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id="content" role="main"> <header class="page-header"> <h1 class="page-title"> Monthly Archives: <span>August 2014</span> </h1> </header> <article id="post-2743" class="post-2743 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://code.flickr.net/2014/08/26/performance-improvements-for-photo-serving/" rel="bookmark">Performance improvements for photo serving</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="sep">Posted on </span><a href="https://code.flickr.net/2014/08/26/performance-improvements-for-photo-serving/" title="6:09 pm" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2014-08-26T18:09:05-07:00">August 26, 2014</time></a><span class="by-author"> <span class="sep"> by </span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://code.flickr.net/author/archieflickr/" title="View all posts by Archie Russell" rel="author">Archie Russell</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>We’ve been working to make Flickr faster for our users around the world. Since the primary photo storage locations are in the US, and information on the internet travels at a finite speed, the farther away a Flickr user is located from the US, the slower Flickr’s response time will be. Recently, we looked at opportunities to improve this situation. One of the improvements involves keeping temporary copies of recently viewed photos in locations nearer to users. The other improvement aims to get a benefit from these caches even when a user views a photo that is not already in the cache.</p> <h2>Regional Photo Caches</h2> <p>For a few years, we’ve deployed regional photo caches located in Switzerland and Singapore. Here’s how this works. When one of our users in Vietnam requests a photo, we copy it temporarily to Singapore. When a second user requests the same photo, from, say, Kuala Lumpur, the photo is already present in Singapore. Flickr can respond much faster using this copy (only a few hundred kilometers away) instead of using the original file back in the US (over 8,000 km away).</p> <p>The first piece of our solution has been to create additional caches closer to our users. We expanded our regional cache footprint around two months ago. Our Australian users, among others, should now see dramatically faster load times. Australian users will now see the average image load about twice as fast as it did in March.</p> <p class="figure"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3865/15014494186_6e79def7e2_o.png" alt="" width="800" height="600" /></p> <p>We’re happy with this improvement and we’re planning to add more regional caches over the next several months to help users in other regions.</p> <h2>Cache Prefetch</h2> <p>When users in locations far from the US view photos that are already in the cache, the speedup can be up to 10x, but <i>only for the second and subsequent viewers.</i> The first viewer still has to wait for the file to travel all the way from the US. This is important because there are so many photos on Flickr that are viewed infrequently. It’s likely that a given photo will not be present in the cache. One example is a user looking at their Auto Upload album. Auto uploaded photos are all private initially. Scrolling through this album, it’s likely that very few of the photos will be in their regional cache, since no other users would have been able to see them yet.</p> <p>It turns out that we can even help the first viewer of a photo using a trick called cache warming.</p> <p>To understand how caching warming works, you need to understand a bit about how we serve images. For example, say that I’m a user in Spain trying to access the photostream of a user, Martin Brock, in the US. When my request for Martin Brock’s Photostream at <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/martinbrock/">https://www.flickr.com/photos/martinbrock/</a> hits our backend servers, our code quickly determines the most recent photos Martin has uploaded that are visible to me, which sizes will fit best in my browser, and the URLs of those images. It then sends me the list of those URLs in an HTML response. The user’s web browser reads the HTML, finds the image URLs and starts loading them from the closest regional cache.</p> <p class="figure"><img decoding="async" src="https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3921/15014519726_ed315bb2fc_o.png" alt="" width="800" height="600" /><br /> <span class="caption">Standard image fetch</span></p> <p>So you’re probably already guessing how to speed things up. The trick is to take advantage of the time in between when the server knows which images will be needed and the time when the browser starts loading them from the closest cache. This period of time can be in the range of hundreds of milliseconds. We saw an opportunity during this time to send the needed images over to the viewer’s regional cache in advance of their browser requesting the images. If we can “win the race” to do this, the viewer’s experience will be much faster, since images will load from the local cache instead of loading from the US.</p> <p>To take advantage of this opportunity, we created a new “cache warming” process called The Warmer. Once we’ve determined which images will be requested (the first few photos in Martin’s photostream) we send a message from the API servers to The Warmer.</p> <p>The Warmer listens for messages and, based on the user’s location, it determines from which of the Flickr regional caches the user will likely request the image. It then <i>pushes</i> the image out to this cache.</p> <p class="figure"><img decoding="async" src="https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5551/15034473851_1ba968ff44_o.png" alt="" width="800" height="600" /><br /> <span class="caption"><br /> Optimized image fetch, with cache warming path indicated in red<br /> </span></p> <p>Getting this to work well required a few optimizations.</p> <h3>Persistent connections</h3> <p>Yahoo encrypts all traffic between our data centers. This is great for security, but the time to set up a secure connection can be considerable. In our first iteration of The Warmer, this set up time was so long that we rarely got the photo to the cache in time to benefit a user. To eliminate this cost, we used an Nginx proxy which maintains persistent connections to our remote data centers. When we need to push an image out – a secure connection is already set up and waiting to be used.</p> <h3>Transport layer</h3> <p>The next optimization we made helped us reduce the cost of sending messages to The Warmer. Since the data we’re sending always fits in one datagram, and we also don’t care too much if a small percentage of these messages are never received, we don’t need any of the socket and connection features of TCP. So instead of using HTTP, we created a simple JSON format for sending messages using UDP datagrams. Another reason we chose to use UDP is that if The Warmer is not available or is reacting slowly, we don’t want that to cause slowdowns in the API.</p> <h3>Queue management</h3> <p>Naturally, some images are quite popular and it would waste resources to push them to the same cache repeatedly. So, the third optimization we applied was to maintain a list of recently pushed images in The Warmer. This simple “de-deduplication” cut the number of requests made by The Warmer by 60%. Similarly, The Warmer drops any incoming requests that are more than fifty milliseconds old. This “time-to-live” provides a safety valve in case The Warmer has fallen behind and can’t catch up.</p> <pre class="brush: python; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title=""> def warm_up_url(params): requested_jpg = params['jpg'] colo_to_warm = params['colo_to_warm'] curl = &amp;quot;curl -H 'Host: &amp;quot; + colo_to_warm + &amp;quot;' '&amp;quot; + keepalive_proxy + &amp;quot;/&amp;quot; + requested_jpg + &amp;quot;'&amp;quot; os.system(curl) if __name__ == '__main__': # create the worker pool from multiprocessing.pool import ThreadPool worker_pool = ThreadPool(processes=100) while True: # receive requests json_data, addr = sock.recvfrom(2048) params = json.loads(json_data) requested_jpg = warm_params['jpg'] colo_to_warm = determine_colo_to_warm(params['http_endpoint']) if recently_warmed(colo_to_warm, requested_jpg) : continue if request_too_old(params) : continue # warm up urls params['colo_to_warm'] = colo_to_warm warm_result = worker_pool.apply_async(warm_up_url,(params,)) </pre> <p><span class="caption">Cache Warmer pseudocode</span></p> <h3>Java</h3> <p>Our initial implementation of the Warmer was in Python, using a ThreadPool. This allowed very rapid prototyping and worked great — up to a point. Profiling the Python code, we found a large portion of time spent in socket calls. Since there is so little code in The Warmer, we tried porting to Java. A nearly line-for-line translation resulted in a greater than 10x increase in capacity.</p> <h3>Results</h3> <p>When we began this process, we weren’t sure whether The Warmer would be able to populate caches before the user requests came in. We were pleasantly surprised when we first enabled it at scale. In the first region where we’ve deployed The Warmer (Western Europe), we observed a reduced median latency of more than 200 ms, 95% of photos requests sped up by at least 100 ms, and for a small percentage of photos we see over 400 ms reduction in latency. As we continue to deploy The Warmer in additional regions, we expect to see similar improvements.</p> <h2>Next Steps</h2> <p>In addition to deploying more regional photo caches and continuing to improve prefetching performance, we’re looking at a few more techniques to make photos load faster.</p> <h3>Compression</h3> <p>Overall Flickr uses a light touch on compression. This results in excellent image quality at the cost of relatively large file sizes. This translates directly into longer load times for users. With a growing number of our users connecting to Flickr with wireless devices, we want to make sure we can give users a good experience regardless of whether they have a high-speed LTE connection or two-bars of 3G in the countryside. An important goal will be to make these changes with little or no loss in image quality.</p> <p>We are also testing alternative image encoding formats (like <a href="https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/">WebP</a>). Under certain conditions WebP compression may offer better image quality at the same compression ratio than JPEG can achieve.</p> <h3>Geolocation and routing</h3> <p>It turns out it’s not straightforward to know which photo cache is going to give the best performance for a user. It depends on a lot of factors, many of which change over time — sometimes suddenly. We think the best way to do this is with a system that adapts dynamically to “Internet weather.”</p> <h3>Cache intelligence</h3> <p>Today, if a user needs to see a medium sized version of an image, and that version is not already present in the cache, the user will need to wait to retrieve the image from the US, even if a larger version of the image is already in the cache. In this case, there is an opportunity to create the smaller version at the cache layer and avoid the round-trip to the US.</p> <p>Overall we’re happy with these improvements and we’re excited about the additional opportunities we have to continue to make the Flickr experience super fast for our users. Thanks for following along.</p> <div class="hiring-banner"> <p class="group-photo"><a title="Flickr flamily floto by morozgrafix, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/morozgrafix/7803402076/"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8436/7803402076_c06f87bf1f_m.jpg" alt="Flickr flamily floto" width="120" height="80" /></a></p> <p>Like what you’ve read and want to make the jump with us? We’re hiring <strong>engineers</strong>, <strong>designers</strong> and <strong>product managers</strong> in our San Francisco office. <strong>Find out more at <a href="http://www.flickr.com/jobs/">flickr.com/jobs</a></strong>.</p> </div> </div> <footer class="entry-meta"> <span class="cat-links"> <span class="entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links">Posted in</span> <a href="https://code.flickr.net/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a> </span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-2740" class="post-2740 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-performance category-uncategorized"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://code.flickr.net/2014/08/18/exploring-life-without-compass/" rel="bookmark">Exploring Life Without Compass</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="sep">Posted on </span><a href="https://code.flickr.net/2014/08/18/exploring-life-without-compass/" title="4:01 pm" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2014-08-18T16:01:31-07:00">August 18, 2014</time></a><span class="by-author"> <span class="sep"> by </span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://code.flickr.net/author/tague/" title="View all posts by Tague Griffith" rel="author">Tague Griffith</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Compass is a great thing. At Flickr, we’re actually quite smitten with it. But being conscious of your friends’ friends is important (you never know who they’ll invite to your barbecue), and we’re not so sure about this “Ruby” that Compass is always hanging out with. Then there’s Ruby’s friend Bundler who, every year at the Christmas Party, tells the same stupid story about the time the police confused him with a jewelry thief. Enough is enough! We’ve got history, Compass, but we just feel it might be time to try seeing other people.</p> <h2>Solving for Sprites</h2> <p>In order to find a suitable replacement (and for a bit of closure), we had to find out what kept us relying on Compass for so long. We knew the big one coming in to this great experiment: sprites. Flickr is a huge site with many different pages, all of which have their own image folders that need to be sprited together. There are a few different options for compiling sprites on your own, but we liked <a href="https://github.com/Ensighten/spritesmith">spritesmith</a> for its multiple image rendering engines. This gives us some flexibility in dependencies.</p> <p>A <a href="https://github.com/Ensighten/grunt-spritesmith">grunt task</a> is available for spritesmith, but it assumes you are generating only one sprite. Our setup is a bit more complex and we’d like to keep our own sprite mixin intact so we don’t actually have to change a line of code. With spritesmith and our own runner to iterate over our sprite directories, we can easily create the sprites and output the dimensions and urls via a simple Handlebars template to a Sass file.</p> <pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title=""> {{#each sprites}} {{#each images}} %{{../dir}}-{{name}}-dimensions { width: {{coords.width}}px; height: {{coords.height}}px; } %{{../dir}}-{{name}}-background { background: image-url('{{../url}}') -{{coords.x}}px -{{coords.y}}px no-repeat; } {{/each}} {{/each}} </pre> <p>You could easily put all three of these rules in the same declaration, but we have some added flexibility in mind for our mixin.</p> <p>It’s important to note that, because we’re using <a href="http://sass-lang.com/documentation/file.SASS_REFERENCE.html#placeholder_selectors_">placeholders</a> (the % syntax in Sass), nothing is actually written out unless we use it. This keeps our compiled CSS nice and clean (just like Compass)!</p> <pre class="brush: css; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title=""> @import 'path/to/generated/sprite/file' @mixin background-sprite($icon, $set-dimensions: false) { @extend %#{$spritePath}-#{$icon}-background; @if $set-dimensions == true { @extend %#{$spritePath}-#{$icon}-dimensions; } } </pre> <p>Here, our mixin uses the Sass file we generated to provide powerful and flexible sprites. <em>Note:</em> Although retina isn’t shown here, adding support is as simple as extending the Sass mixin with appropriate media queries. We wanted to keep the example simple for this post, but it gives you an idea of just how extensible this setup is!</p> <p>Now that the big problem is solved, what about the rest of Compass’s functionality?</p> <h2>Completing the Package</h2> <p>How do we account for the remaining items in the Compass toolbox? First, it’s important to find out just how many mixins, functions, and variables are used. An easy way to find out is to compile with Sass and see how much it complains!</p> <p><code><br /> sass --update assets/sass:some-temp-dir<br /> </code></p> <p>Depending on the complexity of your app, you may see quite a lot of these errors.</p> <p><code><br /> error assets/css/base.scss (Line 3: Undefined mixin 'font-face'.)<br /> </code></p> <p>In total, we’re missing 16 mixins provided by Compass (and a host of variables). How do we replace all the great mixin functionality of Compass? With mixins of the same name, <a href="https://www.npmjs.org/package/node-bourbon">node-bourbon</a> is a nice drop-in replacement.</p> <p>What is the point of all this work again?</p> <h2>The Big Reveal</h2> <p>Now that we’re comfortably off Compass, how exactly are we going to compile our Sass? Well try not to blink, because this is the part that makes it all worthwhile.</p> <p><a href="https://github.com/sass/libsass">Libsass</a> is a blazing-fast C port of the Sass compiler that exposes bindings to modules like <a href="https://github.com/sass/node-sass">node-sass</a>.</p> <p>Just how fast? With Compass, our compile times were consistently around a minute and a half to two minutes. Taking care of spriting ourselves and using libsass for Sass compilation, we’re down to 5 seconds. When you deploy as often as we do at Flickr (in excess of 10 times a day), that adds up and turns into some huge savings!</p> <h2>What’s the Catch?</h2> <p>There isn’t one! Oh, okay. Maybe there are a few little ones. We’re pretty willing to swallow them though. Did you <em>see</em> that compile time?!</p> <p>There are some differences, particularly with the <a href="https://github.com/sass/libsass/issues/146"><code>@extend</code> directive</a>, between Ruby Sass and libsass. We’re anticipating that these small kinks will continue to be ironed out as the port matures. Additionally, custom functions aren’t supported yet, so some extensibility is lost in coming from Ruby (although node-sass does have support for the image-url built-in which is the only one we use, anyway).</p> <p>With everything taken into account, we’re counting down the days until we make this dream a reality and turn it on for our production builds.</p> <div class="hiring-banner"> <p class="group-photo"><a title="Flickr flamily floto by morozgrafix, on Flickr" href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/morozgrafix/7803402076/"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8436/7803402076_c06f87bf1f_m.jpg" alt="Flickr flamily floto" width="120" height="80" /></a></p> <p>Like what you’ve read and want to make the jump with us? We’re hiring <strong>engineers</strong>, <strong>designers</strong> and <strong>product managers</strong> in our San Francisco office. <strong>Find out more at <a href="http://www.flickr.com/jobs/">flickr.com/jobs</a></strong>.</p> </div> </div> <footer class="entry-meta"> <span class="cat-links"> <span class="entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links">Posted in</span> <a href="https://code.flickr.net/category/performance/" rel="category tag">performance</a>, <a href="https://code.flickr.net/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a> </span> </footer> </article> </div> </section> <div id="secondary" class="widget-area" role="complementary"> <aside id="jetpack-search-filters-3" class="widget jetpack-filters widget_search"> <div id="jetpack-search-filters-3-wrapper" class="jetpack-instant-search-wrapper"> <div class="jetpack-search-form"> <form method="get" id="searchform" action="https://code.flickr.net/"> <label for="s" class="assistive-text">Search</label> 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