,_Aghsu_and_Ismailly" title="Battle of Goychay">Aghsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kurdamir" title="Battle of Kurdamir">Kurdamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Binagadi" title="Battle of Binagadi">Binagadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baku" title="Battle of Baku">Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_Arsuf" title="Action of Arsuf">Arsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Caucasus_expedition" title="German Caucasus expedition">German Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abu_Tellul" title="Battle of Abu Tellul">Abu Tellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arara" title="Battle of Arara">2nd Arara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabsor" title="Battle of Tabsor">Tabsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tulkarm" title="Battle of Tulkarm">Tulkarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Afulah_and_Beisan" title="Capture of Afulah and Beisan">Afulah and Beisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nazareth" title="Battle of Nazareth">Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Jenin" title="Capture of Jenin">Jenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_(1918)" title="Battle of Haifa (1918)">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samakh" title="Battle of Samakh">Samakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Tiberias_(1918)" title="Capture of Tiberias (1918)">Tiberias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Irbid" title="Charge at Irbid">Irbid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jisr_Benat_Yakub" title="Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub">Jisr Benat Yakub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Kaukab" title="Charge at Kaukab">Kaukab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Damascus" title="Capture of Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Kiswe" title="Charge at Kiswe">Kiswe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Jisr_ed_Damieh" title="Capture of Jisr ed Damieh">Jisr ed Damieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sharqat" title="Battle of Sharqat">Sharqat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(1918)" title="Battle of Aleppo (1918)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Khan_Ayash" title="Charge at Khan Ayash">Khan Ayash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Amman" title="Second Battle of Amman">2nd Amman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Haritan" title="Charge at Haritan">Haritan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>For the battles before 1900 <i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire">List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs" title="Template:Wars and battles involving Serbs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs" title="Template talk:Wars and battles involving Serbs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wars and battles involving Serbs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Serbia" title="Military history of Serbia">Wars and battles involving Serbs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_wars_(medieval)" title="Bulgarian–Serbian wars (medieval)">Serbian–Bulgarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar%E2%80%93Serb_War_(839%E2%80%93842)" title="Bulgar–Serb War (839–842)">Bulgar–Serb War (839–842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar%E2%80%93Serb_War_(853)" title="Bulgar–Serb War (853)">Bulgar–Serb War (853)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_wars_of_917%E2%80%93924" title="Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924">Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaharija_of_Serbia#Rule" title="Zaharija of Serbia">Bulgarian–Serbian border revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_wars_(medieval)" title="Bulgarian–Serbian wars (medieval)">Bulgarian-Serb War (998)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1202)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgarian-Serbian War (1202) (page does not exist)">Bulgarian-Serbian War (1202)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1203)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgarian-Serbian War (1203) (page does not exist)">Bulgarian-Serbian War (1203)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1290)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgarian-Serbian War (1290) (page does not exist)">Bulgarian-Serbian War (1290)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1291)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgarian-Serbian War (1291) (page does not exist)">Bulgarian-Serbian War (1291)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1330)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330)">Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Velbazhd" title="Battle of Velbazhd">Battle of Velbazhd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_conflicts" title="List of Serbian–Ottoman conflicts">Serbian–Ottoman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Early skirmishes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli_(1312)" title="Battle of Gallipoli (1312)">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stephaniana" title="Battle of Stephaniana">Battle of Stephaniana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Demotika" title="Battle of Demotika">Battle of Demotika</a> in 1352</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C4%B1rp_S%C4%B1nd%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sırp Sındığı">Battle of Sırp Sındığı</a> in 1364</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Serbian_Empire" title="Fall of the Serbian Empire">Fall of the Serbian Empire</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maritsa" title="Battle of Maritsa">Battle of Maritsa</a> in 1371</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dubravnica" title="Battle of Dubravnica">Battle of Dubravnica</a> in 1381</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savra" title="Battle of Savra">Battle of Savra</a> in 1385</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plo%C4%8Dnik" title="Battle of Pločnik">Battle of Pločnik</a> in 1386</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> in 1389</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karanovasa" title="Battle of Karanovasa">Battle of Karanovasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripolje" title="Battle of Tripolje">Battle of Tripolje</a> in 1402</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novo_Brdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Novo Brdo">Siege of Novo Brdo</a> in 1412</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vitosha_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vitosha Pass (page does not exist)">Battle of Vitosha Pass</a> in 1413</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Carmorlu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Carmorlu (page does not exist)">Battle of Carmorlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Scutari_War" title="First Scutari War">First Scutari War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Scutari_War" title="Second Scutari War">Second Scutari War</a></li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1425</li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1427</li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1437</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trnava_(1430)" title="Battle of Trnava (1430)">Battle of Trnava (1430)</a></li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1438</li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1439–1444)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">Crusade of Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nish_(1443)" title="Battle of Nish (1443)">Battle of Nish (1443)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zlatitsa" title="Battle of Zlatitsa">Battle of Zlatitsa</a> in 1443</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunovica" title="Battle of Kunovica">Battle of Kunovica</a> in 1444</li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1454–1455)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kru%C5%A1evac" title="Battle of Kruševac">Battle of Kruševac</a> in 1454</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leskovac" title="Battle of Leskovac">Battle of Leskovac</a> in 1454</li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1456</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1456)">Siege of Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Smederevo_(1456)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Smederevo (1456) (page does not exist)">Siege of Smederevo</a></li> <li>Ottoman invasion and conquest of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> in 1459</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breadfield" title="Battle of Breadfield">Battle of Breadfield</a> in 1479</li></ul></li> <li>Ottoman conquest of <a href="/wiki/Zeta_under_the_Crnojevi%C4%87i" title="Zeta under the Crnojevići">Zeta</a> in 1499</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">Serbian–Byzantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serb_Uprising_of_1038%E2%80%931042&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serb Uprising of 1038–1042 (page does not exist)">Serb Uprising of 1038–1042</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bar" title="Battle of Bar">Battle of Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slav_Uprising_in_Pomoravlje" class="mw-redirect" title="Slav Uprising in Pomoravlje">Slav Uprising in Pomoravlje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zve%C4%8Dan" title="Battle of Zvečan">Battle of Zvečan</a> (1094)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haram" title="Battle of Haram">Battle of Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Ras_(1127)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Ras (1127) (page does not exist)">Siege of Ras (1127)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(1150)" title="Battle of Tara (1150)">Battle of Tara (1150)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Hungarian_War_(1149%E2%80%931155)" title="Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155)">Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brani%C4%8Devo" title="Siege of Braničevo">Siege of Braničevo</a> (1154)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pantina" title="Battle of Pantina">Battle of Pantina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Hungarian_War_(1127%E2%80%931129)" title="Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)">Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1321%E2%80%931328" title="Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328">Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328</a></li> <li>Serbian invasion of Macedonia led by <a href="/wiki/Syrgiannes_Palaiologos" title="Syrgiannes Palaiologos">Syrgiannes Palaiologos</a> (1334)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%931347" title="Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347">Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">Hungarian invasions of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar%E2%80%93Serb_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyar–Serb conflict">Magyar–Serb conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Hungarian_War_(1127%E2%80%931129)" title="Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)">Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirmium" title="Battle of Sirmium">Battle of Sirmium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gacko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gacko (page does not exist)">Battle of Gacko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C4%8Dva_War" title="Mačva War">Mačva War</a></li> <li>Hungarian–Serbian War (1321-1324)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Hum_(1326%E2%80%931329)" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Hum (1326–1329)">War of Hum (1326–1329)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_civil_war_of_1331" title="Serbian civil war of 1331">Serbian civil war of 1331</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nobility_conflict_(1369)" title="Serbian nobility conflict (1369)">Serbian nobility conflict (1369)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovine" title="Battle of Rovine">Battle of Rovine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Battle of Nicopolis">Battle of Nicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">Battle of Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosmidion" title="Battle of Kosmidion">Battle of Kosmidion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%87amurlu" title="Battle of Çamurlu">Battle of Çamurlu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Despotovac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Despotovac (page does not exist)">Battle of Despotovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1440)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1440)">Siege of Belgrade (1440)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_(1448)" title="Battle of Kosovo (1448)">Battle of Kosovo (1448)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Foreign rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburgs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Nenad" title="Jovan Nenad">Jovan Nenad</a>'s uprising</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_campaign_of_1527%E2%80%931528" title="Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528">Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sz%C5%91l%C5%91s" title="Battle of Szőlős">Battle of Szőlős</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sz%C5%91dfalva" title="Battle of Sződfalva">Battle of Sződfalva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Keresztes" title="Battle of Keresztes">Battle of Keresztes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1688)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1688)">Siege of Belgrade (1688)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bato%C4%8Dina" title="Battle of Batočina">Battle of Batočina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ni%C5%A1_(1689)" title="Battle of Niš (1689)">Battle of Niš (1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1690)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1690)">Siege of Belgrade (1690)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lugos" title="Battle of Lugos">Battle of Lugos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Gotthard_(1705)" title="Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705)">Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1716%E2%80%931718)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)">Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1717)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1717)">Siege of Belgrade (1717)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)">Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zsib%C3%B3" title="Battle of Zsibó">Battle of Zsibó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Trenčín">Battle of Trenčín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petrovaradin" title="Battle of Petrovaradin">Battle of Petrovaradin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Banja_Luka" title="Battle of Banja Luka">Battle of Banja Luka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1788%E2%80%931791)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)">Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_War_(Ottoman_wars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Long War (Ottoman wars)">Long War (Ottoman wars)</a> (1593–1606)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Banat Uprising">Banat Uprising</a> (1594)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serb_Uprising_of_1596%E2%80%931597&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serb Uprising of 1596–1597 (page does not exist)">Serb Uprising of 1596–1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs_(1687)" title="Battle of Mohács (1687)">Battle of Mohács (1687)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Vu%C4%8Ditrn" title="Uprising in Vučitrn">Uprising in Vučitrn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_uprising_of_1737%E2%80%931739" title="Serb uprising of 1737–1739">Serb uprising of 1737–1739</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C4%8Dina_Krajina_Serb_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion">Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martini%C4%87i_(1796)" title="Battle of Martinići (1796)">Battle of Martinići (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krusi" title="Battle of Krusi">Battle of Krusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lopate" title="Battle of Lopate">Battle of Lopate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morean_War" title="Morean War">Morean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">Cretan War (1645–1669)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_on_Vrtijeljka" title="Battle on Vrtijeljka">Battle on Vrtijeljka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slankamen" title="Battle of Slankamen">Battle of Slankamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zenta" title="Battle of Zenta">Battle of Senta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Hussar_Regiment" title="Serbian Hussar Regiment">Serbian Hussar Regiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign" title="Pruth River Campaign">Pruth River Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian Revolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising" title="First Serbian Uprising">First Serbian Uprising</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vra%C4%8Dar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vračar (page does not exist)">Vračar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Rudnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Rudnik (page does not exist)">Rudnik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Svileuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Svileuva (page does not exist)">Svileuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bato%C4%8Dina_and_Jagodina" title="Battles of Batočina and Jagodina">Batočina and Jagodina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kragujevac_(1804)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kragujevac (1804) (page does not exist)">Kragujevac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drlupa" title="Battle of Drlupa">Drlupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%8Coke%C5%A1ina" title="Battle of Čokešina">Čokešina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_%C5%A0abac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Šabac (page does not exist)">Šabac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Po%C5%BEarevac" title="Battle of Požarevac">Požarevac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Karanovac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Karanovac (page does not exist)">Karanovac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Adakale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Adakale (page does not exist)">Adakale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ivankovac" title="Battle of Ivankovac">Ivankovac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Rudnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Rudnik (page does not exist)">Rudnik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vrbica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vrbica (page does not exist)">Vrbica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mi%C5%A1ar" title="Battle of Mišar">Mišar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deligrad" title="Battle of Deligrad">Deligrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1806)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1806)">Belgrade (1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Belgrade_(1807)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Belgrade (1807) (page does not exist)">Liberation of Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Loznica_(1807)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Loznica (1807) (page does not exist)">Loznica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Malajnica_and_%C5%A0tubik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battles of Malajnica and Štubik (page does not exist)">Malajnica and Štubik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%8Cegar" title="Battle of Čegar">Čegar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jasika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Jasika (page does not exist)">Jasika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Prahovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Prahovo (page does not exist)">Prahovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suvodol" title="Battle of Suvodol">Suvodol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_on_the_Drina_(1810)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle on the Drina (1810) (page does not exist)">Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varvarin" title="Battle of Varvarin">Varvarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loznica" title="Battle of Loznica">Loznica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ma%C4%8Dva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mačva (page does not exist)">Mačva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ravnje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ravnje (page does not exist)">Ravnje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Had%C5%BEi_Prodan%27s_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadži Prodan's Revolt">Hadži Prodan's Revolt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Serbian_Uprising" title="Second Serbian Uprising">Second Serbian Uprising</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ljubi%C4%87" title="Battle of Ljubić">Ljubić</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C4%8Ca%C4%8Dak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Čačak (page does not exist)">Čačak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pale%C5%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Palež (page does not exist)">Palež</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Po%C5%BEarevac" title="Battle of Požarevac">Požarevac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Rudnik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Družetić</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Kragujevac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Jagodina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Karanovac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Batočina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Užice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Valjevo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Batočina</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;">Ottoman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1852%E2%80%931853)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853)">Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grahovac" title="Battle of Grahovac">Battle of Grahovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kola%C5%A1in" title="Battle of Kolašin">Battle of Kolašin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1861%E2%80%931862)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862)">Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)">Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vu%C4%8Dji_Do" title="Battle of Vučji Do">Battle of Vučji Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fundina" title="Battle of Fundina">Battle of Fundina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_for_Plav_and_Gusinje" title="Battles for Plav and Gusinje">Battles for Plav and Gusinje</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velika_attacks_(1879)" title="Velika attacks (1879)">Velika attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nov%C5%A1i%C4%87e" title="Battle of Novšiće">Battle of Novšiće</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Murino" title="Battle of Murino">Battle of Murino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_uprising" title="Kumanovo uprising">Kumanovo uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_1807%E2%80%931814" title="Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814">Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan%C4%8Di%C4%87%27s_rebellion" title="Jančić's rebellion">Jančić's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest_Jovica%27s_Rebellion" title="Priest Jovica's Rebellion">Priest Jovica's Rebellion</a></li> <li>Several battles of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vr%C5%A1ac_(1849)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vršac (1849) (page does not exist)">Battle of Vršac (1849)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Serbian-Turkish_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878)">Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878)</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vranje" title="Battle of Vranje">Battle of Vranje</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cattaro" title="Siege of Cattaro">Siege of Cattaro</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(1852%E2%80%931862)" title="Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862)">Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krivo%C5%A1ije_uprising_(1869)" title="Krivošije uprising (1869)">Krivošije uprising (1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">AU-BiH War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jajce_(1878)" title="Battle of Jajce (1878)">Battle of Jajce (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vitez_(1878)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vitez (1878) (page does not exist)">Battle of Vitez (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarajevo_(1878)" title="Battle of Sarajevo (1878)">Battle of Sarajevo (1878)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War" title="Serbo-Bulgarian War">Serbo-Bulgarian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pirot" title="Battle of Pirot">Battle of Pirot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slivnitsa" title="Battle of Slivnitsa">Battle of Slivnitsa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fight_on_%C5%A0uplji_Kamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight on Šuplji Kamen">Fight on Šuplji Kamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_on_%C4%8Celopek" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight on Čelopek">Fight on Čelopek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_in_Tabanovce" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight in Tabanovce">Fight in Tabanovce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_in_Velika_Ho%C4%8Da" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight in Velika Hoča">Fight in Velika Hoča</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fight_on_%C4%8Celopek_(1906)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fight on Čelopek (1906) (page does not exist)">Fight on Čelopek (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pirot_(1913)" title="Battle of Pirot (1913)">Battle of Pirot (1913)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></b> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Battle of Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Battle of Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912-1913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Scutari (1912-1913)">Siege of Scutari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(1913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Adrianople (1913)">Siege of Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odrin_(1912%E2%80%931913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Odrin (1912–1913)">Siege of Odrin (1912–1913)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bregalnica" title="Battle of Bregalnica">Battle of Bregalnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalimanci" title="Battle of Kalimanci">Battle of Kalimanci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knja%C5%BEevac" title="Battle of Knjaževac">Battle of Knjaževac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vidin_(1913)" title="Siege of Vidin (1913)">Siege of Vidin (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid%E2%80%93Debar_uprising" title="Ohrid–Debar uprising">Ohrid–Debar uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_campaign" title="Montenegrin campaign">Montenegrin campaign</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mojkovac" title="Battle of Mojkovac">Battle of Mojkovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lov%C4%87en" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lovćen">Battle of Lovćen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbian campaign</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crna_Bend_(1916)" title="Battle of the Crna Bend (1916)">Battle of the Crna Bend (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bazargic" title="Battle of Bazargic">Battle of Bazargic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dobro_Pole" title="Battle of Dobro Pole">Battle of Dobro Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Drina" title="Battle of the Drina">Battle of the Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Florina" title="Battle of Florina">Battle of Florina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaymakchalan" title="Battle of Kaymakchalan">Battle of Kaymakchalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive (1915)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Serbia,_Albania_and_Montenegro_(1918)" title="Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)">Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malka_Nidzhe" title="Battle of Malka Nidzhe">Battle of Malka Nidzhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morava_Offensive" title="Morava Offensive">Morava Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ov%C4%8De_Pole_Offensive" title="Ovče Pole Offensive">Ovče Pole Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srem_Offensive" title="Srem Offensive">Srem Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toplica_Uprising" title="Toplica Uprising">Toplica Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Slovene_conflict_in_Carinthia" title="Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia">Carinthia War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_National_Defence_of_Kosovo#Activity_in_Yugoslavia" title="Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo">Uprising in Drenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Uprising" title="Christmas Uprising">Christmas Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian-Yugoslav_Border_War_(1921)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921)">Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azem_Galica#Resistance_against_Yugoslavia" title="Azem Galica">Drenica-Junik Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Serbia_(1941)" title="Uprising in Serbia (1941)">Uprising in Serbia (1941)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Montenegro_(1941)" title="Uprising in Montenegro (1941)">Uprising in Montenegro (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1941_uprising_in_eastern_Herzegovina" title="June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina">June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_Pazar" title="Battle of Novi Pazar">Battle of Novi Pazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pljevlja" title="Battle of Pljevlja">Battle of Pljevlja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kozara" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kozara">Battle of Kozara</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loznica_(1941)" title="Battle of Loznica (1941)">Battle of Loznica (1941)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Livno" title="Battle of Livno">Battle of Livno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neretva" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Neretva">Battle of Neretva</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sutjeska" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Sutjeska">Battle of the Sutjeska</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Drvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Drvar">Raid on Drvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knin" title="Battle of Knin">Battle of Knin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mostar" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mostar">Battle of Mostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lijev%C4%8De_Field" title="Battle of Lijevče Field">Battle of Lijevče Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Montenegro_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="1942 Montenegro offensive">1942 Montenegro offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihać Operation">Bihać Operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Batina" title="Battle of Batina">Battle of Batina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgrade Offensive">Belgrade Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Banja_Kovilja%C4%8Da" title="Capture of Banja Koviljača">Capture of Banja Koviljača</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Black" title="Case Black">Case Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_White" title="Case White">Case White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Draufg%C3%A4nger" title="Operation Draufgänger">Operation Draufgänger</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kozara_Offensive" title="Kozara Offensive">Kozara Offensive</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1942)" title="Battle of Kupres (1942)">Battle of Kupres (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vi%C5%A1egrad" title="Battle of Višegrad">Battle of Višegrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostar_operation" title="Mostar operation">Mostar operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagykanizsa%E2%80%93K%C3%B6rmend_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive">Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_operation" title="Niš operation">Niš operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Od%C5%BEak" title="Battle of Odžak">Battle of Odžak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Olovo_(1941)" title="Capture of Olovo (1941)">Capture of Olovo (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Alfa" title="Operation Alfa">Operation Alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Delphin" title="Operation Delphin">Operation Delphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kopaonik" title="Operation Kopaonik">Operation Kopaonik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kugelblitz" title="Operation Kugelblitz">Operation Kugelblitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mihailovic" title="Operation Mihailovic">Operation Mihailovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Southeast_Croatia" title="Operation Southeast Croatia">Operation Southeast Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Trio" title="Operation Trio">Operation Trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uzice" title="Operation Uzice">Operation Uzice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poljana" title="Battle of Poljana">Battle of Poljana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prijedor" title="Operation Prijedor">Operation Prijedor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rogatica_(1941)" title="Siege of Rogatica (1941)">Siege of Rogatica (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_R%C3%B6sselsprung_(1944)" title="Operation Rösselsprung (1944)">Operation Rösselsprung (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Operation_(1944)" title="Kosovo Operation (1944)">Kosovo Operation (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening" title="Operation Spring Awakening">Operation Spring Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srb_uprising" title="Srb uprising">Srb uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratsin-Kumanovo_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratsin-Kumanovo operation">Stratsin-Kumanovo operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zvornik" title="Battle of Zvornik">Battle of Zvornik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sarajevo (1945)">Battle of Sarajevo (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zelengora" title="Battle of Zelengora">Battle of Zelengora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;">Croatian War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakrac_clash" title="Pakrac clash">Pakrac clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plitvice_Lakes_incident" title="Plitvice Lakes incident">Plitvice Lakes incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borovo_Selo" title="Battle of Borovo Selo">Battle of Borovo Selo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stinger" title="Operation Stinger">Operation Stinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Yugoslav_campaign_in_Croatia" title="1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia">1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osijek" title="Battle of Osijek">Battle of Osijek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">Battle of Vukovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gospi%C4%87" title="Battle of Gospić">Battle of Gospić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%A0ibenik" title="Battle of Šibenik">Battle of Šibenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zadar" title="Battle of Zadar">Battle of Zadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kusonje" title="Battle of Kusonje">Battle of Kusonje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barracks" title="Battle of the Barracks">Battle of the Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vara%C5%BEdin_Barracks" title="Siege of Varaždin Barracks">Siege of Varaždin Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bjelovar_Barracks" title="Siege of Bjelovar Barracks">Siege of Bjelovar Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dalmatian_Channels" title="Battle of the Dalmatian Channels">Battle of the Dalmatian Channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik" title="Siege of Dubrovnik">Siege of Dubrovnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Otkos_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Otkos 10">Operation Otkos 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Orkan_91" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Orkan 91">Operation Orkan 91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Whirlwind" title="Operation Whirlwind">Operation Whirlwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Baranja" title="Operation Baranja">Operation Baranja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackal" title="Operation Jackal">Operation Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Miljevci_Plateau" title="Battle of the Miljevci Plateau">Battle of the Miljevci Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1992)" title="Operation Tiger (1992)">Operation Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Maslenica" title="Operation Maslenica">Operation Maslenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Medak_Pocket" title="Operation Medak Pocket">Operation Medak Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794" title="Operation Winter '94">Operation Winter '94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flash" title="Operation Flash">Operation Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795" title="Operation Summer '95">Operation Summer '95</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Operation Storm</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;">Bosnian War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosanski_Brod" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bosanski Brod">Battle of Bosanski Brod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1992)" title="Battle of Kupres (1992)">Battle of Kupres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">Siege of Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Srebrenica" title="Siege of Srebrenica">Siege of Srebrenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gora%C5%BEde" title="Siege of Goražde">Siege of Goražde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Doboj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Doboj">Siege of Doboj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackal" title="Operation Jackal">Operation Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_(1992%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Bihać (1992–95)">Siege of Bihać (1992–95)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vrbas_%2792" title="Operation Vrbas '92">Operation Vrbas '92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Corridor_92" title="Operation Corridor 92">Operation Corridor 92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bura" title="Operation Bura">Operation Bura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kravica_attack_(1993)" title="Kravica attack (1993)">Kravica attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mostar" title="Siege of Mostar">Siege of Mostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Irma" title="Operation Irma">Operation Irma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_B%C3%B8llebank" title="Operation Bøllebank">Operation Bøllebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1994)" title="Operation Tiger (1994)">Operation Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1994)" title="Battle of Kupres (1994)">Battle of Kupres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Amanda" title="Operation Amanda">Operation Amanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spider" title="Operation Spider">Operation Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794" title="Operation Winter '94">Operation Winter '94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Vla%C5%A1i%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Vlašić">Battle of Vlašić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 1">Operation Leap 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ora%C5%A1je" title="Battle of Orašje">Battle of Orašje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 2">Operation Leap 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795" title="Operation Summer '95">Operation Summer '95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vrbanja_Bridge" title="Battle of Vrbanja Bridge">Battle of Vrbanja Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vozu%C4%87a" title="Battle of Vozuća">Battle of Vozuća</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Miracle_(1995)" title="Operation Miracle (1995)">Operation Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mistral_2" title="Operation Mistral 2">Operation Mistral 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sana" title="Operation Sana">Operation Sana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Una" title="Operation Una">Operation Una</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Move" title="Operation Southern Move">Operation Southern Move</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina">NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_Pale_air_strikes" title="1995 Pale air strikes">1995 Pale air strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight" title="Operation Deny Flight">Operation Deny Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force" title="Operation Deliberate Force">Operation Deliberate Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Maritime_Monitor" title="Operation Maritime Monitor">Operation Maritime Monitor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;">Kosovo War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Kosovo_(1995%E2%80%931998)" title="Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–1998)">Insurgency in Kosovo</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_incident_(December_1998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998)">Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_incident_(April_1999)" title="Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999)">Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_23,_1998,_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_ambush" title="April 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush">April 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Orahovac" title="Attack on Orahovac">Attack on Orahovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Prekaz" title="Attack on Prekaz">Attack on Prekaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lo%C4%91a" title="Battle of Lođa">Battle of Lođa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oraovica" title="Battle of Oraovica">Battle of Oraovica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bela%C4%87evac_Mine" title="Battle of Belaćevac Mine">Battle of Belaćevac Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Podujevo" title="Battle of Podujevo">Battle of Podujevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_14,_1998,_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_ambush" title="December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush">December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glo%C4%91ane" title="Battle of Glođane">Battle of Glođane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18,_1998,_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_clashes" title="July 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes">July 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Junik" title="Battle of Junik">Battle of Junik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ko%C5%A1are" title="Battle of Košare">Battle of Košare</a></li> <li><b> <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">Insurgency in the Preševo Valley</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prizren_incident_(1999)" title="Prizren incident (1999)">Prizren incident (1999)</a></li> <li><b> <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dubrava_Prison_bombings_and_executions" title="Dubrava Prison bombings and executions">Dubrava Prison bombings and executions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_F-117A_shootdown" title="1999 F-117A shootdown">1999 F-117A shootdown</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peacekeeping" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" 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