CINXE.COM

Tag - The Japan Times

<!DOCTYPE html> <html itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <title> Tag - The Japan Times </title> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/theme_japantimes/images/favicon.ico"/> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="ROBOTS" content="index,follow"> <meta name="language" content="en"> <meta name="copyright" content="The Japan Times"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive"> <meta name="description" content="News on Japan, Business News, Opinion, Sports, Entertainment and More tag" /> <meta name="keywords" content="Japan news, breaking news, Japan" /> <meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=0' > <meta property="og:title" content=" "/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:description" content="News on Japan, Business News, Opinion, Sports, Entertainment and More tag" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/bilingual/?type=column" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="The Japan Times "/> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2024-11-29T14:32:01+09:00"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1285"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="857"> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="The Japan Times"> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:title" content=" "> <meta name="twitter:description" content="News on Japan, Business News, Opinion, Sports, Entertainment and More tag"> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@japantimes"> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@japantimes"> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png"> <meta name="DC.title" lang="en" content=" " /> <meta name="DC.description" lang="en" content="News on Japan, Business News, Opinion, Sports, Entertainment and More tag"/> <meta name="DC.date" content="2024-11-29" /> <meta name="DC.date.issued" content="2024-11-29" /> <meta name="DC.creator" content="The Japan Times" /> <meta name="DC.publisher" content="The Japan Times" /> <meta name="DC.language" content="en" /> <link href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/bilingual" rel="canonical" /> <script async id="ebx" src="//applets.ebxcdn.com/ebx.js" data-applet-id="tscqcttc"></script> <script type='application/ld+json'> { "keywords": "[Japan news, breaking news, Japan]", "headline": " ", "description": "News on Japan, Business News, Opinion, Sports, Entertainment and More tag", "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Website", "inLanguage":"en", "url": "https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/bilingual", "sameAs": ["https://twitter.com/japantimes","https://www.facebook.com/thejapantimes","https://www.instagram.com/thejapantimes/?hl=en","https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-japan-times"], "@id": "https://www.japantimes.co.jp/#organization", "name": "The Japan Times", "logo": "https://www.japantimes.co.jp/theme_japantimes/images/logo.svg" } </script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KR282M'); </script> <!-- Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google Analytics --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-PFG2Q35R7H"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag() {dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); setTimeout("gtag('event', '15_sec_read', {'Read':'15 sec'})",15000 ); setTimeout("gtag('event', '30_sec_read', {'Read':'30 sec'})",30000 ); gtag('config', 'G-PFG2Q35R7H'); </script> <script> var is_mobile = /*! jQuery v3.5.1 | (c) JS Foundation and other contributors | jquery.org/license */ !function(e,t){"object"==typeof module&&"object"==typeof module.exports?module.exports=e.document?t(e,!0):function(e){if(!e.document){throw new Error("jQuery requires a window with a document")}return t(e)}:t(e)}("undefined"!=typeof window?window:this,function(C,e){var t=[],r=Object.getPrototypeOf,s=t.slice,g=t.flat?function(e){return t.flat.call(e)}:function(e){return t.concat.apply([],e)},u=t.push,i=t.indexOf,n={},o=n.toString,v=n.hasOwnProperty,a=v.toString,l=a.call(Object),y={},m=function(e){return"function"==typeof e&&"number"!=typeof e.nodeType},x=function(e){return null!=e&&e===e.window},E=C.document,c={type:!0,src:!0,nonce:!0,noModule:!0};function b(e,t,n){var r,i,o=(n=n||E).createElement("script");if(o.text=e,t){for(r in c){(i=t[r]||t.getAttribute&&t.getAttribute(r))&&o.setAttribute(r,i)}}n.head.appendChild(o).parentNode.removeChild(o)}function w(e){return null==e?e+"":"object"==typeof e||"function"==typeof e?n[o.call(e)]||"object":typeof e}var f="3.5.1",S=function(e,t){return new S.fn.init(e,t)};function p(e){var t=!!e&&"length" in e&&e.length,n=w(e);return !m(e)&&!x(e)&&("array"===n||0===t||"number"==typeof t&&0<t&&t-1 in e)}S.fn=S.prototype={jquery:f,constructor:S,length:0,toArray:function(){return s.call(this)},get:function(e){return null==e?s.call(this):e<0?this[e+this.length]:this[e]},pushStack:function(e){var t=S.merge(this.constructor(),e);return t.prevObject=this,t},each:function(e){return S.each(this,e)},map:function(n){return this.pushStack(S.map(this,function(e,t){return n.call(e,t,e)}))},slice:function(){return this.pushStack(s.apply(this,arguments))},first:function(){return this.eq(0)},last:function(){return this.eq(-1)},even:function(){return this.pushStack(S.grep(this,function(e,t){return(t+1)%2}))},odd:function(){return this.pushStack(S.grep(this,function(e,t){return t%2}))},eq:function(e){var t=this.length,n=+e+(e<0?t:0);return this.pushStack(0<=n&&n<t?[this[n]]:[])},end:function(){return this.prevObject||this.constructor()},push:u,sort:t.sort,splice:t.splice},S.extend=S.fn.extend=function(){var e,t,n,r,i,o,a=arguments[0]||{},s=1,u=arguments.length,l=!1;for("boolean"==typeof a&&(l=a,a=arguments[s]||{},s++),"object"==typeof a||m(a)||(a={}),s===u&&(a=this,s--);s<u;s++){if(null!=(e=arguments[s])){for(t in e){r=e[t],"__proto__"!==t&&a!==r&&(l&&r&&(S.isPlainObject(r)||(i=Array.isArray(r)))?(n=a[t],o=i&&!Array.isArray(n)?[]:i||S.isPlainObject(n)?n:{},i=!1,a[t]=S.extend(l,o,r)):void 0!==r&&(a[t]=r))}}}return a},S.extend({expando:"jQuery"+(f+Math.random()).replace(/\D/g,""),isReady:!0,error:function(e){throw new Error(e)},noop:function(){},isPlainObject:function(e){var t,n;return !(!e||"[object Object]"!==o.call(e))&&(!(t=r(e))||"function"==typeof(n=v.call(t,"constructor")&&t.constructor)&&a.call(n)===l)},isEmptyObject:function(e){var t;for(t in e){return !1}return !0},globalEval:function(e,t,n){b(e,{nonce:t&&t.nonce},n)},each:function(e,t){var n,r=0;if(p(e)){for(n=e.length;r<n;r++){if(!1===t.call(e[r],r,e[r])){break}}}else{for(r in e){if(!1===t.call(e[r],r,e[r])){break}}}return e},makeArray:function(e,t){var n=t||[];return null!=e&&(p(Object(e))?S.merge(n,"string"==typeof e?[e]:e):u.call(n,e)),n},inArray:function(e,t,n){return null==t?-1:i.call(t,e,n)},merge:function(e,t){for(var n=+t.length,r=0,i=e.length;r<n;r++){e[i++]=t[r]}return e.length=i,e},grep:function(e,t,n){for(var r=[],i=0,o=e.length,a=!n;i<o;i++){!t(e[i],i)!==a&&r.push(e[i])}return r},map:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=0,a=[];if(p(e)){for(r=e.length;o<r;o++){null!=(i=t(e[o],o,n))&&a.push(i)}}else{for(o in e){null!=(i=t(e[o],o,n))&&a.push(i)}}return g(a)},guid:1,support:y}),"function"==typeof Symbol&&(S.fn[Symbol.iterator]=t[Symbol.iterator]),S.each("Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object Error Symbol".split(" "),function(e,t){n["[object "+t+"]"]=t.toLowerCase()});var d=function(n){var e,d,b,o,i,h,f,g,w,u,l,T,C,a,E,v,s,c,y,S="sizzle"+1*new Date,p=n.document,k=0,r=0,m=ue(),x=ue(),A=ue(),N=ue(),D=function(e,t){return e===t&&(l=!0),0},j={}.hasOwnProperty,t=[],q=t.pop,L=t.push,H=t.push,O=t.slice,P=function(e,t){for(var n=0,r=e.length;n<r;n++){if(e[n]===t){return n}}return -1},R="checked|selected|async|autofocus|autoplay|controls|defer|disabled|hidden|ismap|loop|multiple|open|readonly|required|scoped",M="[\\x20\\t\\r\\n\\f]",I="(?:\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}"+M+"?|\\\\[^\\r\\n\\f]|[\\w-]|[^\0-\\x7f])+",W="\\["+M+"*("+I+")(?:"+M+"*([*^$|!~]?=)"+M+"*(?:'((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\"|("+I+"))|)"+M+"*\\]",F=":("+I+")(?:\\((('((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\'])*)'|\"((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\\"])*)\")|((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\()[\\]]|"+W+")*)|.*)\\)|)",B=new RegExp(M+"+","g"),$=new RegExp("^"+M+"+|((?:^|[^\\\\])(?:\\\\.)*)"+M+"+$","g"),_=new RegExp("^"+M+"*,"+M+"*"),z=new RegExp("^"+M+"*([>+~]|"+M+")"+M+"*"),U=new RegExp(M+"|>"),X=new RegExp(F),V=new RegExp("^"+I+"$"),G={ID:new RegExp("^#("+I+")"),CLASS:new RegExp("^\\.("+I+")"),TAG:new RegExp("^("+I+"|[*])"),ATTR:new RegExp("^"+W),PSEUDO:new RegExp("^"+F),CHILD:new RegExp("^:(only|first|last|nth|nth-last)-(child|of-type)(?:\\("+M+"*(even|odd|(([+-]|)(\\d*)n|)"+M+"*(?:([+-]|)"+M+"*(\\d+)|))"+M+"*\\)|)","i"),bool:new RegExp("^(?:"+R+")$","i"),needsContext:new RegExp("^"+M+"*[>+~]|:(even|odd|eq|gt|lt|nth|first|last)(?:\\("+M+"*((?:-\\d)?\\d*)"+M+"*\\)|)(?=[^-]|$)","i")},Y=/HTML$/i,Q=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i,J=/^h\d$/i,K=/^[^{]+\{\s*\[native \w/,Z=/^(?:#([\w-]+)|(\w+)|\.([\w-]+))$/,ee=/[+~]/,te=new RegExp("\\\\[\\da-fA-F]{1,6}"+M+"?|\\\\([^\\r\\n\\f])","g"),ne=function(e,t){var n="0x"+e.slice(1)-65536;return t||(n<0?String.fromCharCode(n+65536):String.fromCharCode(n>>10|55296,1023&n|56320))},re=/([\0-\x1f\x7f]|^-?\d)|^-$|[^\0-\x1f\x7f-\uFFFF\w-]/g,ie=function(e,t){return t?"\0"===e?"\ufffd":e.slice(0,-1)+"\\"+e.charCodeAt(e.length-1).toString(16)+" ":"\\"+e},oe=function(){T()},ae=be(function(e){return !0===e.disabled&&"fieldset"===e.nodeName.toLowerCase()},{dir:"parentNode",next:"legend"});try{H.apply(t=O.call(p.childNodes),p.childNodes),t[p.childNodes.length].nodeType}catch(e){H={apply:t.length?function(e,t){L.apply(e,O.call(t))}:function(e,t){var n=e.length,r=0;while(e[n++]=t[r++]){}e.length=n-1}}}function se(t,e,n,r){var i,o,a,s,u,l,c,f=e&&e.ownerDocument,p=e?e.nodeType:9;if(n=n||[],"string"!=typeof t||!t||1!==p&&9!==p&&11!==p){return n}if(!r&&(T(e),e=e||C,E)){if(11!==p&&(u=Z.exec(t))){if(i=u[1]){if(9===p){if(!(a=e.getElementById(i))){return n}if(a.id===i){return n.push(a),n}}else{if(f&&(a=f.getElementById(i))&&y(e,a)&&a.id===i){return n.push(a),n}}}else{if(u[2]){return H.apply(n,e.getElementsByTagName(t)),n}if((i=u[3])&&d.getElementsByClassName&&e.getElementsByClassName){return H.apply(n,e.getElementsByClassName(i)),n}}}if(d.qsa&&!N[t+" "]&&(!v||!v.test(t))&&(1!==p||"object"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())){if(c=t,f=e,1===p&&(U.test(t)||z.test(t))){(f=ee.test(t)&&ye(e.parentNode)||e)===e&&d.scope||((s=e.getAttribute("id"))?s=s.replace(re,ie):e.setAttribute("id",s=S)),o=(l=h(t)).length;while(o--){l[o]=(s?"#"+s:":scope")+" "+xe(l[o])}c=l.join(",")}try{return H.apply(n,f.querySelectorAll(c)),n}catch(e){N(t,!0)}finally{s===S&&e.removeAttribute("id")}}}return g(t.replace($,"$1"),e,n,r)}function ue(){var r=[];return function e(t,n){return r.push(t+" ")>b.cacheLength&&delete e[r.shift()],e[t+" "]=n}}function le(e){return e[S]=!0,e}function ce(e){var t=C.createElement("fieldset");try{return !!e(t)}catch(e){return !1}finally{t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.removeChild(t),t=null}}function fe(e,t){var n=e.split("|"),r=n.length;while(r--){b.attrHandle[n[r]]=t}}function pe(e,t){var n=t&&e,r=n&&1===e.nodeType&&1===t.nodeType&&e.sourceIndex-t.sourceIndex;if(r){return r}if(n){while(n=n.nextSibling){if(n===t){return -1}}}return e?1:-1}function de(t){return function(e){return"input"===e.nodeName.toLowerCase()&&e.type===t}}function he(n){return function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return("input"===t||"button"===t)&&e.type===n}}function ge(t){return function(e){return"form" in e?e.parentNode&&!1===e.disabled?"label" in e?"label" in e.parentNode?e.parentNode.disabled===t:e.disabled===t:e.isDisabled===t||e.isDisabled!==!t&&ae(e)===t:e.disabled===t:"label" in e&&e.disabled===t}}function ve(a){return le(function(o){return o=+o,le(function(e,t){var n,r=a([],e.length,o),i=r.length;while(i--){e[n=r[i]]&&(e[n]=!(t[n]=e[n]))}})})}function ye(e){return e&&"undefined"!=typeof e.getElementsByTagName&&e}for(e in d=se.support={},i=se.isXML=function(e){var t=e.namespaceURI,n=(e.ownerDocument||e).documentElement;return !Y.test(t||n&&n.nodeName||"HTML")},T=se.setDocument=function(e){var t,n,r=e?e.ownerDocument||e:p;return r!=C&&9===r.nodeType&&r.documentElement&&(a=(C=r).documentElement,E=!i(C),p!=C&&(n=C.defaultView)&&n.top!==n&&(n.addEventListener?n.addEventListener("unload",oe,!1):n.attachEvent&&n.attachEvent("onunload",oe)),d.scope=ce(function(e){return a.appendChild(e).appendChild(C.createElement("div")),"undefined"!=typeof e.querySelectorAll&&!e.querySelectorAll(":scope fieldset div").length}),d.attributes=ce(function(e){return e.className="i",!e.getAttribute("className")}),d.getElementsByTagName=ce(function(e){return e.appendChild(C.createComment("")),!e.getElementsByTagName("*").length}),d.getElementsByClassName=K.test(C.getElementsByClassName),d.getById=ce(function(e){return a.appendChild(e).id=S,!C.getElementsByName||!C.getElementsByName(S).length}),d.getById?(b.filter.ID=function(e){var t=e.replace(te,ne);return function(e){return e.getAttribute("id")===t}},b.find.ID=function(e,t){if("undefined"!=typeof t.getElementById&&E){var n=t.getElementById(e);return n?[n]:[]}}):(b.filter.ID=function(e){var n=e.replace(te,ne);return function(e){var t="undefined"!=typeof e.getAttributeNode&&e.getAttributeNode("id");return t&&t.value===n}},b.find.ID=function(e,t){if("undefined"!=typeof t.getElementById&&E){var n,r,i,o=t.getElementById(e);if(o){if((n=o.getAttributeNode("id"))&&n.value===e){return[o]}i=t.getElementsByName(e),r=0;while(o=i[r++]){if((n=o.getAttributeNode("id"))&&n.value===e){return[o]}}}return[]}}),b.find.TAG=d.getElementsByTagName?function(e,t){return"undefined"!=typeof t.getElementsByTagName?t.getElementsByTagName(e):d.qsa?t.querySelectorAll(e):void 0}:function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=0,o=t.getElementsByTagName(e);if("*"===e){while(n=o[i++]){1===n.nodeType&&r.push(n)}return r}return o},b.find.CLASS=d.getElementsByClassName&&function(e,t){if("undefined"!=typeof t.getElementsByClassName&&E){return t.getElementsByClassName(e)}},s=[],v=[],(d.qsa=K.test(C.querySelectorAll))&&(ce(function(e){var t;a.appendChild(e).innerHTML="<a id='"+S+"'></a><select id='"+S+"-\r\\' msallowcapture=''><option selected=''></option></select>",e.querySelectorAll("[msallowcapture^='']").length&&v.push("[*^$]="+M+"*(?:''|\"\")"),e.querySelectorAll("[selected]").length||v.push("\\["+M+"*(?:value|"+R+")"),e.querySelectorAll("[id~="+S+"-]").length||v.push("~="),(t=C.createElement("input")).setAttribute("name",""),e.appendChild(t),e.querySelectorAll("[name='']").length||v.push("\\["+M+"*name"+M+"*="+M+"*(?:''|\"\")"),e.querySelectorAll(":checked").length||v.push(":checked"),e.querySelectorAll("a#"+S+"+*").length||v.push(".#.+[+~]"),e.querySelectorAll("\\\f"),v.push("[\\r\\n\\f]")}),ce(function(e){e.innerHTML="<a href='' disabled='disabled'></a><select disabled='disabled'><option/></select>";var t=C.createElement("input");t.setAttribute("type","hidden"),e.appendChild(t).setAttribute("name","D"),e.querySelectorAll("[name=d]").length&&v.push("name"+M+"*[*^$|!~]?="),2!==e.querySelectorAll(":enabled").length&&v.push(":enabled",":disabled"),a.appendChild(e).disabled=!0,2!==e.querySelectorAll(":disabled").length&&v.push(":enabled",":disabled"),e.querySelectorAll("*,:x"),v.push(",.*:")})),(d.matchesSelector=K.test(c=a.matches||a.webkitMatchesSelector||a.mozMatchesSelector||a.oMatchesSelector||a.msMatchesSelector))&&ce(function(e){d.disconnectedMatch=c.call(e,"*"),c.call(e,"[s!='']:x"),s.push("!=",F)}),v=v.length&&new RegExp(v.join("|")),s=s.length&&new RegExp(s.join("|")),t=K.test(a.compareDocumentPosition),y=t||K.test(a.contains)?function(e,t){var n=9===e.nodeType?e.documentElement:e,r=t&&t.parentNode;return e===r||!(!r||1!==r.nodeType||!(n.contains?n.contains(r):e.compareDocumentPosition&&16&e.compareDocumentPosition(r)))}:function(e,t){if(t){while(t=t.parentNode){if(t===e){return !0}}}return !1},D=t?function(e,t){if(e===t){return l=!0,0}var n=!e.compareDocumentPosition-!t.compareDocumentPosition;return n||(1&(n=(e.ownerDocument||e)==(t.ownerDocument||t)?e.compareDocumentPosition(t):1)||!d.sortDetached&&t.compareDocumentPosition(e)===n?e==C||e.ownerDocument==p&&y(p,e)?-1:t==C||t.ownerDocument==p&&y(p,t)?1:u?P(u,e)-P(u,t):0:4&n?-1:1)}:function(e,t){if(e===t){return l=!0,0}var n,r=0,i=e.parentNode,o=t.parentNode,a=[e],s=[t];if(!i||!o){return e==C?-1:t==C?1:i?-1:o?1:u?P(u,e)-P(u,t):0}if(i===o){return pe(e,t)}n=e;while(n=n.parentNode){a.unshift(n)}n=t;while(n=n.parentNode){s.unshift(n)}while(a[r]===s[r]){r++}return r?pe(a[r],s[r]):a[r]==p?-1:s[r]==p?1:0}),C},se.matches=function(e,t){return se(e,null,null,t)},se.matchesSelector=function(e,t){if(T(e),d.matchesSelector&&E&&!N[t+" "]&&(!s||!s.test(t))&&(!v||!v.test(t))){try{var n=c.call(e,t);if(n||d.disconnectedMatch||e.document&&11!==e.document.nodeType){return n}}catch(e){N(t,!0)}}return 0<se(t,C,null,[e]).length},se.contains=function(e,t){return(e.ownerDocument||e)!=C&&T(e),y(e,t)},se.attr=function(e,t){(e.ownerDocument||e)!=C&&T(e);var n=b.attrHandle[t.toLowerCase()],r=n&&j.call(b.attrHandle,t.toLowerCase())?n(e,t,!E):void 0;return void 0!==r?r:d.attributes||!E?e.getAttribute(t):(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null},se.escape=function(e){return(e+"").replace(re,ie)},se.error=function(e){throw new Error("Syntax error, unrecognized expression: "+e)},se.uniqueSort=function(e){var t,n=[],r=0,i=0;if(l=!d.detectDuplicates,u=!d.sortStable&&e.slice(0),e.sort(D),l){while(t=e[i++]){t===e[i]&&(r=n.push(i))}while(r--){e.splice(n[r],1)}}return u=null,e},o=se.getText=function(e){var t,n="",r=0,i=e.nodeType;if(i){if(1===i||9===i||11===i){if("string"==typeof e.textContent){return e.textContent}for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling){n+=o(e)}}else{if(3===i||4===i){return e.nodeValue}}}else{while(t=e[r++]){n+=o(t)}}return n},(b=se.selectors={cacheLength:50,createPseudo:le,match:G,attrHandle:{},find:{},relative:{">":{dir:"parentNode",first:!0}," ":{dir:"parentNode"},"+":{dir:"previousSibling",first:!0},"~":{dir:"previousSibling"}},preFilter:{ATTR:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].replace(te,ne),e[3]=(e[3]||e[4]||e[5]||"").replace(te,ne),"~="===e[2]&&(e[3]=" "+e[3]+" "),e.slice(0,4)},CHILD:function(e){return e[1]=e[1].toLowerCase(),"nth"===e[1].slice(0,3)?(e[3]||se.error(e[0]),e[4]=+(e[4]?e[5]+(e[6]||1):2*("even"===e[3]||"odd"===e[3])),e[5]=+(e[7]+e[8]||"odd"===e[3])):e[3]&&se.error(e[0]),e},PSEUDO:function(e){var t,n=!e[6]&&e[2];return G.CHILD.test(e[0])?null:(e[3]?e[2]=e[4]||e[5]||"":n&&X.test(n)&&(t=h(n,!0))&&(t=n.indexOf(")",n.length-t)-n.length)&&(e[0]=e[0].slice(0,t),e[2]=n.slice(0,t)),e.slice(0,3))}},filter:{TAG:function(e){var t=e.replace(te,ne).toLowerCase();return"*"===e?function(){return !0}:function(e){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t}},CLASS:function(e){var t=m[e+" "];return t||(t=new RegExp("(^|"+M+")"+e+"("+M+"|$)"))&&m(e,function(e){return t.test("string"==typeof e.className&&e.className||"undefined"!=typeof e.getAttribute&&e.getAttribute("class")||"")})},ATTR:function(n,r,i){return function(e){var t=se.attr(e,n);return null==t?"!="===r:!r||(t+="","="===r?t===i:"!="===r?t!==i:"^="===r?i&&0===t.indexOf(i):"*="===r?i&&-1<t.indexOf(i):"$="===r?i&&t.slice(-i.length)===i:"~="===r?-1<(" "+t.replace(B," ")+" ").indexOf(i):"|="===r&&(t===i||t.slice(0,i.length+1)===i+"-"))}},CHILD:function(h,e,t,g,v){var y="nth"!==h.slice(0,3),m="last"!==h.slice(-4),x="of-type"===e;return 1===g&&0===v?function(e){return !!e.parentNode}:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,u,l=y!==m?"nextSibling":"previousSibling",c=e.parentNode,f=x&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase(),p=!n&&!x,d=!1;if(c){if(y){while(l){a=e;while(a=a[l]){if(x?a.nodeName.toLowerCase()===f:1===a.nodeType){return !1}}u=l="only"===h&&!u&&"nextSibling"}return !0}if(u=[m?c.firstChild:c.lastChild],m&&p){d=(s=(r=(i=(o=(a=c)[S]||(a[S]={}))[a.uniqueID]||(o[a.uniqueID]={}))[h]||[])[0]===k&&r[1])&&r[2],a=s&&c.childNodes[s];while(a=++s&&a&&a[l]||(d=s=0)||u.pop()){if(1===a.nodeType&&++d&&a===e){i[h]=[k,s,d];break}}}else{if(p&&(d=s=(r=(i=(o=(a=e)[S]||(a[S]={}))[a.uniqueID]||(o[a.uniqueID]={}))[h]||[])[0]===k&&r[1]),!1===d){while(a=++s&&a&&a[l]||(d=s=0)||u.pop()){if((x?a.nodeName.toLowerCase()===f:1===a.nodeType)&&++d&&(p&&((i=(o=a[S]||(a[S]={}))[a.uniqueID]||(o[a.uniqueID]={}))[h]=[k,d]),a===e)){break}}}}return(d-=v)===g||d%g==0&&0<=d/g}}},PSEUDO:function(e,o){var t,a=b.pseudos[e]||b.setFilters[e.toLowerCase()]||se.error("unsupported pseudo: "+e);return a[S]?a(o):1<a.length?(t=[e,e,"",o],b.setFilters.hasOwnProperty(e.toLowerCase())?le(function(e,t){var n,r=a(e,o),i=r.length;while(i--){e[n=P(e,r[i])]=!(t[n]=r[i])}}):function(e){return a(e,0,t)}):a}},pseudos:{not:le(function(e){var r=[],i=[],s=f(e.replace($,"$1"));return s[S]?le(function(e,t,n,r){var i,o=s(e,null,r,[]),a=e.length;while(a--){(i=o[a])&&(e[a]=!(t[a]=i))}}):function(e,t,n){return r[0]=e,s(r,null,n,i),r[0]=null,!i.pop()}}),has:le(function(t){return function(e){return 0<se(t,e).length}}),contains:le(function(t){return t=t.replace(te,ne),function(e){return -1<(e.textContent||o(e)).indexOf(t)}}),lang:le(function(n){return V.test(n||"")||se.error("unsupported lang: "+n),n=n.replace(te,ne).toLowerCase(),function(e){var t;do{if(t=E?e.lang:e.getAttribute("xml:lang")||e.getAttribute("lang")){return(t=t.toLowerCase())===n||0===t.indexOf(n+"-")}}while((e=e.parentNode)&&1===e.nodeType);return !1}}),target:function(e){var t=n.location&&n.location.hash;return t&&t.slice(1)===e.id},root:function(e){return e===a},focus:function(e){return e===C.activeElement&&(!C.hasFocus||C.hasFocus())&&!!(e.type||e.href||~e.tabIndex)},enabled:ge(!1),disabled:ge(!0),checked:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&!!e.checked||"option"===t&&!!e.selected},selected:function(e){return e.parentNode&&e.parentNode.selectedIndex,!0===e.selected},empty:function(e){for(e=e.firstChild;e;e=e.nextSibling){if(e.nodeType<6){return !1}}return !0},parent:function(e){return !b.pseudos.empty(e)},header:function(e){return J.test(e.nodeName)},input:function(e){return Q.test(e.nodeName)},button:function(e){var t=e.nodeName.toLowerCase();return"input"===t&&"button"===e.type||"button"===t},text:function(e){var t;return"input"===e.nodeName.toLowerCase()&&"text"===e.type&&(null==(t=e.getAttribute("type"))||"text"===t.toLowerCase())},first:ve(function(){return[0]}),last:ve(function(e,t){return[t-1]}),eq:ve(function(e,t,n){return[n<0?n+t:n]}),even:ve(function(e,t){for(var n=0;n<t;n+=2){e.push(n)}return e}),odd:ve(function(e,t){for(var n=1;n<t;n+=2){e.push(n)}return e}),lt:ve(function(e,t,n){for(var r=n<0?n+t:t<n?t:n;0<=--r;){e.push(r)}return e}),gt:ve(function(e,t,n){for(var r=n<0?n+t:n;++r<t;){e.push(r)}return e})}}).pseudos.nth=b.pseudos.eq,{radio:!0,checkbox:!0,file:!0,password:!0,image:!0}){b.pseudos[e]=de(e)}for(e in {submit:!0,reset:!0}){b.pseudos[e]=he(e)}function me(){}function xe(e){for(var t=0,n=e.length,r="";t<n;t++){r+=e[t].value}return r}function be(s,e,t){var u=e.dir,l=e.next,c=l||u,f=t&&"parentNode"===c,p=r++;return e.first?function(e,t,n){while(e=e[u]){if(1===e.nodeType||f){return s(e,t,n)}}return !1}:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a=[k,p];if(n){while(e=e[u]){if((1===e.nodeType||f)&&s(e,t,n)){return !0}}}else{while(e=e[u]){if(1===e.nodeType||f){if(i=(o=e[S]||(e[S]={}))[e.uniqueID]||(o[e.uniqueID]={}),l&&l===e.nodeName.toLowerCase()){e=e[u]||e}else{if((r=i[c])&&r[0]===k&&r[1]===p){return a[2]=r[2]}if((i[c]=a)[2]=s(e,t,n)){return !0}}}}}return !1}}function we(i){return 1<i.length?function(e,t,n){var r=i.length;while(r--){if(!i[r](e,t,n)){return !1}}return !0}:i[0]}function Te(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o,a=[],s=0,u=e.length,l=null!=t;s<u;s++){(o=e[s])&&(n&&!n(o,r,i)||(a.push(o),l&&t.push(s)))}return a}function Ce(d,h,g,v,y,e){return v&&!v[S]&&(v=Ce(v)),y&&!y[S]&&(y=Ce(y,e)),le(function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=[],u=[],l=t.length,c=e||function(e,t,n){for(var r=0,i=t.length;r<i;r++){se(e,t[r],n)}return n}(h||"*",n.nodeType?[n]:n,[]),f=!d||!e&&h?c:Te(c,s,d,n,r),p=g?y||(e?d:l||v)?[]:t:f;if(g&&g(f,p,n,r),v){i=Te(p,u),v(i,[],n,r),o=i.length;while(o--){(a=i[o])&&(p[u[o]]=!(f[u[o]]=a))}}if(e){if(y||d){if(y){i=[],o=p.length;while(o--){(a=p[o])&&i.push(f[o]=a)}y(null,p=[],i,r)}o=p.length;while(o--){(a=p[o])&&-1<(i=y?P(e,a):s[o])&&(e[i]=!(t[i]=a))}}}else{p=Te(p===t?p.splice(l,p.length):p),y?y(null,t,p,r):H.apply(t,p)}})}function Ee(e){for(var i,t,n,r=e.length,o=b.relative[e[0].type],a=o||b.relative[" "],s=o?1:0,u=be(function(e){return e===i},a,!0),l=be(function(e){return -1<P(i,e)},a,!0),c=[function(e,t,n){var r=!o&&(n||t!==w)||((i=t).nodeType?u(e,t,n):l(e,t,n));return i=null,r}];s<r;s++){if(t=b.relative[e[s].type]){c=[be(we(c),t)]}else{if((t=b.filter[e[s].type].apply(null,e[s].matches))[S]){for(n=++s;n<r;n++){if(b.relative[e[n].type]){break}}return Ce(1<s&&we(c),1<s&&xe(e.slice(0,s-1).concat({value:" "===e[s-2].type?"*":""})).replace($,"$1"),t,s<n&&Ee(e.slice(s,n)),n<r&&Ee(e=e.slice(n)),n<r&&xe(e))}c.push(t)}}return we(c)}return me.prototype=b.filters=b.pseudos,b.setFilters=new me,h=se.tokenize=function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a,s,u,l=x[e+" "];if(l){return t?0:l.slice(0)}a=e,s=[],u=b.preFilter;while(a){for(o in n&&!(r=_.exec(a))||(r&&(a=a.slice(r[0].length)||a),s.push(i=[])),n=!1,(r=z.exec(a))&&(n=r.shift(),i.push({value:n,type:r[0].replace($," ")}),a=a.slice(n.length)),b.filter){!(r=G[o].exec(a))||u[o]&&!(r=u[o](r))||(n=r.shift(),i.push({value:n,type:o,matches:r}),a=a.slice(n.length))}if(!n){break}}return t?a.length:a?se.error(e):x(e,s).slice(0)},f=se.compile=function(e,t){var n,v,y,m,x,r,i=[],o=[],a=A[e+" "];if(!a){t||(t=h(e)),n=t.length;while(n--){(a=Ee(t[n]))[S]?i.push(a):o.push(a)}(a=A(e,(v=o,m=0<(y=i).length,x=0<v.length,r=function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,u=0,l="0",c=e&&[],f=[],p=w,d=e||x&&b.find.TAG("*",i),h=k+=null==p?1:Math.random()||0.1,g=d.length;for(i&&(w=t==C||t||i);l!==g&&null!=(o=d[l]);l++){if(x&&o){a=0,t||o.ownerDocument==C||(T(o),n=!E);while(s=v[a++]){if(s(o,t||C,n)){r.push(o);break}}i&&(k=h)}m&&((o=!s&&o)&&u--,e&&c.push(o))}if(u+=l,m&&l!==u){a=0;while(s=y[a++]){s(c,f,t,n)}if(e){if(0<u){while(l--){c[l]||f[l]||(f[l]=q.call(r))}}f=Te(f)}H.apply(r,f),i&&!e&&0<f.length&&1<u+y.length&&se.uniqueSort(r)}return i&&(k=h,w=p),c},m?le(r):r))).selector=e}return a},g=se.select=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,u,l="function"==typeof e&&e,c=!r&&h(e=l.selector||e);if(n=n||[],1===c.length){if(2<(o=c[0]=c[0].slice(0)).length&&"ID"===(a=o[0]).type&&9===t.nodeType&&E&&b.relative[o[1].type]){if(!(t=(b.find.ID(a.matches[0].replace(te,ne),t)||[])[0])){return n}l&&(t=t.parentNode),e=e.slice(o.shift().value.length)}i=G.needsContext.test(e)?0:o.length;while(i--){if(a=o[i],b.relative[s=a.type]){break}if((u=b.find[s])&&(r=u(a.matches[0].replace(te,ne),ee.test(o[0].type)&&ye(t.parentNode)||t))){if(o.splice(i,1),!(e=r.length&&xe(o))){return H.apply(n,r),n}break}}}return(l||f(e,c))(r,t,!E,n,!t||ee.test(e)&&ye(t.parentNode)||t),n},d.sortStable=S.split("").sort(D).join("")===S,d.detectDuplicates=!!l,T(),d.sortDetached=ce(function(e){return 1&e.compareDocumentPosition(C.createElement("fieldset"))}),ce(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<a href='#'></a>","#"===e.firstChild.getAttribute("href")})||fe("type|href|height|width",function(e,t,n){if(!n){return e.getAttribute(t,"type"===t.toLowerCase()?1:2)}}),d.attributes&&ce(function(e){return e.innerHTML="<input/>",e.firstChild.setAttribute("value",""),""===e.firstChild.getAttribute("value")})||fe("value",function(e,t,n){if(!n&&"input"===e.nodeName.toLowerCase()){return e.defaultValue}}),ce(function(e){return null==e.getAttribute("disabled")})||fe(R,function(e,t,n){var r;if(!n){return !0===e[t]?t.toLowerCase():(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&r.specified?r.value:null}}),se}(C);S.find=d,S.expr=d.selectors,S.expr[":"]=S.expr.pseudos,S.uniqueSort=S.unique=d.uniqueSort,S.text=d.getText,S.isXMLDoc=d.isXML,S.contains=d.contains,S.escapeSelector=d.escape;var h=function(e,t,n){var r=[],i=void 0!==n;while((e=e[t])&&9!==e.nodeType){if(1===e.nodeType){if(i&&S(e).is(n)){break}r.push(e)}}return r},T=function(e,t){for(var n=[];e;e=e.nextSibling){1===e.nodeType&&e!==t&&n.push(e)}return n},k=S.expr.match.needsContext;function A(e,t){return e.nodeName&&e.nodeName.toLowerCase()===t.toLowerCase()}var N=/^<([a-z][^\/\0>:\x20\t\r\n\f]*)[\x20\t\r\n\f]*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/i;function D(e,n,r){return m(n)?S.grep(e,function(e,t){return !!n.call(e,t,e)!==r}):n.nodeType?S.grep(e,function(e){return e===n!==r}):"string"!=typeof n?S.grep(e,function(e){return -1<i.call(n,e)!==r}):S.filter(n,e,r)}S.filter=function(e,t,n){var r=t[0];return n&&(e=":not("+e+")"),1===t.length&&1===r.nodeType?S.find.matchesSelector(r,e)?[r]:[]:S.find.matches(e,S.grep(t,function(e){return 1===e.nodeType}))},S.fn.extend({find:function(e){var t,n,r=this.length,i=this;if("string"!=typeof e){return this.pushStack(S(e).filter(function(){for(t=0;t<r;t++){if(S.contains(i[t],this)){return !0}}}))}for(n=this.pushStack([]),t=0;t<r;t++){S.find(e,i[t],n)}return 1<r?S.uniqueSort(n):n},filter:function(e){return this.pushStack(D(this,e||[],!1))},not:function(e){return this.pushStack(D(this,e||[],!0))},is:function(e){return !!D(this,"string"==typeof e&&k.test(e)?S(e):e||[],!1).length}});var j,q=/^(?:\s*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*|#([\w-]+))$/;(S.fn.init=function(e,t,n){var r,i;if(!e){return this}if(n=n||j,"string"==typeof e){if(!(r="<"===e[0]&&">"===e[e.length-1]&&3<=e.length?[null,e,null]:q.exec(e))||!r[1]&&t){return !t||t.jquery?(t||n).find(e):this.constructor(t).find(e)}if(r[1]){if(t=t instanceof S?t[0]:t,S.merge(this,S.parseHTML(r[1],t&&t.nodeType?t.ownerDocument||t:E,!0)),N.test(r[1])&&S.isPlainObject(t)){for(r in t){m(this[r])?this[r](t[r]):this.attr(r,t[r])}}return this}return(i=E.getElementById(r[2]))&&(this[0]=i,this.length=1),this}return e.nodeType?(this[0]=e,this.length=1,this):m(e)?void 0!==n.ready?n.ready(e):e(S):S.makeArray(e,this)}).prototype=S.fn,j=S(E);var L=/^(?:parents|prev(?:Until|All))/,H={children:!0,contents:!0,next:!0,prev:!0};function O(e,t){while((e=e[t])&&1!==e.nodeType){}return e}S.fn.extend({has:function(e){var t=S(e,this),n=t.length;return this.filter(function(){for(var e=0;e<n;e++){if(S.contains(this,t[e])){return !0}}})},closest:function(e,t){var n,r=0,i=this.length,o=[],a="string"!=typeof e&&S(e);if(!k.test(e)){for(;r<i;r++){for(n=this[r];n&&n!==t;n=n.parentNode){if(n.nodeType<11&&(a?-1<a.index(n):1===n.nodeType&&S.find.matchesSelector(n,e))){o.push(n);break}}}}return this.pushStack(1<o.length?S.uniqueSort(o):o)},index:function(e){return e?"string"==typeof e?i.call(S(e),this[0]):i.call(this,e.jquery?e[0]:e):this[0]&&this[0].parentNode?this.first().prevAll().length:-1},add:function(e,t){return this.pushStack(S.uniqueSort(S.merge(this.get(),S(e,t))))},addBack:function(e){return this.add(null==e?this.prevObject:this.prevObject.filter(e))}}),S.each({parent:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&11!==t.nodeType?t:null},parents:function(e){return h(e,"parentNode")},parentsUntil:function(e,t,n){return h(e,"parentNode",n)},next:function(e){return O(e,"nextSibling")},prev:function(e){return O(e,"previousSibling")},nextAll:function(e){return h(e,"nextSibling")},prevAll:function(e){return h(e,"previousSibling")},nextUntil:function(e,t,n){return h(e,"nextSibling",n)},prevUntil:function(e,t,n){return h(e,"previousSibling",n)},siblings:function(e){return T((e.parentNode||{}).firstChild,e)},children:function(e){return T(e.firstChild)},contents:function(e){return null!=e.contentDocument&&r(e.contentDocument)?e.contentDocument:(A(e,"template")&&(e=e.content||e),S.merge([],e.childNodes))}},function(r,i){S.fn[r]=function(e,t){var n=S.map(this,i,e);return"Until"!==r.slice(-5)&&(t=e),t&&"string"==typeof t&&(n=S.filter(t,n)),1<this.length&&(H[r]||S.uniqueSort(n),L.test(r)&&n.reverse()),this.pushStack(n)}});var P=/[^\x20\t\r\n\f]+/g;function R(e){return e}function M(e){throw e}function I(e,t,n,r){var i;try{e&&m(i=e.promise)?i.call(e).done(t).fail(n):e&&m(i=e.then)?i.call(e,t,n):t.apply(void 0,[e].slice(r))}catch(e){n.apply(void 0,[e])}}S.Callbacks=function(r){var e,n;r="string"==typeof r?(e=r,n={},S.each(e.match(P)||[],function(e,t){n[t]=!0}),n):S.extend({},r);var i,t,o,a,s=[],u=[],l=-1,c=function(){for(a=a||r.once,o=i=!0;u.length;l=-1){t=u.shift();while(++l<s.length){!1===s[l].apply(t[0],t[1])&&r.stopOnFalse&&(l=s.length,t=!1)}}r.memory||(t=!1),i=!1,a&&(s=t?[]:"")},f={add:function(){return s&&(t&&!i&&(l=s.length-1,u.push(t)),function n(e){S.each(e,function(e,t){m(t)?r.unique&&f.has(t)||s.push(t):t&&t.length&&"string"!==w(t)&&n(t)})}(arguments),t&&!i&&c()),this},remove:function(){return S.each(arguments,function(e,t){var n;while(-1<(n=S.inArray(t,s,n))){s.splice(n,1),n<=l&&l--}}),this},has:function(e){return e?-1<S.inArray(e,s):0<s.length},empty:function(){return s&&(s=[]),this},disable:function(){return a=u=[],s=t="",this},disabled:function(){return !s},lock:function(){return a=u=[],t||i||(s=t=""),this},locked:function(){return !!a},fireWith:function(e,t){return a||(t=[e,(t=t||[]).slice?t.slice():t],u.push(t),i||c()),this},fire:function(){return f.fireWith(this,arguments),this},fired:function(){return !!o}};return f},S.extend({Deferred:function(e){var o=[["notify","progress",S.Callbacks("memory"),S.Callbacks("memory"),2],["resolve","done",S.Callbacks("once memory"),S.Callbacks("once memory"),0,"resolved"],["reject","fail",S.Callbacks("once memory"),S.Callbacks("once memory"),1,"rejected"]],i="pending",a={state:function(){return i},always:function(){return s.done(arguments).fail(arguments),this},"catch":function(e){return a.then(null,e)},pipe:function(){var i=arguments;return S.Deferred(function(r){S.each(o,function(e,t){var n=m(i[t[4]])&&i[t[4]];s[t[1]](function(){var e=n&&n.apply(this,arguments);e&&m(e.promise)?e.promise().progress(r.notify).done(r.resolve).fail(r.reject):r[t[0]+"With"](this,n?[e]:arguments)})}),i=null}).promise()},then:function(t,n,r){var u=0;function l(i,o,a,s){return function(){var n=this,r=arguments,e=function(){var e,t;if(!(i<u)){if((e=a.apply(n,r))===o.promise()){throw new TypeError("Thenable self-resolution")}t=e&&("object"==typeof e||"function"==typeof e)&&e.then,m(t)?s?t.call(e,l(u,o,R,s),l(u,o,M,s)):(u++,t.call(e,l(u,o,R,s),l(u,o,M,s),l(u,o,R,o.notifyWith))):(a!==R&&(n=void 0,r=[e]),(s||o.resolveWith)(n,r))}},t=s?e:function(){try{e()}catch(e){S.Deferred.exceptionHook&&S.Deferred.exceptionHook(e,t.stackTrace),u<=i+1&&(a!==M&&(n=void 0,r=[e]),o.rejectWith(n,r))}};i?t():(S.Deferred.getStackHook&&(t.stackTrace=S.Deferred.getStackHook()),C.setTimeout(t))}}return S.Deferred(function(e){o[0][3].add(l(0,e,m(r)?r:R,e.notifyWith)),o[1][3].add(l(0,e,m(t)?t:R)),o[2][3].add(l(0,e,m(n)?n:M))}).promise()},promise:function(e){return null!=e?S.extend(e,a):a}},s={};return S.each(o,function(e,t){var n=t[2],r=t[5];a[t[1]]=n.add,r&&n.add(function(){i=r},o[3-e][2].disable,o[3-e][3].disable,o[0][2].lock,o[0][3].lock),n.add(t[3].fire),s[t[0]]=function(){return s[t[0]+"With"](this===s?void 0:this,arguments),this},s[t[0]+"With"]=n.fireWith}),a.promise(s),e&&e.call(s,s),s},when:function(e){var n=arguments.length,t=n,r=Array(t),i=s.call(arguments),o=S.Deferred(),a=function(t){return function(e){r[t]=this,i[t]=1<arguments.length?s.call(arguments):e,--n||o.resolveWith(r,i)}};if(n<=1&&(I(e,o.done(a(t)).resolve,o.reject,!n),"pending"===o.state()||m(i[t]&&i[t].then))){return o.then()}while(t--){I(i[t],a(t),o.reject)}return o.promise()}});var W=/^(Eval|Internal|Range|Reference|Syntax|Type|URI)Error$/;S.Deferred.exceptionHook=function(e,t){C.console&&C.console.warn&&e&&W.test(e.name)&&C.console.warn("jQuery.Deferred exception: "+e.message,e.stack,t)},S.readyException=function(e){C.setTimeout(function(){throw e})};var F=S.Deferred();function B(){E.removeEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",B),C.removeEventListener("load",B),S.ready()}S.fn.ready=function(e){return F.then(e)["catch"](function(e){S.readyException(e)}),this},S.extend({isReady:!1,readyWait:1,ready:function(e){(!0===e?--S.readyWait:S.isReady)||(S.isReady=!0)!==e&&0<--S.readyWait||F.resolveWith(E,[S])}}),S.ready.then=F.then,"complete"===E.readyState||"loading"!==E.readyState&&!E.documentElement.doScroll?C.setTimeout(S.ready):(E.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",B),C.addEventListener("load",B));var $=function(e,t,n,r,i,o,a){var s=0,u=e.length,l=null==n;if("object"===w(n)){for(s in i=!0,n){$(e,t,s,n[s],!0,o,a)}}else{if(void 0!==r&&(i=!0,m(r)||(a=!0),l&&(a?(t.call(e,r),t=null):(l=t,t=function(e,t,n){return l.call(S(e),n)})),t)){for(;s<u;s++){t(e[s],n,a?r:r.call(e[s],s,t(e[s],n)))}}}return i?e:l?t.call(e):u?t(e[0],n):o},_=/^-ms-/,z=/-([a-z])/g;function U(e,t){return t.toUpperCase()}function X(e){return e.replace(_,"ms-").replace(z,U)}var V=function(e){return 1===e.nodeType||9===e.nodeType||!+e.nodeType};function G(){this.expando=S.expando+G.uid++}G.uid=1,G.prototype={cache:function(e){var t=e[this.expando];return t||(t={},V(e)&&(e.nodeType?e[this.expando]=t:Object.defineProperty(e,this.expando,{value:t,configurable:!0}))),t},set:function(e,t,n){var r,i=this.cache(e);if("string"==typeof t){i[X(t)]=n}else{for(r in t){i[X(r)]=t[r]}}return i},get:function(e,t){return void 0===t?this.cache(e):e[this.expando]&&e[this.expando][X(t)]},access:function(e,t,n){return void 0===t||t&&"string"==typeof t&&void 0===n?this.get(e,t):(this.set(e,t,n),void 0!==n?n:t)},remove:function(e,t){var n,r=e[this.expando];if(void 0!==r){if(void 0!==t){n=(t=Array.isArray(t)?t.map(X):(t=X(t)) in r?[t]:t.match(P)||[]).length;while(n--){delete r[t[n]]}}(void 0===t||S.isEmptyObject(r))&&(e.nodeType?e[this.expando]=void 0:delete e[this.expando])}},hasData:function(e){var t=e[this.expando];return void 0!==t&&!S.isEmptyObject(t)}};var Y=new G,Q=new G,J=/^(?:\{[\w\W]*\}|\[[\w\W]*\])$/,K=/[A-Z]/g;function Z(e,t,n){var r,i;if(void 0===n&&1===e.nodeType){if(r="data-"+t.replace(K,"-$&").toLowerCase(),"string"==typeof(n=e.getAttribute(r))){try{n="true"===(i=n)||"false"!==i&&("null"===i?null:i===+i+""?+i:J.test(i)?JSON.parse(i):i)}catch(e){}Q.set(e,t,n)}else{n=void 0}}return n}S.extend({hasData:function(e){return Q.hasData(e)||Y.hasData(e)},data:function(e,t,n){return Q.access(e,t,n)},removeData:function(e,t){Q.remove(e,t)},_data:function(e,t,n){return Y.access(e,t,n)},_removeData:function(e,t){Y.remove(e,t)}}),S.fn.extend({data:function(n,e){var t,r,i,o=this[0],a=o&&o.attributes;if(void 0===n){if(this.length&&(i=Q.get(o),1===o.nodeType&&!Y.get(o,"hasDataAttrs"))){t=a.length;while(t--){a[t]&&0===(r=a[t].name).indexOf("data-")&&(r=X(r.slice(5)),Z(o,r,i[r]))}Y.set(o,"hasDataAttrs",!0)}return i}return"object"==typeof n?this.each(function(){Q.set(this,n)}):$(this,function(e){var t;if(o&&void 0===e){return void 0!==(t=Q.get(o,n))?t:void 0!==(t=Z(o,n))?t:void 0}this.each(function(){Q.set(this,n,e)})},null,e,1<arguments.length,null,!0)},removeData:function(e){return this.each(function(){Q.remove(this,e)})}}),S.extend({queue:function(e,t,n){var r;if(e){return t=(t||"fx")+"queue",r=Y.get(e,t),n&&(!r||Array.isArray(n)?r=Y.access(e,t,S.makeArray(n)):r.push(n)),r||[]}},dequeue:function(e,t){t=t||"fx";var n=S.queue(e,t),r=n.length,i=n.shift(),o=S._queueHooks(e,t);"inprogress"===i&&(i=n.shift(),r--),i&&("fx"===t&&n.unshift("inprogress"),delete o.stop,i.call(e,function(){S.dequeue(e,t)},o)),!r&&o&&o.empty.fire()},_queueHooks:function(e,t){var n=t+"queueHooks";return Y.get(e,n)||Y.access(e,n,{empty:S.Callbacks("once memory").add(function(){Y.remove(e,[t+"queue",n])})})}}),S.fn.extend({queue:function(t,n){var e=2;return"string"!=typeof t&&(n=t,t="fx",e--),arguments.length<e?S.queue(this[0],t):void 0===n?this:this.each(function(){var e=S.queue(this,t,n);S._queueHooks(this,t),"fx"===t&&"inprogress"!==e[0]&&S.dequeue(this,t)})},dequeue:function(e){return this.each(function(){S.dequeue(this,e)})},clearQueue:function(e){return this.queue(e||"fx",[])},promise:function(e,t){var n,r=1,i=S.Deferred(),o=this,a=this.length,s=function(){--r||i.resolveWith(o,[o])};"string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),e=e||"fx";while(a--){(n=Y.get(o[a],e+"queueHooks"))&&n.empty&&(r++,n.empty.add(s))}return s(),i.promise(t)}});var ee=/[+-]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+|)/.source,te=new RegExp("^(?:([+-])=|)("+ee+")([a-z%]*)$","i"),ne=["Top","Right","Bottom","Left"],re=E.documentElement,ie=function(e){return S.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)},oe={composed:!0};re.getRootNode&&(ie=function(e){return S.contains(e.ownerDocument,e)||e.getRootNode(oe)===e.ownerDocument});var ae=function(e,t){return"none"===(e=t||e).style.display||""===e.style.display&&ie(e)&&"none"===S.css(e,"display")};function se(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a=20,s=r?function(){return r.cur()}:function(){return S.css(e,t,"")},u=s(),l=n&&n[3]||(S.cssNumber[t]?"":"px"),c=e.nodeType&&(S.cssNumber[t]||"px"!==l&&+u)&&te.exec(S.css(e,t));if(c&&c[3]!==l){u/=2,l=l||c[3],c=+u||1;while(a--){S.style(e,t,c+l),(1-o)*(1-(o=s()/u||0.5))<=0&&(a=0),c/=o}c*=2,S.style(e,t,c+l),n=n||[]}return n&&(c=+c||+u||0,i=n[1]?c+(n[1]+1)*n[2]:+n[2],r&&(r.unit=l,r.start=c,r.end=i)),i}var ue={};function le(e,t){for(var n,r,i,o,a,s,u,l=[],c=0,f=e.length;c<f;c++){(r=e[c]).style&&(n=r.style.display,t?("none"===n&&(l[c]=Y.get(r,"display")||null,l[c]||(r.style.display="")),""===r.style.display&&ae(r)&&(l[c]=(u=a=o=void 0,a=(i=r).ownerDocument,s=i.nodeName,(u=ue[s])||(o=a.body.appendChild(a.createElement(s)),u=S.css(o,"display"),o.parentNode.removeChild(o),"none"===u&&(u="block"),ue[s]=u)))):"none"!==n&&(l[c]="none",Y.set(r,"display",n)))}for(c=0;c<f;c++){null!=l[c]&&(e[c].style.display=l[c])}return e}S.fn.extend({show:function(){return le(this,!0)},hide:function(){return le(this)},toggle:function(e){return"boolean"==typeof e?e?this.show():this.hide():this.each(function(){ae(this)?S(this).show():S(this).hide()})}});var ce,fe,pe=/^(?:checkbox|radio)$/i,de=/<([a-z][^\/\0>\x20\t\r\n\f]*)/i,he=/^$|^module$|\/(?:java|ecma)script/i;ce=E.createDocumentFragment().appendChild(E.createElement("div")),(fe=E.createElement("input")).setAttribute("type","radio"),fe.setAttribute("checked","checked"),fe.setAttribute("name","t"),ce.appendChild(fe),y.checkClone=ce.cloneNode(!0).cloneNode(!0).lastChild.checked,ce.innerHTML="<textarea>x</textarea>",y.noCloneChecked=!!ce.cloneNode(!0).lastChild.defaultValue,ce.innerHTML="<option></option>",y.option=!!ce.lastChild;var ge={thead:[1,"<table>","</table>"],col:[2,"<table><colgroup>","</colgroup></table>"],tr:[2,"<table><tbody>","</tbody></table>"],td:[3,"<table><tbody><tr>","</tr></tbody></table>"],_default:[0,"",""]};function ve(e,t){var n;return n="undefined"!=typeof e.getElementsByTagName?e.getElementsByTagName(t||"*"):"undefined"!=typeof e.querySelectorAll?e.querySelectorAll(t||"*"):[],void 0===t||t&&A(e,t)?S.merge([e],n):n}function ye(e,t){for(var n=0,r=e.length;n<r;n++){Y.set(e[n],"globalEval",!t||Y.get(t[n],"globalEval"))}}ge.tbody=ge.tfoot=ge.colgroup=ge.caption=ge.thead,ge.th=ge.td,y.option||(ge.optgroup=ge.option=[1,"<select multiple='multiple'>","</select>"]);var me=/<|&#?\w+;/;function xe(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o,a,s,u,l,c,f=t.createDocumentFragment(),p=[],d=0,h=e.length;d<h;d++){if((o=e[d])||0===o){if("object"===w(o)){S.merge(p,o.nodeType?[o]:o)}else{if(me.test(o)){a=a||f.appendChild(t.createElement("div")),s=(de.exec(o)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase(),u=ge[s]||ge._default,a.innerHTML=u[1]+S.htmlPrefilter(o)+u[2],c=u[0];while(c--){a=a.lastChild}S.merge(p,a.childNodes),(a=f.firstChild).textContent=""}else{p.push(t.createTextNode(o))}}}}f.textContent="",d=0;while(o=p[d++]){if(r&&-1<S.inArray(o,r)){i&&i.push(o)}else{if(l=ie(o),a=ve(f.appendChild(o),"script"),l&&ye(a),n){c=0;while(o=a[c++]){he.test(o.type||"")&&n.push(o)}}}}return f}var be=/^key/,we=/^(?:mouse|pointer|contextmenu|drag|drop)|click/,Te=/^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)/;function Ce(){return !0}function Ee(){return !1}function Se(e,t){return e===function(){try{return E.activeElement}catch(e){}}()==("focus"===t)}function ke(e,t,n,r,i,o){var a,s;if("object"==typeof t){for(s in "string"!=typeof n&&(r=r||n,n=void 0),t){ke(e,s,n,r,t[s],o)}return e}if(null==r&&null==i?(i=n,r=n=void 0):null==i&&("string"==typeof n?(i=r,r=void 0):(i=r,r=n,n=void 0)),!1===i){i=Ee}else{if(!i){return e}}return 1===o&&(a=i,(i=function(e){return S().off(e),a.apply(this,arguments)}).guid=a.guid||(a.guid=S.guid++)),e.each(function(){S.event.add(this,t,i,r,n)})}function Ae(e,i,o){o?(Y.set(e,i,!1),S.event.add(e,i,{namespace:!1,handler:function(e){var t,n,r=Y.get(this,i);if(1&e.isTrigger&&this[i]){if(r.length){(S.event.special[i]||{}).delegateType&&e.stopPropagation()}else{if(r=s.call(arguments),Y.set(this,i,r),t=o(this,i),this[i](),r!==(n=Y.get(this,i))||t?Y.set(this,i,!1):n={},r!==n){return e.stopImmediatePropagation(),e.preventDefault(),n.value}}}else{r.length&&(Y.set(this,i,{value:S.event.trigger(S.extend(r[0],S.Event.prototype),r.slice(1),this)}),e.stopImmediatePropagation())}}})):void 0===Y.get(e,i)&&S.event.add(e,i,Ce)}S.event={global:{},add:function(t,e,n,r,i){var o,a,s,u,l,c,f,p,d,h,g,v=Y.get(t);if(V(t)){n.handler&&(n=(o=n).handler,i=o.selector),i&&S.find.matchesSelector(re,i),n.guid||(n.guid=S.guid++),(u=v.events)||(u=v.events=Object.create(null)),(a=v.handle)||(a=v.handle=function(e){return"undefined"!=typeof S&&S.event.triggered!==e.type?S.event.dispatch.apply(t,arguments):void 0}),l=(e=(e||"").match(P)||[""]).length;while(l--){d=g=(s=Te.exec(e[l])||[])[1],h=(s[2]||"").split(".").sort(),d&&(f=S.event.special[d]||{},d=(i?f.delegateType:f.bindType)||d,f=S.event.special[d]||{},c=S.extend({type:d,origType:g,data:r,handler:n,guid:n.guid,selector:i,needsContext:i&&S.expr.match.needsContext.test(i),namespace:h.join(".")},o),(p=u[d])||((p=u[d]=[]).delegateCount=0,f.setup&&!1!==f.setup.call(t,r,h,a)||t.addEventListener&&t.addEventListener(d,a)),f.add&&(f.add.call(t,c),c.handler.guid||(c.handler.guid=n.guid)),i?p.splice(p.delegateCount++,0,c):p.push(c),S.event.global[d]=!0)}}},remove:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,u,l,c,f,p,d,h,g,v=Y.hasData(e)&&Y.get(e);if(v&&(u=v.events)){l=(t=(t||"").match(P)||[""]).length;while(l--){if(d=g=(s=Te.exec(t[l])||[])[1],h=(s[2]||"").split(".").sort(),d){f=S.event.special[d]||{},p=u[d=(r?f.delegateType:f.bindType)||d]||[],s=s[2]&&new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"),a=o=p.length;while(o--){c=p[o],!i&&g!==c.origType||n&&n.guid!==c.guid||s&&!s.test(c.namespace)||r&&r!==c.selector&&("**"!==r||!c.selector)||(p.splice(o,1),c.selector&&p.delegateCount--,f.remove&&f.remove.call(e,c))}a&&!p.length&&(f.teardown&&!1!==f.teardown.call(e,h,v.handle)||S.removeEvent(e,d,v.handle),delete u[d])}else{for(d in u){S.event.remove(e,d+t[l],n,r,!0)}}}S.isEmptyObject(u)&&Y.remove(e,"handle events")}},dispatch:function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a,s=new Array(arguments.length),u=S.event.fix(e),l=(Y.get(this,"events")||Object.create(null))[u.type]||[],c=S.event.special[u.type]||{};for(s[0]=u,t=1;t<arguments.length;t++){s[t]=arguments[t]}if(u.delegateTarget=this,!c.preDispatch||!1!==c.preDispatch.call(this,u)){a=S.event.handlers.call(this,u,l),t=0;while((i=a[t++])&&!u.isPropagationStopped()){u.currentTarget=i.elem,n=0;while((o=i.handlers[n++])&&!u.isImmediatePropagationStopped()){u.rnamespace&&!1!==o.namespace&&!u.rnamespace.test(o.namespace)||(u.handleObj=o,u.data=o.data,void 0!==(r=((S.event.special[o.origType]||{}).handle||o.handler).apply(i.elem,s))&&!1===(u.result=r)&&(u.preventDefault(),u.stopPropagation()))}}return c.postDispatch&&c.postDispatch.call(this,u),u.result}},handlers:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a,s=[],u=t.delegateCount,l=e.target;if(u&&l.nodeType&&!("click"===e.type&&1<=e.button)){for(;l!==this;l=l.parentNode||this){if(1===l.nodeType&&("click"!==e.type||!0!==l.disabled)){for(o=[],a={},n=0;n<u;n++){void 0===a[i=(r=t[n]).selector+" "]&&(a[i]=r.needsContext?-1<S(i,this).index(l):S.find(i,this,null,[l]).length),a[i]&&o.push(r)}o.length&&s.push({elem:l,handlers:o})}}}return l=this,u<t.length&&s.push({elem:l,handlers:t.slice(u)}),s},addProp:function(t,e){Object.defineProperty(S.Event.prototype,t,{enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,get:m(e)?function(){if(this.originalEvent){return e(this.originalEvent)}}:function(){if(this.originalEvent){return this.originalEvent[t]}},set:function(e){Object.defineProperty(this,t,{enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:e})}})},fix:function(e){return e[S.expando]?e:new S.Event(e)},special:{load:{noBubble:!0},click:{setup:function(e){var t=this||e;return pe.test(t.type)&&t.click&&A(t,"input")&&Ae(t,"click",Ce),!1},trigger:function(e){var t=this||e;return pe.test(t.type)&&t.click&&A(t,"input")&&Ae(t,"click"),!0},_default:function(e){var t=e.target;return pe.test(t.type)&&t.click&&A(t,"input")&&Y.get(t,"click")||A(t,"a")}},beforeunload:{postDispatch:function(e){void 0!==e.result&&e.originalEvent&&(e.originalEvent.returnValue=e.result)}}}},S.removeEvent=function(e,t,n){e.removeEventListener&&e.removeEventListener(t,n)},S.Event=function(e,t){if(!(this instanceof S.Event)){return new S.Event(e,t)}e&&e.type?(this.originalEvent=e,this.type=e.type,this.isDefaultPrevented=e.defaultPrevented||void 0===e.defaultPrevented&&!1===e.returnValue?Ce:Ee,this.target=e.target&&3===e.target.nodeType?e.target.parentNode:e.target,this.currentTarget=e.currentTarget,this.relatedTarget=e.relatedTarget):this.type=e,t&&S.extend(this,t),this.timeStamp=e&&e.timeStamp||Date.now(),this[S.expando]=!0},S.Event.prototype={constructor:S.Event,isDefaultPrevented:Ee,isPropagationStopped:Ee,isImmediatePropagationStopped:Ee,isSimulated:!1,preventDefault:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isDefaultPrevented=Ce,e&&!this.isSimulated&&e.preventDefault()},stopPropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isPropagationStopped=Ce,e&&!this.isSimulated&&e.stopPropagation()},stopImmediatePropagation:function(){var e=this.originalEvent;this.isImmediatePropagationStopped=Ce,e&&!this.isSimulated&&e.stopImmediatePropagation(),this.stopPropagation()}},S.each({altKey:!0,bubbles:!0,cancelable:!0,changedTouches:!0,ctrlKey:!0,detail:!0,eventPhase:!0,metaKey:!0,pageX:!0,pageY:!0,shiftKey:!0,view:!0,"char":!0,code:!0,charCode:!0,key:!0,keyCode:!0,button:!0,buttons:!0,clientX:!0,clientY:!0,offsetX:!0,offsetY:!0,pointerId:!0,pointerType:!0,screenX:!0,screenY:!0,targetTouches:!0,toElement:!0,touches:!0,which:function(e){var t=e.button;return null==e.which&&be.test(e.type)?null!=e.charCode?e.charCode:e.keyCode:!e.which&&void 0!==t&&we.test(e.type)?1&t?1:2&t?3:4&t?2:0:e.which}},S.event.addProp),S.each({focus:"focusin",blur:"focusout"},function(e,t){S.event.special[e]={setup:function(){return Ae(this,e,Se),!1},trigger:function(){return Ae(this,e),!0},delegateType:t}}),S.each({mouseenter:"mouseover",mouseleave:"mouseout",pointerenter:"pointerover",pointerleave:"pointerout"},function(e,i){S.event.special[e]={delegateType:i,bindType:i,handle:function(e){var t,n=e.relatedTarget,r=e.handleObj;return n&&(n===this||S.contains(this,n))||(e.type=r.origType,t=r.handler.apply(this,arguments),e.type=i),t}}}),S.fn.extend({on:function(e,t,n,r){return ke(this,e,t,n,r)},one:function(e,t,n,r){return ke(this,e,t,n,r,1)},off:function(e,t,n){var r,i;if(e&&e.preventDefault&&e.handleObj){return r=e.handleObj,S(e.delegateTarget).off(r.namespace?r.origType+"."+r.namespace:r.origType,r.selector,r.handler),this}if("object"==typeof e){for(i in e){this.off(i,t,e[i])}return this}return !1!==t&&"function"!=typeof t||(n=t,t=void 0),!1===n&&(n=Ee),this.each(function(){S.event.remove(this,e,n,t)})}});var Ne=/<script|<style|<link/i,De=/checked\s*(?:[^=]|=\s*.checked.)/i,je=/^\s*<!(?:\[CDATA\[|--)|(?:\]\]|--)>\s*$/g;function qe(e,t){return A(e,"table")&&A(11!==t.nodeType?t:t.firstChild,"tr")&&S(e).children("tbody")[0]||e}function Le(e){return e.type=(null!==e.getAttribute("type"))+"/"+e.type,e}function He(e){return"true/"===(e.type||"").slice(0,5)?e.type=e.type.slice(5):e.removeAttribute("type"),e}function Oe(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a,s;if(1===t.nodeType){if(Y.hasData(e)&&(s=Y.get(e).events)){for(i in Y.remove(t,"handle events"),s){for(n=0,r=s[i].length;n<r;n++){S.event.add(t,i,s[i][n])}}}Q.hasData(e)&&(o=Q.access(e),a=S.extend({},o),Q.set(t,a))}}function Pe(n,r,i,o){r=g(r);var e,t,a,s,u,l,c=0,f=n.length,p=f-1,d=r[0],h=m(d);if(h||1<f&&"string"==typeof d&&!y.checkClone&&De.test(d)){return n.each(function(e){var t=n.eq(e);h&&(r[0]=d.call(this,e,t.html())),Pe(t,r,i,o)})}if(f&&(t=(e=xe(r,n[0].ownerDocument,!1,n,o)).firstChild,1===e.childNodes.length&&(e=t),t||o)){for(s=(a=S.map(ve(e,"script"),Le)).length;c<f;c++){u=e,c!==p&&(u=S.clone(u,!0,!0),s&&S.merge(a,ve(u,"script"))),i.call(n[c],u,c)}if(s){for(l=a[a.length-1].ownerDocument,S.map(a,He),c=0;c<s;c++){u=a[c],he.test(u.type||"")&&!Y.access(u,"globalEval")&&S.contains(l,u)&&(u.src&&"module"!==(u.type||"").toLowerCase()?S._evalUrl&&!u.noModule&&S._evalUrl(u.src,{nonce:u.nonce||u.getAttribute("nonce")},l):b(u.textContent.replace(je,""),u,l))}}}return n}function Re(e,t,n){for(var r,i=t?S.filter(t,e):e,o=0;null!=(r=i[o]);o++){n||1!==r.nodeType||S.cleanData(ve(r)),r.parentNode&&(n&&ie(r)&&ye(ve(r,"script")),r.parentNode.removeChild(r))}return e}S.extend({htmlPrefilter:function(e){return e},clone:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,u,l,c=e.cloneNode(!0),f=ie(e);if(!(y.noCloneChecked||1!==e.nodeType&&11!==e.nodeType||S.isXMLDoc(e))){for(a=ve(c),r=0,i=(o=ve(e)).length;r<i;r++){s=o[r],u=a[r],void 0,"input"===(l=u.nodeName.toLowerCase())&&pe.test(s.type)?u.checked=s.checked:"input"!==l&&"textarea"!==l||(u.defaultValue=s.defaultValue)}}if(t){if(n){for(o=o||ve(e),a=a||ve(c),r=0,i=o.length;r<i;r++){Oe(o[r],a[r])}}else{Oe(e,c)}}return 0<(a=ve(c,"script")).length&&ye(a,!f&&ve(e,"script")),c},cleanData:function(e){for(var t,n,r,i=S.event.special,o=0;void 0!==(n=e[o]);o++){if(V(n)){if(t=n[Y.expando]){if(t.events){for(r in t.events){i[r]?S.event.remove(n,r):S.removeEvent(n,r,t.handle)}}n[Y.expando]=void 0}n[Q.expando]&&(n[Q.expando]=void 0)}}}}),S.fn.extend({detach:function(e){return Re(this,e,!0)},remove:function(e){return Re(this,e)},text:function(e){return $(this,function(e){return void 0===e?S.text(this):this.empty().each(function(){1!==this.nodeType&&11!==this.nodeType&&9!==this.nodeType||(this.textContent=e)})},null,e,arguments.length)},append:function(){return Pe(this,arguments,function(e){1!==this.nodeType&&11!==this.nodeType&&9!==this.nodeType||qe(this,e).appendChild(e)})},prepend:function(){return Pe(this,arguments,function(e){if(1===this.nodeType||11===this.nodeType||9===this.nodeType){var t=qe(this,e);t.insertBefore(e,t.firstChild)}})},before:function(){return Pe(this,arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this)})},after:function(){return Pe(this,arguments,function(e){this.parentNode&&this.parentNode.insertBefore(e,this.nextSibling)})},empty:function(){for(var e,t=0;null!=(e=this[t]);t++){1===e.nodeType&&(S.cleanData(ve(e,!1)),e.textContent="")}return this},clone:function(e,t){return e=null!=e&&e,t=null==t?e:t,this.map(function(){return S.clone(this,e,t)})},html:function(e){return $(this,function(e){var t=this[0]||{},n=0,r=this.length;if(void 0===e&&1===t.nodeType){return t.innerHTML}if("string"==typeof e&&!Ne.test(e)&&!ge[(de.exec(e)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase()]){e=S.htmlPrefilter(e);try{for(;n<r;n++){1===(t=this[n]||{}).nodeType&&(S.cleanData(ve(t,!1)),t.innerHTML=e)}t=0}catch(e){}}t&&this.empty().append(e)},null,e,arguments.length)},replaceWith:function(){var n=[];return Pe(this,arguments,function(e){var t=this.parentNode;S.inArray(this,n)<0&&(S.cleanData(ve(this)),t&&t.replaceChild(e,this))},n)}}),S.each({appendTo:"append",prependTo:"prepend",insertBefore:"before",insertAfter:"after",replaceAll:"replaceWith"},function(e,a){S.fn[e]=function(e){for(var t,n=[],r=S(e),i=r.length-1,o=0;o<=i;o++){t=o===i?this:this.clone(!0),S(r[o])[a](t),u.apply(n,t.get())}return this.pushStack(n)}});var Me=new RegExp("^("+ee+")(?!px)[a-z%]+$","i"),Ie=function(e){var t=e.ownerDocument.defaultView;return t&&t.opener||(t=C),t.getComputedStyle(e)},We=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o={};for(i in t){o[i]=e.style[i],e.style[i]=t[i]}for(i in r=n.call(e),t){e.style[i]=o[i]}return r},Fe=new RegExp(ne.join("|"),"i");function Be(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.style;return(n=n||Ie(e))&&(""!==(a=n.getPropertyValue(t)||n[t])||ie(e)||(a=S.style(e,t)),!y.pixelBoxStyles()&&Me.test(a)&&Fe.test(t)&&(r=s.width,i=s.minWidth,o=s.maxWidth,s.minWidth=s.maxWidth=s.width=a,a=n.width,s.width=r,s.minWidth=i,s.maxWidth=o)),void 0!==a?a+"":a}function $e(e,t){return{get:function(){if(!e()){return(this.get=t).apply(this,arguments)}delete this.get}}}!function(){function e(){if(l){u.style.cssText="position:absolute;left:-11111px;width:60px;margin-top:1px;padding:0;border:0",l.style.cssText="position:relative;display:block;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:scroll;margin:auto;border:1px;padding:1px;width:60%;top:1%",re.appendChild(u).appendChild(l);var e=C.getComputedStyle(l);n="1%"!==e.top,s=12===t(e.marginLeft),l.style.right="60%",o=36===t(e.right),r=36===t(e.width),l.style.position="absolute",i=12===t(l.offsetWidth/3),re.removeChild(u),l=null}}function t(e){return Math.round(parseFloat(e))}var n,r,i,o,a,s,u=E.createElement("div"),l=E.createElement("div");l.style&&(l.style.backgroundClip="content-box",l.cloneNode(!0).style.backgroundClip="",y.clearCloneStyle="content-box"===l.style.backgroundClip,S.extend(y,{boxSizingReliable:function(){return e(),r},pixelBoxStyles:function(){return e(),o},pixelPosition:function(){return e(),n},reliableMarginLeft:function(){return e(),s},scrollboxSize:function(){return e(),i},reliableTrDimensions:function(){var e,t,n,r;return null==a&&(e=E.createElement("table"),t=E.createElement("tr"),n=E.createElement("div"),e.style.cssText="position:absolute;left:-11111px",t.style.height="1px",n.style.height="9px",re.appendChild(e).appendChild(t).appendChild(n),r=C.getComputedStyle(t),a=3<parseInt(r.height),re.removeChild(e)),a}}))}();var _e=["Webkit","Moz","ms"],ze=E.createElement("div").style,Ue={};function Xe(e){var t=S.cssProps[e]||Ue[e];return t||(e in ze?e:Ue[e]=function(e){var t=e[0].toUpperCase()+e.slice(1),n=_e.length;while(n--){if((e=_e[n]+t) in ze){return e}}}(e)||e)}var Ve=/^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/,Ge=/^--/,Ye={position:"absolute",visibility:"hidden",display:"block"},Qe={letterSpacing:"0",fontWeight:"400"};function Je(e,t,n){var r=te.exec(t);return r?Math.max(0,r[2]-(n||0))+(r[3]||"px"):t}function Ke(e,t,n,r,i,o){var a="width"===t?1:0,s=0,u=0;if(n===(r?"border":"content")){return 0}for(;a<4;a+=2){"margin"===n&&(u+=S.css(e,n+ne[a],!0,i)),r?("content"===n&&(u-=S.css(e,"padding"+ne[a],!0,i)),"margin"!==n&&(u-=S.css(e,"border"+ne[a]+"Width",!0,i))):(u+=S.css(e,"padding"+ne[a],!0,i),"padding"!==n?u+=S.css(e,"border"+ne[a]+"Width",!0,i):s+=S.css(e,"border"+ne[a]+"Width",!0,i))}return !r&&0<=o&&(u+=Math.max(0,Math.ceil(e["offset"+t[0].toUpperCase()+t.slice(1)]-o-u-s-0.5))||0),u}function Ze(e,t,n){var r=Ie(e),i=(!y.boxSizingReliable()||n)&&"border-box"===S.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,r),o=i,a=Be(e,t,r),s="offset"+t[0].toUpperCase()+t.slice(1);if(Me.test(a)){if(!n){return a}a="auto"}return(!y.boxSizingReliable()&&i||!y.reliableTrDimensions()&&A(e,"tr")||"auto"===a||!parseFloat(a)&&"inline"===S.css(e,"display",!1,r))&&e.getClientRects().length&&(i="border-box"===S.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,r),(o=s in e)&&(a=e[s])),(a=parseFloat(a)||0)+Ke(e,t,n||(i?"border":"content"),o,r,a)+"px"}function et(e,t,n,r,i){return new et.prototype.init(e,t,n,r,i)}S.extend({cssHooks:{opacity:{get:function(e,t){if(t){var n=Be(e,"opacity");return""===n?"1":n}}}},cssNumber:{animationIterationCount:!0,columnCount:!0,fillOpacity:!0,flexGrow:!0,flexShrink:!0,fontWeight:!0,gridArea:!0,gridColumn:!0,gridColumnEnd:!0,gridColumnStart:!0,gridRow:!0,gridRowEnd:!0,gridRowStart:!0,lineHeight:!0,opacity:!0,order:!0,orphans:!0,widows:!0,zIndex:!0,zoom:!0},cssProps:{},style:function(e,t,n,r){if(e&&3!==e.nodeType&&8!==e.nodeType&&e.style){var i,o,a,s=X(t),u=Ge.test(t),l=e.style;if(u||(t=Xe(s)),a=S.cssHooks[t]||S.cssHooks[s],void 0===n){return a&&"get" in a&&void 0!==(i=a.get(e,!1,r))?i:l[t]}"string"===(o=typeof n)&&(i=te.exec(n))&&i[1]&&(n=se(e,t,i),o="number"),null!=n&&n==n&&("number"!==o||u||(n+=i&&i[3]||(S.cssNumber[s]?"":"px")),y.clearCloneStyle||""!==n||0!==t.indexOf("background")||(l[t]="inherit"),a&&"set" in a&&void 0===(n=a.set(e,n,r))||(u?l.setProperty(t,n):l[t]=n))}},css:function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=X(t);return Ge.test(t)||(t=Xe(s)),(a=S.cssHooks[t]||S.cssHooks[s])&&"get" in a&&(i=a.get(e,!0,n)),void 0===i&&(i=Be(e,t,r)),"normal"===i&&t in Qe&&(i=Qe[t]),""===n||n?(o=parseFloat(i),!0===n||isFinite(o)?o||0:i):i}}),S.each(["height","width"],function(e,u){S.cssHooks[u]={get:function(e,t,n){if(t){return !Ve.test(S.css(e,"display"))||e.getClientRects().length&&e.getBoundingClientRect().width?Ze(e,u,n):We(e,Ye,function(){return Ze(e,u,n)})}},set:function(e,t,n){var r,i=Ie(e),o=!y.scrollboxSize()&&"absolute"===i.position,a=(o||n)&&"border-box"===S.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,i),s=n?Ke(e,u,n,a,i):0;return a&&o&&(s-=Math.ceil(e["offset"+u[0].toUpperCase()+u.slice(1)]-parseFloat(i[u])-Ke(e,u,"border",!1,i)-0.5)),s&&(r=te.exec(t))&&"px"!==(r[3]||"px")&&(e.style[u]=t,t=S.css(e,u)),Je(0,t,s)}}}),S.cssHooks.marginLeft=$e(y.reliableMarginLeft,function(e,t){if(t){return(parseFloat(Be(e,"marginLeft"))||e.getBoundingClientRect().left-We(e,{marginLeft:0},function(){return e.getBoundingClientRect().left}))+"px"}}),S.each({margin:"",padding:"",border:"Width"},function(i,o){S.cssHooks[i+o]={expand:function(e){for(var t=0,n={},r="string"==typeof e?e.split(" "):[e];t<4;t++){n[i+ne[t]+o]=r[t]||r[t-2]||r[0]}return n}},"margin"!==i&&(S.cssHooks[i+o].set=Je)}),S.fn.extend({css:function(e,t){return $(this,function(e,t,n){var r,i,o={},a=0;if(Array.isArray(t)){for(r=Ie(e),i=t.length;a<i;a++){o[t[a]]=S.css(e,t[a],!1,r)}return o}return void 0!==n?S.style(e,t,n):S.css(e,t)},e,t,1<arguments.length)}}),((S.Tween=et).prototype={constructor:et,init:function(e,t,n,r,i,o){this.elem=e,this.prop=n,this.easing=i||S.easing._default,this.options=t,this.start=this.now=this.cur(),this.end=r,this.unit=o||(S.cssNumber[n]?"":"px")},cur:function(){var e=et.propHooks[this.prop];return e&&e.get?e.get(this):et.propHooks._default.get(this)},run:function(e){var t,n=et.propHooks[this.prop];return this.options.duration?this.pos=t=S.easing[this.easing](e,this.options.duration*e,0,1,this.options.duration):this.pos=t=e,this.now=(this.end-this.start)*t+this.start,this.options.step&&this.options.step.call(this.elem,this.now,this),n&&n.set?n.set(this):et.propHooks._default.set(this),this}}).init.prototype=et.prototype,(et.propHooks={_default:{get:function(e){var t;return 1!==e.elem.nodeType||null!=e.elem[e.prop]&&null==e.elem.style[e.prop]?e.elem[e.prop]:(t=S.css(e.elem,e.prop,""))&&"auto"!==t?t:0},set:function(e){S.fx.step[e.prop]?S.fx.step[e.prop](e):1!==e.elem.nodeType||!S.cssHooks[e.prop]&&null==e.elem.style[Xe(e.prop)]?e.elem[e.prop]=e.now:S.style(e.elem,e.prop,e.now+e.unit)}}}).scrollTop=et.propHooks.scrollLeft={set:function(e){e.elem.nodeType&&e.elem.parentNode&&(e.elem[e.prop]=e.now)}},S.easing={linear:function(e){return e},swing:function(e){return 0.5-Math.cos(e*Math.PI)/2},_default:"swing"},S.fx=et.prototype.init,S.fx.step={};var tt,nt,rt,it,ot=/^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/,at=/queueHooks$/;function st(){nt&&(!1===E.hidden&&C.requestAnimationFrame?C.requestAnimationFrame(st):C.setTimeout(st,S.fx.interval),S.fx.tick())}function ut(){return C.setTimeout(function(){tt=void 0}),tt=Date.now()}function lt(e,t){var n,r=0,i={height:e};for(t=t?1:0;r<4;r+=2-t){i["margin"+(n=ne[r])]=i["padding"+n]=e}return t&&(i.opacity=i.width=e),i}function ct(e,t,n){for(var r,i=(ft.tweeners[t]||[]).concat(ft.tweeners["*"]),o=0,a=i.length;o<a;o++){if(r=i[o].call(n,t,e)){return r}}}function ft(o,e,t){var n,a,r=0,i=ft.prefilters.length,s=S.Deferred().always(function(){delete u.elem}),u=function(){if(a){return !1}for(var e=tt||ut(),t=Math.max(0,l.startTime+l.duration-e),n=1-(t/l.duration||0),r=0,i=l.tweens.length;r<i;r++){l.tweens[r].run(n)}return s.notifyWith(o,[l,n,t]),n<1&&i?t:(i||s.notifyWith(o,[l,1,0]),s.resolveWith(o,[l]),!1)},l=s.promise({elem:o,props:S.extend({},e),opts:S.extend(!0,{specialEasing:{},easing:S.easing._default},t),originalProperties:e,originalOptions:t,startTime:tt||ut(),duration:t.duration,tweens:[],createTween:function(e,t){var n=S.Tween(o,l.opts,e,t,l.opts.specialEasing[e]||l.opts.easing);return l.tweens.push(n),n},stop:function(e){var t=0,n=e?l.tweens.length:0;if(a){return this}for(a=!0;t<n;t++){l.tweens[t].run(1)}return e?(s.notifyWith(o,[l,1,0]),s.resolveWith(o,[l,e])):s.rejectWith(o,[l,e]),this}}),c=l.props;for(!function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a;for(n in e){if(i=t[r=X(n)],o=e[n],Array.isArray(o)&&(i=o[1],o=e[n]=o[0]),n!==r&&(e[r]=o,delete e[n]),(a=S.cssHooks[r])&&"expand" in a){for(n in o=a.expand(o),delete e[r],o){n in e||(e[n]=o[n],t[n]=i)}}else{t[r]=i}}}(c,l.opts.specialEasing);r<i;r++){if(n=ft.prefilters[r].call(l,o,c,l.opts)){return m(n.stop)&&(S._queueHooks(l.elem,l.opts.queue).stop=n.stop.bind(n)),n}}return S.map(c,ct,l),m(l.opts.start)&&l.opts.start.call(o,l),l.progress(l.opts.progress).done(l.opts.done,l.opts.complete).fail(l.opts.fail).always(l.opts.always),S.fx.timer(S.extend(u,{elem:o,anim:l,queue:l.opts.queue})),l}S.Animation=S.extend(ft,{tweeners:{"*":[function(e,t){var n=this.createTween(e,t);return se(n.elem,e,te.exec(t),n),n}]},tweener:function(e,t){m(e)?(t=e,e=["*"]):e=e.match(P);for(var n,r=0,i=e.length;r<i;r++){n=e[r],ft.tweeners[n]=ft.tweeners[n]||[],ft.tweeners[n].unshift(t)}},prefilters:[function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,u,l,c,f="width" in t||"height" in t,p=this,d={},h=e.style,g=e.nodeType&&ae(e),v=Y.get(e,"fxshow");for(r in n.queue||(null==(a=S._queueHooks(e,"fx")).unqueued&&(a.unqueued=0,s=a.empty.fire,a.empty.fire=function(){a.unqueued||s()}),a.unqueued++,p.always(function(){p.always(function(){a.unqueued--,S.queue(e,"fx").length||a.empty.fire()})})),t){if(i=t[r],ot.test(i)){if(delete t[r],o=o||"toggle"===i,i===(g?"hide":"show")){if("show"!==i||!v||void 0===v[r]){continue}g=!0}d[r]=v&&v[r]||S.style(e,r)}}if((u=!S.isEmptyObject(t))||!S.isEmptyObject(d)){for(r in f&&1===e.nodeType&&(n.overflow=[h.overflow,h.overflowX,h.overflowY],null==(l=v&&v.display)&&(l=Y.get(e,"display")),"none"===(c=S.css(e,"display"))&&(l?c=l:(le([e],!0),l=e.style.display||l,c=S.css(e,"display"),le([e]))),("inline"===c||"inline-block"===c&&null!=l)&&"none"===S.css(e,"float")&&(u||(p.done(function(){h.display=l}),null==l&&(c=h.display,l="none"===c?"":c)),h.display="inline-block")),n.overflow&&(h.overflow="hidden",p.always(function(){h.overflow=n.overflow[0],h.overflowX=n.overflow[1],h.overflowY=n.overflow[2]})),u=!1,d){u||(v?"hidden" in v&&(g=v.hidden):v=Y.access(e,"fxshow",{display:l}),o&&(v.hidden=!g),g&&le([e],!0),p.done(function(){for(r in g||le([e]),Y.remove(e,"fxshow"),d){S.style(e,r,d[r])}})),u=ct(g?v[r]:0,r,p),r in v||(v[r]=u.start,g&&(u.end=u.start,u.start=0))}}}],prefilter:function(e,t){t?ft.prefilters.unshift(e):ft.prefilters.push(e)}}),S.speed=function(e,t,n){var r=e&&"object"==typeof e?S.extend({},e):{complete:n||!n&&t||m(e)&&e,duration:e,easing:n&&t||t&&!m(t)&&t};return S.fx.off?r.duration=0:"number"!=typeof r.duration&&(r.duration in S.fx.speeds?r.duration=S.fx.speeds[r.duration]:r.duration=S.fx.speeds._default),null!=r.queue&&!0!==r.queue||(r.queue="fx"),r.old=r.complete,r.complete=function(){m(r.old)&&r.old.call(this),r.queue&&S.dequeue(this,r.queue)},r},S.fn.extend({fadeTo:function(e,t,n,r){return this.filter(ae).css("opacity",0).show().end().animate({opacity:t},e,n,r)},animate:function(t,e,n,r){var i=S.isEmptyObject(t),o=S.speed(e,n,r),a=function(){var e=ft(this,S.extend({},t),o);(i||Y.get(this,"finish"))&&e.stop(!0)};return a.finish=a,i||!1===o.queue?this.each(a):this.queue(o.queue,a)},stop:function(i,e,o){var a=function(e){var t=e.stop;delete e.stop,t(o)};return"string"!=typeof i&&(o=e,e=i,i=void 0),e&&this.queue(i||"fx",[]),this.each(function(){var e=!0,t=null!=i&&i+"queueHooks",n=S.timers,r=Y.get(this);if(t){r[t]&&r[t].stop&&a(r[t])}else{for(t in r){r[t]&&r[t].stop&&at.test(t)&&a(r[t])}}for(t=n.length;t--;){n[t].elem!==this||null!=i&&n[t].queue!==i||(n[t].anim.stop(o),e=!1,n.splice(t,1))}!e&&o||S.dequeue(this,i)})},finish:function(a){return !1!==a&&(a=a||"fx"),this.each(function(){var e,t=Y.get(this),n=t[a+"queue"],r=t[a+"queueHooks"],i=S.timers,o=n?n.length:0;for(t.finish=!0,S.queue(this,a,[]),r&&r.stop&&r.stop.call(this,!0),e=i.length;e--;){i[e].elem===this&&i[e].queue===a&&(i[e].anim.stop(!0),i.splice(e,1))}for(e=0;e<o;e++){n[e]&&n[e].finish&&n[e].finish.call(this)}delete t.finish})}}),S.each(["toggle","show","hide"],function(e,r){var i=S.fn[r];S.fn[r]=function(e,t,n){return null==e||"boolean"==typeof e?i.apply(this,arguments):this.animate(lt(r,!0),e,t,n)}}),S.each({slideDown:lt("show"),slideUp:lt("hide"),slideToggle:lt("toggle"),fadeIn:{opacity:"show"},fadeOut:{opacity:"hide"},fadeToggle:{opacity:"toggle"}},function(e,r){S.fn[e]=function(e,t,n){return this.animate(r,e,t,n)}}),S.timers=[],S.fx.tick=function(){var e,t=0,n=S.timers;for(tt=Date.now();t<n.length;t++){(e=n[t])()||n[t]!==e||n.splice(t--,1)}n.length||S.fx.stop(),tt=void 0},S.fx.timer=function(e){S.timers.push(e),S.fx.start()},S.fx.interval=13,S.fx.start=function(){nt||(nt=!0,st())},S.fx.stop=function(){nt=null},S.fx.speeds={slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},S.fn.delay=function(r,e){return r=S.fx&&S.fx.speeds[r]||r,e=e||"fx",this.queue(e,function(e,t){var n=C.setTimeout(e,r);t.stop=function(){C.clearTimeout(n)}})},rt=E.createElement("input"),it=E.createElement("select").appendChild(E.createElement("option")),rt.type="checkbox",y.checkOn=""!==rt.value,y.optSelected=it.selected,(rt=E.createElement("input")).value="t",rt.type="radio",y.radioValue="t"===rt.value;var pt,dt=S.expr.attrHandle;S.fn.extend({attr:function(e,t){return $(this,S.attr,e,t,1<arguments.length)},removeAttr:function(e){return this.each(function(){S.removeAttr(this,e)})}}),S.extend({attr:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=e.nodeType;if(3!==o&&8!==o&&2!==o){return"undefined"==typeof e.getAttribute?S.prop(e,t,n):(1===o&&S.isXMLDoc(e)||(i=S.attrHooks[t.toLowerCase()]||(S.expr.match.bool.test(t)?pt:void 0)),void 0!==n?null===n?void S.removeAttr(e,t):i&&"set" in i&&void 0!==(r=i.set(e,n,t))?r:(e.setAttribute(t,n+""),n):i&&"get" in i&&null!==(r=i.get(e,t))?r:null==(r=S.find.attr(e,t))?void 0:r)}},attrHooks:{type:{set:function(e,t){if(!y.radioValue&&"radio"===t&&A(e,"input")){var n=e.value;return e.setAttribute("type",t),n&&(e.value=n),t}}}},removeAttr:function(e,t){var n,r=0,i=t&&t.match(P);if(i&&1===e.nodeType){while(n=i[r++]){e.removeAttribute(n)}}}}),pt={set:function(e,t,n){return !1===t?S.removeAttr(e,n):e.setAttribute(n,n),n}},S.each(S.expr.match.bool.source.match(/\w+/g),function(e,t){var a=dt[t]||S.find.attr;dt[t]=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=t.toLowerCase();return n||(i=dt[o],dt[o]=r,r=null!=a(e,t,n)?o:null,dt[o]=i),r}});var ht=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button)$/i,gt=/^(?:a|area)$/i;function vt(e){return(e.match(P)||[]).join(" ")}function yt(e){return e.getAttribute&&e.getAttribute("class")||""}function mt(e){return Array.isArray(e)?e:"string"==typeof e&&e.match(P)||[]}S.fn.extend({prop:function(e,t){return $(this,S.prop,e,t,1<arguments.length)},removeProp:function(e){return this.each(function(){delete this[S.propFix[e]||e]})}}),S.extend({prop:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=e.nodeType;if(3!==o&&8!==o&&2!==o){return 1===o&&S.isXMLDoc(e)||(t=S.propFix[t]||t,i=S.propHooks[t]),void 0!==n?i&&"set" in i&&void 0!==(r=i.set(e,n,t))?r:e[t]=n:i&&"get" in i&&null!==(r=i.get(e,t))?r:e[t]}},propHooks:{tabIndex:{get:function(e){var t=S.find.attr(e,"tabindex");return t?parseInt(t,10):ht.test(e.nodeName)||gt.test(e.nodeName)&&e.href?0:-1}}},propFix:{"for":"htmlFor","class":"className"}}),y.optSelected||(S.propHooks.selected={get:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.selectedIndex,null},set:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;t&&(t.selectedIndex,t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.selectedIndex)}}),S.each(["tabIndex","readOnly","maxLength","cellSpacing","cellPadding","rowSpan","colSpan","useMap","frameBorder","contentEditable"],function(){S.propFix[this.toLowerCase()]=this}),S.fn.extend({addClass:function(t){var e,n,r,i,o,a,s,u=0;if(m(t)){return this.each(function(e){S(this).addClass(t.call(this,e,yt(this)))})}if((e=mt(t)).length){while(n=this[u++]){if(i=yt(n),r=1===n.nodeType&&" "+vt(i)+" "){a=0;while(o=e[a++]){r.indexOf(" "+o+" ")<0&&(r+=o+" ")}i!==(s=vt(r))&&n.setAttribute("class",s)}}}return this},removeClass:function(t){var e,n,r,i,o,a,s,u=0;if(m(t)){return this.each(function(e){S(this).removeClass(t.call(this,e,yt(this)))})}if(!arguments.length){return this.attr("class","")}if((e=mt(t)).length){while(n=this[u++]){if(i=yt(n),r=1===n.nodeType&&" "+vt(i)+" "){a=0;while(o=e[a++]){while(-1<r.indexOf(" "+o+" ")){r=r.replace(" "+o+" "," ")}}i!==(s=vt(r))&&n.setAttribute("class",s)}}}return this},toggleClass:function(i,t){var o=typeof i,a="string"===o||Array.isArray(i);return"boolean"==typeof t&&a?t?this.addClass(i):this.removeClass(i):m(i)?this.each(function(e){S(this).toggleClass(i.call(this,e,yt(this),t),t)}):this.each(function(){var e,t,n,r;if(a){t=0,n=S(this),r=mt(i);while(e=r[t++]){n.hasClass(e)?n.removeClass(e):n.addClass(e)}}else{void 0!==i&&"boolean"!==o||((e=yt(this))&&Y.set(this,"__className__",e),this.setAttribute&&this.setAttribute("class",e||!1===i?"":Y.get(this,"__className__")||""))}})},hasClass:function(e){var t,n,r=0;t=" "+e+" ";while(n=this[r++]){if(1===n.nodeType&&-1<(" "+vt(yt(n))+" ").indexOf(t)){return !0}}return !1}});var xt=/\r/g;S.fn.extend({val:function(n){var r,e,i,t=this[0];return arguments.length?(i=m(n),this.each(function(e){var t;1===this.nodeType&&(null==(t=i?n.call(this,e,S(this).val()):n)?t="":"number"==typeof t?t+="":Array.isArray(t)&&(t=S.map(t,function(e){return null==e?"":e+""})),(r=S.valHooks[this.type]||S.valHooks[this.nodeName.toLowerCase()])&&"set" in r&&void 0!==r.set(this,t,"value")||(this.value=t))})):t?(r=S.valHooks[t.type]||S.valHooks[t.nodeName.toLowerCase()])&&"get" in r&&void 0!==(e=r.get(t,"value"))?e:"string"==typeof(e=t.value)?e.replace(xt,""):null==e?"":e:void 0}}),S.extend({valHooks:{option:{get:function(e){var t=S.find.attr(e,"value");return null!=t?t:vt(S.text(e))}},select:{get:function(e){var t,n,r,i=e.options,o=e.selectedIndex,a="select-one"===e.type,s=a?null:[],u=a?o+1:i.length;for(r=o<0?u:a?o:0;r<u;r++){if(((n=i[r]).selected||r===o)&&!n.disabled&&(!n.parentNode.disabled||!A(n.parentNode,"optgroup"))){if(t=S(n).val(),a){return t}s.push(t)}}return s},set:function(e,t){var n,r,i=e.options,o=S.makeArray(t),a=i.length;while(a--){((r=i[a]).selected=-1<S.inArray(S.valHooks.option.get(r),o))&&(n=!0)}return n||(e.selectedIndex=-1),o}}}}),S.each(["radio","checkbox"],function(){S.valHooks[this]={set:function(e,t){if(Array.isArray(t)){return e.checked=-1<S.inArray(S(e).val(),t)}}},y.checkOn||(S.valHooks[this].get=function(e){return null===e.getAttribute("value")?"on":e.value})}),y.focusin="onfocusin" in C;var bt=/^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/,wt=function(e){e.stopPropagation()};S.extend(S.event,{trigger:function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,u,l,c,f,p=[n||E],d=v.call(e,"type")?e.type:e,h=v.call(e,"namespace")?e.namespace.split("."):[];if(o=f=a=n=n||E,3!==n.nodeType&&8!==n.nodeType&&!bt.test(d+S.event.triggered)&&(-1<d.indexOf(".")&&(d=(h=d.split(".")).shift(),h.sort()),u=d.indexOf(":")<0&&"on"+d,(e=e[S.expando]?e:new S.Event(d,"object"==typeof e&&e)).isTrigger=r?2:3,e.namespace=h.join("."),e.rnamespace=e.namespace?new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"):null,e.result=void 0,e.target||(e.target=n),t=null==t?[e]:S.makeArray(t,[e]),c=S.event.special[d]||{},r||!c.trigger||!1!==c.trigger.apply(n,t))){if(!r&&!c.noBubble&&!x(n)){for(s=c.delegateType||d,bt.test(s+d)||(o=o.parentNode);o;o=o.parentNode){p.push(o),a=o}a===(n.ownerDocument||E)&&p.push(a.defaultView||a.parentWindow||C)}i=0;while((o=p[i++])&&!e.isPropagationStopped()){f=o,e.type=1<i?s:c.bindType||d,(l=(Y.get(o,"events")||Object.create(null))[e.type]&&Y.get(o,"handle"))&&l.apply(o,t),(l=u&&o[u])&&l.apply&&V(o)&&(e.result=l.apply(o,t),!1===e.result&&e.preventDefault())}return e.type=d,r||e.isDefaultPrevented()||c._default&&!1!==c._default.apply(p.pop(),t)||!V(n)||u&&m(n[d])&&!x(n)&&((a=n[u])&&(n[u]=null),S.event.triggered=d,e.isPropagationStopped()&&f.addEventListener(d,wt),n[d](),e.isPropagationStopped()&&f.removeEventListener(d,wt),S.event.triggered=void 0,a&&(n[u]=a)),e.result}},simulate:function(e,t,n){var r=S.extend(new S.Event,n,{type:e,isSimulated:!0});S.event.trigger(r,null,t)}}),S.fn.extend({trigger:function(e,t){return this.each(function(){S.event.trigger(e,t,this)})},triggerHandler:function(e,t){var n=this[0];if(n){return S.event.trigger(e,t,n,!0)}}}),y.focusin||S.each({focus:"focusin",blur:"focusout"},function(n,r){var i=function(e){S.event.simulate(r,e.target,S.event.fix(e))};S.event.special[r]={setup:function(){var e=this.ownerDocument||this.document||this,t=Y.access(e,r);t||e.addEventListener(n,i,!0),Y.access(e,r,(t||0)+1)},teardown:function(){var e=this.ownerDocument||this.document||this,t=Y.access(e,r)-1;t?Y.access(e,r,t):(e.removeEventListener(n,i,!0),Y.remove(e,r))}}});var Tt=C.location,Ct={guid:Date.now()},Et=/\?/;S.parseXML=function(e){var t;if(!e||"string"!=typeof e){return null}try{t=(new C.DOMParser).parseFromString(e,"text/xml")}catch(e){t=void 0}return t&&!t.getElementsByTagName("parsererror").length||S.error("Invalid XML: "+e),t};var St=/\[\]$/,kt=/\r?\n/g,At=/^(?:submit|button|image|reset|file)$/i,Nt=/^(?:input|select|textarea|keygen)/i;function Dt(n,e,r,i){var t;if(Array.isArray(e)){S.each(e,function(e,t){r||St.test(n)?i(n,t):Dt(n+"["+("object"==typeof t&&null!=t?e:"")+"]",t,r,i)})}else{if(r||"object"!==w(e)){i(n,e)}else{for(t in e){Dt(n+"["+t+"]",e[t],r,i)}}}}S.param=function(e,t){var n,r=[],i=function(e,t){var n=m(t)?t():t;r[r.length]=encodeURIComponent(e)+"="+encodeURIComponent(null==n?"":n)};if(null==e){return""}if(Array.isArray(e)||e.jquery&&!S.isPlainObject(e)){S.each(e,function(){i(this.name,this.value)})}else{for(n in e){Dt(n,e[n],t,i)}}return r.join("&")},S.fn.extend({serialize:function(){return S.param(this.serializeArray())},serializeArray:function(){return this.map(function(){var e=S.prop(this,"elements");return e?S.makeArray(e):this}).filter(function(){var e=this.type;return this.name&&!S(this).is(":disabled")&&Nt.test(this.nodeName)&&!At.test(e)&&(this.checked||!pe.test(e))}).map(function(e,t){var n=S(this).val();return null==n?null:Array.isArray(n)?S.map(n,function(e){return{name:t.name,value:e.replace(kt,"\r\n")}}):{name:t.name,value:n.replace(kt,"\r\n")}}).get()}});var jt=/%20/g,qt=/#.*$/,Lt=/([?&])_=[^&]*/,Ht=/^(.*?):[ \t]*([^\r\n]*)$/gm,Ot=/^(?:GET|HEAD)$/,Pt=/^\/\//,Rt={},Mt={},It="*/".concat("*"),Wt=E.createElement("a");function Ft(o){return function(e,t){"string"!=typeof e&&(t=e,e="*");var n,r=0,i=e.toLowerCase().match(P)||[];if(m(t)){while(n=i[r++]){"+"===n[0]?(n=n.slice(1)||"*",(o[n]=o[n]||[]).unshift(t)):(o[n]=o[n]||[]).push(t)}}}}function Bt(t,i,o,a){var s={},u=t===Mt;function l(e){var r;return s[e]=!0,S.each(t[e]||[],function(e,t){var n=t(i,o,a);return"string"!=typeof n||u||s[n]?u?!(r=n):void 0:(i.dataTypes.unshift(n),l(n),!1)}),r}return l(i.dataTypes[0])||!s["*"]&&l("*")}function $t(e,t){var n,r,i=S.ajaxSettings.flatOptions||{};for(n in t){void 0!==t[n]&&((i[n]?e:r||(r={}))[n]=t[n])}return r&&S.extend(!0,e,r),e}Wt.href=Tt.href,S.extend({active:0,lastModified:{},etag:{},ajaxSettings:{url:Tt.href,type:"GET",isLocal:/^(?:about|app|app-storage|.+-extension|file|res|widget):$/.test(Tt.protocol),global:!0,processData:!0,async:!0,contentType:"application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8",accepts:{"*":It,text:"text/plain",html:"text/html",xml:"application/xml, text/xml",json:"application/json, text/javascript"},contents:{xml:/\bxml\b/,html:/\bhtml/,json:/\bjson\b/},responseFields:{xml:"responseXML",text:"responseText",json:"responseJSON"},converters:{"* text":String,"text html":!0,"text json":JSON.parse,"text xml":S.parseXML},flatOptions:{url:!0,context:!0}},ajaxSetup:function(e,t){return t?$t($t(e,S.ajaxSettings),t):$t(S.ajaxSettings,e)},ajaxPrefilter:Ft(Rt),ajaxTransport:Ft(Mt),ajax:function(e,t){"object"==typeof e&&(t=e,e=void 0),t=t||{};var c,f,p,n,d,r,h,g,i,o,v=S.ajaxSetup({},t),y=v.context||v,m=v.context&&(y.nodeType||y.jquery)?S(y):S.event,x=S.Deferred(),b=S.Callbacks("once memory"),w=v.statusCode||{},a={},s={},u="canceled",T={readyState:0,getResponseHeader:function(e){var t;if(h){if(!n){n={};while(t=Ht.exec(p)){n[t[1].toLowerCase()+" "]=(n[t[1].toLowerCase()+" "]||[]).concat(t[2])}}t=n[e.toLowerCase()+" "]}return null==t?null:t.join(", ")},getAllResponseHeaders:function(){return h?p:null},setRequestHeader:function(e,t){return null==h&&(e=s[e.toLowerCase()]=s[e.toLowerCase()]||e,a[e]=t),this},overrideMimeType:function(e){return null==h&&(v.mimeType=e),this},statusCode:function(e){var t;if(e){if(h){T.always(e[T.status])}else{for(t in e){w[t]=[w[t],e[t]]}}}return this},abort:function(e){var t=e||u;return c&&c.abort(t),l(0,t),this}};if(x.promise(T),v.url=((e||v.url||Tt.href)+"").replace(Pt,Tt.protocol+"//"),v.type=t.method||t.type||v.method||v.type,v.dataTypes=(v.dataType||"*").toLowerCase().match(P)||[""],null==v.crossDomain){r=E.createElement("a");try{r.href=v.url,r.href=r.href,v.crossDomain=Wt.protocol+"//"+Wt.host!=r.protocol+"//"+r.host}catch(e){v.crossDomain=!0}}if(v.data&&v.processData&&"string"!=typeof v.data&&(v.data=S.param(v.data,v.traditional)),Bt(Rt,v,t,T),h){return T}for(i in (g=S.event&&v.global)&&0==S.active++&&S.event.trigger("ajaxStart"),v.type=v.type.toUpperCase(),v.hasContent=!Ot.test(v.type),f=v.url.replace(qt,""),v.hasContent?v.data&&v.processData&&0===(v.contentType||"").indexOf("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")&&(v.data=v.data.replace(jt,"+")):(o=v.url.slice(f.length),v.data&&(v.processData||"string"==typeof v.data)&&(f+=(Et.test(f)?"&":"?")+v.data,delete v.data),!1===v.cache&&(f=f.replace(Lt,"$1"),o=(Et.test(f)?"&":"?")+"_="+Ct.guid+++o),v.url=f+o),v.ifModified&&(S.lastModified[f]&&T.setRequestHeader("If-Modified-Since",S.lastModified[f]),S.etag[f]&&T.setRequestHeader("If-None-Match",S.etag[f])),(v.data&&v.hasContent&&!1!==v.contentType||t.contentType)&&T.setRequestHeader("Content-Type",v.contentType),T.setRequestHeader("Accept",v.dataTypes[0]&&v.accepts[v.dataTypes[0]]?v.accepts[v.dataTypes[0]]+("*"!==v.dataTypes[0]?", "+It+"; q=0.01":""):v.accepts["*"]),v.headers){T.setRequestHeader(i,v.headers[i])}if(v.beforeSend&&(!1===v.beforeSend.call(y,T,v)||h)){return T.abort()}if(u="abort",b.add(v.complete),T.done(v.success),T.fail(v.error),c=Bt(Mt,v,t,T)){if(T.readyState=1,g&&m.trigger("ajaxSend",[T,v]),h){return T}v.async&&0<v.timeout&&(d=C.setTimeout(function(){T.abort("timeout")},v.timeout));try{h=!1,c.send(a,l)}catch(e){if(h){throw e}l(-1,e)}}else{l(-1,"No Transport")}function l(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,u,l=t;h||(h=!0,d&&C.clearTimeout(d),c=void 0,p=r||"",T.readyState=0<e?4:0,i=200<=e&&e<300||304===e,n&&(s=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s=e.contents,u=e.dataTypes;while("*"===u[0]){u.shift(),void 0===r&&(r=e.mimeType||t.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"))}if(r){for(i in s){if(s[i]&&s[i].test(r)){u.unshift(i);break}}}if(u[0] in n){o=u[0]}else{for(i in n){if(!u[0]||e.converters[i+" "+u[0]]){o=i;break}a||(a=i)}o=o||a}if(o){return o!==u[0]&&u.unshift(o),n[o]}}(v,T,n)),!i&&-1<S.inArray("script",v.dataTypes)&&(v.converters["text script"]=function(){}),s=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s,u,l={},c=e.dataTypes.slice();if(c[1]){for(a in e.converters){l[a.toLowerCase()]=e.converters[a]}}o=c.shift();while(o){if(e.responseFields[o]&&(n[e.responseFields[o]]=t),!u&&r&&e.dataFilter&&(t=e.dataFilter(t,e.dataType)),u=o,o=c.shift()){if("*"===o){o=u}else{if("*"!==u&&u!==o){if(!(a=l[u+" "+o]||l["* "+o])){for(i in l){if((s=i.split(" "))[1]===o&&(a=l[u+" "+s[0]]||l["* "+s[0]])){!0===a?a=l[i]:!0!==l[i]&&(o=s[0],c.unshift(s[1]));break}}}if(!0!==a){if(a&&e["throws"]){t=a(t)}else{try{t=a(t)}catch(e){return{state:"parsererror",error:a?e:"No conversion from "+u+" to "+o}}}}}}}}return{state:"success",data:t}}(v,s,T,i),i?(v.ifModified&&((u=T.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified"))&&(S.lastModified[f]=u),(u=T.getResponseHeader("etag"))&&(S.etag[f]=u)),204===e||"HEAD"===v.type?l="nocontent":304===e?l="notmodified":(l=s.state,o=s.data,i=!(a=s.error))):(a=l,!e&&l||(l="error",e<0&&(e=0))),T.status=e,T.statusText=(t||l)+"",i?x.resolveWith(y,[o,l,T]):x.rejectWith(y,[T,l,a]),T.statusCode(w),w=void 0,g&&m.trigger(i?"ajaxSuccess":"ajaxError",[T,v,i?o:a]),b.fireWith(y,[T,l]),g&&(m.trigger("ajaxComplete",[T,v]),--S.active||S.event.trigger("ajaxStop")))}return T},getJSON:function(e,t,n){return S.get(e,t,n,"json")},getScript:function(e,t){return S.get(e,void 0,t,"script")}}),S.each(["get","post"],function(e,i){S[i]=function(e,t,n,r){return m(t)&&(r=r||n,n=t,t=void 0),S.ajax(S.extend({url:e,type:i,dataType:r,data:t,success:n},S.isPlainObject(e)&&e))}}),S.ajaxPrefilter(function(e){var t;for(t in e.headers){"content-type"===t.toLowerCase()&&(e.contentType=e.headers[t]||"")}}),S._evalUrl=function(e,t,n){return S.ajax({url:e,type:"GET",dataType:"script",cache:!0,async:!1,global:!1,converters:{"text script":function(){}},dataFilter:function(e){S.globalEval(e,t,n)}})},S.fn.extend({wrapAll:function(e){var t;return this[0]&&(m(e)&&(e=e.call(this[0])),t=S(e,this[0].ownerDocument).eq(0).clone(!0),this[0].parentNode&&t.insertBefore(this[0]),t.map(function(){var e=this;while(e.firstElementChild){e=e.firstElementChild}return e}).append(this)),this},wrapInner:function(n){return m(n)?this.each(function(e){S(this).wrapInner(n.call(this,e))}):this.each(function(){var e=S(this),t=e.contents();t.length?t.wrapAll(n):e.append(n)})},wrap:function(t){var n=m(t);return this.each(function(e){S(this).wrapAll(n?t.call(this,e):t)})},unwrap:function(e){return this.parent(e).not("body").each(function(){S(this).replaceWith(this.childNodes)}),this}}),S.expr.pseudos.hidden=function(e){return !S.expr.pseudos.visible(e)},S.expr.pseudos.visible=function(e){return !!(e.offsetWidth||e.offsetHeight||e.getClientRects().length)},S.ajaxSettings.xhr=function(){try{return new C.XMLHttpRequest}catch(e){}};var _t={0:200,1223:204},zt=S.ajaxSettings.xhr();y.cors=!!zt&&"withCredentials" in zt,y.ajax=zt=!!zt,S.ajaxTransport(function(i){var o,a;if(y.cors||zt&&!i.crossDomain){return{send:function(e,t){var n,r=i.xhr();if(r.open(i.type,i.url,i.async,i.username,i.password),i.xhrFields){for(n in i.xhrFields){r[n]=i.xhrFields[n]}}for(n in i.mimeType&&r.overrideMimeType&&r.overrideMimeType(i.mimeType),i.crossDomain||e["X-Requested-With"]||(e["X-Requested-With"]="XMLHttpRequest"),e){r.setRequestHeader(n,e[n])}o=function(e){return function(){o&&(o=a=r.onload=r.onerror=r.onabort=r.ontimeout=r.onreadystatechange=null,"abort"===e?r.abort():"error"===e?"number"!=typeof r.status?t(0,"error"):t(r.status,r.statusText):t(_t[r.status]||r.status,r.statusText,"text"!==(r.responseType||"text")||"string"!=typeof r.responseText?{binary:r.response}:{text:r.responseText},r.getAllResponseHeaders()))}},r.onload=o(),a=r.onerror=r.ontimeout=o("error"),void 0!==r.onabort?r.onabort=a:r.onreadystatechange=function(){4===r.readyState&&C.setTimeout(function(){o&&a()})},o=o("abort");try{r.send(i.hasContent&&i.data||null)}catch(e){if(o){throw e}}},abort:function(){o&&o()}}}}),S.ajaxPrefilter(function(e){e.crossDomain&&(e.contents.script=!1)}),S.ajaxSetup({accepts:{script:"text/javascript, application/javascript, application/ecmascript, application/x-ecmascript"},contents:{script:/\b(?:java|ecma)script\b/},converters:{"text script":function(e){return S.globalEval(e),e}}}),S.ajaxPrefilter("script",function(e){void 0===e.cache&&(e.cache=!1),e.crossDomain&&(e.type="GET")}),S.ajaxTransport("script",function(n){var r,i;if(n.crossDomain||n.scriptAttrs){return{send:function(e,t){r=S("<script>").attr(n.scriptAttrs||{}).prop({charset:n.scriptCharset,src:n.url}).on("load error",i=function(e){r.remove(),i=null,e&&t("error"===e.type?404:200,e.type)}),E.head.appendChild(r[0])},abort:function(){i&&i()}}}});var Ut,Xt=[],Vt=/(=)\?(?=&|$)|\?\?/;S.ajaxSetup({jsonp:"callback",jsonpCallback:function(){var e=Xt.pop()||S.expando+"_"+Ct.guid++;return this[e]=!0,e}}),S.ajaxPrefilter("json jsonp",function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a=!1!==e.jsonp&&(Vt.test(e.url)?"url":"string"==typeof e.data&&0===(e.contentType||"").indexOf("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")&&Vt.test(e.data)&&"data");if(a||"jsonp"===e.dataTypes[0]){return r=e.jsonpCallback=m(e.jsonpCallback)?e.jsonpCallback():e.jsonpCallback,a?e[a]=e[a].replace(Vt,"$1"+r):!1!==e.jsonp&&(e.url+=(Et.test(e.url)?"&":"?")+e.jsonp+"="+r),e.converters["script json"]=function(){return o||S.error(r+" was not called"),o[0]},e.dataTypes[0]="json",i=C[r],C[r]=function(){o=arguments},n.always(function(){void 0===i?S(C).removeProp(r):C[r]=i,e[r]&&(e.jsonpCallback=t.jsonpCallback,Xt.push(r)),o&&m(i)&&i(o[0]),o=i=void 0}),"script"}}),y.createHTMLDocument=((Ut=E.implementation.createHTMLDocument("").body).innerHTML="<form></form><form></form>",2===Ut.childNodes.length),S.parseHTML=function(e,t,n){return"string"!=typeof e?[]:("boolean"==typeof t&&(n=t,t=!1),t||(y.createHTMLDocument?((r=(t=E.implementation.createHTMLDocument("")).createElement("base")).href=E.location.href,t.head.appendChild(r)):t=E),o=!n&&[],(i=N.exec(e))?[t.createElement(i[1])]:(i=xe([e],t,o),o&&o.length&&S(o).remove(),S.merge([],i.childNodes)));var r,i,o},S.fn.load=function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a=this,s=e.indexOf(" ");return -1<s&&(r=vt(e.slice(s)),e=e.slice(0,s)),m(t)?(n=t,t=void 0):t&&"object"==typeof t&&(i="POST"),0<a.length&&S.ajax({url:e,type:i||"GET",dataType:"html",data:t}).done(function(e){o=arguments,a.html(r?S("<div>").append(S.parseHTML(e)).find(r):e)}).always(n&&function(e,t){a.each(function(){n.apply(this,o||[e.responseText,t,e])})}),this},S.expr.pseudos.animated=function(t){return S.grep(S.timers,function(e){return t===e.elem}).length},S.offset={setOffset:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a,s,u,l=S.css(e,"position"),c=S(e),f={};"static"===l&&(e.style.position="relative"),s=c.offset(),o=S.css(e,"top"),u=S.css(e,"left"),("absolute"===l||"fixed"===l)&&-1<(o+u).indexOf("auto")?(a=(r=c.position()).top,i=r.left):(a=parseFloat(o)||0,i=parseFloat(u)||0),m(t)&&(t=t.call(e,n,S.extend({},s))),null!=t.top&&(f.top=t.top-s.top+a),null!=t.left&&(f.left=t.left-s.left+i),"using" in t?t.using.call(e,f):("number"==typeof f.top&&(f.top+="px"),"number"==typeof f.left&&(f.left+="px"),c.css(f))}},S.fn.extend({offset:function(t){if(arguments.length){return void 0===t?this:this.each(function(e){S.offset.setOffset(this,t,e)})}var e,n,r=this[0];return r?r.getClientRects().length?(e=r.getBoundingClientRect(),n=r.ownerDocument.defaultView,{top:e.top+n.pageYOffset,left:e.left+n.pageXOffset}):{top:0,left:0}:void 0},position:function(){if(this[0]){var e,t,n,r=this[0],i={top:0,left:0};if("fixed"===S.css(r,"position")){t=r.getBoundingClientRect()}else{t=this.offset(),n=r.ownerDocument,e=r.offsetParent||n.documentElement;while(e&&(e===n.body||e===n.documentElement)&&"static"===S.css(e,"position")){e=e.parentNode}e&&e!==r&&1===e.nodeType&&((i=S(e).offset()).top+=S.css(e,"borderTopWidth",!0),i.left+=S.css(e,"borderLeftWidth",!0))}return{top:t.top-i.top-S.css(r,"marginTop",!0),left:t.left-i.left-S.css(r,"marginLeft",!0)}}},offsetParent:function(){return this.map(function(){var e=this.offsetParent;while(e&&"static"===S.css(e,"position")){e=e.offsetParent}return e||re})}}),S.each({scrollLeft:"pageXOffset",scrollTop:"pageYOffset"},function(t,i){var o="pageYOffset"===i;S.fn[t]=function(e){return $(this,function(e,t,n){var r;if(x(e)?r=e:9===e.nodeType&&(r=e.defaultView),void 0===n){return r?r[i]:e[t]}r?r.scrollTo(o?r.pageXOffset:n,o?n:r.pageYOffset):e[t]=n},t,e,arguments.length)}}),S.each(["top","left"],function(e,n){S.cssHooks[n]=$e(y.pixelPosition,function(e,t){if(t){return t=Be(e,n),Me.test(t)?S(e).position()[n]+"px":t}})}),S.each({Height:"height",Width:"width"},function(a,s){S.each({padding:"inner"+a,content:s,"":"outer"+a},function(r,o){S.fn[o]=function(e,t){var n=arguments.length&&(r||"boolean"!=typeof e),i=r||(!0===e||!0===t?"margin":"border");return $(this,function(e,t,n){var r;return x(e)?0===o.indexOf("outer")?e["inner"+a]:e.document.documentElement["client"+a]:9===e.nodeType?(r=e.documentElement,Math.max(e.body["scroll"+a],r["scroll"+a],e.body["offset"+a],r["offset"+a],r["client"+a])):void 0===n?S.css(e,t,i):S.style(e,t,n,i)},s,n?e:void 0,n)}})}),S.each(["ajaxStart","ajaxStop","ajaxComplete","ajaxError","ajaxSuccess","ajaxSend"],function(e,t){S.fn[t]=function(e){return this.on(t,e)}}),S.fn.extend({bind:function(e,t,n){return this.on(e,null,t,n)},unbind:function(e,t){return this.off(e,null,t)},delegate:function(e,t,n,r){return this.on(t,e,n,r)},undelegate:function(e,t,n){return 1===arguments.length?this.off(e,"**"):this.off(t,e||"**",n)},hover:function(e,t){return this.mouseenter(e).mouseleave(t||e)}}),S.each("blur focus focusin focusout resize scroll click dblclick mousedown mouseup mousemove mouseover mouseout mouseenter mouseleave change select submit keydown keypress keyup contextmenu".split(" "),function(e,n){S.fn[n]=function(e,t){return 0<arguments.length?this.on(n,null,e,t):this.trigger(n)}});var Gt=/^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g;S.proxy=function(e,t){var n,r,i;if("string"==typeof t&&(n=e[t],t=e,e=n),m(e)){return r=s.call(arguments,2),(i=function(){return e.apply(t||this,r.concat(s.call(arguments)))}).guid=e.guid=e.guid||S.guid++,i}},S.holdReady=function(e){e?S.readyWait++:S.ready(!0)},S.isArray=Array.isArray,S.parseJSON=JSON.parse,S.nodeName=A,S.isFunction=m,S.isWindow=x,S.camelCase=X,S.type=w,S.now=Date.now,S.isNumeric=function(e){var t=S.type(e);return("number"===t||"string"===t)&&!isNaN(e-parseFloat(e))},S.trim=function(e){return null==e?"":(e+"").replace(Gt,"")},"function"==typeof define&&define.amd&&define("jquery",[],function(){return S});var Yt=C.jQuery,Qt=C.$;return S.noConflict=function(e){return C.$===S&&(C.$=Qt),e&&C.jQuery===S&&(C.jQuery=Yt),S},"undefined"==typeof e&&(C.jQuery=C.$=S),S});</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/theme_japantimes/js/premium/hmac-sha.js?v=4.8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/theme_japantimes/js/premium/md5.js?v=4.8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/theme_japantimes/js/premium/enc-base64.js?v=4.8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/theme_japantimes/js/premium/piano_jt.js?v=4.8"></script> <style> .tag-keyword{visibility:hidden;} </style> <script> const MAX_RETRY_COUNT_FIND_DIFF_CONTAINER = 60; var retry_counter = 0; var set_interval_id = setInterval(findTargetElement, 150); function findTargetElement() { retry_counter++; if(retry_counter > MAX_RETRY_COUNT_FIND_DIFF_CONTAINER) { clearInterval(set_interval_id); } var diff_container_elements = document.getElementsByClassName('tag-keyword'); if(diff_container_elements.length > 0) { clearInterval(set_interval_id); changeTitle(diff_container_elements); } } function changeTitle(diff_container_elements) { var tagPath = location.pathname.split('/'); var pathKeyword = tagPath[2]; if(pathKeyword.startsWith('_')){ var tagName = $('.tag-keyword').text(); tagName = tagName.replace(/^_/,""); $('.tag-keyword').text(tagName); } $('.tag-keyword').css('visibility','visible'); } </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // check window width and determine device type var deviceType = function() { console.log("loaded deviceType()"); var mobileMaxWidth = 610; var tabletMaxWidth = 1000; var w = jQuery( window ).width(); var type = 'mobile'; if ( w > mobileMaxWidth && w < tabletMaxWidth ) { type = 'tablet'; } else if ( w > tabletMaxWidth ) { type = 'desktop'; } return type; }(); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // these ads should be loaded always googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push( function() { googletag.pubads().enableAsyncRendering(); googletag.defineSlot('/4973089/JT-Supplements-slider1', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-1545378846364-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/4973089/JT-Supplements-block1', ['fluid'], 'div-gpt-ad-1545377720996-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/4973089/JT-Supplements-block2', ['fluid'], 'div-gpt-ad-1545377819100-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/4973089/JT-Supplements-block3', ['fluid'], 'div-gpt-ad-1545377905854-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/4973089/JT-Supplements-block4', ['fluid'], 'div-gpt-ad-1545378016685-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/4973089/JT-Supplements-block5', ['fluid'], 'div-gpt-ad-1545378526968-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/4973089/JT-Supplements-block6', ['fluid'], 'div-gpt-ad-1545378615238-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/4973089/JT-Supplements-block7', ['fluid'], 'div-gpt-ad-1545378710149-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/4973089/JT-Supplements-block8', ['fluid'], 'div-gpt-ad-1545378782983-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/4973089/JT-Education-banner', [270, 40], 'div-gpt-ad-1545377501993-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/4973089/JT-NationalDay-banner', [270, 40], 'div-gpt-ad-1545377579422-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); } ); </script> <!-- Piano --> <script type="text/javascript"> ( function ( src ) { var a = document.createElement( 'script' ); a.type = 'text/javascript'; a.async = true; a.src = src; var b = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; b.parentNode.insertBefore( a, b ) } )( "//experience-ap.piano.io/xbuilder/experience/load?aid=bWOWSdhXpj" ); </script> <!-- End Piano --> <!--Piano's ad block detection script--> <script> document.cookie = '__adblocker=; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT; path=/'; var setNptTechAdblockerCookie = function( adblocker ) { var d = new Date(); d.setTime( d.getTime() + 60 * 5 * 1000 ); document.cookie = '__adblocker=' + ( adblocker ? 'true' : 'false' ) + '; expires=' + d.toUTCString() + '; path=/'; }; var script = document.createElement( 'script' ); script.setAttribute( 'async', true ); script.setAttribute( 'src', '//www.npttech.com/advertising.js' ); script.setAttribute( 'onerror', 'setNptTechAdblockerCookie(true);' ); document.getElementsByTagName( 'head' )[0].appendChild( script ); </script> <input type="hidden" id="chartbeat_uid" value="TmpVMk5UZz0=" /> <input type="hidden" id="chartbeat_sections" value="tags" /> <input type="hidden" id="chartbeat_authors" value="" /> <input type="hidden" id="chartbeat_type" value="" /> <script> var _sf_async_config = _sf_async_config || {}; _sf_async_config.sections = "tags"; _sf_async_config.authors = ""; (function() { function loadChartbeat() { window._sf_endpt = (new Date()).getTime(); var e = document.createElement('script'); e.setAttribute('language', 'javascript'); e.setAttribute('type', 'text/javascript'); e.setAttribute('src', '//static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js'); document.body.appendChild(e); } var oldonload = window.onload; window.onload = (typeof window.onload != 'function') ? loadChartbeat : function() { oldonload(); loadChartbeat(); }; })(); </script> <style> *,*::before,*::after{box-sizing:border-box}body{margin:0}.container{width:100%;padding-right:8px;padding-left:8px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}@media(min-width:576px){.container{max-width:540px}}@media(min-width:769px){.container{max-width:720px}}@media(min-width:992px){.container{max-width:960px}}@media(min-width:1200px){.container{max-width:1210px}}.container-fluid{width:100%;padding-right:8px;padding-left:8px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.row{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-right:-8px;margin-left:-8px}.col-1,.col-2,.col-3,.col-4,.col-5,.col-6,.col-7,.col-8,.col-9,.col-10,.col-11,.col-12,.col,.col-auto,.col-sm-1,.col-sm-2,.col-sm-3,.col-sm-4,.col-sm-5,.col-sm-6,.col-sm-7,.col-sm-8,.col-sm-9,.col-sm-10,.col-sm-11,.col-sm-12,.col-sm,.col-sm-auto,.col-md-1,.col-md-2,.col-md-3,.col-md-4,.col-md-5,.col-md-6,.col-md-7,.col-md-8,.col-md-9,.col-md-10,.col-md-11,.col-md-12,.col-md,.col-md-auto,.col-lg-1,.col-lg-2,.col-lg-3,.col-lg-4,.col-lg-5,.col-lg-6,.col-lg-7,.col-lg-8,.col-lg-9,.col-lg-10,.col-lg-11,.col-lg-12,.col-lg,.col-lg-auto,.col-xl-1,.col-xl-2,.col-xl-3,.col-xl-4,.col-xl-5,.col-xl-6,.col-xl-7,.col-xl-8,.col-xl-9,.col-xl-10,.col-xl-11,.col-xl-12,.col-xl,.col-xl-auto{position:relative;width:100%;padding-right:8px;padding-left:8px}.col{-ms-flex-preferred-size:0;flex-basis:0;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;max-width:100%}.col-auto{-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;width:auto;max-width:100%}.col-1{-ms-flex:0 0 8.333333%;flex:0 0 8.333333%;max-width:8.333333%}.col-2{-ms-flex:0 0 16.666667%;flex:0 0 16.666667%;max-width:16.666667%}.col-3{-ms-flex:0 0 25%;flex:0 0 25%;max-width:25%}.col-4{-ms-flex:0 0 33.333333%;flex:0 0 33.333333%;max-width:33.333333%}.col-5{-ms-flex:0 0 41.666667%;flex:0 0 41.666667%;max-width:41.666667%}.col-6{-ms-flex:0 0 50%;flex:0 0 50%;max-width:50%}.col-7{-ms-flex:0 0 58.333333%;flex:0 0 58.333333%;max-width:58.333333%}.col-8{-ms-flex:0 0 66.666667%;flex:0 0 66.666667%;max-width:66.666667%}.col-9{-ms-flex:0 0 75%;flex:0 0 75%;max-width:75%}.col-10{-ms-flex:0 0 83.333333%;flex:0 0 83.333333%;max-width:83.333333%}.col-11{-ms-flex:0 0 91.666667%;flex:0 0 91.666667%;max-width:91.666667%}.col-12{-ms-flex:0 0 100%;flex:0 0 100%;max-width:100%}@media(min-width:576px){.col-sm{-ms-flex-preferred-size:0;flex-basis:0;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;max-width:100%}.col-sm-auto{-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;width:auto;max-width:100%}.col-sm-1{-ms-flex:0 0 8.333333%;flex:0 0 8.333333%;max-width:8.333333%}.col-sm-2{-ms-flex:0 0 16.666667%;flex:0 0 16.666667%;max-width:16.666667%}.col-sm-3{-ms-flex:0 0 25%;flex:0 0 25%;max-width:25%}.col-sm-4{-ms-flex:0 0 33.333333%;flex:0 0 33.333333%;max-width:33.333333%}.col-sm-5{-ms-flex:0 0 41.666667%;flex:0 0 41.666667%;max-width:41.666667%}.col-sm-6{-ms-flex:0 0 50%;flex:0 0 50%;max-width:50%}.col-sm-7{-ms-flex:0 0 58.333333%;flex:0 0 58.333333%;max-width:58.333333%}.col-sm-8{-ms-flex:0 0 66.666667%;flex:0 0 66.666667%;max-width:66.666667%}.col-sm-9{-ms-flex:0 0 75%;flex:0 0 75%;max-width:75%}.col-sm-10{-ms-flex:0 0 83.333333%;flex:0 0 83.333333%;max-width:83.333333%}.col-sm-11{-ms-flex:0 0 91.666667%;flex:0 0 91.666667%;max-width:91.666667%}.col-sm-12{-ms-flex:0 0 100%;flex:0 0 100%;max-width:100%}}@media(min-width:769px){.col-md{-ms-flex-preferred-size:0;flex-basis:0;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;max-width:100%}.col-md-auto{-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;width:auto;max-width:100%}.col-md-1{-ms-flex:0 0 8.333333%;flex:0 0 8.333333%;max-width:8.333333%}.col-md-2{-ms-flex:0 0 16.666667%;flex:0 0 16.666667%;max-width:16.666667%}.col-md-3{-ms-flex:0 0 25%;flex:0 0 25%;max-width:25%}.col-md-4{-ms-flex:0 0 33.333333%;flex:0 0 33.333333%;max-width:33.333333%}.col-md-5{-ms-flex:0 0 41.666667%;flex:0 0 41.666667%;max-width:41.666667%}.col-md-6{-ms-flex:0 0 50%;flex:0 0 50%;max-width:50%}.col-md-7{-ms-flex:0 0 58.333333%;flex:0 0 58.333333%;max-width:58.333333%}.col-md-8{-ms-flex:0 0 66.666667%;flex:0 0 66.666667%;max-width:66.666667%}.col-md-9{-ms-flex:0 0 75%;flex:0 0 75%;max-width:75%}.col-md-10{-ms-flex:0 0 83.333333%;flex:0 0 83.333333%;max-width:83.333333%}.col-md-11{-ms-flex:0 0 91.666667%;flex:0 0 91.666667%;max-width:91.666667%}.col-md-12{-ms-flex:0 0 100%;flex:0 0 100%;max-width:100%}}@media(min-width:992px){.col-lg{-ms-flex-preferred-size:0;flex-basis:0;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;max-width:100%}.col-lg-auto{-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;width:auto;max-width:100%}.col-lg-1{-ms-flex:0 0 8.333333%;flex:0 0 8.333333%;max-width:8.333333%}.col-lg-2{-ms-flex:0 0 16.666667%;flex:0 0 16.666667%;max-width:16.666667%}.col-lg-3{-ms-flex:0 0 25%;flex:0 0 25%;max-width:25%}.col-lg-4{-ms-flex:0 0 33.333333%;flex:0 0 33.333333%;max-width:33.333333%}.col-lg-5{-ms-flex:0 0 41.666667%;flex:0 0 41.666667%;max-width:41.666667%}.col-lg-6{-ms-flex:0 0 50%;flex:0 0 50%;max-width:50%}.col-lg-7{-ms-flex:0 0 58.333333%;flex:0 0 58.333333%;max-width:58.333333%}.col-lg-8{-ms-flex:0 0 66.666667%;flex:0 0 66.666667%;max-width:66.666667%}.col-lg-9{-ms-flex:0 0 75%;flex:0 0 75%;max-width:75%}.col-lg-10{-ms-flex:0 0 83.333333%;flex:0 0 83.333333%;max-width:83.333333%}.col-lg-11{-ms-flex:0 0 91.666667%;flex:0 0 91.666667%;max-width:91.666667%}.col-lg-12{-ms-flex:0 0 100%;flex:0 0 100%;max-width:100%}}@media(min-width:1200px){.col-xl{-ms-flex-preferred-size:0;flex-basis:0;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;max-width:100%}.col-xl-auto{-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;width:auto;max-width:100%}.col-xl-1{-ms-flex:0 0 8.333333%;flex:0 0 8.333333%;max-width:8.333333%}.col-xl-2{-ms-flex:0 0 16.666667%;flex:0 0 16.666667%;max-width:16.666667%}.col-xl-3{-ms-flex:0 0 25%;flex:0 0 25%;max-width:25%}.col-xl-4{-ms-flex:0 0 33.333333%;flex:0 0 33.333333%;max-width:33.333333%}.col-xl-5{-ms-flex:0 0 41.666667%;flex:0 0 41.666667%;max-width:41.666667%}.col-xl-6{-ms-flex:0 0 50%;flex:0 0 50%;max-width:50%}.col-xl-7{-ms-flex:0 0 58.333333%;flex:0 0 58.333333%;max-width:58.333333%}.col-xl-8{-ms-flex:0 0 66.666667%;flex:0 0 66.666667%;max-width:66.666667%}.col-xl-9{-ms-flex:0 0 75%;flex:0 0 75%;max-width:75%}.col-xl-10{-ms-flex:0 0 83.333333%;flex:0 0 83.333333%;max-width:83.333333%}.col-xl-11{-ms-flex:0 0 91.666667%;flex:0 0 91.666667%;max-width:91.666667%}.col-xl-12{-ms-flex:0 0 100%;flex:0 0 100%;max-width:100%}}.nav{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}.nav-link{display:block;padding:.5rem 1rem}.nav-link:hover,.nav-link:focus{text-decoration:none}.nav-link.disabled{color:#6c757d;pointer-events:none;cursor:default}.nav-tabs{border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6}.nav-tabs .nav-item{margin-bottom:-1px}.nav-tabs .nav-link{border:1px solid transparent;border-top-left-radius:.25rem;border-top-right-radius:.25rem}.nav-tabs .nav-link:hover,.nav-tabs .nav-link:focus{border-color:#e9ecef #e9ecef #dee2e6}.nav-tabs .nav-link.disabled{color:#6c757d;background-color:transparent;border-color:transparent}.nav-tabs .nav-link.active,.nav-tabs .nav-item.show .nav-link{color:#495057;background-color:#fff;border-color:#dee2e6 #dee2e6 #fff}.nav-tabs .dropdown-menu{margin-top:-1px;border-top-left-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:0}.nav-pills .nav-link{border-radius:.25rem}.nav-pills .nav-link.active,.nav-pills .show>.nav-link{color:#fff;background-color:#007bff}.nav-fill .nav-item{-ms-flex:1 1 auto;flex:1 1 auto;text-align:center}.nav-justified .nav-item{-ms-flex-preferred-size:0;flex-basis:0;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;text-align:center}.tab-content>.tab-pane{display:none}.tab-content>.active{display:block}.navbar{position:relative;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;padding:.5rem 1rem}.navbar>.container,.navbar>.container-fluid{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between}.navbar-brand{display:inline-block;padding-top:.3125rem;padding-bottom:.3125rem;margin-right:1rem;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:inherit;white-space:nowrap}.navbar-brand:hover,.navbar-brand:focus{text-decoration:none}.navbar-nav{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}.navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:0;padding-left:0}.navbar-nav .dropdown-menu{position:static;float:none}.navbar-text{display:inline-block;padding-top:.5rem;padding-bottom:.5rem}.navbar-collapse{-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}.navbar-toggler{padding:.25rem .75rem;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1;background-color:transparent;border:1px solid transparent;border-radius:.25rem}.navbar-toggler:hover,.navbar-toggler:focus{text-decoration:none}.navbar-toggler-icon{display:inline-block;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;vertical-align:middle;content:"";background:no-repeat center center;background-size:100% 100%}@media(max-width:575.98px){.navbar-expand-sm>.container,.navbar-expand-sm>.container-fluid{padding-right:0;padding-left:0}}@media(min-width:576px){.navbar-expand-sm{-ms-flex-flow:row nowrap;flex-flow:row nowrap;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-nav{-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu{position:absolute}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:.5rem;padding-left:.5rem}.navbar-expand-sm>.container,.navbar-expand-sm>.container-fluid{-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-collapse{display:-ms-flexbox!important;display:flex!important;-ms-flex-preferred-size:auto;flex-basis:auto}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-toggler{display:none}}@media(max-width:767.98px){.navbar-expand-md>.container,.navbar-expand-md>.container-fluid{padding-right:0;padding-left:0}}@media(min-width:769px){.navbar-expand-md{-ms-flex-flow:row nowrap;flex-flow:row nowrap;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand-md .navbar-nav{-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand-md .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu{position:absolute}.navbar-expand-md .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:.5rem;padding-left:.5rem}.navbar-expand-md>.container,.navbar-expand-md>.container-fluid{-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap}.navbar-expand-md .navbar-collapse{display:-ms-flexbox!important;display:flex!important;-ms-flex-preferred-size:auto;flex-basis:auto}.navbar-expand-md .navbar-toggler{display:none}}@media(max-width:991.98px){.navbar-expand-lg>.container,.navbar-expand-lg>.container-fluid{padding-right:0;padding-left:0}}@media(min-width:992px){.navbar-expand-lg{-ms-flex-flow:row nowrap;flex-flow:row nowrap;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-nav{-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu{position:absolute}.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:.5rem;padding-left:.5rem}.navbar-expand-lg>.container,.navbar-expand-lg>.container-fluid{-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap}.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-collapse{display:-ms-flexbox!important;display:flex!important;-ms-flex-preferred-size:auto;flex-basis:auto}.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-toggler{display:none}}@media(max-width:1199.98px){.navbar-expand-xl>.container,.navbar-expand-xl>.container-fluid{padding-right:0;padding-left:0}}@media(min-width:1200px){.navbar-expand-xl{-ms-flex-flow:row nowrap;flex-flow:row nowrap;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand-xl .navbar-nav{-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand-xl .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu{position:absolute}.navbar-expand-xl .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:.5rem;padding-left:.5rem}.navbar-expand-xl>.container,.navbar-expand-xl>.container-fluid{-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap}.navbar-expand-xl .navbar-collapse{display:-ms-flexbox!important;display:flex!important;-ms-flex-preferred-size:auto;flex-basis:auto}.navbar-expand-xl .navbar-toggler{display:none}}.navbar-expand{-ms-flex-flow:row nowrap;flex-flow:row nowrap;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand>.container,.navbar-expand>.container-fluid{padding-right:0;padding-left:0}.navbar-expand .navbar-nav{-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu{position:absolute}.navbar-expand .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:.5rem;padding-left:.5rem}.navbar-expand>.container,.navbar-expand>.container-fluid{-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap}.navbar-expand .navbar-collapse{display:-ms-flexbox!important;display:flex!important;-ms-flex-preferred-size:auto;flex-basis:auto}.navbar-expand .navbar-toggler{display:none}.navbar-light .navbar-brand{color:rgba(0,0,0,0.9)}.navbar-light .navbar-brand:hover,.navbar-light .navbar-brand:focus{color:rgba(0,0,0,0.9)}.navbar-light .navbar-nav .nav-link{color:rgba(0,0,0,0.5)}.navbar-light .navbar-nav .nav-link:hover,.navbar-light .navbar-nav .nav-link:focus{color:rgba(0,0,0,0.7)}.navbar-light .navbar-nav .nav-link.disabled{color:rgba(0,0,0,0.3)}.navbar-light .navbar-nav .show>.nav-link,.navbar-light .navbar-nav .active>.nav-link,.navbar-light .navbar-nav .nav-link.show,.navbar-light .navbar-nav .nav-link.active{color:rgba(0,0,0,0.9)}.navbar-light .navbar-toggler{color:rgba(0,0,0,0.5);border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.navbar-light .navbar-toggler-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvgviewBox='003030'xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3e%3cpathstroke='rgba(0,0,0,0.5)'stroke-width='2'stroke-linecap='round'stroke-miterlimit='10'd='M47h22M415h22M423h22'/%3e%3c/svg%3e")}.navbar-light .navbar-text{color:rgba(0,0,0,0.5)}.navbar-light .navbar-text a{color:rgba(0,0,0,0.9)}.navbar-light .navbar-text a:hover,.navbar-light .navbar-text a:focus{color:rgba(0,0,0,0.9)}.navbar-dark .navbar-brand{color:#fff}.navbar-dark .navbar-brand:hover,.navbar-dark .navbar-brand:focus{color:#fff}.navbar-dark .navbar-nav .nav-link{color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5)}.navbar-dark .navbar-nav .nav-link:hover,.navbar-dark .navbar-nav .nav-link:focus{color:rgba(255,255,255,0.75)}.navbar-dark .navbar-nav .nav-link.disabled{color:rgba(255,255,255,0.25)}.navbar-dark .navbar-nav .show>.nav-link,.navbar-dark .navbar-nav .active>.nav-link,.navbar-dark .navbar-nav .nav-link.show,.navbar-dark .navbar-nav .nav-link.active{color:#fff}.navbar-dark .navbar-toggler{color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);border-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.1)}.navbar-dark .navbar-toggler-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvgviewBox='003030'xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3e%3cpathstroke='rgba(255,255,255,0.5)'stroke-width='2'stroke-linecap='round'stroke-miterlimit='10'd='M47h22M415h22M423h22'/%3e%3c/svg%3e")}.navbar-dark .navbar-text{color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5)}.navbar-dark .navbar-text a{color:#fff}.navbar-dark .navbar-text a:hover,.navbar-dark .navbar-text a:focus{color:#fff}.owl-carousel,.owl-carousel .owl-item{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent;position:relative}.owl-carousel{display:none;width:100%;z-index:1}.owl-carousel .owl-stage{position:relative;-ms-touch-action:pan-Y;touch-action:manipulation;-moz-backface-visibility:hidden}.owl-carousel .owl-stage:after{content:".";display:block;clear:both;visibility:hidden;line-height:0;height:0}.owl-carousel .owl-stage-outer{position:relative;overflow:hidden;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,0,0)}.owl-carousel .owl-item,.owl-carousel .owl-wrapper{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;-moz-backface-visibility:hidden;-ms-backface-visibility:hidden;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);-moz-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);-ms-transform:translate3d(0,0,0)}.owl-carousel .owl-item{min-height:1px;float:left;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;-webkit-touch-callout:none}.owl-carousel .owl-item img{display:block;width:100%}.owl-carousel .owl-dots.disabled,.owl-carousel .owl-nav.disabled{display:none}.no-js .owl-carousel,.owl-carousel.owl-loaded{display:block}.owl-carousel .owl-dot,.owl-carousel .owl-nav .owl-next,.owl-carousel .owl-nav .owl-prev{cursor:pointer;-webkit-user-select:none;-khtml-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none}.owl-carousel .owl-nav button.owl-next,.owl-carousel .owl-nav button.owl-prev,.owl-carousel button.owl-dot{background:0;color:inherit;border:0;padding:0!important;font:inherit}.owl-carousel.owl-loading{opacity:0;display:block}.owl-carousel.owl-hidden{opacity:0}.owl-carousel.owl-refresh .owl-item{visibility:hidden}.owl-carousel.owl-drag .owl-item{-ms-touch-action:pan-y;touch-action:pan-y;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none}.owl-carousel.owl-grab{cursor:move;cursor:grab}.owl-carousel.owl-rtl{direction:rtl}.owl-carousel.owl-rtl .owl-item{float:right}.owl-carousel .animated{animation-duration:1s;animation-fill-mode:both}.owl-carousel .owl-animated-in{z-index:0}.owl-carousel .owl-animated-out{z-index:1}.owl-carousel .fadeOut{animation-name:fadeOut}@keyframes fadeOut{0%{opacity:1}100%{opacity:0}}.owl-height{transition:height .5s ease-in-out}.owl-carousel .owl-item .owl-lazy{opacity:0;transition:opacity .4s ease}.owl-carousel .owl-item .owl-lazy:not([src]),.owl-carousel .owl-item .owl-lazy[src^=""]{max-height:0}.owl-carousel .owl-item img.owl-lazy{transform-style:preserve-3d}.owl-carousel .owl-video-wrapper{position:relative;height:100%;background:#000}.owl-carousel .owl-video-play-icon{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px;left:50%;top:50%;margin-left:-40px;margin-top:-40px;background:url(owl.video.play.png) no-repeat;cursor:pointer;z-index:1;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;transition:transform .1s ease}.owl-carousel .owl-video-play-icon:hover{-ms-transform:scale(1.3,1.3);transform:scale(1.3,1.3)}.owl-carousel .owl-video-playing .owl-video-play-icon,.owl-carousel .owl-video-playing .owl-video-tn{display:none}.owl-carousel .owl-video-tn{opacity:0;height:100%;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;transition:opacity .4s ease}.owl-carousel .owl-video-frame{position:relative;z-index:1;height:100%;width:100%}</style> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto:wght@300;400;700&display=swap" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" /> <noscript><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto:wght@300;400;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/></noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/theme_japantimes/css/general-styles.min.css?v=4.8" defer> </head> <body class=" "> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KR282M" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <input type="hidden" id="APP_URL" value="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/" /> <input id="BASE_URL" type="hidden" value="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/" /> <h1 hidden class="hidden">Tag - bilingual</h1> <style> .hidden-body{overflow-y: hidden;} header.not-home-header{margin-bottom: 60px;} header .header-ad{background-color: #F7F7F7;} header .header-ad .tableCenter{min-width:728px;min-height: 90px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;margin: 20px auto;} header .header-ad.not-home-page{background-color: #FFFFFF;border-bottom: 1px solid #EFEFEF;} header .header-content{padding-bottom: 16px; padding-top: 16px;} header .header-content .left-col{display: flex;align-items: center;justify-content: flex-start;} header .header-content .left-col .burger-menu{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;margin-left: -7px;margin-right: 10px;cursor: pointer;width:36px;height:36px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;border-radius: 100%;} header .header-content .left-col .burger-menu:hover{background-color: #efefef;} header .header-content .left-col .search-open{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;cursor: pointer;width:36px;height:36px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;border-radius: 100%;} header .header-content .left-col .search-open img{width:16.5px;height:16.5px;} header .header-content .left-col .search-open:hover{background-color: #efefef;} header .weather{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;display: flex;align-items: end;} header .weather:hover{opacity:0.7;} header .weather a{display: contents;} header .weather img{width:45px;} header .weather span{font-family: 'Roboto';font-size: 12px;line-height: 15px; font-weight: 800;color: #000000;} header .header-content .middle-col{text-align: center;} header .header-content .middle-col .today-date{text-transform: uppercase;font-family:'Pluto Sans Regular';font-size: 12px;line-height: 14px;color:#000000;} header .header-content .middle-col .today-date a{color:#000000;} header .header-content .middle-col .slogan{display: flex;align-items: center;justify-content: center;margin-top: 5px;} header .header-content .middle-col .logo{margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 5px;} header .organization_name{text-align: right;color: #999;text-transform: uppercase;font-size: 11px;} header .organization_name.hidden-desktop{display: none;} header .header-content .right-col{display: flex;align-items: center;justify-content: flex-end;} header .header-content .right-col ul{list-style: none;display: flex;align-items: center;justify-content: flex-end;margin: 0px;padding-inline-start: 0px} header .header-content .right-col .subscribe a, header .header-content .right-col .subscribe span{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;cursor:pointer;color: #FFFFFF; background-color: #C8102E;padding: 10px 13px; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 14px;line-height: 17px;font-family: 'Pluto Sans Bold', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif} /*header .header-content .right-col .subscribe a:hover, header .header-content .right-col .subscribe span:hover{opacity: 0.6;}*/ header .header-content .right-col #user_account_header li{margin-left: 15px;} header .header-content .right-col #user_account_header li.subscribe_info{position: relative} header .header-content .right-col #user_account_header li.subscribe_info .dropdown-content{display: none;position: absolute;width:100%;top:28px;z-index: 1;} header .header-content .right-col #user_account_header li.subscribe_info .dropdown-content a{border-top:1px solid #FFF;display: block;width:100%} header .header-content .right-col #user_account_header li.subscribe_info .dropdown-content a:hover{opacity: 0.6;} header .header-content .right-col #user_account_header li.subscribe_info:hover .dropdown-content{display: block;} header .header-content .right-col #user_account_header li.login{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;margin-right: -7px;width:36px;height:36px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;border-radius: 100%;} header .header-content .right-col #user_account_header li.login:hover{background-color: #efefef;} header .header-content .right-col #user_account_header li.my-account_info{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;margin-right: -7px;width:36px;height:36px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;border-radius: 100%;} header .header-content .right-col #user_account_header li.my-account_info:hover{background-color: #efefef;} header .header-content .right-col .login a{color: #000000;} header .header-content .right-col .my-account_info{cursor: pointer;} header .header-content .right-col .piano-myaccount-logout-button a{color: #000000;} header .header-content .right-col .login img{margin-top: 4px;width:16.7px;height: 17.4px;} header .search-container{background-color: #efefef; max-height: 0; box-sizing: border-box; overflow: hidden; transition: max-height 0.3s, padding 0.3s;} header .search-container.show{max-height: 60px;transition: max-height 0.6s, padding 0.6s;padding-bottom: 14px; padding-top: 14px;} header .search-container .col-md-12{display: flex; align-items: center;justify-content: flex-start;} header .search-container form{ margin-right: 10px;width:250px; background-color: #FFFFFF;display:flex;padding: 6px 12px 4px 17px;border-radius: 20px;} header .search-container form i{font-size: 18px;color:#000000;} header .search-container .form-field{border:none;width:90%;font-family: 'Roboto';font-weight: 400;font-size: 14px;line-height: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.01em;color:#000000;} header .search-container .form-field:focus{border:none;outline:none;} header .search-container .form-field::placeholder, header .search-container .form-field::-webkit-input-placeholder, header .search-container .form-field:-ms-input-placeholder, header .search-container .form-field::-moz-placeholder, header .search-container .form-field:-moz-placeholder{ font-family: 'Roboto';font-weight: 400;font-size: 14px;line-height: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.01em;color:#999999; } header .search-container .btn-submit{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;border:none;background-color: #FFFFFF;cursor:pointer;} header .search-container .btn-submit img{width:16.5px;height: 16.5px;} header .search-container .btn-submit:hover{opacity:0.6;} header .search-container .close-form i{color:#999999;font-size: 21px;cursor: pointer;} header .search-container.sticky-search{position: fixed;width:100%;z-index: 201;top:60px;} header .mobile-date{display:none;} header .hot-topics{margin-bottom: 25px;border-top: 1px solid #efefef; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px;} header .hot-topics .items{display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;} header .hot-topics .items .separator:nth-child(4){border-left: 2px solid #898989;padding: 0 5px;} header .hot-topics a{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;font-family: 'Roboto';font-size: 15px;line-height: 17px;border-radius: 20px; font-weight: 400;color: #000000;text-transform: uppercase;padding: 4px 15px;} header .hot-topics a:hover{background-color: #efefef;} header .sticky-menu.visible .header-content, header .sticky-menu.always-visible .header-content{padding-top: 5.2px;padding-bottom: 5.2px;} header .sticky-menu.visible .header-content .middle-col .logo, header .sticky-menu.always-visible .header-content .middle-col .logo{margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 5px;} header .sticky-menu.visible .header-content .middle-col .logo img, header .sticky-menu.always-visible .header-content .middle-col .logo img{width: 200px;height: 28.7px;} .BoilingStyle header .sticky-menu.visible .header-content .middle-col .logo img, .BoilingStyle header .sticky-menu.always-visible .header-content .middle-col .logo img{width: 213px;height:37px;} header .sticky-menu.visible{visibility: visible;padding-bottom: 0px; -webkit-transform: translateY(0px); -ms-transform: translateY(0px); transform: translateY(0px);} header .sticky-menu.always-visible{position: fixed;visibility: visible;padding-bottom: 0px; -webkit-transform: translateY(0px); -ms-transform: translateY(0px); transform: translateY(0px);} header .sticky-menu{visibility: hidden; transform: translateY(-70px); border-bottom: 1px solid #000;padding-bottom: 3px; background: #fff; position: fixed; width: 100%; -webkit-transform: translateY(-70px); -ms-transform: translateY(-70px); transform: translateY(-70px); top: 0; left: 0; z-index: 202; -webkit-transition: 0.5s cubic-bezier(0.23,1,0.32,1); transition: 0.5s cubic-bezier(0.23,1,0.32,1);} header .mobile-spacing{display: none;} div.account-data{position: fixed; top:0; right:-320px; background-color: #FFF;width: 320px;z-index: 203;height:100%; transition: .5s;} div.account-data.active{right:0;} div.account-data .logo{padding: 20px 20px 8px 20px;} div.account-data .close-sidebar{float: right;} div.account-data .close-sidebar i{font-size: 20px; color: #999999;cursor: pointer;} div.account-data .actions{padding: 14px 20px 20px 20px;} div.account-data ul{margin: 0px;padding: 0px;} div.account-data ul li{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;border-bottom: 1px solid #999999;width:100%;padding: 12px 10px;list-style: none;} div.account-data ul li:not(:first-child):hover{opacity: 0.5;} div.account-data ul li a:hover{transition: 0.1s; } div.account-data ul li a{font-family: 'Pluto Sans Bold', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.3px;color: #333;text-transform: uppercase} div.account-data .icon-arrow_forward_ios{float: right;} div.account-data .user-email{padding: 10px 25px 30px 25px;white-space: nowrap;overflow: hidden;text-overflow: ellipsis;font-family: 'Utopia Std', Georgia, "Hiragino Mincho Pro", "Hiragino Mincho", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px;font-weight: 400;color: #000;text-align: center;} div.account-data .user-label{display:block;margin-top: 5px;font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;font-weight: 400;color: #000;text-align: center;} div.account-data .packages{padding: 30px 0px 20px 0px;} div.account-data .packages a{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;color: #FFFFFF; background-color: #C8102E;padding: 15px 0px; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 14px;line-height: 17px;font-family:'Pluto Sans Bold', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif ;width: 100%; text-align: center;display: block;} div.account-data .packages a:hover{opacity: 0.6;} sidebar{position: fixed;overflow-y: scroll; -ms-overflow-style: none; scrollbar-width: none;top:0; left:-320px; background-color: #151515;width: 320px;z-index: 203;height:100%; transition: .5s;} sidebar.active{left:0;} sidebar::-webkit-scrollbar {display: none;} #overlay {position: fixed;display: none; width: 100%; height: 100%; top: 0;left: 0;right: 0;bottom: 0;background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.5);z-index: 202; cursor: pointer;} #overlay.active{display: block;} sidebar .logo{padding: 20px 20px 15px 20px;position:fixed;width: 320px;background-color: #151515;z-index: 1;} sidebar .logo img{width:165.33px; height: 23.7px;} sidebar .close-sidebar{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;float: right;width:36px;height: 36px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;border-radius: 100%;margin-top: -10px;margin-right: -10px;} sidebar .close-sidebar:hover{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.2);} sidebar .close-sidebar i{font-size: 18px; color: #999999;cursor: pointer;} sidebar .extra-height{height: 65px;} sidebar .subscribe-section .subscribe-title{color:#FFF;text-transform: uppercase;margin-bottom: 8px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 17px;font-family: 'Pluto Sans Bold', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;} sidebar .subscribe-section .subscribe-btns{display: flex;justify-content: space-between;} sidebar .subscribe-section{padding: 15px 20px 30px 20px;border-bottom: 1px solid #666666;} sidebar .subscribe-section a{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;color: #FFFFFF; background-color: #C8102E;padding: 15px 0px;font-size: 14px;line-height: 17px;font-family: 'Pluto Sans Bold', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; width: 48%; height: 50px; text-align: center;display: block;text-transform: uppercase} sidebar .subscribe-section a:hover{opacity: 0.6;} sidebar .links-section{padding: 25px 20px 15px 20px;border-bottom: 1px solid #666666;} sidebar .links-section p{margin-top: 20px;padding-left: 10px;} sidebar .links-section p.home-delivery{margin-top: 10px;} sidebar .links-section p a{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;text-transform: uppercase;color: #999999;text-decoration: underline;font-family: 'Pluto Sans Regular', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 14px;line-height: 17px;font-weight: 400;} sidebar .links-section p a:hover{color: #FFFFFF;} sidebar .links-section ul{margin: 0px;padding: 0px;} sidebar .links-section ul li{list-style: none;margin-bottom: 5px; background-color: #333333;padding: 10px;cursor: pointer;} sidebar .links-section ul li:hover a{color: #999;} sidebar .links-section ul li a{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;text-transform: uppercase;color:#fff;font-family: 'Roboto';font-size: 15px;line-height: 17px; font-weight: 400;display: block;width: 100%;} sidebar .links-section ul li a::before {content: "";width: 6px;height: 6px; border-radius: 50%; margin-right: 8px;display: inline-block; background-color: #C8102E;} sidebar .menu-section{padding: 15px 20px;} sidebar .menu-section ul.sections{margin: 0px;padding: 0px;} sidebar .menu-section ul.sections i{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;color:#666666; font-size: 19px; float: right;cursor: pointer} sidebar .menu-section ul.sections i:hover{color: #FFFFFF;} sidebar .menu-section ul.sections > li{list-style: none;border-bottom: 1px solid #666666;padding: 16px 10px;} sidebar .menu-section ul.sections > li a:hover{color: #999;} sidebar .menu-section ul.sections > li a{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;color:#FFFFFF;text-transform: uppercase;font-family: 'Pluto Sans Regular', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;line-height: 20px;width: 90%;display: inline-block;font-weight: 500;} sidebar .menu-section ul.subsections{margin: 15px 0px 0px 0px;padding: 0px;} sidebar .menu-section ul.subsections li{list-style: none;padding: 10px 15px;} sidebar .menu-section ul.subsections li a{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;color:#999999;text-transform: uppercase;font-family: 'Pluto Sans Regular', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;line-height: 19px;} sidebar .menu-section ul.subsections li a:hover{color:#FFFFFF;opacity: 1;} sidebar .mobile-search-container{display: none;} @media(min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 991px){ header .hot-topics a{padding: 4px 9px;} } @media(max-width: 768px){ sidebar{width: 90%;left: -90%;} sidebar .logo{width:90%;} div.account-data{width: 90%;right: -90%;} sidebar .mobile-search-container{display: block;margin-top: 15px;} sidebar .mobile-search-container form{border: 1px solid #d9d9d9; width:100%; background-color: #FFFFFF;display:flex;padding: 6px;border-radius: 23px;} sidebar .mobile-search-container form i{font-size: 18px;color:#000000;} sidebar .mobile-search-container .form-field::placeholder, sidebar .mobile-search-container .form-field::-webkit-input-placeholder, sidebar .mobile-search-container .form-field:-ms-input-placeholder, sidebar .mobile-search-container .form-field::-moz-placeholder, sidebar .mobile-search-container .form-field:-moz-placeholder{ font-family: 'Roboto'; } sidebar .mobile-search-container .form-field{border:none;width:90%;font-size: 12px;padding-left: 10px; font-family: 'Roboto'} sidebar .mobile-search-container .form-field:focus{border:none;outline:none;} sidebar .mobile-search-container .btn-submit{border:none;background-color: #FFFFFF;} header{margin-bottom: 20px;} header .header-ad .tableCenter{min-width:320px;min-height: auto;margin:auto;} header .hot-topics{display: none;} header .header-ad.not-home-page{background-color: #F7F7F7;border-bottom: none;} header .sticky-menu{border-bottom: none;} header .header-content .right-col{width: 15%} header .header-content .middle-col{width: 68%} header .header-content .left-col{width: 15%} header .header-content .left-col .burger-menu{margin-left: 7px;height: unset;width: unset;} header .header-content .left-col .search-open{display: none;} header .header-content .left-col .weather{display: none;} header .header-content .middle-col .today-date{display: none;} header .header-content .middle-col .logo img{width: 160px;height:22px;} header .sticky-menu.visible .header-content .middle-col .logo img, header .sticky-menu.always-visible .header-content .middle-col .logo img{width: 160px;height:22px;} .BoilingStyle header .sticky-menu.visible .header-content .middle-col .logo img, .BoilingStyle header .sticky-menu.always-visible .header-content .middle-col .logo img{width: 160px;height:28px;} header .header-content .middle-col .slogan img{width: 40%;} header .header-content .middle-col .logo{margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: -6px;} header .header-content{padding-bottom: 9px;padding-top: 3px;} header .organization_name.hidden-mobile{display: none;} header .organization_name.hidden-desktop{display: flex;background-color: #ddd;padding: 7px 0px;align-items: center;justify-content: center;} header .mobile-spacing{display: block;height: 7px;} header .header-content .right-col #user_account_header li.login{height: unset;width: unset;margin-right: 0px;} header .header-content .right-col .subscribe{display: none;} header .header-content .right-col .login i{font-size: 19px;} header .header-content .right-col .login img{margin-right: 4px;} header .header-content .right-col #user_account_header li.my-account_info{height: unset;width: unset;margin-right: 0px;} header .header-content .right-col .my-account_info img{margin-top: -4px;margin-right: 0px;} header .mobile-date{display:block; text-align: center; background-color: #EFEFEF; text-transform: uppercase;font-family:'Pluto Sans Regular';font-size: 10px;line-height: 12px;font-weight: 400;color:#000000;padding: 6px;} header .mobile-date a{color:#000000;} header .sticky-menu.visible .header-content, header .sticky-menu.always-visible .header-content{padding-bottom: 10px;padding-top: 1px;} header .sticky-menu.visible .header-content .mobile-spacing, header .sticky-menu.always-visible .header-content .mobile-spacing{height: 12px;} header .sticky-menu.visible .header-content .middle-col .logo, header .sticky-menu.always-visible .header-content .middle-col .logo{margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px;} header .sticky-menu.visible .header-content .middle-col, header .sticky-menu.always-visible .header-content .middle-col{display: flex;align-items: center;justify-content: center;} header .header-content .right-col #user_account_header li.login:hover{background-color: transparent;} header.not-home-header{margin-bottom: 30px;} header.not-home-header .mobile-date{display: none;} } </style> <header class="not-home-header no-print"> <div class="sticky-menu always-visible"> <div class="header-content"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12 organization_name hidden hidden-desktop"></div> <div class="mobile-spacing">&nbsp;</div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4 left-col"> <div class="burger-menu" onclick="toggleSidebar()"> <img src="/theme_japantimes/images/burger_icon.svg" alt="Menu" /> </div> <div class="search-open"> <img src="/theme_japantimes/images/search_icon.svg" alt="Search" /> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4 middle-col"> <div class="logo"> <a href='/' title="The Japan Times"> <img src="/theme_japantimes/images/logo.svg" alt="The Japan Times" /> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4 right-col"> <ul id="user_account_header"> <li class="subscribe subscribe_info hidden"> <a href="/sub/" title="Subscribe" id="m_piano-register-button">Subscribe <i class="icon-chevron-down"></i></a> <div class="dropdown-content"> <a href="/sub/" id="header-subscribe-btn-d" title="Digital Subscribe">Digital</a> <a href="/sub/print/" id="header-subscribe-btn-p" title="Print Subscribe">Print</a> </div> </li> <li class="login login_info hidden"> <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="piano-login-button" title="Login"> <img src="/theme_japantimes/images/user_icon.svg" alt="Login" height="20" width="19" /> </a> </li> <li class="my-account_info hidden" onclick="toggleAccountInfo()"><img src="/theme_japantimes/images/loggedin_icon.svg" height="30" width="30" alt="My Account" /></li> </ul> <div class="organization_name hidden hidden-mobile"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-container"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <form class="holder-search" method="GET" action="/search" id="headerSearchForm"> <input class="form-field" type="text" placeholder="Search" name="query" autocomplete="off" id="query" required> <button class="btn-submit" type="submit"><span class="search" id="toggleSearch"><img src="/theme_japantimes/images/search_icon.svg" alt="Search" /></span></button> </form> <div class="close-form"><i class="icon-close"></i></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="adjust-space">&nbsp;</div> <div class="header-ad DisplayAd not-home-page"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="tableCenter" id="header_ad_id"> <div id="" class="get_ad"> <script> var id_map = { "mobile": "div-gpt-ad-1362126290726-1", "tablet": "div-gpt-ad-1362125825102-1", "desktop": "div-gpt-ad-1362125114269-1" } var header_ad_id = id_map[deviceType] || id_map["mobile"]; jQuery('#header_ad_id .get_ad').attr('id', header_ad_id); googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display(header_ad_id); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-date"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"><a href="/archive/2024/11/29/" title="archive page">November 29, 2024</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="overlay"></div> <sidebar class="no-print"> <div class="logo"> <a href="/" title="The Japan Times"><img src="/theme_japantimes/images/logo-white-2.png" alt="The Japan Times"> </a> <div class="close-sidebar" onclick="toggleSidebar()"><i class="icon-close"></i></div> </div> <div class="extra-height">&nbsp;</div> <div class="subscribe-section"> <div class="subscribe-info-btns"> <p class="subscribe-title">Subscribe</p> <div class="subscribe-btns"> <a href="/sub/" id="hb-subscribe-btn-d" title="Digital Subscribe">Digital</a> <a href="/sub/print/" id="hb-subscribe-btn-p" title="Print Subscribe">Print</a> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-search-container"> <form class="holder-search" method="GET" action="/search" id="headerSearchForm"> <input class="form-field" type="text" placeholder="Search" name="query" autocomplete="off" id="query" required> <button class="btn-submit" type="submit"><span class="search" id="toggleSearch"><img src="/theme_japantimes/images/search_icon.svg" alt="Search" width="16.5" height="16.5" /></span></button> </form> </div> </div> <div class="links-section"> <ul> <li><a href="/tag/yen/" title="Yen">Yen</a></li> <li><a href="/trending/" title="Japan tax reform">Japan tax reform</a></li> <li><a href="/tag/russia-ukraine-war/" title="Russia-Ukraine war">Russia-Ukraine war</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/latest-news/" title="Latest News">Latest News</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/deep-dive/" title="Deep Dive">Deep Dive</a></li> </ul> <p class="todays_print_edition_header"><a href="https://epaper.japantimes.co.jp/" title="Today's Print Edition" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Today's print edition</a></p> <p class="home-delivery"><a href="/sub/print/" title="HOME DELIVERY">Home Delivery</a></p> </div> <div class="menu-section"> <ul class="sections"> <li class="section-item" id="97"> <a href="/news/japan/" title="JAPAN">JAPAN</a> <i class="icon-chevron-down action-icon"></i> <ul class="subsections hidden" id="subsections-97"> <li><a href="/news/japan/politics/" title="Politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/news/japan/society/" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/news/japan/crime-legal/" title="Crime &amp; Legal">Crime &amp; Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/news/japan/science-health/" title="Science &amp; Health">Science &amp; Health</a></li> <li><a href="/news/japan/explainer/" title="Explainer">Explainer</a></li> <li><a href="/news/japan/history/" title="History">History</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="section-item" id="109"> <a href="/news/world/" title="WORLD">WORLD</a> <i class="icon-chevron-down action-icon"></i> <ul class="subsections hidden" id="subsections-109"> <li><a href="/news/world/politics/" title="Politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/news/world/crime-legal/" title="Crime &amp; Legal">Crime &amp; Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/news/world/science-health/" title="Science &amp; Health">Science &amp; Health</a></li> <li><a href="/news/world/society/" title="Society">Society</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="section-item" id="114"> <a href="/news/asia-pacific/" title="ASIA PACIFIC">ASIA PACIFIC</a> <i class="icon-chevron-down action-icon"></i> <ul class="subsections hidden" id="subsections-114"> <li><a href="/news/asia-pacific/politics/" title="Politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/news/asia-pacific/crime-legal/" title="Crime &amp; Legal">Crime &amp; Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/news/asia-pacific/science-health/" title="Science &amp; Health">Science &amp; Health</a></li> <li><a href="/news/asia-pacific/society/" title="Society">Society</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="section-item" id="120"> <a href="/business/" title="BUSINESS">BUSINESS</a> <i class="icon-chevron-down action-icon"></i> <ul class="subsections hidden" id="subsections-120"> <li><a href="/business/companies/" title="Companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/business/economy/" title="Economy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/business/markets/" title="Markets">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/business/tech/" title="Tech">Tech</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="section-item" id="187"> <a href="/sports/" title="SPORTS">SPORTS</a> <i class="icon-chevron-down action-icon"></i> <ul class="subsections hidden" id="subsections-187"> <li><a href="/sports/sumo/" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/sports/soccer/" title="Soccer">Soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/sports/baseball/" title="Baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/sports/basketball/" title="Basketball">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/sports/tennis/" title="Tennis">Tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/sports/olympics/" title="Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/sports/more-sports/" title="More sports">More sports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="section-item" id="147"> <a href="/opinion/" title="OPINION">OPINION</a> <i class="icon-chevron-down action-icon"></i> <ul class="subsections hidden" id="subsections-147"> <li><a href="/opinion/editorials/" title="Editorials">Editorials</a></li> <li><a href="/opinion/commentary/" title="Commentary">Commentary</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="section-item" id="210"> <a href="/environment/" title="Environment">Environment</a> <i class="icon-chevron-down action-icon"></i> <ul class="subsections hidden" id="subsections-210"> <li><a href="/environment/climate-change/" title="CLIMATE CHANGE">CLIMATE CHANGE</a></li> <li><a href="/environment/energy/" title="Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/environment/sustainability/" title="SUSTAINABILITY">SUSTAINABILITY</a></li> <li><a href="/environment/wildlife/" title="WILDLIFE">WILDLIFE</a></li> <li><a href="/environment/earth-science/" title="EARTH SCIENCE">EARTH SCIENCE</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="section-item" id="152"> <a href="/life/" title="LIFE">LIFE</a> <i class="icon-chevron-down action-icon"></i> <ul class="subsections hidden" id="subsections-152"> <li><a href="/life/travel/" title="Travel">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/life/digital/" title="Digital">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/life/food-drink/" title="Food &amp; Drink">Food &amp; Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/life/style-design/" title="Style &amp; Design">Style &amp; Design</a></li> <li><a href="/life/language/" title="Language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/life/lifestyle/" title="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="section-item" id="134"> <a href="/culture/" title="CULTURE">CULTURE</a> <i class="icon-chevron-down action-icon"></i> <ul class="subsections hidden" id="subsections-134"> <li><a href="/culture/film/" title="Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/culture/books/" title="Books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/culture/music/" title="Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/culture/art/" title="Art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/culture/tv-streaming/" title="TV &amp; Streaming">TV &amp; Streaming</a></li> <li><a href="/culture/stage/" title="Stage">Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/culture/entertainment-news/" title="Entertainment news">Entertainment news</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="section-item" id="163"> <a href="/community/" title="COMMUNITY">COMMUNITY</a> <i class="icon-chevron-down action-icon"></i> <ul class="subsections hidden" id="subsections-163"> <li><a href="/community/voices/" title="Voices">Voices</a></li> <li><a href="/community/issues/" title="Issues">Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/community/how-tos/" title="How-tos">How-tos</a></li> <li><a href="/community/our-lives/" title="Our Lives">Our Lives</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </sidebar> <div class="account-data no-print"> <div class="logo"> <div class="close-sidebar" onclick="toggleAccountInfo()"><i class="icon-close"></i></div> </div> <div class="actions"> <ul> <li class="user-email"></li> <li><a href="/my-account/" title="My Account">My Account <i class="icon-arrow_forward_ios"></i></a></li> <li><a href="/bookmark-articles/" title="My Bookmarks">My Bookmarks</a></li> <li class="piano-myaccount-logout-button"><a id="piano-logout-button" href="javascript:void(0)" title="Logout" style="padding:unset !important;background-color: transparent !important;">Logout <i class="icon-arrow_forward_ios"></i></a></li> </ul> <div class="packages"><a href="/sub/" title="Subscribe for more access">Subscribe for more access</a></div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> $(function() { if ($('header .adjust-space').length) { var headerHeight = $('header.not-home-header .always-visible').height(); $('header .adjust-space').css('height', headerHeight + 'px'); } $("header .header-content .right-col #user_account_header li.subscribe_info").on({ mouseenter: function () { $('i', $(this)).removeClass('icon-chevron-down').addClass('icon-chevron-up'); }, mouseleave: function () { $('i', $(this)).removeClass('icon-chevron-up').addClass('icon-chevron-down'); } }); }); $(window).on('scroll', function() { var height = $(window).scrollTop(); var topHeight = $('header').outerHeight() - 20; // for home page if (height > topHeight) { $("header .sticky-menu").addClass("visible"); $("header .search-container").addClass("sticky-search"); } else { $("header .sticky-menu").removeClass("visible"); $("header .search-container").removeClass("sticky-search"); } }); $('header .search-open').on('click', function() { $('header .search-container').toggleClass('show'); }); $('header .close-form').on('click', function() { $('header .search-container').removeClass('show'); }); $('#overlay').on('click', function() { // alert('hello'); $('html').removeClass("hidden-body"); if ($('sidebar').hasClass('active')) { $('sidebar').removeClass('active') } if ($("div.account-data").hasClass('active')) { $("div.account-data").removeClass('active') } $("#overlay").toggleClass("active"); }); $('li.section-item .action-icon').on('click', function(e) { var parentItem = $(this).closest('li[class^="section-item"]'); if (!$(e.target).closest('.subsections').length) { e.preventDefault(); $('.subsections').slideUp(); $('.subsections').addClass('hidden'); $('.section-item i').addClass('icon-chevron-down').removeClass('icon-chevron-up'); if (!parentItem.hasClass('active')) { if(parentItem.children('i').hasClass('icon-chevron-down')){ parentItem.children('i').removeClass('icon-chevron-down').addClass('icon-chevron-up'); }else{ parentItem.children('i').addClass('icon-chevron-down').removeClass('icon-chevron-up'); } parentItem.children('.subsections').removeClass('hidden'); parentItem.children('.subsections').slideDown(); } } parentItem.toggleClass('active'); }); function toggleSidebar() { $("sidebar").toggleClass("active"); $("#overlay").toggleClass("active"); if ($("sidebar").hasClass('active')) { $('html').addClass("hidden-body"); } else { $('html').removeClass("hidden-body"); } } function toggleAccountInfo() { $("div.account-data").toggleClass("active"); $("#overlay").toggleClass("active"); if ($("div.account-data").hasClass('active')) { $('html').addClass("hidden-body"); } else { $('html').removeClass("hidden-body"); } } </script> <main class=" "> <!-- with_container --> <div hidden id="page_info" data-np_page_id="65" data-is_home_page="0" data-is_article_page="0" data-page_title="tag"> </div> <div class="container "> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8 col-xs-12"> <!--jt-tag-widget.blade.php--> <style> .jt-tag-widget{margin-bottom: 25px;} .jt-tag-widget .separator{color:#333;font-family: 'Neue Bold';font-size: 11px;line-height: 14px;} .jt-tag-widget .tag-keyword{color: #C8102E;} .jt-tag-widget .article-image{width: 27%;padding-right: 8px;} .jt-tag-widget .layout-ratio{padding-bottom: 100%;} .jt-tag-widget .article-details{width: 73%;padding-left: 8px;} .jt-tag-widget .article-details.no-image-article{width: 100%;padding-left: 0px;} .jt-tag-widget .article{display: flex; align-items: flex-start;padding-bottom: 12px;padding-top: 12px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(217, 217, 217, 0.5);} .jt-tag-widget .article:last-child{border-bottom: none;} .jt-tag-widget .article-title{margin-top: 8px;margin-bottom: 14px;} .jt-tag-widget .publish-date{font-family: 'Pluto Sans Regular', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif!important; color:#898989; font-size: 11px;line-height: 14px;text-transform: uppercase;display: inline-block; width: 30%;text-align: right;} .jt-tag-widget .article-section{display: inline-block; width: 68%;} .jt-tag-widget .article-section a{font-family: 'Pluto Sans Bold', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color:#c8102e; font-size: 11px;line-height: 14px; text-transform: uppercase;} .jt-tag-widget .article-title a{font-family: 'Utopia Std Semi Bold', Georgia, serif; color:#333; font-size: 20px;line-height: 27px; display: block;max-height: 54px; overflow: hidden;} .jt-tag-widget .article-body a{font-family: 'Utopia Std', Georgia, "Hiragino Mincho Pro", "Hiragino Mincho", serif; color:#333333; font-size: 17px;line-height: 24px; display: block;max-height:96px; overflow: hidden;} @media (max-width: 768px){ .jt-tag-widget .publish-date{width: 100%;text-align: left;} .jt-tag-widget .article-section{width: 100%;} .jt-tag-widget .article-title a{max-height: unset;overflow: unset;font-size: 18px;line-height: 20px;} .jt-tag-widget .article-body a{display: none;} } </style> <div class="jt-tag-widget paddingDefault " data-widget-id="629"> <div class="widget-title"> <h2><span class="tag-keyword">BILINGUAL</span></h2> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/11/29/language/describing-urges-japanese-shopping/" title="Master this double negative to better express your Black Friday urges"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/28/436252.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/28/436252.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/28/436252.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/28/436252.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="Customers enter Aeon&#039;s Shinagawa Seaside store in Tokyo for a Black Friday sale in 2022. " title="Customers enter Aeon&#039;s Shinagawa Seaside store in Tokyo for a Black Friday sale in 2022. " onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/life/" title="LIFE">LIFE</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/life/language/" title="Language">Language</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/bilingual?type=column" title="BILINGUAL">BILINGUAL</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Nov 29, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/11/29/language/describing-urges-japanese-shopping/" title="Master this double negative to better express your Black Friday urges">Master this double negative to better express your Black Friday urges</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/11/29/language/describing-urges-japanese-shopping/" title="Master this double negative to better express your Black Friday urges">What better time to learn how to say you can't resist a deal than on a weekend of discounted shopping. </a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/11/20/language/giving-thanks-praise-japanese/" title="You don’t need an onion bouquet to say thanks — just the right words"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/20/434750.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/20/434750.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/20/434750.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/20/434750.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="With Labor Thanksgiving Day approaching in Japan, it&#039;s a good time to show some appreciation to your colleagues. " title="With Labor Thanksgiving Day approaching in Japan, it&#039;s a good time to show some appreciation to your colleagues. " onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/life/" title="LIFE">LIFE</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/life/language/" title="Language">Language</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/bilingual?type=column" title="BILINGUAL">BILINGUAL</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Nov 20, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/11/20/language/giving-thanks-praise-japanese/" title="You don’t need an onion bouquet to say thanks — just the right words">You don’t need an onion bouquet to say thanks — just the right words</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/11/20/language/giving-thanks-praise-japanese/" title="You don’t need an onion bouquet to say thanks — just the right words">Nov. 23 is Labor Thanksgiving Day in Japan and Nov. 28 is Thanksgiving in the United States. That makes it a good time to learn how to show your appreciation.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/11/13/language/vaccine-vocabulary-flu-season-japan/" title="The Japanese you need to get vaccinated before winter comes"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/13/433442.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/13/433442.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/13/433442.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/13/433442.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="As the weather gets colder, we are seeing an uptick in cases of influenza as well as COVID-19." title="As the weather gets colder, we are seeing an uptick in cases of influenza as well as COVID-19." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/life/" title="LIFE">LIFE</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/life/language/" title="Language">Language</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/bilingual?type=column" title="BILINGUAL">BILINGUAL</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Nov 13, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/11/13/language/vaccine-vocabulary-flu-season-japan/" title="The Japanese you need to get vaccinated before winter comes">The Japanese you need to get vaccinated before winter comes</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/11/13/language/vaccine-vocabulary-flu-season-japan/" title="The Japanese you need to get vaccinated before winter comes">With strains of both COVID-19 and the flu circulating, learn the words that will help you navigate a visit to the clinic.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/11/07/language/music-memories-japanese-nostalgia/" title="Hearing a song from the past and expressing nostalgia in Japanese"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/07/432718.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/07/432718.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/07/432718.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/07/432718.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="A picture of the writer with his sibling and grandparents sits alongside double “Best of” CDs by British rock group the Beatles. Music by the band continues to conjure memories for the writer of staying at his grandparents’ home." title="A picture of the writer with his sibling and grandparents sits alongside double “Best of” CDs by British rock group the Beatles. Music by the band continues to conjure memories for the writer of staying at his grandparents’ home." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/life/" title="LIFE">LIFE</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/life/language/" title="Language">Language</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/bilingual?type=column" title="BILINGUAL">BILINGUAL</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Nov 7, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/11/07/language/music-memories-japanese-nostalgia/" title="Hearing a song from the past and expressing nostalgia in Japanese">Hearing a song from the past and expressing nostalgia in Japanese</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/11/07/language/music-memories-japanese-nostalgia/" title="Hearing a song from the past and expressing nostalgia in Japanese">You're in a cafe and suddenly a song from the past starts to play. How do you tell your Japanese friends that you're in the "time slip"?</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/11/02/language/honorific-keigo-japanese-job-interview/" title="Get to know basic honorifics before you head into that Japanese job interview"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/02/431761.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/02/431761.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/02/431761.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/02/431761.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="Familiarizing yourself with different types of honorifics and formal verb structures will be crucial to successfully completing a job interview in Japanese." title="Familiarizing yourself with different types of honorifics and formal verb structures will be crucial to successfully completing a job interview in Japanese." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/life/" title="LIFE">LIFE</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/life/language/" title="Language">Language</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/bilingual?type=column" title="BILINGUAL">BILINGUAL</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Nov 2, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/11/02/language/honorific-keigo-japanese-job-interview/" title="Get to know basic honorifics before you head into that Japanese job interview">Get to know basic honorifics before you head into that Japanese job interview</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/11/02/language/honorific-keigo-japanese-job-interview/" title="Get to know basic honorifics before you head into that Japanese job interview">Honorific language, or “keigo,” is something you’ll want to get a handle on before you head out to hunt for a job in Japan.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/10/24/language/halloween-japanese-vocabulary-scary/" title="Celebrating spooky season with Halloween-themed vocabulary"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/24/429309.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/24/429309.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/24/429309.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/24/429309.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="Japanese people love to dress up for Halloween, but in recent years there has been an effort to cut down on the alcohol and crowds that tend to come with the holiday here." title="Japanese people love to dress up for Halloween, but in recent years there has been an effort to cut down on the alcohol and crowds that tend to come with the holiday here." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/life/" title="LIFE">LIFE</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/life/language/" title="Language">Language</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/bilingual?type=column" title="BILINGUAL">BILINGUAL</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Oct 24, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/10/24/language/halloween-japanese-vocabulary-scary/" title="Celebrating spooky season with Halloween-themed vocabulary">Celebrating spooky season with Halloween-themed vocabulary</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/10/24/language/halloween-japanese-vocabulary-scary/" title="Celebrating spooky season with Halloween-themed vocabulary">Get to know the vocabulary behind different levels of scares from spooky to absolutely terrifying.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/10/17/language/video-game-translation-japanese-english/" title="How your favorite Japanese video games are translated into English"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/17/428190.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/17/428190.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/17/428190.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/17/428190.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="Context has always been the key to successfully translating a video game from Japanese to English. Recently, though, cultural sensitivities come into play as well." title="Context has always been the key to successfully translating a video game from Japanese to English. Recently, though, cultural sensitivities come into play as well." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/life/" title="LIFE">LIFE</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/life/language/" title="Language">Language</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/bilingual?type=column" title="BILINGUAL">BILINGUAL</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Oct 17, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/10/17/language/video-game-translation-japanese-english/" title="How your favorite Japanese video games are translated into English">How your favorite Japanese video games are translated into English</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/10/17/language/video-game-translation-japanese-english/" title="How your favorite Japanese video games are translated into English">Localizers have to grapple with challenging issues of tone and nuance. Even a simple "thank you" may not be what it seems. </a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/10/10/language/weights-exercise-japanese-grammar/" title="Studying Japanese is like exercise: The more you do it, the better you'll feel."><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/10/426638.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/10/426638.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/10/426638.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/10/426638.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="Squats are a good way to exercise your legs and glutes, just don&#039;t neglect exercising your mind when it comes to new vocabulary. " title="Squats are a good way to exercise your legs and glutes, just don&#039;t neglect exercising your mind when it comes to new vocabulary. " onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/life/" title="LIFE">LIFE</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/life/language/" title="Language">Language</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/bilingual?type=column" title="BILINGUAL">BILINGUAL</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Oct 10, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/10/10/language/weights-exercise-japanese-grammar/" title="Studying Japanese is like exercise: The more you do it, the better you'll feel.">Studying Japanese is like exercise: The more you do it, the better you'll feel.</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/10/10/language/weights-exercise-japanese-grammar/" title="Studying Japanese is like exercise: The more you do it, the better you'll feel.">Get to know the language of weight training as experts say strengthening muscles is key to remaining comfortable and injury-free in your old age.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/10/01/language/convenience-stores-japanese-habits/" title="Making a habit of describing your morning convenience store run"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/02/424208.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/02/424208.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/02/424208.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/10/02/424208.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="A pedestrian walks past a 7-Eleven convenience store in Tokyo. The Japanese model for a convenience store is gaining fans overseas where similar stores sell mostly gasoline and junk food." title="A pedestrian walks past a 7-Eleven convenience store in Tokyo. The Japanese model for a convenience store is gaining fans overseas where similar stores sell mostly gasoline and junk food." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/life/" title="LIFE">LIFE</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/life/language/" title="Language">Language</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/bilingual?type=column" title="BILINGUAL">BILINGUAL</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Oct 1, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/10/01/language/convenience-stores-japanese-habits/" title="Making a habit of describing your morning convenience store run">Making a habit of describing your morning convenience store run</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/10/01/language/convenience-stores-japanese-habits/" title="Making a habit of describing your morning convenience store run">Hitting up the local convenience store before or after work can wind up becoming habitual, and there are a number of grammar points to help describe it.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/09/25/language/necessity-need-rice-japan/" title="In need of rice and some Japanese words that describe necessity"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/09/26/423005.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/09/26/423005.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/09/26/423005.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/09/26/423005.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="A farmer harvests rice in a paddy field in Tamba-Sasayama, Hyogo Prefecture, last month." title="A farmer harvests rice in a paddy field in Tamba-Sasayama, Hyogo Prefecture, last month." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/life/" title="LIFE">LIFE</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/life/language/" title="Language">Language</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/bilingual?type=column" title="BILINGUAL">BILINGUAL</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Sep 25, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/09/25/language/necessity-need-rice-japan/" title="In need of rice and some Japanese words that describe necessity">In need of rice and some Japanese words that describe necessity</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/09/25/language/necessity-need-rice-japan/" title="In need of rice and some Japanese words that describe necessity">When does something go from being a "want" to a "need"? A few grammar structures can give the listener a sense of how urgent a situation is becoming.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/09/18/language/stargazing-japan-planets-constellations/" title="Comets and constellations: The language of stargazing"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/09/18/421641.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/09/18/421641.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/09/18/421641.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/09/18/421641.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="The Milky Way, known as &quot;ama no gawa&quot; in Japanese, is seen above Mount Fuji. " title="The Milky Way, known as &quot;ama no gawa&quot; in Japanese, is seen above Mount Fuji. " onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/life/" title="LIFE">LIFE</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/life/language/" title="Language">Language</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/bilingual?type=column" title="BILINGUAL">BILINGUAL</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Sep 18, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/09/18/language/stargazing-japan-planets-constellations/" title="Comets and constellations: The language of stargazing">Comets and constellations: The language of stargazing</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/09/18/language/stargazing-japan-planets-constellations/" title="Comets and constellations: The language of stargazing">Whether it's telling someone to look at a shooting star or describing the difference between stars and planets, the vocabulary of space is vast and interesting. </a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/09/12/language/japanese-language-school-terms/" title="From kanji to math, what does a day at a Japanese elementary school look like?"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/09/12/420599.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/09/12/420599.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/09/12/420599.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/09/12/420599.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="Elementary school students in Japan are often assigned roles like &quot;class helper&quot; as a way of instilling a sense of responsibility. " title="Elementary school students in Japan are often assigned roles like &quot;class helper&quot; as a way of instilling a sense of responsibility. " onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/life/" title="LIFE">LIFE</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/life/language/" title="Language">Language</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/bilingual?type=column" title="BILINGUAL">BILINGUAL</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Sep 12, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/09/12/language/japanese-language-school-terms/" title="From kanji to math, what does a day at a Japanese elementary school look like?">From kanji to math, what does a day at a Japanese elementary school look like?</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/09/12/language/japanese-language-school-terms/" title="From kanji to math, what does a day at a Japanese elementary school look like?">Head back to school with this week's language lesson and learn the basics of what's heard in a classroom, as well as the activities in between.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/09/06/language/job-hunting-japanese-hiring/" title="Those looking for jobs in Japan get another shot at it in September"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/09/06/419159.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/09/06/419159.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/09/06/419159.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/09/06/419159.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="Get your dark blue suit out of the closet, job hunting season is once again upon us. " title="Get your dark blue suit out of the closet, job hunting season is once again upon us. " onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/life/" title="LIFE">LIFE</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/life/language/" title="Language">Language</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/bilingual?type=column" title="BILINGUAL">BILINGUAL</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Sep 6, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/09/06/language/job-hunting-japanese-hiring/" title="Those looking for jobs in Japan get another shot at it in September">Those looking for jobs in Japan get another shot at it in September</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/09/06/language/job-hunting-japanese-hiring/" title="Those looking for jobs in Japan get another shot at it in September">Hiring for new recruits usually takes place in time for an April start, but Japanese companies are increasingly looking to hire in the autumn.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/08/30/language/earthquake-nankai-trough-safety/" title="Did you feel that? It may be time to refresh your disaster kits — and vocabulary."><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/08/30/417910.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/08/30/417910.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/08/30/417910.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/08/30/417910.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="A map of western Japan shows the Nankai Trough and, to its north, the hypocentral region where the energy for an earthquake is thought to be building." title="A map of western Japan shows the Nankai Trough and, to its north, the hypocentral region where the energy for an earthquake is thought to be building." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/life/" title="LIFE">LIFE</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/life/language/" title="Language">Language</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/bilingual?type=column" title="BILINGUAL">BILINGUAL</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Aug 30, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/08/30/language/earthquake-nankai-trough-safety/" title="Did you feel that? It may be time to refresh your disaster kits — and vocabulary.">Did you feel that? It may be time to refresh your disaster kits — and vocabulary.</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/08/30/language/earthquake-nankai-trough-safety/" title="Did you feel that? It may be time to refresh your disaster kits — and vocabulary.">Part of Japan got a scare when the first-ever megaquake alert was issued earlier this month, a reminder that knowing the right terms in a disaster is crucial.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/08/21/language/japanese-vocabulary-olympics-culture/" title="The victories, viral moments and vocabulary of Paris 2024"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/08/20/416511.JPG?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/08/20/416511.JPG?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/08/20/416511.JPG?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/08/20/416511.JPG?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="Ami Yuasa performs in the b-girls breaking competition final during the Paris Summer Olympics earlier this month. She won gold in the event." title="Ami Yuasa performs in the b-girls breaking competition final during the Paris Summer Olympics earlier this month. She won gold in the event." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/life/" title="LIFE">LIFE</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/life/language/" title="Language">Language</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/bilingual?type=column" title="BILINGUAL">BILINGUAL</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Aug 21, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/08/21/language/japanese-vocabulary-olympics-culture/" title="The victories, viral moments and vocabulary of Paris 2024">The victories, viral moments and vocabulary of Paris 2024</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/08/21/language/japanese-vocabulary-olympics-culture/" title="The victories, viral moments and vocabulary of Paris 2024">When following the Olympics in Japanese, knowing all the buzzwords that spring up could be a competition of its own.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/08/16/language/japan-regions-geography-vocabulary/" title="When it comes to Japan, do you know your 'Kanto' from your 'Kanto-koshin'?"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/08/16/416242.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/08/16/416242.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/08/16/416242.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/08/16/416242.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="Japan is divided into many different regions, sometimes distinguishing areas of the country by old borders or climate." title="Japan is divided into many different regions, sometimes distinguishing areas of the country by old borders or climate." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/life/" title="LIFE">LIFE</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/life/language/" title="Language">Language</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/bilingual?type=column" title="BILINGUAL">BILINGUAL</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Aug 16, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/08/16/language/japan-regions-geography-vocabulary/" title="When it comes to Japan, do you know your 'Kanto' from your 'Kanto-koshin'?">When it comes to Japan, do you know your 'Kanto' from your 'Kanto-koshin'?</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/08/16/language/japan-regions-geography-vocabulary/" title="When it comes to Japan, do you know your 'Kanto' from your 'Kanto-koshin'?">Japanese people tend to travel to their hometowns around this time of year, and asking where they went is an easy conversation starter.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/08/08/language/japanese-language-obon-ghosts/" title="Japanese cities turn into ghost towns during the Bon holiday period"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/08/08/413941.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/08/08/413941.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/08/08/413941.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/08/08/413941.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="A boy skateboards past Yanaka Cemetery in Tokyo’s Taito Ward. A perfectly peaceful spot the rest of the year, it becomes a place children may test their courage during the Bon holidays." title="A boy skateboards past Yanaka Cemetery in Tokyo’s Taito Ward. A perfectly peaceful spot the rest of the year, it becomes a place children may test their courage during the Bon holidays." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/life/" title="LIFE">LIFE</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/life/language/" title="Language">Language</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/bilingual?type=column" title="BILINGUAL">BILINGUAL</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Aug 8, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/08/08/language/japanese-language-obon-ghosts/" title="Japanese cities turn into ghost towns during the Bon holiday period">Japanese cities turn into ghost towns during the Bon holiday period</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/08/08/language/japanese-language-obon-ghosts/" title="Japanese cities turn into ghost towns during the Bon holiday period">As people return to their hometowns to pay their respects to their ancestors, children may try to test their nerves with a "kimodameshi."</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/07/31/language/sunscreen-sunburn-japanese-beauty-skin/" title="Sunscreen bans, UV-cuts and the language of summer skincare in Japan"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/31/412070.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/31/412070.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/31/412070.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/31/412070.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="Two people in Tokyo walk past a poster meant to evoke a cooling feeling the summer heat. " title="Two people in Tokyo walk past a poster meant to evoke a cooling feeling the summer heat. " onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/life/" title="LIFE">LIFE</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/life/language/" title="Language">Language</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/bilingual?type=column" title="BILINGUAL">BILINGUAL</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Jul 31, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/07/31/language/sunscreen-sunburn-japanese-beauty-skin/" title="Sunscreen bans, UV-cuts and the language of summer skincare in Japan">Sunscreen bans, UV-cuts and the language of summer skincare in Japan</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/07/31/language/sunscreen-sunburn-japanese-beauty-skin/" title="Sunscreen bans, UV-cuts and the language of summer skincare in Japan">Get to know Japanese terms for products that will help you protect your skin in the scorching sun.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/07/24/language/summer-vacation-japan-kids-safety/" title="Whether it's the pool or the park, teach your kids how to be safe this summer vacation"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/24/410722.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/24/410722.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/24/410722.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/24/410722.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="A child gets a break from the heat thanks to a cooling mist machine at Sensoji temple in Tokyo." title="A child gets a break from the heat thanks to a cooling mist machine at Sensoji temple in Tokyo." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/life/" title="LIFE">LIFE</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/life/language/" title="Language">Language</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/bilingual?type=column" title="BILINGUAL">BILINGUAL</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Jul 24, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/07/24/language/summer-vacation-japan-kids-safety/" title="Whether it's the pool or the park, teach your kids how to be safe this summer vacation">Whether it's the pool or the park, teach your kids how to be safe this summer vacation</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/07/24/language/summer-vacation-japan-kids-safety/" title="Whether it's the pool or the park, teach your kids how to be safe this summer vacation">Your children are likely to sneak out of the house for some fun while school is out. Make sure they know the importance of "squid sushi."</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/07/13/language/inviting-japan-invitation-festival/" title="Got somewhere to be and need a friend? Better learn how to ask."><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/13/408272.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/13/408272.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/13/408272.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/13/408272.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="The Echigo-Tsumari Art Triennale returns this weekend and features works by artists such as Yayoi Kusama." title="The Echigo-Tsumari Art Triennale returns this weekend and features works by artists such as Yayoi Kusama." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/life/" title="LIFE">LIFE</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/life/language/" title="Language">Language</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/bilingual?type=column" title="BILINGUAL">BILINGUAL</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Jul 13, 2024</div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/07/13/language/inviting-japan-invitation-festival/" title="Got somewhere to be and need a friend? Better learn how to ask.">Got somewhere to be and need a friend? Better learn how to ask.</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/07/13/language/inviting-japan-invitation-festival/" title="Got somewhere to be and need a friend? Better learn how to ask.">If you live in Japan long enough, you're bound to receive an invitation sooner or later. Make sure you know how to respond or how to ask in return. </a></div> </div> </div> <div class="row"><div class="col-md-12"><style> .pagination{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding-left:0;list-style:none;border-radius:.25rem}.layout_paginator>ul{margin:20px auto 10px;padding:8px 8px 5px 8px;text-align:center;width:100%;border-radius: 3px;}.layout_paginator>ul>li{display:inline-block;list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0 4px;min-width:35px;text-align:center}.layout_paginator>ul>li a,.layout_paginator>ul>li.disabled span{background-color:#fff;color:#4f5363;padding:10px;display:block;border:0;overflow:hidden;font-family:'Roboto Medium';font-size:15px;line-height:17px;border:1px solid #e1e1e1;border-radius:3px;}.layout_paginator>ul>li.active a{color:#fff;background-color:#C8102E;border-color:#C8102E;cursor:default}.layout_paginator>ul>li.disabled span{background-color:#f8f8f8} </style> <nav class="pagination layout_paginator" role="navigation"> <ul class="pager" > <li class="pager-nav disabled" aria-disabled="true" aria-label="&laquo; Previous"> <span aria-hidden="true">« Prev</span> </li> <li class="pager-nav active" aria-current="page"><a class="">1</a></li> <li class="pager-nav"><a class="" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/bilingual?type=column&amp;pgno=2" title="page number">2</a></li> <li class="pager-nav"><a class="" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/bilingual?type=column&amp;pgno=3" title="page number">3</a></li> <li class="pager-nav"><a class="" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/bilingual?type=column&amp;pgno=4" title="page number">4</a></li> <li class="pager-nav"><a class="" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/bilingual?type=column&amp;pgno=5" title="page number">5</a></li> <li class="pager-nav"><a class="" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/bilingual?type=column&amp;pgno=6" title="page number">6</a></li> <li class="pager-nav disabled" aria-disabled="true"><span class="">...</span></li> <li class="pager-nav"><a class="" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/bilingual?type=column&amp;pgno=40" title="page number">40</a></li> <li class="pager-nav"><a class="" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/bilingual?type=column&amp;pgno=41" title="page number">41</a></li> <li class="pager-nav"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/bilingual?type=column&amp;pgno=6" title="next" rel="next" aria-label="Next &raquo;">Next »</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4 col-xs-12"> <!--jt-square-ad.blade.php--> <style> .jt-square-ad {border-top:1px solid #DADADA; border-bottom:1px solid #DADADA;padding-top: 15px;padding-bottom: 15px; }.jt-square-ad .tableCenter{min-width:300px;margin:10px auto;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;background:#f9f9f9;min-height:250px;} </style> <div class="jt-square-ad DisplayAd " data-widget-id="910"> <div class="tableCenter paddingDefault"> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1545099231048-0'><script>googletag.cmd.push( function() {googletag.display( 'div-gpt-ad-1545099231048-0' );});</script></div> </div> </div> <!-- jt-sidebar-tabs.blade.php --> <style> .jt-sidebar-tabs{margin-top: 20px;} /*.article-page .jt-sidebar-tabs{margin-top: 15px;}*/ .jt-sidebar-tabs .nav-item{color:#666666;background-color: #eae9e0; cursor: pointer;text-align: center;width:calc(50% - 5px);border-left: 1px solid #eae9e0;} .jt-sidebar-tabs .nav-item.active{color:#000;background-color: #FFF;border-bottom: none;border-right: 1px solid #eae9e0;} .jt-sidebar-tabs .tab-pane{display:none; border: 1px solid #eae9e0;border-top: none;padding: 20px;} .jt-sidebar-tabs .tab-pane.active{display:block;} .jt-sidebar-tabs ul.nav-pills{padding: 0;margin-top: 0px;} .jt-sidebar-tabs .nav-item.active a.nav-link{border-top: 4px solid #eae9e0;border-radius: 0;} .jt-sidebar-tabs .separator{width: 10px;border-bottom: 1px solid #eae9e0;} .jt-sidebar-tabs .nav-link{font-family: 'Pluto Sans Bold', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 12px;line-height: 24px;} </style> <div class="jt-sidebar-tabs no-print " data-widget_id="785"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class=" navContent"> <ul class="nav nav-pills" role="tablist"> <li class="nav-item active" id="button-0"> <a class="nav-link" data-widget_id="m1" title="Latest">WHAT’S TRENDING</a> </li> <li class="separator">&nbsp;</li> <li class="nav-item " id="button-1"> <a class="nav-link" data-widget_id="m1" title="Latest">Editors&#039; Picks</a> </li> </ul> <div class="tab-content"> <div class="tab-pane active" id="tab-button-0"> <!--jt-trending.blade.php--> <style> .jt-trending .article-image{width: 28%;padding-left: 8px;} .jt-trending .article-image .layout-ratio{padding-bottom: 100%;;} .jt-trending .article-details{width: 72%;padding-right: 8px;} .jt-trending .article-details.no-image-article{width: 100%;padding-right: 0px;} .jt-trending .article{display: flex; align-items: flex-start;padding-bottom: 12px;padding-top: 12px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(217, 217, 217, 0.5);} .jt-trending .article:last-child{border-bottom: none;padding-bottom: 0px;} .jt-trending .article-title{margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 12px;} .jt-trending .article-title a{font-family: Utopia Std, Georgia, "Hiragino Mincho Pro", "Hiragino Mincho", serif; color:#333333; font-size: 17px;line-height: 21px; display: block;max-height: 63px; overflow: hidden;} @media(max-width768px){ .jt-trending .article-title a{max-height: unset; overflow: unset;} } </style> <div class="jt-trending " data-widget-id="786"> <div class="article"> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2024/11/28/japan/science-health/keio-university-alzheimers/" title="Japan researchers develop a simple way to spot signs of Alzheimer's disease">Japan researchers develop a simple way to spot signs of Alzheimer's disease</a></div> </div> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2024/11/28/japan/science-health/keio-university-alzheimers/" title="Japan researchers develop a simple way to spot signs of Alzheimer's disease"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/28/436797.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/28/436797.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/28/436797.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/28/436797.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="In 2022, the number of elderly people with dementia in Japan reached 4.43 million, according to data from the health ministry. " title="In 2022, the number of elderly people with dementia in Japan reached 4.43 million, according to data from the health ministry. " onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/11/28/companies/japan-undervalued-real-estate/" title="Real estate worth ¥25 trillion puts Japan companies in spotlight">Real estate worth ¥25 trillion puts Japan companies in spotlight</a></div> </div> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/11/28/companies/japan-undervalued-real-estate/" title="Real estate worth ¥25 trillion puts Japan companies in spotlight"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/28/436887.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/28/436887.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/28/436887.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/28/436887.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="Elliott Investment Management&#039;s stake in Tokyo Gas is centered around getting the utility to sell off its real estate holdings, including Shinjuku Park Tower, which houses the Park Hyatt Hotel Tokyo." title="Elliott Investment Management&#039;s stake in Tokyo Gas is centered around getting the utility to sell off its real estate holdings, including Shinjuku Park Tower, which houses the Park Hyatt Hotel Tokyo." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2024/11/28/japan/politics/kuniko-inoguchi-fire/" title="Two dead after fire at Upper House lawmaker Kuniko Inoguchi’s apartment">Two dead after fire at Upper House lawmaker Kuniko Inoguchi’s apartment</a></div> </div> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2024/11/28/japan/politics/kuniko-inoguchi-fire/" title="Two dead after fire at Upper House lawmaker Kuniko Inoguchi’s apartment"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/28/436926.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/28/436926.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/28/436926.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/28/436926.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="A fire broke out on the sixth floor of an apartment building where Upper House lawmaker Kuniko Inoguchi resides on Wednesday in Tokyo&#039;s Bunkyo Ward." title="A fire broke out on the sixth floor of an apartment building where Upper House lawmaker Kuniko Inoguchi resides on Wednesday in Tokyo&#039;s Bunkyo Ward." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/11/27/companies/jftc-amazon-japan/" title="Japan investigating Amazon for allegedly bullying other businesses">Japan investigating Amazon for allegedly bullying other businesses</a></div> </div> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/11/27/companies/jftc-amazon-japan/" title="Japan investigating Amazon for allegedly bullying other businesses"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/436814.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/436814.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/436814.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/436814.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="Packages move along a conveyor belt at an Amazon warehouse" title="Packages move along a conveyor belt at an Amazon warehouse" onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/11/28/food-drink/dubai-chocolate-japan-tokyo/" title="Tokyo’s take on that viral chocolate from Dubai">Tokyo’s take on that viral chocolate from Dubai</a></div> </div> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/11/28/food-drink/dubai-chocolate-japan-tokyo/" title="Tokyo’s take on that viral chocolate from Dubai"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/436831.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/436831.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/436831.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/436831.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="Cafe N°_5&#039;s take on the Dubai chocolate craze that has been circulating on social media over the past few months is a mix of bitter and sweet. " title="Cafe N°_5&#039;s take on the Dubai chocolate craze that has been circulating on social media over the past few months is a mix of bitter and sweet. " onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane " id="tab-button-1"> <!--jt-tab-editor-pick.blade.php--> <style> .jt-tab-editor-pick .article-image{width: 28%;padding-left: 8px;} .jt-tab-editor-pick .article-image .layout-ratio{padding-bottom: 100%;;} .jt-tab-editor-pick .article-details{width: 72%;padding-right: 8px;} .jt-tab-editor-pick .article-details.no-image-article{width: 100%;padding-right: 0px;} .jt-tab-editor-pick .article{display: flex; align-items: flex-start;padding-bottom: 12px;padding-top: 12px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(217, 217, 217, 0.5);} .jt-tab-editor-pick .article:last-child{border-bottom: none;padding-bottom: 0px;} .jt-tab-editor-pick .article-title{margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 12px;} .jt-tab-editor-pick .article-title a{font-family: Utopia Std, Georgia, "Hiragino Mincho Pro", "Hiragino Mincho", serif; color:#333333; font-size: 17px;line-height: 21px; display: block;max-height: 63px; overflow: hidden;} @media(max-width: 768px){ .jt-tab-editor-pick .article-title a{max-width: unset; overflow: unset;} } </style> <div class="jt-tab-editor-pick " data-widget-id="787"> <div class="article"> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2024/11/27/film/what-divides-us-hiroshima/" title="‘What Divides Us’ producer honors grandfather’s Hiroshima reportage">‘What Divides Us’ producer honors grandfather’s Hiroshima reportage</a></div> </div> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2024/11/27/film/what-divides-us-hiroshima/" title="‘What Divides Us’ producer honors grandfather’s Hiroshima reportage"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/436856.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/436856.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/436856.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/436856.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="“What Divides Us&quot; producer Cannon Hersey says his grandfather, who wrote about the aftermath of nuclear destruction in Hiroshima, never spoke about what he had seen while working with Japanese minister Kiyoshi Tanimoto to preserve the stories of survivors." title="“What Divides Us&quot; producer Cannon Hersey says his grandfather, who wrote about the aftermath of nuclear destruction in Hiroshima, never spoke about what he had seen while working with Japanese minister Kiyoshi Tanimoto to preserve the stories of survivors." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2024/11/27/japan/politics/ishiba-tamaki-nuclear-energy/" title="DPP’s Tamaki leverages new position with energy proposal">DPP’s Tamaki leverages new position with energy proposal</a></div> </div> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2024/11/27/japan/politics/ishiba-tamaki-nuclear-energy/" title="DPP’s Tamaki leverages new position with energy proposal"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/436830.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/436830.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/436830.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/436830.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="DPP leader Yuichiro Tamaki in Tokyo on Tuesday" title="DPP leader Yuichiro Tamaki in Tokyo on Tuesday" onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/11/25/companies/bluesky-social-japan/" title="Bluesky is booming in Japan — mainly for reasons other than U.S. politics">Bluesky is booming in Japan — mainly for reasons other than U.S. politics</a></div> </div> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/11/25/companies/bluesky-social-japan/" title="Bluesky is booming in Japan — mainly for reasons other than U.S. politics"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/25/436245.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/25/436245.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/25/436245.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/25/436245.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="object-position:48% 66.917293233082%;" alt="According to Similarweb, average monthly user numbers for Bluesky on Android in Japan quintupled in the 12 months to October." title="According to Similarweb, average monthly user numbers for Bluesky on Android in Japan quintupled in the 12 months to October." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2024/11/27/asia-pacific/politics/china-defense-minister-corruption-dong-jun/" title="China defense minister being investigated for corruption, report says">China defense minister being investigated for corruption, report says</a></div> </div> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2024/11/27/asia-pacific/politics/china-defense-minister-corruption-dong-jun/" title="China defense minister being investigated for corruption, report says"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/436546.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/436546.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/436546.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/436546.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="Chinese Defense Minister Dong Jun attends the opening ceremony of the Xiangshan Forum at the Beijing International Convention Center on Sept. 13. Dong is the third consecutive incumbent or former defense chief to be probed over alleged corruption." title="Chinese Defense Minister Dong Jun attends the opening ceremony of the Xiangshan Forum at the Beijing International Convention Center on Sept. 13. Dong is the third consecutive incumbent or former defense chief to be probed over alleged corruption." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2024/11/24/energy/fossil-fuel-subsidies-quit/" title="How Japan can exit the fossil fuel subsidies it can’t seem to quit">How Japan can exit the fossil fuel subsidies it can’t seem to quit</a></div> </div> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2024/11/24/energy/fossil-fuel-subsidies-quit/" title="How Japan can exit the fossil fuel subsidies it can’t seem to quit"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/24/435734.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/24/435734.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/24/435734.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/24/435734.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="A man walks past a gasoline station in Tokyo on Thursday." title="A man walks past a gasoline station in Tokyo on Thursday." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> $(function(){ $('.nav-item').on('click', function(event){ event.preventDefault(); if (! $(this).hasClass('active')) { $('.nav-item').removeClass('active'); $('.tab-pane').removeClass('active'); $(this).addClass('active'); var id = $(this).attr('id'); $('#tab-'+ id).addClass('active'); } }); }); </script> <!--jt-sidebar-articles.blade.php--> <style> .jt-sidebar-articles{margin-top: 30px;margin-bottom: 15px;} .jt-sidebar-articles .widget-title{border-bottom: 1px solid #231916;padding-bottom: 15px;margin-bottom: 12px;} .jt-sidebar-articles .widget-title h2{margin-bottom: 0px;margin-top: 0px;font-family: 'Pluto Sans Bold', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color:#231916; font-size: 18px;line-height: 22px; text-transform: uppercase;} .jt-sidebar-articles .article-image{width: 28%;padding-right: 8px;} .jt-sidebar-articles .article-image .layout-ratio{padding-bottom: 100%;;} .jt-sidebar-articles .article-details{width: 72%;padding-left: 8px;} .jt-sidebar-articles .article-details.no-image-article{width: 100%;padding-left: 0px;} .jt-sidebar-articles .article{display: flex; align-items: flex-start;padding-bottom: 12px;padding-top: 12px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(217, 217, 217, 0.5);} .jt-sidebar-articles .article-title a{font-family: 'Utopia Std Semi Bold', Georgia, serif;color:#333; font-size: 20px;line-height: 19px; display: block;max-height: 38px; overflow: hidden;} .jt-sidebar-articles .article-info{display: flex;margin-top: 10px;align-items: center;} .jt-sidebar-articles .article-section a{font-family: 'Pluto Sans Bold', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color:#c8102e; font-size: 11px;line-height: 24px; text-transform: uppercase;border-right: 1px solid rgba(217, 217, 217, 0.76);padding-right: 10px; margin-right: 10px;} .jt-sidebar-articles .last-modified{font-family: 'Pluto Sans Regular', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif!important; color:#898989; font-size: 11px;line-height: 14px;text-transform: uppercase;} @media(max-width: 768px){ .jt-sidebar-articles .widget-title{margin-bottom: 5px;} .jt-sidebar-articles .article-title a{max-height: unset;overflow: unset; line-height: 21px} } @media screen and (min-width: 1200px){ .jt-sidebar-articles .article-title a{ font-size:18px; max-height: 57px; } } </style> <div class="jt-sidebar-articles no-print " data-widget-id="1465"> <div class="widget-title"> <h2>Podcast</h2> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/podcast/2024/07/22/deep-dive/kabukicho-tokyo/" title="Kabukicho: Tokyo’s ‘stadium of desire’"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/22/410707.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/22/410707.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/22/410707.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/07/22/410707.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="One of the many entrances to the Kabukicho neighborhood in Tokyo’s Shinjuku Ward." title="One of the many entrances to the Kabukicho neighborhood in Tokyo’s Shinjuku Ward." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/podcast/2024/07/22/deep-dive/kabukicho-tokyo/" title="Kabukicho: Tokyo’s ‘stadium of desire’">Kabukicho: Tokyo’s ‘stadium of desire’</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <!--jt-column-article.blade.php--> <style> .jt-column-article{margin-top: 30px;margin-bottom: 15px;} .jt-column-article .widget-title{border-bottom: 1px solid #231916;padding-bottom: 15px;margin-bottom: 12px;} .jt-column-article .widget-title h2{margin-bottom: 0px;margin-top: 0px;font-family: 'Pluto Sans Bold', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color:#231916; font-size: 18px;line-height: 22px; text-transform: uppercase;} .jt-column-article .article-image{width: 28%;padding-right: 8px;} .jt-column-article .article-image .layout-ratio{padding-bottom: 100%;;} .jt-column-article .article-details{width: 72%;padding-left: 8px;} .jt-column-article .article-details.no-image-article{width: 100%;padding-left: 0px;} .jt-column-article .article{display: flex; align-items: flex-start;padding-bottom: 12px;padding-top: 12px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(217, 217, 217, 0.5);} .jt-column-article .article-title a{font-family: 'Utopia Std Semi Bold', Georgia, serif;color:#333; font-size: 20px;line-height: 19px; display: block;max-height: 38px; overflow: hidden;} .jt-column-article .article-byline{font-family: 'Pluto Sans Regular', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif!important;color:#898989;font-size: 11px;line-height: 21px; text-transform: uppercase;} .jt-column-article .article-byline a{color:#898989;} @media(max-width: 768px){ .jt-column-article .widget-title{margin-bottom: 5px;} .jt-column-article .article-title a{max-height: unset;overflow: unset;line-height: 21px;} } @media screen and (min-width: 1200px){ .jt-column-article .article-title a{ font-size:18px; max-height: 57px; } } </style> <div class="jt-column-article no-print " data-widget-id="1581"> <div class="widget-title"> <h2>Longform</h2> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/11/25/lifestyle/sauna-culture-japan/" title="Japan’s sauna movement: Relax, refresh, repeat"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/25/435137.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/25/435137.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/25/435137.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/11/25/435137.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.51" style="" alt="Totopa in Tokyo’s Shinjuku Ward was picked by consultants TTNE as the best sauna of the year. " title="Totopa in Tokyo’s Shinjuku Ward was picked by consultants TTNE as the best sauna of the year. " onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/11/25/lifestyle/sauna-culture-japan/" title="Japan’s sauna movement: Relax, refresh, repeat">Japan’s sauna movement: Relax, refresh, repeat</a></div> <div class="article-byline"> By <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/author/6191/greg-dvorak/" title="Greg Dvorak">Greg Dvorak</a><br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!--jt-sustainable.blade.php--> <style> .jt-sustainable {border: 1px solid #eae9e0; background-color: #FFF;margin-bottom: 20px;margin-top: 20px;} .jt-sustainable h2{margin-bottom: 0px;margin-top: 0px;color:#666;font-family: 'Pluto Sans Regular', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif!important;font-size: 12px;line-height: 12px;font-weight: 700;} .jt-sustainable .top-element{background-color: #eae9e0;text-align: center;padding-bottom: 10px;padding-top: 10px; } .jt-sustainable .article-image{width: 28%;padding-left: 8px;} .jt-sustainable .article-image .layout-ratio{padding-bottom: 100%;;} .jt-sustainable .article-details{width: 72%;padding-right: 8px;} .jt-sustainable .article{padding: 15px;display: flex; align-items: center;padding-bottom: 12px;padding-top: 12px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(217, 217, 217, 0.5);} .jt-sustainable .article-title{margin-top: 7px;margin-bottom: 12px;} .jt-sustainable .article-title a{font-family: 'Utopia Std', Georgia, "Hiragino Mincho Pro", "Hiragino Mincho", serif; color:#333; font-size: 14px;line-height: 18px; display: block;max-height: 36px; overflow: hidden;} </style> <div class="jt-sustainable " data-widget-id="1523"> <div class="top-element"> <h2>SUSTAINABLE JAPAN </h2> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-details"> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://sustainable.japantimes.com/unraveling/27?utm_source=jto&utm_medium=sidebanner&utm_campaign=jto_sidebanner&f=4" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" title="SWCC keeps changing with keyword ‘new challenges’">SWCC keeps changing with keyword ‘new challenges’</a></div> </div> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://sustainable.japantimes.com/unraveling/27?utm_source=jto&utm_medium=sidebanner&utm_campaign=jto_sidebanner&f=4" title="SWCC keeps changing with keyword ‘new challenges’" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"> <div class="layout-ratio"> <img src="https://wp.japantimes.co.jp/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/img_unraveling_27_01-200x200.jpg" alt="SWCC keeps changing with keyword ‘new challenges’" /> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <!--jt-supplements-vertical-ad.blade.php--> <style> .jt-supplements-vertical-ad {border: 1px solid #eae9e0; background-color: #FFF;margin-bottom: 20px;margin-top: 20px;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .sidebar_ad_inner{border-top: 1px solid #ddd;margin-top: 30px;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .sidebar_ad_item{width:100%;float:none;border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .sidebar_ad_item:last-of-type{border-bottom: none;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .sidebar_ad_item div{width:100% !important; height:auto !important;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .more-btn{border: 1px solid #ddd;text-align: center;padding: 4px;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .more-btn a{color: #333;display: block;padding: 1px 10px;transition: opacity .4s;font-family: 'Roboto';font-size: 12px;line-height: 15px;font-weight: 700;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad h2{position: relative;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-top: 0px;color:#666;font-family: 'Roboto';font-size: 13px;line-height: 15px;font-weight: 700;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad h2 a{position: absolute;top: -1;margin-left: 10px;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .note_block{font-size: 13px;line-height: 18px;color:#333;font-family: Pluto,"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;border: 1px solid #707070;border-radius: 2px;padding: 10px;max-width: 185px;position: absolute;z-index: 9999;right: 20px;top:50px;text-align: left;background: #fff;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .note_block a{color:#898989;text-decoration: underline;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .note_block:before {content: " ";position: absolute;top: -16px;left: 50%;border: 8px solid transparent;border-bottom: 8px solid #FFF;z-index: 2;-webkit-transform: translateX(-50%);transform: translateX(-50%);} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .note_block:after {content: " ";position: absolute;top: -19px;left: 50%;border: 9px solid transparent;border-bottom: 9px solid #707070;z-index: 1;-webkit-transform: translateX(-50%);transform: translateX(-50%);} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .top-element{position: relative;background-color: #eae9e0;text-align: center;padding-bottom: 10px;padding-top: 10px; } .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .content-element-main{padding: 15px 15px 0px 15px;text-align: center;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .content-element-sub{padding: 0px 15px 15px 15px;text-align: center;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .supplements-binder{text-align: center;border-top:1px solid #eae9e0;padding: 15px;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .supplements-binder img{max-width: 100%;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .supplements-binder h2{margin-bottom: 10px;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .supplements-binder .banner_list{margin: 0 auto; max-width: 270px;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .supplements-binder .banner_list_item:not(:last-child){margin-bottom: 10px;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .supplements-binder .banner_list_item:last-child{background: url('/theme_japantimes/images/bg-international.jpg');padding-bottom: 10px;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .supplements-binder ul li{list-style: none;border-bottom: 1px solid #999;padding-bottom: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .supplements-binder ul li:last-child{border-bottom: none;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .supplements-binder li a{color: #333;font-size: 14px;line-height: 24px;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .supplements-binder .banner_list_item_inner{text-align: left;background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);padding: 20px 25px 0px 25px;margin: 0px;} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .supplements-binder .international-reports-img{padding: 15px 12px 9px} .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .supplements-binder i.icon-arrow_forward_ios{font-size: 10px;margin-right: 6px;color:#898989} @media (min-width:991px) and (max-width:1200px){ .jt-supplements-vertical-ad .content-element-main{padding: 15px 0px 0px 0px;} } </style> <div class="jt-supplements-vertical-ad no-print " data-widget-id="930"> <div class="top-element"> <h2> SPECIAL SUPPLEMENTS <a href="javascript:;" class="js_note" title="Note"><img src="/theme_japantimes/images/icon_note.png" alt="note" /></a> </h2> <div class="note_block hidden"> <div class="note_block_inner"> <p class="note_txt">Sponsored contents planned and edited by JT Media Enterprise Division.</p> <p class="note_txt_jp"> <a href="https://info.japantimes.co.jp/solutions/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">広告出稿に関するおといあわせはこちらまで</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content-element-main"> <div class="bl_sideDiv bl_sideDiv__supplements"> <div class="single_block"> <!-- /4973089/JT-Supplements-slider1 --> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1545378846364-0'><script> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1545378846364-0'); });</script></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content-element-sub"> <div class="sidebar_ad_inner"> <div class="sidebar_ad_item"> <a href="#"> <!-- /4973089/JT-Supplements-block1 --> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1545377720996-0' style='height:1px; width:1px;'><script>googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1545377720996-0'); });</script></div> </a> </div> <div class="sidebar_ad_item"> <a href="#"> <!-- /4973089/JT-Supplements-block2 --> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1545377819100-0' style='height:1px; width:1px;'><script>googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1545377819100-0');});</script></div> </a> </div> <div class="sidebar_ad_item"> <a href="#"> <!-- /4973089/JT-Supplements-block3 --> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1545377905854-0' style='height:1px; width:1px;'><script>googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1545377905854-0');});</script></div> </a> </div> <div class="sidebar_ad_item"> <a href="#"> <!-- /4973089/JT-Supplements-block4 --> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1545378016685-0' style='height:1px; width:1px;'><script>googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1545378016685-0');});</script></div> </a> </div> <div class="sidebar_ad_item"> <a href="#"> <!-- /4973089/JT-Supplements-block5 --> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1545378526968-0' style='height:1px; width:1px;'><script>googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1545378526968-0');});</script></div> </a> </div> <div class="sidebar_ad_item"> <a href="#"> <!-- /4973089/JT-Supplements-block6 --> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1545378615238-0' style='height:1px; width:1px;'><script>googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1545378615238-0');});</script></div> </a> </div> <div class="sidebar_ad_item"> <a href="#"> <!-- /4973089/JT-Supplements-block7 --> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1545378710149-0' style='height:1px; width:1px;'><script>googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1545378710149-0');});</script></div> </a> </div> <div class="sidebar_ad_item"> <a href="#"> <!-- /4973089/JT-Supplements-block8 --> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1545378782983-0' style='height:1px; width:1px;'><script>googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1545378782983-0');});</script></div> </a> </div> <p class="more-btn"> <a href="https://info.japantimes.co.jp/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><span>Read more</span></a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="supplements-binder"> <h2>SUPPLEMENTS BINDER</h2> <!-- /4973089/sidebar-consortium --> <div class="banner_list"> <div class="banner_list_item"> <!-- /4973089/JT-Education-banner --> <div class="ad single_block"> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1545377501993-0' style='height:40px; width:270px;'> <script>googletag.cmd.push(function () {googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1545377501993-0');});</script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="banner_list_item"> <!-- /4973089/JT-NationalDay-banner --> <div class="ad single_block"> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1545377579422-0' style='height:40px; width:270px;'> <script>googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1545377579422-0');});</script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="banner_list_item"> <img src="/theme_japantimes/images/international-reports.png" class="international-reports-img" alt="international-reports"> <ul class="banner_list_item_inner"> <li> <i class="icon-arrow_forward_ios"></i> <a href="https://info.japantimes.co.jp/international-reports/sms/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Bridges by SMS</a> </li> <li> <i class="icon-arrow_forward_ios"></i> <a href="https://info.japantimes.co.jp/international-reports/global_insight/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Global Insight</a> </li> <li> <i class="icon-arrow_forward_ios"></i> <a href="https://info.japantimes.co.jp/international-reports/gmi/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">GMI Post</a> </li> <li> <i class="icon-arrow_forward_ios"></i> <a href="https://info.japantimes.co.jp/international-reports/wer/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">World Eye Reports</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> $('.js_note').on('click', function(){ $('.note_block').toggleClass('hidden'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </main> <style> .footer-ad{margin-bottom: 20px;margin-top: 20px;} .footer-ad .tableCenter{min-width:728px;min-height: 90px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;margin: 20px auto;} footer{background-color: #333333; font-family: 'Roboto'; color: #FFF;} footer .footer-details{padding-bottom: 25px; padding-top: 40px;} footer .footer-details .left-col ul{width: 19%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin: 0px; padding-right: 15px;padding-left: 0px;} footer .footer-details .left-col li{list-style: none;margin-bottom: 10px;} footer .footer-details .left-col li a{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;font-size: 12px;line-height: 14px;color: #FFFFFF;font-weight: 400;} footer .footer-details .left-col li a:hover{opacity: 0.4;} footer .footer-details .left-col li.main-title{font-size: 13px;line-height: 15px;color: #FFFFFF;font-weight: 700;text-transform: uppercase} footer .footer-details .right-col .subscribe-btn{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;background-color: #C8102E; color:#FFF;width: 100%;font-family: 'Pluto Sans Bold', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;line-height: 17.3px; display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;height: 50px;margin-bottom: 22px;} footer .footer-details .right-col .subscribe-btn:hover{opacity: 0.5;} footer .footer-details .right-col .row-data{margin-bottom: 15px;} footer .footer-details .right-col .row-data > div{width: 49%; display: inline-block;vertical-align: top;font-size: 12px;line-height: 14px;font-weight: 400;} footer .footer-details .right-col .row-data div.info{padding-right: 20px;} footer .footer-details .right-col .row-data > div.info.w-53{width: 50.5%;} footer .footer-details .right-col .row-data > div.signup{width: 47.5%;} footer .footer-details .right-col h5{margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 10px;font-size: 16px;line-height: 19px;font-weight: 700;} footer .footer-details .right-col .social-icons{text-align: right;padding-left: 20px;} footer .footer-details .right-col .social-icons a{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;color:#FFF;margin-left: 18px;} footer .footer-details .right-col .social-icons a:hover{color:#999999;} footer .footer-details .right-col .social-icons a:first-child{margin-left: 0px;} footer .footer-details .right-col .social-icons i{font-size: 24px;} footer .footer-details .right-col .social-icons i.icon-twitter-with-circle{font-size: 26px;} footer .footer-details .right-col .social-icons img.fb:hover{opacity: 0.5;} footer .footer-details .right-col .signup{padding-left: 22px; text-align: right;} footer .footer-details .right-col .signup a{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;border: 1px solid #FFF; color:#FFF;font-family: 'Pluto Sans Regular';font-size: 10px;line-height: 12.36px;display: flex;height: 35px;justify-content: center;align-items: center;} footer .footer-details .right-col .signup a:hover{opacity: 0.5;} footer .footer-details .right-col .signup img{margin-right: 10px;} footer .footer-copyrights{border-top: 1px solid #666666; padding: 12px 0px 17px 0px;} footer .footer-copyrights img{width: 25%;} footer .footer-copyrights .text{display: flex; justify-content: flex-end; align-items: center;font-size: 10px;line-height: 12px;color: #FFFFFF;font-weight: 400;} footer .mobile-view{display:none;} .back_to_top {position: fixed;bottom: 25px;right: 40px;z-index: 9;width: 50px;height: 50px;text-align: center;background: #666;cursor: pointer;border-radius: 2px;display: none;} .back_to_top i{color:#FFF;font-size: 40px;line-height: 46px;} .back_to_top:hover {background: #c8102e;} .back_to_top-show {display: block;} @media (max-width: 992px){ footer .container{width: 100%;max-width: 95%;} footer .footer-details{border-top: 1px solid #666666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666666;padding-bottom: 25px;padding-top: 25px;} footer .footer-details .left-col{width: 100%; max-width: 100%; flex: 0 0 100%;} footer .mobile-view .right-col .row-data{width:49.5%; display: inline-block;} footer .mobile-view .right-col .social-icons{text-align: left;} footer .footer-details .right-col .subscribe-btn{width: 46%;} footer .footer-details .right-col{display: none;} footer .mobile-view{display: block;padding-bottom: 25px;padding-top: 25px;} footer .mobile-view .right-col{display: block;} footer .mobile-view .right-col .row-data > div{width:49%;} footer .mobile-view .right-col .row-data:last-child{margin-bottom: 0px;} footer .mobile-view .right-col .row-data div.info{padding-right: 2px;} footer .mobile-view .right-col .social-icons a{margin-left: 10px;} } @media (max-width: 767px){ .footer-ad .tableCenter{min-width:320px;min-height: 50px;} footer .footer-details .right-col .subscribe-btn{width: 100%;} footer .mobile-view .right-col .row-data{width:100%; display: block;} footer .mobile-view .right-col .social-icons{text-align: right;} footer .footer-details{padding-bottom: 0px;padding-top: 0px;} footer .footer-details .right-col .row-data > div.info.w-53{width: 53%;} footer .footer-details .right-col .row-data > div.signup{width: 45%;} footer .footer-details.mobile-view{padding-bottom: 30px;padding-top: 30px;} footer .footer-details .left-col ul{padding-top: 15px;padding-bottom: 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #666666; width:100%;} footer .footer-details .left-col ul:last-child{border-bottom: none;} footer .footer-details .left-col li.main-title{display: block;width:100%;} footer .footer-details .left-col li{display: inline-block;width:49%;} footer .footer-copyrights{padding: 30px 0px; text-align: center;} footer .footer-copyrights img{width: 40%;width: 180px;height: 25.82px;} footer .footer-copyrights .text{margin-top: 10px;justify-content: center;} .back_to_top{right: 30px;} } .bottom100{ bottom:100px } .marginBottom70{ margin-bottom: 70px; } </style> <div class="footer-ad DisplayAd no-print"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="tableCenter" id="footer_ad_id"> <div id="" class="get_ad"> <script> var id_map = { "mobile": 'div-gpt-ad-1362126290726-2', "tablet": 'div-gpt-ad-1362125825102-2', "desktop": 'div-gpt-ad-1362125114269-2' } var footer_ad_id = id_map[deviceType] || id_map["mobile"]; jQuery('#footer_ad_id .get_ad').attr( 'id', footer_ad_id ); googletag.cmd.push( function() { googletag.display(footer_ad_id); } ); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="no-print"> <div class="footer-details mobile-view"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12 right-col"> <a class="subscribe-btn no-print" href="/sub" title="Subscribe">SUBSCRIBE</a> <div class="row-data no-print"> <div class="info"> <h5>In your social network</h5> <div>Stay up to date with us on your social media platform of choice.</div> </div> <div class="social-icons"> <a href="https://twitter.com/japantimes" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" title="Twitter"><i class="icon-twitter-with-circle"></i></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-japan-times" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" title="Linkedin"><i class="icon-linkedin"></i></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/thejapantimes/?hl=en" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" title="Instagram"><i class="icon-instagram"></i></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/thejapantimes" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" title="Facebook"><img src="/theme_japantimes/images/fb-footer.svg" class="fb" height="26" width="26" alt="Facebook" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="row-data no-print"> <div class="info w-53"> <h5>In your inbox</h5> <div>Get updates, insights and more via our newsletters.</div> </div> <div class="signup"> <a href="/email-newsletters" title="Sign Up"><img src="/theme_japantimes/images/send_icon.svg" alt="SIGN ME UP"/> SIGN ME UP</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-details"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8 left-col"> <ul> <li class="main-title">products &amp; services</li> <li><a href="/sub/print/" title="Print subscriptions" >Print subscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/sub/groups/" title="Group subscriptions" >Group subscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sub/students" target="_blank" title="Student subscription" >Student subscription</a></li> <li><a href="https://info.japantimes.co.jp/archives/" target="_blank" title="JT Digital Archives" >JT Digital Archives</a></li> <li><a href="https://epaper.japantimes.co.jp/" target="_blank" title="Epaper Edition" >Epaper Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/feed/" title="RSS feeds" >RSS feeds</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li class="main-title">help &amp; support</li> <li><a href="/about-us/site-support/" title="Support" >Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://support.japantimes.co.jp/hc/en-us" target="_blank" title="FAQs" >FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/about-us/link-policy/" title="Link policy" >Link policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/republishing/" title="Republishing" >Republishing</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/contact-us/" title="Contact us" >Contact us</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li class="main-title">about us</li> <li><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/about-us/" title="Company info" >Company info</a></li> <li><a href="/about-us/privacy/" title="Privacy policy" >Privacy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/about-us/link-policy/" title="Link policy" >Link policy</a></li> <li><a href="/category/announcements/" title="Announcements" >Announcements</a></li> <li><a href="/about-us/work-with-us/" title="Work with us" >Work with us</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/advertise/" title="Advertise with us" >Advertise with us</a></li> <li><a href="/about-us/press/" title="Press releases" >Press releases</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li class="main-title">our sites</li> <li><a href="https://alpha.japantimes.co.jp/" target="_blank" title="The Japan Times Alpha" >The Japan Times Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="https://bookclub.japantimes.co.jp/" target="_blank" title="JT Bookclub" >JT Bookclub</a></li> <li><a href="https://jobs.japantimes.com/" target="_blank" title="The Japan Times Jobs" >The Japan Times Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="https://info.japantimes.co.jp/japanese-university-guide/" target="_blank" title="Education In Japan" >Education In Japan</a></li> <li><a href="https://info.japantimes.co.jp/job-classifieds/" target="_blank" title="Classifieds" >Classifieds</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tender-announcement-advertisements/" title="Public notices" >Public notices</a></li> <li><a href="https://disaster.japantimes.co.jp/" target="_blank" title="Disaster information" >Disaster information</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/comfacts/" title="Comfacts" >Comfacts</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li class="main-title">our activities</li> <li><a href="https://sustainable.japantimes.com/" target="_blank" title="Sustainable Japan" >Sustainable Japan</a></li> <li><a href="https://authentic-japan-selection.japantimes.com/" target="_blank" title="Destination Restaurants" >Destination Restaurants</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/satoyama-consortium/" title="Satoyama Consortium" >Satoyama Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/esg-consortium/" title="ESG Consortium" >ESG Consortium</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-4 right-col"> <a class="subscribe-btn no-print" href="/sub" title="Subscribe">SUBSCRIBE</a> <div class="row-data no-print"> <div class="info"> <h5>In your social network</h5> <div>Stay up to date with us on your social media platform of choice.</div> </div> <div class="social-icons"> <a href="https://twitter.com/japantimes" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" title="Twitter"><i class="icon-twitter-with-circle"></i></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-japan-times" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" title="Linkedin"><i class="icon-linkedin"></i></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/thejapantimes/?hl=en" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" title="Instagram"><i class="icon-instagram"></i></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/thejapantimes" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" title="Facebook"><img src="/theme_japantimes/images/fb-footer.svg" class="fb" height="26" width="26" alt="Facebook" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="row-data no-print"> <div class="info w-53"> <h5>In your inbox</h5> <div>Get updates, insights and more via our newsletters.</div> </div> <div class="signup"> <a href="/email-newsletters" title="Sign Up"><img src="/theme_japantimes/images/send_icon.svg" alt="SIGN ME UP"/> SIGN ME UP</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-copyrights"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-6"> <a href="/" title="The Japan Times"><img src="/theme_japantimes/images/logo-white-2.png" alt="The Japan Times" /></a> </div> <div class="col-md-6 text"> THE JAPAN TIMES LTD. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <div class="back_to_top" title="Back to Top"><i class="icon-chevron-up"></i></div> <div id="recommend-pushUnit-top"></div> <div id="recommend-pushUnit-article" class="recommend-pushUnit"></div> <script type="text/javascript"> $(function(){ function trackScroll() { var scrolled = window.pageYOffset; var coords = document.documentElement.clientHeight; if (scrolled > coords) { goTopBtn.classList.add('back_to_top-show'); } if (scrolled < coords) { goTopBtn.classList.remove('back_to_top-show'); } } function backToTop() { if (window.pageYOffset > 0) { window.scrollBy(0, -80); setTimeout(backToTop, 0); } } var goTopBtn = document.querySelector('.back_to_top'); window.addEventListener('scroll', trackScroll); goTopBtn.addEventListener('click', backToTop); }); $(document).ready(() => { var windowSize = $(window).width(); var footer = $('.footer-copyrights') }); </script> <input type="hidden" name="csrf-token" content=""> <script> var lazysettimeout_value = 3000; var lazyloadScript_config = 1; lazysettimeout_value=2000; document.addEventListener("mousemove", lazyloadScript); document.addEventListener("scroll", lazyloadScript); document.addEventListener("touchstart", lazyloadScript); setTimeout(function(){ lazyloadScript(); },lazysettimeout_value); function lazyloadScript(){ if(lazyloadScript_config){ lazyloadScript_config = 0; $.getScript('https://www.japantimes.co.jp/theme_japantimes/js/lazyload.min.js',function(){ new LazyLoad({ elements_selector: ".lazy", threshold: 0, }); }); } } </script> <script async type="text/javascript" src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <!-- Twitter universal website tag code --> <script> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); twq('init','o4laj'); twq('track','PageView'); </script> <!-- End Twitter universal website tag code --></body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10