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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jumbo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jumbo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Jumbo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jumbo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-100-ton_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#100-ton_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 100-ton test </div> </a> <ul id="toc-100-ton_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_bomb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_bomb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 The bomb </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_bomb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Personnel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Explosion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Explosion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Explosion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Explosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Detonation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detonation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Detonation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detonation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumentation_and_measurements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentation_and_measurements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Instrumentation and measurements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation_and_measurements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Civilian detection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_notifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_notifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Official notifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_notifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fallout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fallout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Fallout </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fallout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Site_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Site_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Site today </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Site_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Trinity (nuclear test)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" > 49 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity-kernwapentoets" title="Trinity-kernwapentoets – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Trinity-kernwapentoets" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity-Test" title="Trinity-Test – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Trinity-Test" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A_(%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A)" title="ترينيتي (اختبار نووي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترينيتي (اختبار نووي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prueba_Trinity" title="Prueba Trinity – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Prueba Trinity" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triniti_(s%C4%B1naq)" title="Triniti (sınaq) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Triniti (sınaq)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE)" title="ট্রিনিটি (পারমাণবিক পরীক্ষা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ট্রিনিটি (পারমাণবিক পরীক্ষা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82)" title="Тринити (опит) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тринити (опит)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(assaig_nuclear)" title="Trinity (assaig nuclear) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Trinity (assaig nuclear)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(jadern%C3%BD_test)" title="Trinity (jaderný test) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trinity (jaderný test)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitytesten" title="Trinitytesten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trinitytesten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity-Test" title="Trinity-Test – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trinity-Test" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(tuumakatsetus)" title="Trinity (tuumakatsetus) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Trinity (tuumakatsetus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AE_%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%85" title="Πυρηνική δοκιμή Τρίνιτυ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πυρηνική δοκιμή Τρίνιτυ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prueba_Trinity" title="Prueba Trinity – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Prueba Trinity" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity-testo" title="Trinity-testo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trinity-testo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_proba_atomikoa" title="Trinity proba atomikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trinity proba atomikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="آزمایش ترینیتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزمایش ترینیتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(essai_atomique)" title="Trinity (essai atomique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trinity (essai atomique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proba_Trinity" title="Proba Trinity – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Proba Trinity" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EB%8B%88%ED%8B%B0_(%ED%95%B5_%EC%8B%A4%ED%97%98)" title="트리니티 (핵 실험) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트리니티 (핵 실험)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(uji_coba_nuklir)" title="Trinity (uji coba nuklir) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Trinity (uji coba nuklir)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(test_nucleare)" title="Trinity (test nucleare) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trinity (test nucleare)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99" title="ניסוי טריניטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניסוי טריניטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF_(%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86)" title="ಟ್ರಿನಿಟಿ (ಪರಮಾಣು ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟ್ರಿನಿಟಿ (ಪರಮಾಣು ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nukle%C3%A1ris_teszt)" title="Trinity (nukleáris teszt) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Trinity (nukleáris teszt)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0)" title="Тринити (проба) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тринити (проба)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A7_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ട്രിനിറ്റി അണുവായുധ പരീക്ഷണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രിനിറ്റി അണുവായുധ പരീക്ഷണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujian_Trinity" title="Ujian Trinity – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ujian Trinity" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(uji_cobo_nuklir)" title="Trinity (uji cobo nuklir) – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Trinity (uji cobo nuklir)" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(atoombom)" title="Trinity (atoombom) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trinity (atoombom)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E5%AE%9F%E9%A8%93" title="トリニティ実験 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トリニティ実験" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitypr%C3%B8vesprengningen" title="Trinityprøvesprengningen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trinityprøvesprengningen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitytesten" title="Trinitytesten – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trinitytesten" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(test_nuklearny)" title="Trinity (test nuklearny) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trinity (test nuklearny)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experi%C3%AAncia_Trinity" title="Experiência Trinity – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Experiência Trinity" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testul_Trinity" title="Testul Trinity – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Testul Trinity" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Тринити (ядерное испытание) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тринити (ядерное испытание)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proa_Trinity" title="Proa Trinity – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Proa Trinity" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Trinity (nuclear test)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(jedrski_poskus)" title="Trinity (jedrski poskus) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trinity (jedrski poskus)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Тринити тест – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тринити тест" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(ydinkoe)" title="Trinity (ydinkoe) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Trinity (ydinkoe)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitytestet" title="Trinitytestet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trinitytestet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88)" title="டிரினிட்டி (அணுகுண்டு சோதனை) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டிரினிட்டி (அணுகுண்டு சோதனை)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" 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Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Триніті (випробовування)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(v%E1%BB%A5_th%E1%BB%AD_h%E1%BA%A1t_nh%C3%A2n)" title="Trinity (vụ thử hạt nhân) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trinity (vụ thử hạt nhân)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%BD%8D%E4%B8%80%E9%AB%94_(%E6%A0%B8%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97)" title="三位一體 (核試驗) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="三位一體 (核試驗)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&params=33_40_38_N_106_28_31_W_type:event_region:US-NM">33°40′38″N 106°28′31″W / 33.67722°N 106.47528°W / 33.67722; -106.47528</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First detonation of a nuclear weapon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"The Gadget" redirects here. For the novel by Paul Zindel, see <a href="/wiki/The_Gadget_(novel)" title="The Gadget (novel)">The Gadget (novel)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gadget_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gadget (disambiguation)">Gadget (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:23.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Trinity</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_shot_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Trinity_shot_color.jpg/280px-Trinity_shot_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Trinity_shot_color.jpg/420px-Trinity_shot_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Trinity_shot_color.jpg/560px-Trinity_shot_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2426" data-file-height="2790" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">The only well-exposed color photograph of the detonation of the Gadget, taken by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Aeby" title="Jack Aeby">Jack Aeby</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Test site</th><td class="infobox-data">Trinity Site, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">July 16, 1945 (79 years ago) (1945-07-16)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Test type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing#Types" title="Nuclear weapons testing">Atmospheric</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Device type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> <a href="/wiki/Implosion-type_nuclear_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Implosion-type nuclear weapon">implosion</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">fission</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Yield</th><td class="infobox-data">25 <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">kt</a> (100 TJ)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Test chronology</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-left:1em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a> →</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States historic place</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Trinity Site</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.4; color: #202122; background: #E6E6FA"><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">U.S. Historic district</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5; color: #202122;background: #87CEEB"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">U.S. National Historic Landmark District</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #FAF284"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Register_of_Cultural_Properties" title="New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties">NM State Register of Cultural Properties</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_Site_Obelisk_National_Historic_Landmark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Trinity_Site_Obelisk_National_Historic_Landmark.jpg/250px-Trinity_Site_Obelisk_National_Historic_Landmark.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Trinity_Site_Obelisk_National_Historic_Landmark.jpg/375px-Trinity_Site_Obelisk_National_Historic_Landmark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Trinity_Site_Obelisk_National_Historic_Landmark.jpg/500px-Trinity_Site_Obelisk_National_Historic_Landmark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="2300" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Trinity Site obelisk</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_New_Mexico_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trinity (nuclear test) is located in New Mexico"><img alt="Trinity (nuclear test) is located in New Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USA_New_Mexico_location_map.svg/250px-USA_New_Mexico_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USA_New_Mexico_location_map.svg/375px-USA_New_Mexico_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USA_New_Mexico_location_map.svg/500px-USA_New_Mexico_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="1401" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.75%;left:43.457%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Trinity (nuclear test)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of New Mexico</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trinity (nuclear test) is located in the United States"><img alt="Trinity (nuclear test) is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.188%;left:31.206%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Trinity (nuclear test)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of the United States</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Nearest city</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Bingham,_New_Mexico" title="Bingham, New Mexico">Bingham, New Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&params=33_40_38_N_106_28_31_W_type:event_region:US-NM">33°40′38″N 106°28′31″W / 33.67722°N 106.47528°W / 33.67722; -106.47528</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">36,480 acres (14,760 ha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Built</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">1945 (1945)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/66000493">66000493</a><a href="#cite_note-nris-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NMSRCP <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110122215/http://www.nmhistoricpreservation.org/assets/files/registers/2012%20Report_%20Section%203_%20Arranged%20by%20Number.pdf">30</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background: #A8EDEF">Significant dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Date of Nuclear Explosion</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">July 16, 1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">October 15, 1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Designated NHLD</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">December 21, 1965<a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Designated NMSRCP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">December 20, 1968</td></tr></tbody></table> Trinity was the <a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">code name</a> of the first detonation of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a>, conducted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> at 5:29 a.m. MWT<a href="#cite_note-MWT-3">[a]</a> (11:29:21 <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>) on July 16, 1945, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>. The test was of an <a href="/wiki/Implosion-type_nuclear_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Implosion-type nuclear weapon">implosion-design</a> <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> bomb, nicknamed "The Gadget", of the same design as the <a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a> bomb later <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">detonated over Nagasaki</a>, Japan, on August 9, 1945. Concerns about whether the complex Fat Man design would work led to a decision to conduct the first <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">nuclear test</a>. The code name "Trinity" was assigned by <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a>, the director of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Alamos Laboratory">Los Alamos Laboratory</a>, possibly inspired by the poetry of <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>. The test, both planned and directed by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Bainbridge" title="Kenneth Bainbridge">Kenneth Bainbridge</a>, was conducted in the <a href="/wiki/Jornada_del_Muerto" title="Jornada del Muerto">Jornada del Muerto</a> desert about 35 miles (56 km) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Socorro,_New_Mexico" title="Socorro, New Mexico">Socorro, New Mexico</a>, on what was the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range (renamed the <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Proving_Ground" class="mw-redirect" title="White Sands Proving Ground">White Sands Proving Ground</a> just before the test). The only structures originally in the immediate vicinity were the <a href="/wiki/McDonald_Ranch_House" title="McDonald Ranch House">McDonald Ranch House</a> and its ancillary buildings, which scientists used as a laboratory for testing bomb components. Fears of a <a href="/wiki/Fizzle_(nuclear_explosion)" title="Fizzle (nuclear explosion)">fizzle</a> prompted construction of "Jumbo", a steel containment vessel that could contain the plutonium, allowing it to be recovered; but ultimately Jumbo was not used in the test. On May 7, 1945, a rehearsal was conducted, during which 108 short tons (98 t) of high explosive spiked with radioactive isotopes was detonated. Some 425 people were present on the weekend of the Trinity test. In addition to Bainbridge and Oppenheimer, observers included <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_B._Conant" title="James B. Conant">James B. Conant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrell_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Farrell (general)">Thomas Farrell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Oppenheimer" title="Frank Oppenheimer">Frank Oppenheimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._I._Taylor" title="G. I. Taylor">Geoffrey Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tolman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Tolman">Richard Tolman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>. The Trinity bomb released the explosive energy of 25 <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">kilotons of TNT</a> (100 <a href="/wiki/Terajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Terajoule">TJ</a>) ± 2 <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">kilotons of TNT</a> (8.4 <a href="/wiki/Terajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Terajoule">TJ</a>), and a large cloud of <a href="/wiki/Fallout" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallout">fallout</a>. Thousands of people lived closer to the test than would have been allowed under guidelines adopted for subsequent tests, but no one living near the test was evacuated before or afterward. The test site was declared a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> district in 1965 and listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> the following year. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></div> The creation of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> arose from the scientific and political developments of the 1930s. The decade saw many new discoveries about the nature of atoms, including the existence of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>. The concurrent rise of <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> governments in Europe led to a fear of a <a href="/wiki/German_nuclear_weapon_project" class="mw-redirect" title="German nuclear weapon project">German nuclear weapon project</a>, especially among scientists who were refugees from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and other fascist countries. When their calculations showed that nuclear weapons were theoretically feasible, the British and United States governments supported an all-out effort to build them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzasz19923–8-4">[3]</a> These efforts were transferred to the authority of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> in June 1942 and became the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones198530–31-5">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (United States)">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Leslie_R._Groves,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie R. Groves, Jr.">Leslie R. Groves, Jr.</a> was appointed its director in September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones198576-6">[5]</a> The weapons development portion of this project was located at the <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Alamos Laboratory">Los Alamos Laboratory</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, under the directorship of physicist <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a>. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Radiation Laboratory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> conducted other development work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones198563-7">[6]</a> Manhattan Project scientists had identified two <a href="/wiki/Fissile_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissile isotope">fissile isotopes</a> for potential use in bombs: <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">plutonium-239</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones19858–10,_28–29-8">[7]</a> Uranium-235 became the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a> bomb design, first used (without prior testing) in the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hiroshima" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Hiroshima">bombing of Hiroshima</a>; the design used in the Trinity test, and eventually used in the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Nagasaki">bombing of Nagasaki</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a>), was based on plutonium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985522–523,_535–537-9">[8]</a> The original design considered for a weapon based on plutonium-239 was <a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)" title="Thin Man (nuclear bomb)">Thin Man</a>, in which (as in the Little Boy uranium bomb) two subcritical masses of fissile material would be brought rapidly together to form a single <a href="/wiki/Critical_mass" title="Critical mass">critical mass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985508–509-10">[9]</a> Plutonium is a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic element</a> with complicated properties about which little was known at first, as until 1944 it had been produced only in <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotrons</a> in very pure microgram amounts, whereas a weapon would require kilogram quantities bred in a reactor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerHeckerHarbur1983142-11">[10]</a> In April 1944, Los Alamos physicist <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkinsTruslowSmith1961101-12">[11]</a> discovered that plutonium produced by the <a href="/wiki/X-10_Graphite_Reactor" title="X-10 Graphite Reactor">X-10 Graphite Reactor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Engineer_Works" title="Clinton Engineer Works">Clinton Engineer Works</a> contained <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-240" title="Plutonium-240">plutonium-240</a> as an impurity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993235–239-13">[12]</a> Plutonium-240 undergoes <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a> at thousands of times the rate of plutonium-239, and the extra <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> thereby released made it likely that plutonium in a <a href="/wiki/Gun-type_fission_weapon" title="Gun-type fission weapon">gun-type fission weapon</a> would detonate too soon after a critical mass was formed, producing a "<a href="/wiki/Fizzle_(nuclear_test)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fizzle (nuclear test)">fizzle</a>"—a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_explosion" title="Nuclear explosion">nuclear explosion</a> many times smaller than a full explosion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993235–239-13">[12]</a> The Thin Man design would therefore not work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993240–242-14">[13]</a> Project scientists then turned to a more technically difficult <a href="/wiki/Implosion-type_nuclear_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Implosion-type nuclear weapon">implosion design</a>. In September 1943, mathematician <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> had proposed surrounding a fissile <a href="/wiki/Pit_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Pit (nuclear weapon)">"core"</a> by two different <a href="/wiki/High_explosives" class="mw-redirect" title="High explosives">high explosives</a> which produced <a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock waves</a> of different speeds. Alternating the faster- and slower-burning explosives in a carefully calculated configuration would produce a compressive wave upon their simultaneous detonation. This so-called "<a href="/wiki/Explosive_lens" title="Explosive lens">explosive lens</a>" focused the shock waves inward with sufficient force to rapidly compress the solid plutonium core to several times its original density. The increase in density caused the core – previously subcritical – to become supercritical. At the same time, the shock wave activated a small <a href="/wiki/Modulated_neutron_initiator" title="Modulated neutron initiator">neutron source</a> at the center of the core, thereby assuring that the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chain_reaction" title="Nuclear chain reaction">chain reaction</a> would begin in earnest immediately at the moment of compression. Such a complicated design required substantial research and experimentation in engineering and <a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrodynamics">hydrodynamics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993130–138-15">[14]</a> and in August 1944 the entire Los Alamos Laboratory was reorganized to focus on this work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993245–247-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation">Preparation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preparation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decision">Decision</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Decision">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_Test_Site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Trinity_Test_Site.jpg/350px-Trinity_Test_Site.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="462" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Trinity_Test_Site.jpg/525px-Trinity_Test_Site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Trinity_Test_Site.jpg/700px-Trinity_Test_Site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="2208" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Trinity Site</figcaption></figure> The idea of testing the implosion device was brought up in discussions at Los Alamos in January 1944 and attracted enough support for Oppenheimer to approach Groves. Groves gave approval, but he had concerns. The Manhattan Project had spent a great deal of money and effort to produce the plutonium, and he wanted to know whether there would be a way to recover it. The Laboratory's Governing Board then directed <a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Ramsey">Norman Ramsey</a> to investigate how this could be done. In February 1944, Ramsey proposed a small-scale test in which the explosion was limited in size by reducing the number of generations of chain reactions, and that it take place inside a sealed containment vessel from which the plutonium could be recovered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993174–175-17">[16]</a> The means of generating such a controlled reaction were uncertain, and the data obtained would not be as useful as that from a full-scale explosion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993174–175-17">[16]</a> Oppenheimer argued that the bomb "must be tested in a range where the energy release is comparable with that contemplated for final use."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2002395-18">[17]</a> In March 1944, he obtained Groves's tentative approval for testing a full-scale explosion inside a containment vessel, although Groves was still worried about how he would explain the loss of "a billion dollars worth" of plutonium in the event the test failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993174–175-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code_name">Code name</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Code name">edit</a>]</div> The origin of the code name "Trinity" for the test is unknown, but it is often attributed to Oppenheimer as a reference to the poetry of <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>, which in turn references the Christian belief of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>. In 1962, Groves wrote to Oppenheimer about the origin of the name, asking if he had chosen it because it was a name common to rivers and peaks in the West and would not attract attention, and elicited this reply: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I did suggest it, but not on that ground ... Why I chose the name is not clear, but I know what thoughts were in my mind. There is a poem of John Donne, written just before his death, which I know and love. From it a quotation: "As West and East / In all flatt Maps – and I am one – are one, / So death doth touch the Resurrection."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonne1896211–212-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[b]</a> That still does not make a Trinity, but in another, better known devotional poem Donne opens: "<a href="/wiki/Batter_my_heart,_three_person%27d_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Batter my heart, three person'd God">Batter my heart, three person'd God</a>."<a href="#cite_note-21">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonne1896165-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986571–572-23">[20]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Organization">edit</a>]</div> In March 1944, planning for the test was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Bainbridge" title="Kenneth Bainbridge">Kenneth Bainbridge</a>, a professor of physics at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, working under explosives expert <a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a>. Bainbridge's group was known as the E-9 (Explosives Development) Group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkinsTruslowSmith1961266-24">[21]</a> Stanley Kershaw, formerly from the <a href="/wiki/National_Safety_Council" title="National Safety Council">National Safety Council</a>, was made responsible for safety.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkinsTruslowSmith1961266-24">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a> Samuel P. Davalos, the assistant post engineer at Los Alamos, was placed in charge of construction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985478-25">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lieutenant">First Lieutenant</a> Harold C. Bush became commander of the Base Camp at Trinity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge19764-26">[23]</a> Scientists <a href="/wiki/William_Penney" class="mw-redirect" title="William Penney">William Penney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Burton_Moon" title="Philip Burton Moon">Philip Moon</a> were consultants. Eventually seven subgroups were formed:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkinsTruslowSmith1961269–270-27">[24]</a> <ul><li>TR-1 (Services) under <a href="/wiki/John_Harry_Williams" title="John Harry Williams">John H. Williams</a></li> <li>TR-2 (Shock and Blast) under <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Manley" title="John Henry Manley">John H. Manley</a></li> <li>TR-3 (Measurements) under <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert R. Wilson</a></li> <li>TR-4 (Meteorology) under J. M. Hubbard</li> <li>TR-5 (Spectrographic and Photographic) under Julian E. Mack</li> <li>TR-6 (Airborne Measurements) under <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Waldman" title="Bernard Waldman">Bernard Waldman</a></li> <li>TR-7 (Medical) under <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hempelmann" title="Louis Hempelmann">Louis H. Hempelmann</a></li></ul> The E-9 group was renamed the X-2 (Development, Engineering and Tests) Group in the August 1944 reorganization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkinsTruslowSmith1961266-24">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Test_site">Test site</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Test site">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TrinitySiteISS008-E-5604.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TrinitySiteISS008-E-5604.jpg/220px-TrinitySiteISS008-E-5604.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TrinitySiteISS008-E-5604.jpg/330px-TrinitySiteISS008-E-5604.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TrinitySiteISS008-E-5604.jpg/440px-TrinitySiteISS008-E-5604.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>Trinity Site (red arrow) near <a href="/wiki/Carrizozo_Malpais" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrizozo Malpais">Carrizozo Malpais</a></figcaption></figure> Safety and security required a remote, isolated and unpopulated area. The scientists also wanted a flat area to minimize secondary effects of the blast, and with little wind to spread <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">radioactive fallout</a>. Eight candidate sites were considered: the <a href="/wiki/Tularosa_Basin" title="Tularosa Basin">Tularosa Valley</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Jornada_del_Muerto_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Jornada del Muerto Valley">Jornada del Muerto Valley</a>; the area southwest of <a href="/wiki/Cuba,_New_Mexico" title="Cuba, New Mexico">Cuba, New Mexico</a>, and north of <a href="/wiki/Thoreau,_New_Mexico" title="Thoreau, New Mexico">Thoreau</a>; and the lava flats of the <a href="/wiki/El_Malpais_National_Monument" title="El Malpais National Monument">El Malpais National Monument</a>, all in New Mexico; the <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Valley" title="San Luis Valley">San Luis Valley</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sand_Dunes_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Sand Dunes National Monument">Great Sand Dunes National Monument</a> in Colorado; the <a href="/wiki/Desert_Training_Center" title="Desert Training Center">Desert Training Area</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Nicolas_Island" title="San Nicolas Island">San Nicolas Island</a> in Southern California; and the sand bars of <a href="/wiki/Padre_Island" title="Padre Island">Padre Island</a>, Texas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge19763-28">[25]</a> The sites were surveyed by car and by air by Bainbridge, R. W. Henderson, Major W. A. Stevens and Major <a href="/wiki/Peer_de_Silva" title="Peer de Silva">Peer de Silva</a>. The site finally chosen, after consulting with <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Uzal_Ent" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzal Ent">Uzal Ent</a>, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Air_Force" title="Second Air Force">Second Air Force</a> on September 7, 1944,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge19763-28">[25]</a> lay at the northern end of the <a href="/wiki/Alamogordo_Bombing_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamogordo Bombing Range">Alamogordo Bombing Range</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Socorro_County,_New_Mexico" title="Socorro County, New Mexico">Socorro County</a> near the towns of <a href="/wiki/Carrizozo,_New_Mexico" title="Carrizozo, New Mexico">Carrizozo</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio,_New_Mexico" title="San Antonio, New Mexico">San Antonio</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&params=33_40.636_N_106_28.525_W_region:US-NM_type:landmark_scale:60000">33°40.636′N 106°28.525′W / 33.677267°N 106.475417°W / 33.677267; -106.475417</a>).<a href="#cite_note-wsmr-29">[26]</a> The Alamogordo Bombing Range was renamed the White Sands Proving Ground on July 9, 1945, one week before the test.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> Despite the criterion that the site be isolated, nearly half a million people lived within 150 miles (240 km) of the test site; soon after the Trinity test, the Manhattan Project's chief medical officer, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Stafford_L._Warren" title="Stafford L. Warren">Stafford L. Warren</a>, recommended that future tests be conducted at least 150 miles from populated areas.<a href="#cite_note-NG-31">[28]</a> The only structures in the vicinity were the <a href="/wiki/McDonald_Ranch_House" title="McDonald Ranch House">McDonald Ranch House</a> and its ancillary buildings, about 2 miles (3.2 km) to the southeast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993311-32">[29]</a> Like the rest of the Alamogordo Bombing Range, it had been acquired by the government in 1942. The <a href="/wiki/Patented_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Patented land">patented land</a> had been <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">condemned</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grazing_rights" title="Grazing rights">grazing rights</a> suspended.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-34">[31]</a> Scientists used this as a laboratory for testing bomb components.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993311-32">[29]</a> Bainbridge and Davalos drew up plans for a base camp with accommodation and facilities for 160 personnel, along with the technical infrastructure to support the test. A construction firm from <a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock, Texas</a>, built the barracks, officers' quarters, mess hall and other basic facilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985478-25">[22]</a> The requirements expanded and by July 1945 250 people worked at the Trinity test site. On the weekend of the test, there were 425 present.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge197540-35">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_basecamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Trinity_basecamp.jpg/220px-Trinity_basecamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Trinity_basecamp.jpg/330px-Trinity_basecamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Trinity_basecamp.jpg/440px-Trinity_basecamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2188" data-file-height="1754" /></a><figcaption>The Trinity test base camp</figcaption></figure> Lieutenant Bush's twelve-man <a href="/wiki/Military_Police_Corps_(United_States)" title="Military Police Corps (United States)">MP</a> unit arrived at the site from Los Alamos on December 30, 1944. This unit established initial security checkpoints and horse patrols. The distances around the site proved too great for the horses, so they were repurposed for <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a> playing, and the MPs resorted to using jeeps and trucks for transportation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge19763-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Building_a_test_site-36">[33]</a> Maintenance of morale among men working long hours under harsh conditions along with dangerous reptiles and insects was a challenge. Bush strove to improve the food and accommodation and to provide organized games and nightly movies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985481-37">[34]</a> Throughout 1945, other personnel arrived at the Trinity Site to help prepare for the bomb test. They tried to use water out of the ranch wells, but found the water so <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a>, it was not drinkable. They were forced to use <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_soap" title="Saltwater soap">saltwater soap</a> and hauled drinking water in from the firehouse in Socorro. Gasoline and diesel were purchased from the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a> plant there.<a href="#cite_note-Building_a_test_site-36">[33]</a> Freshwater was trucked in, 700 US gallons (2,600 L; 580 imp gal) per load, from 40 miles (64 km) away.<a href="#cite_note-wellerstein20150716-38">[35]</a> Military and civilian construction personnel built warehouses, workshops, a magazine and commissary. The <a href="/wiki/Siding_(rail)" title="Siding (rail)">railroad siding</a> at Pope, New Mexico, was upgraded by adding an unloading platform. Roads were built, and 200 miles (320 km) of telephone wire were strung. Electricity was supplied by portable generators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985480-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge197541-40">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bomb_shelter" title="Bomb shelter">Bomb shelters</a> to protect test observers were the most expensive to construct.<a href="#cite_note-wellerstein20150716-38">[35]</a> Due to its proximity to the bombing range, the base camp was accidentally bombed twice in May. When the lead plane on a practice night raid accidentally knocked out the generator or otherwise doused the lights illuminating their target, they went in search of the lights, and since they had not been informed of the presence of the Trinity base camp, and it was lit, they bombed it instead. The accidental bombing damaged the stables and the carpentry shop, and a small fire resulted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge197542-41">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jumbo">Jumbo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jumbo">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_-_Jumbo_brought_to_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Trinity_-_Jumbo_brought_to_site.jpg/220px-Trinity_-_Jumbo_brought_to_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Trinity_-_Jumbo_brought_to_site.jpg/330px-Trinity_-_Jumbo_brought_to_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Trinity_-_Jumbo_brought_to_site.jpg/440px-Trinity_-_Jumbo_brought_to_site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption>Jumbo arrives at the site</figcaption></figure> Responsibility for the design of a containment vessel for an unsuccessful explosion, known as "Jumbo", was assigned to Robert W. Henderson and Roy W. Carlson of the Los Alamos Laboratory's X-2A Section. The bomb would be placed into the heart of Jumbo, and if the bomb's detonation was unsuccessful the walls of Jumbo would not be breached, making it possible to recover the bomb's plutonium. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a>, Victor Weisskopf, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_O._Hirschfelder" title="Joseph O. Hirschfelder">Joseph O. Hirschfelder</a> made the initial calculations, followed by a more detailed analysis by Henderson and Carlson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge19764-26">[23]</a> They drew up specifications for a steel sphere 13 to 15 feet (3.96 to 4.57 m) in diameter, weighing 150 short tons (140 t) and capable of handling a pressure of 50,000 pounds per square inch (340,000 kPa). After consulting with the steel companies and the railroads, Carlson produced a scaled-back cylindrical design that would be much easier to manufacture. Carlson identified a company that normally made boilers for the Navy, <a href="/wiki/Babcock_%26_Wilcox" title="Babcock & Wilcox">Babcock & Wilcox</a>; they had made something similar and were willing to attempt its manufacture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993366–367-42">[39]</a> As delivered in May 1945,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge197543-43">[40]</a> Jumbo was 10 feet (3.05 m) in diameter and 25 feet (7.62 m) long with walls 14 inches (356 mm) thick, and weighed 214 short tons (191 long tons; 194 t).<a href="#cite_note-Jumbo-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moving_Jumbo-45">[42]</a> A special train brought it from the Babcock & Wilcox plant in <a href="/wiki/Barberton,_Ohio" title="Barberton, Ohio">Barberton, Ohio</a>, to the siding at Pope, where it was loaded on a large trailer and towed 25 miles (40 km) across the desert by <a href="/wiki/Crawler_tractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Crawler tractor">crawler tractors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985512-46">[43]</a> At the time, it was the heaviest item ever shipped by rail.<a href="#cite_note-Moving_Jumbo-45">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_-_Jumbo_after_test.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Trinity_-_Jumbo_after_test.jpg/220px-Trinity_-_Jumbo_after_test.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Trinity_-_Jumbo_after_test.jpg/330px-Trinity_-_Jumbo_after_test.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Trinity_-_Jumbo_after_test.jpg/440px-Trinity_-_Jumbo_after_test.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1724" /></a><figcaption>Jumbo was not used for its originally intended purpose in the Trinity test but was in a tower some distance from the bomb when it went off</figcaption></figure> For many of the Los Alamos scientists, Jumbo was "the physical manifestation of the lowest point in the Laboratory's hopes for the success of an implosion bomb."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge197543-43">[40]</a> By the time it arrived, the reactors at the <a href="/wiki/Hanford_Engineer_Works" title="Hanford Engineer Works">Hanford Engineer Works</a> produced plutonium in quantity, and Oppenheimer was confident that there would be enough for a second test.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993366–367-42">[39]</a> The use of Jumbo would interfere with the gathering of data on the explosion, the primary objective of the test.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985512-46">[43]</a> An explosion of more than 500 tons of TNT (2,100 GJ) would vaporize the steel and make it difficult to measure the thermal effects. Even 100 tons of TNT (420 GJ) would send fragments flying, presenting a hazard to personnel and measuring equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge19765-47">[44]</a> It was therefore decided not to use it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985512-46">[43]</a> Instead, it was hoisted up a steel tower 800 yards (732 m) from the explosion, where it could be used for a subsequent test.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993366–367-42">[39]</a> In the end, Jumbo survived the explosion, although its tower did not.<a href="#cite_note-Jumbo-44">[41]</a> Jumbo was destroyed on April 16, 1946, when an Army ordnance team detonated eight 500 lb bombs in the bottom of the steel container. Jumbo, with its steel banding around the middle, had been designed to contain the 5,000 lbs of high explosive in the atomic bomb while it was suspended in the center of the vessel. With the conventional bombs placed in the bottom of Jumbo, the resulting blast sent fragments flying in all directions as far as three quarters of a mile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraikor2021100-48">[45]</a> Who authorized the destruction of Jumbo remains controversial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraikor2021102–106-49">[46]</a> The rusting skeleton of Jumbo sits in the parking lot at the Trinity site on the White Sands Missile Range, where it was moved in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> The development team also considered other methods of recovering active material in the event of a dud explosion. One idea was to cover it with a cone of sand. Another was to suspend the bomb in a tank of water. As with Jumbo, it was decided not to proceed with these means of containment. The CM-10 (Chemistry and Metallurgy) group at Los Alamos also studied how the active material could be chemically recovered after a contained or failed explosion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge19765-47">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="100-ton_test">100-ton test</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 100-ton test">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_100_ton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Trinity_100_ton.jpg/220px-Trinity_100_ton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Trinity_100_ton.jpg/330px-Trinity_100_ton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Trinity_100_ton.jpg/440px-Trinity_100_ton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>0.1 kiloton conventional explosives rehearsal test, Trinity</figcaption></figure> Because there would be only one chance to carry out the test correctly, Bainbridge decided that a rehearsal should be carried out to allow the plans and procedures to be verified, and the instrumentation to be tested and calibrated. Oppenheimer was initially skeptical but gave permission, and he later agreed that it contributed to the success of the Trinity test.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge197541-40">[37]</a> A 20-foot-high (6 m) wooden platform was constructed 800 yards (730 m) to the southeast of Trinity <a href="/wiki/Ground_zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground zero">ground zero</a>. The high explosive was piled in its wooden shipping boxes in the shape of a pseudo-octagonal prism on it. The charge consisted of 89.75 short tons (81.42 t) tons of <a href="/wiki/TNT" title="TNT">TNT</a> and 14.91 short tons (13.53 t) tons of <a href="/wiki/Composition_B" title="Composition B">Composition B</a> (with the total explosive power of approximately 108 tons of TNT (450 GJ)), actually a few tons more than the stated "100-tons".<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> Kistiakowsky assured Bainbridge that the explosives used were not susceptible to shock. This was proven correct when some boxes fell off the elevator lifting them up to the platform. Flexible tubing was threaded through the pile of boxes of explosives. A radioactive slug from Hanford with 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curies</a> (37 <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">TBq</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Beta_ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta ray">beta ray</a> activity and 400 curies (15 TBq) of <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a> activity was dissolved, and Hempelmann poured the solution into the tubing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge197541,_58-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993360–362-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge197611-55">[52]</a> The test was scheduled for May 5 but was postponed for two days to allow for more equipment to be installed. Requests for further postponements had to be refused because they would have affected the schedule for the main test. The detonation time was set for 04:00 <a href="/wiki/History_of_time_in_the_United_States#War_Time_1918_and_1942" title="History of time in the United States">Mountain War Time</a> (MWT), on May 7, but there was a 37-minute delay to allow the observation plane,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge19769-56">[53]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing B-29 Superfortress</a> from the <a href="/wiki/216th_Army_Air_Forces_Base_Unit" title="216th Army Air Forces Base Unit">216th Army Air Forces Base Unit</a> flown by Major Clyde "Stan" Shields,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvorak20139–10-57">[54]</a> to get into position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge19769-56">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_100ton_Test.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Trinity_100ton_Test.gif/220px-Trinity_100ton_Test.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Trinity_100ton_Test.gif/330px-Trinity_100ton_Test.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Trinity_100ton_Test.gif 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>Men stack crates of high explosives for the 100-ton test</figcaption></figure> The fireball of the conventional explosion was visible from <a href="/wiki/Alamogordo_Army_Air_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamogordo Army Air Field">Alamogordo Army Air Field</a> 60 miles (100 km) away, but there was little shock at the base camp 10 miles (16 km) away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge19769-56">[53]</a> Shields thought that the explosion looked "beautiful", but it was hardly felt at 15,000 feet (4,600 m).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvorak20139–10-57">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_L._Anderson" title="Herbert L. Anderson">Herbert L. Anderson</a> practiced using a converted <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a> tank lined with lead to approach the 5-foot-deep (1.5 m) and 30-foot-wide (9 m) blast crater and take a soil sample, although the radioactivity was low enough to allow several hours of unprotected exposure. An electrical signal of unknown origin caused the explosion to go off 0.25 seconds early, ruining experiments that required split-second timing. The <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezoelectric">piezoelectric</a> gauges developed by Anderson's team correctly indicated an explosion of 108 tons of TNT, but <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a> and Waldman's airborne condenser gauges were far less accurate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993360–362-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge197612-58">[55]</a> In addition to uncovering scientific and technological issues, the rehearsal test revealed practical concerns as well. Over 100 vehicles were used for the rehearsal test, but it was realized more would be required for the main test, and they would need better roads and repair facilities. More radios and more telephone lines were required. Lines needed to be buried to prevent damage by vehicles. A <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teletype</a> was installed to allow better communication with Los Alamos. A town hall was built to allow for large conferences and briefings, and the mess hall had to be upgraded. Because dust thrown up by vehicles interfered with some of the instrumentation, 20 miles (32 km) of road was sealed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge197612-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge197541-40">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_bomb">The bomb</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The bomb">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design#Implosion-type_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon design">Nuclear weapon design § Implosion-type weapon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Trinity_tower.jpg/220px-Trinity_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Trinity_tower.jpg/330px-Trinity_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Trinity_tower.jpg/440px-Trinity_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption>The 30-metre (100 ft) "shot tower" constructed for the test</figcaption></figure> The term "<a href="/wiki/Gadget" title="Gadget">gadget</a>"—a laboratory euphemism for a bomb<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a>—gave the laboratory's weapon physics division, "G Division", its name in August 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993307–308-60">[57]</a> At that time it did not refer specifically to the Trinity Test device as that had yet to be developed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkinsTruslowSmith1961228-61">[58]</a> but once it was, it became the laboratory code name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993307–308-60">[57]</a> The Trinity bomb was officially a Y-1561 device, as was the Fat Man used later in the bombing of Nagasaki. The two were very similar, though the Trinity bomb lacked fuzing and external ballistic casing. The bombs were still under development, and small changes continued to be made to the Fat Man design.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201247–53-62">[59]</a> To keep the design as simple as possible, a nearly solid spherical core was chosen rather than a hollow one, although calculations showed that a hollow core would be more efficient in its use of plutonium.<a href="#cite_note-Christy-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993293-64">[61]</a> The core was compressed to <a href="/wiki/Prompt_critical" class="mw-redirect" title="Prompt critical">prompt super-criticality</a> by the implosion generated by the high explosive lens. This design became known as a "Christy Core"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993270–271,_293–294-65">[62]</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Pit_(nuclear_weapon)#Christy_pits" title="Pit (nuclear weapon)">Christy pit</a>" after physicist <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Christy" title="Robert F. Christy">Robert F. Christy</a>, who made the solid pit design a reality after it was initially proposed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Christy-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> Of the several <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_plutonium" title="Allotropes of plutonium">allotropes of plutonium</a>, the metallurgists preferred the malleable δ (<a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">delta</a>) <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">phase</a>. This was stabilized at room temperature by alloying it with <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>. Two equal hemispheres of plutonium-gallium alloy were plated with silver,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201247–53-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkinsTruslowSmith1961256–257-68">[65]</a> and designated by serial numbers HS-1 and HS-2.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> The 6.19-kilogram (13.6 lb) radioactive core generated 15 W of heat, which warmed it up to about 100 to 110 °F (38 to 43 °C),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201247–53-62">[59]</a> and the silver plating developed blisters that had to be filed down and covered with gold foil; later cores were plated with <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fat_Man_design_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Fat_Man_design_model.png/220px-Fat_Man_design_model.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Fat_Man_design_model.png/330px-Fat_Man_design_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Fat_Man_design_model.png/440px-Fat_Man_design_model.png 2x" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="1493" /></a><figcaption>Basic nuclear components of the bomb. The uranium slug containing the plutonium sphere was inserted late in the assembly process.</figcaption></figure> A trial assembly of the bomb, without active components or explosive lenses, was carried out by the bomb assembly team headed by <a href="/wiki/Norris_Bradbury" title="Norris Bradbury">Norris Bradbury</a> at Los Alamos on July 3. It was driven to Trinity and back. A set of explosive lenses arrived on July 7, followed by a second set on July 10. Each was examined by Bradbury and Kistiakowsky, and the best ones were selected for use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993365-71">[68]</a> The remainder were handed over to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Creutz" title="Edward Creutz">Edward Creutz</a>, who conducted a test detonation at Pajarito Canyon near Los Alamos without nuclear material.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986657-72">[69]</a> Magnetic measurements from this test suggested that the implosion might be insufficiently simultaneous and the bomb would fail. Bethe worked through the night to assess the results and reported that they were consistent with a perfect explosion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986661–663-73">[70]</a> Assembly of the nuclear capsule began on July 13 at the McDonald Ranch House, where the master bedroom had been turned into a <a href="/wiki/Clean_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean room">clean room</a>. The polonium-beryllium <a href="/wiki/Urchin_(detonator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Urchin (detonator)">"Urchin" initiator</a> was assembled, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Slotin" title="Louis Slotin">Louis Slotin</a> placed it inside the two hemispheres of the plutonium core. <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Stanley_Smith" title="Cyril Stanley Smith">Cyril Smith</a> then placed the core in the natural uranium <a href="/wiki/Tamper_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Tamper (nuclear weapon)">tamper</a> plug, or "slug". Air gaps were filled with 0.5-mil (0.013 mm) gold foil, and the two halves of the plug were held together with uranium washers and screws which fit smoothly into the domed ends of the plug.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201256–57-74">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_device_readied.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Trinity_device_readied.jpg/220px-Trinity_device_readied.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Trinity_device_readied.jpg/330px-Trinity_device_readied.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Trinity_device_readied.jpg/440px-Trinity_device_readied.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5520" data-file-height="4371" /></a><figcaption>The bomb being unloaded at the base of the tower for the final assembly</figcaption></figure> To better understand the likely effect of a bomb dropped from a plane and detonated in air, and generate less nuclear fallout, the bomb was to be detonated atop a 100-foot (30 m) steel tower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986654-75">[72]</a> The bomb was driven to the base of the tower, where a temporary <a href="/wiki/Eye_bolt" title="Eye bolt">eye bolt</a> was screwed into the 105-pound (48 kg) capsule and a <a href="/wiki/Hoist_(device)" title="Hoist (device)">chain hoist</a> was used to lower the capsule into the bomb. As the capsule entered the hole in the uranium tamper, it stuck. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a> realized that the heat from the plutonium core had caused the capsule to expand, while the explosives assembly with the tamper had cooled during the night in the desert. By leaving the capsule in contact with the tamper, the temperatures equalized and, in a few minutes, the capsule had slipped completely into the tamper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201249–50-76">[73]</a> The eye bolt was then removed from the capsule and replaced with a threaded uranium plug, a boron disk was placed on top of the capsule (to complete the thin spherical shell of plastic boron around the tamper), an aluminum plug was screwed into the hole in the pusher (aluminum shell surrounding the tamper), and the two remaining high explosive lenses were installed. Finally, the upper <a href="/wiki/Duralumin" title="Duralumin">Dural</a> polar cap was bolted into place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201258-77">[74]</a> The assembly of active material and high explosives was finished at 17:45 hours on 13 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993370-78">[75]</a> The gadget was hoisted to the top of the tower. The tower stood on four legs extending 20 feet (6.1 m) into the ground, with concrete footings. Atop it was an oak platform and a <a href="/wiki/Corrugated_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrugated iron">corrugated iron</a> shack open to the west. The gadget was hauled up with an electric winch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986654-75">[72]</a> A truckload of mattresses was placed underneath in case the cable broke and the gadget fell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993368–370-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[d]</a> A crew then attached each of the 32 Model 1773 <a href="/wiki/Exploding-bridgewire_detonator" title="Exploding-bridgewire detonator">EBW</a> detonators. Full assembly of the bomb was completed by 17:00 on July 14.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen2012314-82">[78]</a> The seven-man arming party, consisting of Bainbridge, Kistiakowsky, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKibben" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph McKibben">Joseph McKibben</a> and four soldiers including Lieutenant Bush, drove out to the tower to perform the final arming shortly after 22:00 on July 15.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993368–370-79">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personnel">Personnel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personnel">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Slotin_and_the_Gadget_Bomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Louis_Slotin_and_the_Gadget_Bomb.jpg/220px-Louis_Slotin_and_the_Gadget_Bomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Louis_Slotin_and_the_Gadget_Bomb.jpg/330px-Louis_Slotin_and_the_Gadget_Bomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Louis_Slotin_and_the_Gadget_Bomb.jpg/440px-Louis_Slotin_and_the_Gadget_Bomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5316" data-file-height="4388" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_Slotin" title="Louis Slotin">Louis Slotin</a> and Herbert Lehr prior to insertion of the bomb's tamper plug (visible in front of Lehr's left knee)<a href="#cite_note-AHF_Herbert_Lehr-83">[79]</a></figcaption></figure> In the final two weeks before the test, some 250 personnel from Los Alamos were at work at the Trinity Site,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge197615-84">[80]</a> and Lieutenant Bush's command had ballooned to 125 men guarding and maintaining the base camp. Another 160 men under Major T.O. Palmer were stationed outside the area with vehicles to evacuate the civilian population in the surrounding region should that prove necessary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge197625-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-wellerstein20150716-38">[35]</a> They had enough vehicles to move 450 people to safety and had food and supplies to last them for two days. Arrangements were made for Alamogordo Army Air Field to provide accommodation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker198790-86">[82]</a> Groves warned <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Mexico" title="Governor of New Mexico">Governor of New Mexico</a> <a href="/wiki/John_J._Dempsey" title="John J. Dempsey">John J. Dempsey</a> that <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> might have to be declared in the southwestern part of the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2002402-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-wellerstein20150716-38">[35]</a> Shelters were established 10,000 yards (9,100 m) due north, west, and south of the tower, each with its own chief: Robert Wilson at N-10,000, John Manley at W-10,000 and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Oppenheimer" title="Frank Oppenheimer">Frank Oppenheimer</a> at S-10,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge197629–30-88">[84]</a> Many other observers were around 20 miles (32 km) away, and some others were scattered at different distances, some in more informal situations. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> claimed to be the only person to see the explosion without the goggles provided, relying on a truck windshield to screen out harmful <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> wavelengths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeynman1985134-89">[85]</a> Bainbridge asked Groves to keep his VIP list down to ten. He chose himself, Oppenheimer, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tolman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Tolman">Richard Tolman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Bryant_Conant" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bryant Conant">James Conant</a>, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Farrell" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas F. Farrell">Thomas F. Farrell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lauritsen" title="Charles Lauritsen">Charles Lauritsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/G._I._Taylor" title="G. I. Taylor">Geoffrey Taylor</a>, and Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge197625-85">[81]</a> The VIPs viewed the test from Compania Hill (also called Compaña Hill or Cerro de la Colorado), about 20 miles (32 km) northwest of the tower.<a href="#cite_note-ABQ-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HD.4G.053_(10540204545).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/HD.4G.053_%2810540204545%29.jpg/220px-HD.4G.053_%2810540204545%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/HD.4G.053_%2810540204545%29.jpg/330px-HD.4G.053_%2810540204545%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/HD.4G.053_%2810540204545%29.jpg/440px-HD.4G.053_%2810540204545%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5573" data-file-height="4389" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Norris_Bradbury" title="Norris Bradbury">Norris Bradbury</a> with the assembled bomb atop the test tower. He later succeeded Oppenheimer as director of Los Alamos.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Photographic film</a> was placed in nearby towns to detect radioactive contamination, and <a href="/wiki/Seismograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismograph">seismographs</a> were placed in <a href="/wiki/Tucson" class="mw-redirect" title="Tucson">Tucson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_City" title="Chihuahua City">Chihuahua, Mexico</a> to determine how far the explosion could be sensed. Calculations stated that even if the mechanical and electrical systems did not fail, the likelihood of a non-optimal test was greater than 10%.<a href="#cite_note-wellerstein20150716-38">[35]</a> The observers set up a <a href="/wiki/Betting_pool" title="Betting pool">betting pool</a> on the results of the test. Teller was the most optimistic, predicting 45 kilotons of TNT (190 TJ).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986656-92">[88]</a> He wore gloves to protect his hands and sunglasses underneath the <a href="/wiki/Welding_goggles" class="mw-redirect" title="Welding goggles">welding goggles</a> that the government had supplied everyone with.<a href="#cite_note-ABQ-90">[86]</a> He was one of the few scientists to watch the test (with eye protection), instead of following orders to lie on the ground with his back turned.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> He also brought suntan lotion, which he shared with the others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986668-94">[90]</a> Ramsey chose zero (a complete <a href="/wiki/Dud" title="Dud">dud</a>), Robert Oppenheimer chose 0.3 kilotons of TNT (1.3 TJ), Kistiakowsky 1.4 kilotons of TNT (5.9 TJ), and Bethe chose 8 kilotons of TNT (33 TJ).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986656-92">[88]</a> Rabi, the last to arrive, took the only remaining choice – 18 kilotons of TNT (75 TJ), which turned out to be the winner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986677-95">[91]</a> Bethe later stated that his choice of 8 kt was exactly the value calculated by Segrè, and he was swayed by Segrè's authority over that of a more junior [but unnamed] member of Segrè's group who had calculated 20 kt.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> offered to take wagers among the top physicists and military present on whether the atmosphere would ignite, and if so whether it would destroy just the state or incinerate the entire planet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986664-97">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-WP-20220722-98">[94]</a> This last result had been previously calculated by Bethe to be almost impossible,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamming1998640–650-99">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-LA602-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[e]</a> although for a while it had caused some of the scientists some anxiety. Bainbridge was furious with Fermi for frightening the guards, some of whom asked to be relieved;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamont1966197-103">[98]</a> his own biggest fear was that nothing at all would happen, in which case he would have to return to the tower to investigate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge197544-104">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explosion">Explosion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Explosion">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detonation">Detonation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Detonation">edit</a>]</div> The scientists wanted good visibility, low humidity, light winds at low altitude, and westerly winds at high altitude for the test. The best weather was predicted between July 18 and 21, but the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> was due to start on July 16 and President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> wanted the test to be conducted before the conference began. It was therefore scheduled for July 16, the earliest date at which the bomb components would be available.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993364-105">[100]</a> The detonation was initially planned for 04:00 MWT but was postponed because of rain and lightning from early that morning. It was feared that the danger from <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> and fallout would be increased by rain, and lightning had the scientists concerned about a premature detonation,<a href="#cite_note-trialrun-106">[101]</a> as had happened with a model of the electrical system.<a href="#cite_note-wellerstein20150716-38">[35]</a> A crucial favorable weather report came in at 04:45,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993365-71">[68]</a> and the final twenty-minute countdown began at 05:10, read by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_King_Allison" title="Samuel King Allison">Samuel Allison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2002404-107">[102]</a> A rocket launched at 5:25 to signal five minutes before detonation; another rocket fired at 5:29. At 5:29:15, a switch in the control bunker started the detonation timer.<a href="#cite_note-wellerstein20150716-38">[35]</a> By 05:30 the rain had gone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993365-71">[68]</a> There were some communication problems: the shortwave radio frequency for communicating with the B-29s was shared with the <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>, and the FM radios shared a frequency with a railroad freight yard in <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, Texas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge197544-104">[99]</a> Two circling B-29s observed the test, with Shields again flying the lead plane. They carried members of <a href="/wiki/Project_Alberta" title="Project Alberta">Project Alberta</a> who would carry out airborne measurements during the atomic missions. These included <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">Captain</a> <a href="/wiki/Deak_Parsons" class="mw-redirect" title="Deak Parsons">Deak Parsons</a>, the associate director of the Los Alamos Laboratory and the head of Project Alberta; <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Agnew" title="Harold Agnew">Harold Agnew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Waldman" title="Bernard Waldman">Bernard Waldman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Panofsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang Panofsky">Wolfgang Panofsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Penney" class="mw-redirect" title="William Penney">William Penney</a>. The overcast sky obscured their view of the test site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvorak201311–13-108">[103]</a> At 05:29:21 MWT<a href="#cite_note-MWT-3">[a]</a> (11:29:21 <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>) ± 15 seconds,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutenberg1946327–330-109">[104]</a> the device exploded with an energy equivalent to 24.8 ± 2 kilotons of TNT (103.8 ± 8.4 TJ).<a href="#cite_note-Trinity_yield-110">[105]</a> The desert sand, largely made of <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>, melted and became a mildly radioactive light green glass, which was named <a href="/wiki/Trinitite" title="Trinitite">trinitite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParekhSemkowTorresHaines2006103–120-111">[106]</a> The explosion created a crater approximately 4.7 feet (1.4 m) deep and 88 yards (80 m) wide. The radius of the trinitite layer was approximately 330 yards (300 m).<a href="#cite_note-Trinitite-112">[107]</a> The 100-foot shot tower was completely vaporized. At the time of detonation, the surrounding mountains were illuminated "brighter than daytime" for one to two seconds, and the heat was reported as "being as hot as an oven" at the base camp. The observed colors of the illumination changed from purple to green and eventually to white. The roar of the shock wave took 40 seconds to reach the observers. It was felt over 100 miles (160 km) away, and the <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_cloud" title="Mushroom cloud">mushroom cloud</a> reached 7.5 miles (12.1 km) in height.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth1945247–254-113">[108]</a> Many observers recalled their amazement at the light from the explosion. Conant wrote, "The enormity of the light and its length quite stunned me". Lawrence, 27 miles (43 km) away, wrote of being "enveloped with a warm brilliant yellow white light—from darkness to brilliant sunshine in an instant".<a href="#cite_note-wellerstein20150716-38">[35]</a> Ralph Carlisle Smith, watching from Compania Hill, wrote:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I was staring straight ahead with my open left eye covered by a welder's glass and my right eye remaining open and uncovered. Suddenly, my right eye was blinded by a light which appeared instantaneously all about without any build up of intensity. My left eye could see the ball of fire start up like a tremendous bubble or nob-like mushroom. I dropped the glass from my left eye almost immediately and watched the light climb upward. The light intensity fell rapidly, hence did not blind my left eye but it was still amazingly bright. It turned yellow, then red, and then <a href="/wiki/Ionized_air_glow" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionized air glow">beautiful purple</a>. At first it had a translucent character, but shortly turned to a tinted or colored white smoke appearance. The ball of fire seemed to rise in something of toadstool effect. Later the column proceeded as a cylinder of white smoke; it seemed to move ponderously. A hole was punched through the clouds, but two fog rings appeared well above the white smoke column. There was a spontaneous cheer from the observers. Dr. von Neumann said, "that was at least 5,000 tons and probably a lot more."<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a></blockquote> Mary Argo was the only female staff member to be officially invited to watch the test. <a href="/wiki/Joan_Hinton" title="Joan Hinton">Joan Hinton</a> snuck in to watch the test despite not being invited:<a href="#cite_note-howesherzenberg2003-115">[110]</a> <blockquote>It was like being at the bottom of an ocean of light. We were bathed in it from all directions. The light withdrew into the bomb as if the bomb sucked it up. Then it turned purple and blue and went up and up and up. We were still talking in whispers when the cloud reached the level where it was struck by the rising sunlight so it cleared out the natural clouds. We saw a cloud that was dark and red at the bottom and daylight on the top. Then suddenly the sound reached us. It was very sharp and rumbled and all the mountains were rumbling with it. We suddenly started talking out loud and felt exposed to the whole world.</blockquote> In his official report on the test, Thomas Farrell (who initially exclaimed, "The long-hairs have let it get away from them!"<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a>) wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The lighting effects beggared description. The whole country was lighted by a searing light with the intensity many times that of the midday sun. It was golden, purple, violet, gray, and blue. It lighted every peak, crevasse and ridge of the nearby mountain range with a clarity and beauty that cannot be described but must be seen to be imagined ...<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/William_L._Laurence" title="William L. Laurence">William L. Laurence</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> had been transferred temporarily to the Manhattan Project at Groves's request in early 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves1962325–326-118">[113]</a> Groves had arranged for Laurence to view significant events, including Trinity and the atomic bombing of Japan. Laurence wrote press releases with the help of the Manhattan Project's public relations staff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985554-119">[114]</a> He later recalled: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A loud cry filled the air. The little groups that hitherto had stood rooted to the earth like desert plants broke into dance, the rhythm of primitive man dancing at one of his fire festivals at the coming of Spring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurence194614-120">[115]</a></blockquote> After the initial euphoria of witnessing the explosion had passed, Bainbridge told Oppenheimer, "Now we are all sons of bitches."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainbridge197541-40">[37]</a> Rabi noticed Oppenheimer's reaction: "I'll never forget his walk"; Rabi recalled, "I'll never forget the way he stepped out of the car ... his walk was like <a href="/wiki/High_Noon" title="High Noon">High Noon</a> ... this kind of strut. He had done it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonk2012456–457-121">[116]</a> Oppenheimer later recalled that, while witnessing the explosion, he thought of a verse from a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> holy book, the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> (XI,12): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="sa" class="poem"> दिवि सूर्यसहस्रस्य भवेद्युगपदुत्थिता। यदि भाः सदृशी सा स्याद्भासस्तस्य महात्मनः।। </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the sky, that would be like the splendor of the mighty one.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Years later he would explain that another verse had also entered his head at that time: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We knew the world would not be the same. A few people laughed, a few people cried. Most people were silent. I remembered the line from the Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad Gita; <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> is trying to persuade <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">the Prince</a> that he should do his duty and, to impress him, takes on <a href="/wiki/Vishvarupa" title="Vishvarupa">his multi-armed form</a> and says, 'Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.' I suppose we all thought that, one way or another.<a href="#cite_note-The_Decision_to_Drop_the_Bomb-123">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[f]</a></blockquote> John R. Lugo was flying a U.S. Navy transport at 10,000 feet (3,000 m), 30 miles (48 km) east of <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Albuquerque">Albuquerque</a>, en route to the west coast. "My first impression was, like, the sun was coming up in the south. What a ball of fire! It was so bright it lit up the cockpit of the plane." Lugo radioed Albuquerque. He got no explanation for the blast but was told, "Don't fly south."<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 310.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 308.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity-ground-zero-men-in-crater.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ground zero after the test"><img alt="Ground zero after the test" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trinity-ground-zero-men-in-crater.jpg/463px-Trinity-ground-zero-men-in-crater.jpg" decoding="async" width="309" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trinity-ground-zero-men-in-crater.jpg/694px-Trinity-ground-zero-men-in-crater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Trinity-ground-zero-men-in-crater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="551" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ground zero after the test</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 292px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_Test_Fireball_25ms.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Trinity explosion, 25 ms after detonation. The viewed fireball hemisphere's highest point in this image is about 200 metres (660 ft) high."><img alt="The Trinity explosion, 25 ms after detonation. The viewed fireball hemisphere's highest point in this image is about 200 metres (660 ft) high." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Trinity_Test_Fireball_25ms.jpg/435px-Trinity_Test_Fireball_25ms.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Trinity_Test_Fireball_25ms.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="410" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Trinity explosion, 25 ms after detonation. The viewed fireball hemisphere's highest point in this image is about 200 metres (660 ft) high.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_crater_(annotated)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An aerial photograph of the Trinity crater shortly after the test.[g]"><img alt="An aerial photograph of the Trinity crater shortly after the test.[g]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Trinity_crater_%28annotated%29_2.jpg/385px-Trinity_crater_%28annotated%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Trinity_crater_%28annotated%29_2.jpg/578px-Trinity_crater_%28annotated%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Trinity_crater_%28annotated%29_2.jpg/771px-Trinity_crater_%28annotated%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="685" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An aerial photograph of the Trinity crater shortly after the test.<a href="#cite_note-130">[g]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrumentation_and_measurements">Instrumentation and measurements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Instrumentation and measurements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield#Calculating_yields_and_controversy" title="Nuclear weapon yield">Nuclear weapon yield § Calculating yields and controversy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_Test_-_Lead_lined_Sherman_tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Trinity_Test_-_Lead_lined_Sherman_tank.jpg/220px-Trinity_Test_-_Lead_lined_Sherman_tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Trinity_Test_-_Lead_lined_Sherman_tank.jpg/330px-Trinity_Test_-_Lead_lined_Sherman_tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Trinity_Test_-_Lead_lined_Sherman_tank.jpg/440px-Trinity_Test_-_Lead_lined_Sherman_tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>Lead-lined Sherman tank used in Trinity test</figcaption></figure> The T (Theoretical) Division at Los Alamos had predicted a yield of between 5 and 10 kilotons of TNT (21 and 42 TJ). Immediately after the blast, two lead-lined <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a> tanks made their way to the crater. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield" title="Nuclear weapon yield">Radiochemical analysis</a> of soil samples that they collected indicated that the total yield (or energy release) had been around 18.6 kilotons of TNT (78 TJ).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidner200910–24-131">[124]</a> This method turned out to be the most accurate means of determining the efficiency of a nuclear explosion and was used for many years after.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993376-132">[125]</a> The energy of the <a href="/wiki/Blast_wave" title="Blast wave">blast wave</a> was measured by a large number of sensors using a variety of physical principles. The piezoelectric blast gauges were thrown off scale and no records were obtained. The excess-velocity blast-yield measurement (precise measurement of the velocity of sound at the site of the explosion and then comparing it with the velocity of the blast wave)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993359-133">[126]</a> provided among the most accurate measurements of the blast pressure. Another method was to use the aluminum diaphragm box gauges designed to record the peak pressure of the blast wave. These indicated a blast energy of 9.9 kilotons of TNT (41 TJ) ± 1.0 kiloton of TNT (4.2 TJ). They were supplemented by a large number of other types of mechanical pressure gauges. And only one of them gave a reasonable result of about 10 kilotons of TNT (42 TJ).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993375–376-134">[127]</a> Fermi prepared his own experiment to measure the energy that was released as blast. He later recalled:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">About 40 seconds after the explosion the air blast reached me. I tried to estimate its strength by dropping from about six feet small pieces of paper before, during, and after the passage of the blast wave. Since, at the time, there was no wind I could observe very distinctly and actually measure the displacement of the pieces of paper that were in the process of falling while the blast was passing. The shift was about 2 1/2 meters, which, at the time, I estimated to correspond to the blast that would be produced by ten thousand tons of T.N.T.<a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a></blockquote> <table class="wikitable floatright" width="250px"> <caption>Fission bomb's energy distribution in the "moderate" kiloton range near sea level </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2">Contemporary fundamental physics, data from the Trinity test, and others, resulted in the following total blast and thermal energy fractionation being observed for fission detonations near sea level<a href="#cite_note-fas.org-136">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Blast</td> <td>50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thermal energy</td> <td>35% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Initial <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a></td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Residual <a href="/wiki/Fallout" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallout">fallout</a> radiation</td> <td>10% </td></tr></tbody></table> There were also several gamma ray and <a href="/wiki/Neutron_detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron detector">neutron detectors</a>; few survived the blast, with all the gauges within 200 feet (61 m) of ground zero being destroyed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidner200910–25-139">[132]</a> but sufficient data were recovered to measure the gamma ray component of the ionizing radiation released.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993375-140">[133]</a> Some fifty different cameras had been set up, taking motion and still photographs. Special <a href="/wiki/Fastax" class="mw-redirect" title="Fastax">Fastax</a> cameras taking 10,000 frames per second would record the minute details of the explosion. <a href="/wiki/Spectrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrograph">Spectrograph</a> cameras would record the wavelengths of light emitted by the explosion, and <a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole cameras</a> would record gamma rays. A rotating drum spectrograph at the 10,000-yard (9,100 m) station would obtain the spectrum over the first hundredth of a second. Another, slow recording one would track the fireball. Cameras were placed in bunkers only 800 yards (730 m) from the tower, protected by steel and lead glass, and mounted on sleds so they could be towed out by the lead-lined tank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993354–355-141">[134]</a> Some observers brought their own cameras despite the security. Segrè brought in <a href="/wiki/Jack_Aeby" title="Jack Aeby">Jack Aeby</a> with his 35 mm Perfex 44. He took the only known well-exposed color photograph of the detonation explosion.<a href="#cite_note-ABQ-90">[86]</a> The official estimate for the total yield of the Trinity bomb, which includes the energy of the blast component together with the contributions from the <a href="/wiki/Bhangmeter" title="Bhangmeter">explosion's light output</a> and both forms of <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>, is 21 kilotons of TNT (88 TJ),<a href="#cite_note-142">[135]</a> of which about 15 kilotons of TNT (63 TJ) was contributed by fission of the plutonium core, and about 6 kilotons of TNT (25 TJ) was from fission of the natural uranium tamper.<a href="#cite_note-143">[136]</a> A re-analysis of data published in 2021 put the yield at 24.8 ± 2 kilotons of TNT (103.8 ± 8.4 TJ).<a href="#cite_note-Trinity_yield-110">[105]</a> As a result of the data gathered on the size of the blast, the detonation height for the bombing of Hiroshima was set at 1,885 feet (575 m) to take advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Mach_stem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mach stem">Mach stem</a> blast reinforcing effect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993374-144">[137]</a> The final Nagasaki burst height was 1,650 feet (500 m) so the Mach stem started sooner.<a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a> The knowledge that implosion worked led Oppenheimer to recommend to Groves that the uranium-235 used in a <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a> gun-type weapon could be used more economically in a <a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a> implosion-type weapon containing a <a href="/wiki/Pit_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Pit (nuclear weapon)">composite core</a> with plutonium and enriched uranium. It was too late to do this with the first Little Boy, but the composite cores would soon enter production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993377-146">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian_detection">Civilian detection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Civilian detection">edit</a>]</div> The light from the test was visible as far as <a href="/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo, Texas</a>, 280 miles (450 km) and a mountain range away from Trinity.<a href="#cite_note-wellerstein20150716-38">[35]</a> The Second Air Force issued a press release with a cover story that Groves had prepared weeks before, which described the explosion as the accidental destruction of a <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">magazine</a> on the base. The press release, written by Laurence, stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Alamogordo, N.M., July 16 The commanding officer of the Alamogordo Army Air Base made the following statement today: "Several inquiries have been received concerning a heavy explosion which occurred on the Alamogordo Air base reservation this morning. A remotely located ammunition magazine containing a considerable amount of high explosives and pyrotechnics exploded. There was no loss of life or injury to anyone, and the property damage outside of the explosives magazine was negligible. Weather conditions affecting the content of gas shells exploded by the blast may make it desirable for the Army to evacuate temporarily a few civilians from their homes."<a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2002407-148">[141]</a></blockquote> Laurence had prepared four releases, covering outcomes ranging from a cover story for a successful test (the one which was used) to catastrophic scenarios involving serious damage to surrounding communities, evacuation of nearby residents, and a placeholder for the names of those killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeney2001205–206-149">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurence197039–41-150">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a> As Laurence was a witness to the test, he knew that the last release, if used, might be his own obituary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeney2001205–206-149">[142]</a> A newspaper article published the same day stated that "the blast was seen and felt throughout an area extending from <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a> to <a href="/wiki/Silver_City,_New_Mexico" title="Silver City, New Mexico">Silver City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallup,_New_Mexico" title="Gallup, New Mexico">Gallup</a>, Socorro, and <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a>."<a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a> The articles appeared in New Mexico, but East Coast newspapers ignored them,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeney2001205–206-149">[142]</a> and local residents who saw the light accepted the cover story.<a href="#cite_note-wellerstein20150716-38">[35]</a> Information about the Trinity test was made public shortly after the bombing of Hiroshima. The <a href="/wiki/Smyth_Report" title="Smyth Report">Smyth Report</a>, released on August 12, 1945, gave some information on the blast, and the edition released by <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a> a few weeks later incorporated the War Department's press release on the test as Appendix 6, and contained the famous pictures of a "bulbous" Trinity fireball.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth1945vii–viii,_138–139,_247–254-153">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_notifications">Official notifications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Official notifications">edit</a>]</div> The results of the test were conveyed to <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a> at the Potsdam Conference in Germany in a coded message from his assistant <a href="/wiki/George_L._Harrison" title="George L. Harrison">George L. Harrison</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Operated on this morning. Diagnosis not yet complete but results seem satisfactory and already exceed expectations. Local press release necessary as interest extends great distance. Dr. Groves pleased. He returns tomorrow. I will keep you posted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985517-154">[147]</a></blockquote> The message arrived at the "Little White House" in the Potsdam suburb of <a href="/wiki/Babelsberg" title="Babelsberg">Babelsberg</a> and was at once taken to Truman and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlperovitz1996240-155">[148]</a> Harrison sent a follow-up message which arrived on the morning of July 18:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlperovitz1996240-155">[148]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Doctor has just returned most enthusiastic and confident that the little boy is as husky as his big brother. The light in his eyes discernible from here to Highhold and I could have heard his screams from here to my farm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985517-154">[147]</a></blockquote> Because Stimson's summer home at Highhold was on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> and Harrison's farm near <a href="/wiki/Upperville,_Virginia" title="Upperville, Virginia">Upperville, Virginia</a>, this indicated that the explosion could be seen 250 miles (400 km) away and heard 50 miles (80 km) away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985518-156">[149]</a> Three days later, on July 21, a 13-page report written by Groves arrived at Potsdam via a courier. It stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">At 0530, 16 July 1945, in a remote section of the Alamogordo Air Base, New Mexico, the first full scale test was made of the implosion type atomic fission bomb. For the first time in history there was a nuclear explosion. And what an explosion! ... The test was successful beyond the most optimistic expectations of anyone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwin1987308-157">[150]</a></blockquote> It continued on to estimate the yield of the test (15-20 kilotons) and describe the effects vividly. Stimson took the report to Truman, who was "tremendously pepped up by it." <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, who observed Truman's newly confident approach with the Soviets the same day, concluded that he had become "a changed man" as a result of the news. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fallout">Fallout</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fallout">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Film_badge" class="mw-redirect" title="Film badge">Film badges</a> used to measure exposure to radioactivity indicated that no observers at N-10,000 had been exposed to more than 0.1 <a href="/wiki/Roentgen_(unit)" title="Roentgen (unit)">roentgens</a> (half of the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_on_Radiation_Protection_and_Measurements" title="National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements">National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements</a> recommended daily radiation exposure limit),<a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a> but the shelter was evacuated before the radioactive cloud could reach it. The explosion was more efficient than expected, and the thermal updraft drew most of the cloud high enough that little fallout fell on the test site. Nevertheless, the fission consumed only 3 out of the 13 pounds of plutonium,<a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a> leaving 10 pounds to be spread through the atmosphere and as fallout. The crater was far more radioactive than expected due to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Trinitite" title="Trinitite">trinitite</a>, and the crews of the two lead-lined Sherman tanks were subjected to considerable exposure. Anderson's dosimeter and film badge recorded 7 to 10 roentgens, and one of the tank drivers, who made three trips, recorded 13 to 15 roentgens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker198799–101-160">[153]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_Test_-_Oppenheimer_and_Groves_at_Ground_Zero_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Trinity_Test_-_Oppenheimer_and_Groves_at_Ground_Zero_001.jpg/220px-Trinity_Test_-_Oppenheimer_and_Groves_at_Ground_Zero_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Trinity_Test_-_Oppenheimer_and_Groves_at_Ground_Zero_001.jpg/330px-Trinity_Test_-_Oppenheimer_and_Groves_at_Ground_Zero_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Trinity_Test_-_Oppenheimer_and_Groves_at_Ground_Zero_001.jpg/440px-Trinity_Test_-_Oppenheimer_and_Groves_at_Ground_Zero_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Groves and Oppenheimer at the remains of one leg of the test tower. Canvas overshoes kept <a href="/wiki/Trinitite" title="Trinitite">trinitite</a> off shoes.<a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a></figcaption></figure> The heaviest fallout contamination outside the restricted test area was 30 miles (48 km) from the detonation point, on Chupadera Mesa. The fallout there was reported to have settled in a white mist onto some of the livestock in the area, resulting in local <a href="/wiki/Beta_burns" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta burns">beta burns</a> and a temporary loss of <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (anatomy)">dorsal</a> or back hair. Patches of hair grew back discolored white. The Army bought 88 cattle in all from <a href="/wiki/Rancher" class="mw-redirect" title="Rancher">ranchers</a>; the 17 most significantly marked were kept at Los Alamos, while the rest were shipped to <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Engineer_Works" title="Clinton Engineer Works">Oak Ridge</a> for long-term observation.<a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-massburns-163">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacker1987105-164">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzasz1984134-165">[158]</a> Dose reconstruction published in 2020 under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a> documented that five counties in New Mexico experienced the greatest radioactive contamination: <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_County,_New_Mexico" title="Guadalupe County, New Mexico">Guadalupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_New_Mexico" title="Lincoln County, New Mexico">Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_County,_New_Mexico" title="San Miguel County, New Mexico">San Miguel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socorro_County,_New_Mexico" title="Socorro County, New Mexico">Socorro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torrance_County,_New_Mexico" title="Torrance County, New Mexico">Torrance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouvilleBeckThiessenHoffman2020405-167">[160]</a> People living in the surrounding area near the site were unaware of the project and later not included in the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Radiation_Exposure_Compensation_Act" title="Radiation Exposure Compensation Act">Radiation Exposure Compensation Act</a> support for affected "downwinders" which addressed serious community health problems resulting from similar tests conducted at the <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NG-31">[28]</a> Efforts in Congress to add the New Mexico residents to the population covered by the bill continued in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a> In August 1945, shortly after the bombing of Hiroshima, the <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> Company observed <a href="/wiki/Autoradiograph" title="Autoradiograph">spotting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fogging_(photography)" title="Fogging (photography)">fogging</a> on its film, which was at that time usually packaged in cardboard containers.<a href="#cite_note-wellerstein20150716-38">[35]</a> J. H. Webb, an employee of the Kodak Company, studied the matter and concluded that the contamination must have come from a nuclear explosion somewhere in the United States. He discounted the possibility that the Hiroshima bomb was responsible because of the timing of the events. A hot spot of fallout contaminated the river water that a <a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">paper mill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> used to manufacture the <a href="/wiki/Paper_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper pulp">cardboard pulp</a> from <a href="/wiki/Corn_husks" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn husks">corn husks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ortmeyer-169">[162]</a> Aware of the gravity of his discovery, Webb kept this secret until 1949.<a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a> This incident, along with the next continental US tests in 1951, set a precedent. In subsequent atmospheric nuclear tests at the Nevada Test Site, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">United States Atomic Energy Commission</a> officials gave the photographic industry maps and forecasts of potential contamination, as well as expected fallout distributions, which enabled them to purchase uncontaminated materials and take other protective measures.<a href="#cite_note-Ortmeyer-169">[162]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:708px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity-Gadget_BDA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Post-Trinity detonation bomb damage assessment and effects evaluation."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Trinity-Gadget_BDA.jpg/700px-Trinity-Gadget_BDA.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Trinity-Gadget_BDA.jpg/1050px-Trinity-Gadget_BDA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Trinity-Gadget_BDA.jpg/1400px-Trinity-Gadget_BDA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity-Gadget_BDA.jpg" title="File:Trinity-Gadget BDA.jpg"> </a></div>Post-Trinity detonation <a href="/wiki/Bomb_damage_assessment" title="Bomb damage assessment">bomb damage assessment</a> and effects evaluation.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Site_today">Site today</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Site today">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:RadioTower.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/RadioTower.svg/40px-RadioTower.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/RadioTower.svg/60px-RadioTower.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/RadioTower.svg/80px-RadioTower.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_Site_by_National_Atomic_Museum_-_read_by_James_Christopher_for_LibriVox%27s_Short_Nonfiction_Collection_Vol._012_(2009).ogg" title="File:Trinity Site by National Atomic Museum - read by James Christopher for LibriVox's Short Nonfiction Collection Vol. 012 (2009).ogg"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">"Trinity Site" by National Atomic Museum Read by James Christopher for LibriVox</div></a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1492" data-mwtitle="Trinity_Site_by_National_Atomic_Museum_-_read_by_James_Christopher_for_LibriVox's_Short_Nonfiction_Collection_Vol._012_(2009).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Trinity_Site_by_National_Atomic_Museum_-_read_by_James_Christopher_for_LibriVox%27s_Short_Nonfiction_Collection_Vol._012_%282009%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Trinity_Site_by_National_Atomic_Museum_-_read_by_James_Christopher_for_LibriVox%27s_Short_Nonfiction_Collection_Vol._012_%282009%29.ogg/Trinity_Site_by_National_Atomic_Museum_-_read_by_James_Christopher_for_LibriVox%27s_Short_Nonfiction_Collection_Vol._012_%282009%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Audio 00:24:52 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/277/277-h/277-h.htm">full text</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> In September 1953, about 650 people attended the first <a href="/wiki/McDonald_Ranch_House" title="McDonald Ranch House">Trinity Site</a> open house. Visitors to a Trinity Site open house are allowed to see the ground zero and McDonald Ranch House areas.<a href="#cite_note-Afterwards-171">[164]</a> More than seventy years after the test, residual radiation at the site was about ten times higher than normal <a href="/wiki/Background_radiation" title="Background radiation">background radiation</a> in the area. The amount of radioactive exposure received during a one-hour visit to the site is about half of the total radiation exposure which a U.S. adult receives on an average day from natural and medical sources.<a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a> On December 21, 1965, the 51,500-acre (20,800 ha) Trinity Site was declared a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> district,<a href="#cite_note-nrhpinv-173">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-2">[2]</a> and on October 15, 1966, it was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nris-1">[1]</a> The landmark includes the base camp where the scientists and support group lived, ground zero where the bomb was placed for the explosion, and the McDonald ranch house, where the plutonium core to the bomb was assembled. One of the old <a href="/wiki/Instrumentation" title="Instrumentation">instrumentation</a> bunkers is visible beside the road just west of ground zero.<a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a> An inner oblong fence was added in 1967, and the corridor barbed wire fence that connects the outer fence to the inner one was completed in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a> The Trinity monument, a rough-sided, lava-rock <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisk</a> about 12 feet (3.7 m) high, marks the explosion's <a href="/wiki/Hypocenter" title="Hypocenter">hypocenter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Afterwards-171">[164]</a> It was erected in 1965 by Army personnel using local rocks taken from the western boundary of the range.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelo2004601-176">[169]</a> A special tour of the site on July 16, 1995 (marking the 50th anniversary of the Trinity test) attracted 5,000 visitors.<a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a> Since then, the site has been open to the public on the first Saturdays of April and October.<a href="#cite_note-fees-178">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 334px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 332px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1995_Trinity_Site.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Visitors to the Trinity site in 1995 for the 50th anniversary"><img alt="Visitors to the Trinity site in 1995 for the 50th anniversary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/1995_Trinity_Site.jpg/498px-1995_Trinity_Site.jpg" decoding="async" width="332" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/1995_Trinity_Site.jpg/747px-1995_Trinity_Site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/1995_Trinity_Site.jpg/996px-1995_Trinity_Site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="789" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Visitors to the Trinity site in 1995 for the 50th anniversary</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 254.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 252.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:TrinitySiteHistoricalMarkerHighwaySign.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trinity Site Historical Marker, 2008"><img alt="Trinity Site Historical Marker, 2008" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/TrinitySiteHistoricalMarkerHighwaySign.jpg/379px-TrinitySiteHistoricalMarkerHighwaySign.jpg" decoding="async" width="253" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/TrinitySiteHistoricalMarkerHighwaySign.jpg/568px-TrinitySiteHistoricalMarkerHighwaySign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/TrinitySiteHistoricalMarkerHighwaySign.jpg/757px-TrinitySiteHistoricalMarkerHighwaySign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1827" data-file-height="1592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trinity Site Historical Marker, 2008</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_Site_-_Remnants_of_Jumbo_-_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Remnants of Jumbo, 2010"><img alt="Remnants of Jumbo, 2010" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Trinity_Site_-_Remnants_of_Jumbo_-_2010.jpg/330px-Trinity_Site_-_Remnants_of_Jumbo_-_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Trinity_Site_-_Remnants_of_Jumbo_-_2010.jpg/495px-Trinity_Site_-_Remnants_of_Jumbo_-_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Trinity_Site_-_Remnants_of_Jumbo_-_2010.jpg/660px-Trinity_Site_-_Remnants_of_Jumbo_-_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3039" data-file-height="3039" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remnants of Jumbo, 2010</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 293.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinitite-detail3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trinitite"><img alt="Trinitite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Trinitite-detail3.jpg/440px-Trinitite-detail3.jpg" decoding="async" width="294" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Trinitite-detail3.jpg/660px-Trinitite-detail3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Trinitite-detail3.jpg/880px-Trinitite-detail3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Trinitite" title="Trinitite">Trinitite</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Closeup_of_Plaque_on_Monument_at_Trinity_Site.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of plaque on obelisk, 2018"><img alt="Closeup of plaque on obelisk, 2018" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Closeup_of_Plaque_on_Monument_at_Trinity_Site.jpg/244px-Closeup_of_Plaque_on_Monument_at_Trinity_Site.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Closeup_of_Plaque_on_Monument_at_Trinity_Site.jpg/366px-Closeup_of_Plaque_on_Monument_at_Trinity_Site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Closeup_of_Plaque_on_Monument_at_Trinity_Site.jpg/488px-Closeup_of_Plaque_on_Monument_at_Trinity_Site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2030" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Closeup of plaque on obelisk, 2018</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 238px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 236px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinitite_Display_at_Trinity_Site_Open_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trinitite display table, 2018"><img alt="Trinitite display table, 2018" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Trinitite_Display_at_Trinity_Site_Open_House.jpg/354px-Trinitite_Display_at_Trinity_Site_Open_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Trinitite_Display_at_Trinity_Site_Open_House.jpg/531px-Trinitite_Display_at_Trinity_Site_Open_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Trinitite_Display_at_Trinity_Site_Open_House.jpg/708px-Trinitite_Display_at_Trinity_Site_Open_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3242" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trinitite display table, 2018</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sign_Prohibiting_Removal_of_Trinite_at_Ground_Zero.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sign warning against removal of trinitite, 2018"><img alt="Sign warning against removal of trinitite, 2018" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sign_Prohibiting_Removal_of_Trinite_at_Ground_Zero.jpg/192px-Sign_Prohibiting_Removal_of_Trinite_at_Ground_Zero.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sign_Prohibiting_Removal_of_Trinite_at_Ground_Zero.jpg/289px-Sign_Prohibiting_Removal_of_Trinite_at_Ground_Zero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sign_Prohibiting_Removal_of_Trinite_at_Ground_Zero.jpg/385px-Sign_Prohibiting_Removal_of_Trinite_at_Ground_Zero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2783" data-file-height="4770" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sign warning against removal of trinitite, 2018</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 404.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 402.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowds_gathering_around_the_Ground_Zero_Obelisk_at_Trinity_Site.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="People gather around Ground Zero monument, 2018"><img alt="People gather around Ground Zero monument, 2018" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Crowds_gathering_around_the_Ground_Zero_Obelisk_at_Trinity_Site.jpg/604px-Crowds_gathering_around_the_Ground_Zero_Obelisk_at_Trinity_Site.jpg" decoding="async" width="403" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Crowds_gathering_around_the_Ground_Zero_Obelisk_at_Trinity_Site.jpg/906px-Crowds_gathering_around_the_Ground_Zero_Obelisk_at_Trinity_Site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Crowds_gathering_around_the_Ground_Zero_Obelisk_at_Trinity_Site.jpg/1208px-Crowds_gathering_around_the_Ground_Zero_Obelisk_at_Trinity_Site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5164" data-file-height="2823" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">People gather around Ground Zero monument, 2018</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 393.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 391.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Post-WW_II_Atomic_Bomb_Casing_Almost_Identical_to_the_Fatman_Bomb_Casing_Used_Over_Nagasaki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Post World War II Fat Man casing"><img alt="Post World War II Fat Man casing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Post-WW_II_Atomic_Bomb_Casing_Almost_Identical_to_the_Fatman_Bomb_Casing_Used_Over_Nagasaki.jpg/587px-Post-WW_II_Atomic_Bomb_Casing_Almost_Identical_to_the_Fatman_Bomb_Casing_Used_Over_Nagasaki.jpg" decoding="async" width="392" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Post-WW_II_Atomic_Bomb_Casing_Almost_Identical_to_the_Fatman_Bomb_Casing_Used_Over_Nagasaki.jpg/880px-Post-WW_II_Atomic_Bomb_Casing_Almost_Identical_to_the_Fatman_Bomb_Casing_Used_Over_Nagasaki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Post-WW_II_Atomic_Bomb_Casing_Almost_Identical_to_the_Fatman_Bomb_Casing_Used_Over_Nagasaki.jpg/1173px-Post-WW_II_Atomic_Bomb_Casing_Almost_Identical_to_the_Fatman_Bomb_Casing_Used_Over_Nagasaki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3376" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Post World War II Fat Man casing</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> The Trinity test has been portrayed in various forms of media, including documentary films and dramatizations. In 1946, an 18-minute documentary titled <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Power_(film)" title="Atomic Power (film)">Atomic Power</a> was produced by <a href="/wiki/Time_Inc." title="Time Inc.">Time Inc.</a> under <a href="/wiki/The_March_of_Time" title="The March of Time">The March of Time</a> banner and released theatrically. It featured many people involved with the project, including J. Robert Oppenheimer and Ernest Lawrence, as actors in re-creations of real discussions and events that led up to the Trinity test.<a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a>: 291–296  In 1947, a <a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">docudrama</a> titled <a href="/wiki/The_Beginning_or_the_End" title="The Beginning or the End">The Beginning or the End</a> chronicled the development of nuclear weapons and portrayed the Trinity test.<a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a> In 1980, a television drama miniseries titled <a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_(TV_series)" title="Oppenheimer (TV series)">Oppenheimer</a>, a co-production between the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> and the American television station <a href="/wiki/WGBH-TV" title="WGBH-TV">WGBH-TV</a>, aired for seven episodes on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a>. The Trinity test is depicted in its fifth episode.<a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a> In early 1981, a documentary titled <a href="/wiki/The_Day_After_Trinity" title="The Day After Trinity">The Day After Trinity</a> was released, focusing closely on the events of the Trinity test.<a href="#cite_note-Tracy_1-184">[177]</a> In 1989, a feature film titled <a href="/wiki/Fat_Man_and_Little_Boy_(film)" title="Fat Man and Little Boy (film)">Fat Man and Little Boy</a> depicted the Trinity test.<a href="#cite_note-185">[178]</a> Two documentaries, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_and_Beyond" title="Trinity and Beyond">Trinity and Beyond</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Bomb_(film)" title="The Bomb (film)">The Bomb</a>, were released in 1995 and 2015 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-186">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[180]</a> The 2023 <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a>-directed blockbuster <a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_(film)" title="Oppenheimer (film)">Oppenheimer</a> prominently portrayed the Trinity test. Nolan cited the film's depiction of the test firing as one of its most important scenes, calling it "the fulcrum that the whole story turns on." Nolan avoided using <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated imagery</a> for the re-enactment of the explosion, instead using <a href="/wiki/Practical_effect" title="Practical effect">practical effects</a>, with a smaller explosion made of gasoline, propane, aluminum powder, and magnesium being conducted and then spliced via <a href="/wiki/Forced_perspective" title="Forced perspective">forced perspective</a> to recreate the size of the Trinity explosion.<a href="#cite_note-188">[181]</a> The popularity of the film brought newfound attention to previous media depictions of the Trinity test, such as The Day After Trinity.<a href="#cite_note-Tracy_1-184">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MWT-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MWT_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MWT_3-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/War_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="War Time">Mountain War Time (MWT)</a> was six hours behind <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)</a>, the predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> From the poem "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/44114/hymn-to-god-my-god-in-my-sickness">Hymn to God, My God, in My Sickness</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Sonnets" title="Holy Sonnets">Holy Sonnets</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Holy_Sonnets/Holy_Sonnet_14" class="extiw" title="s:Holy Sonnets/Holy Sonnet 14">Holy Sonnet 14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> The mattresses would not have protected the gadget, but they helped the men to feel better.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993483-80">[77]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> The reaction Teller was most concerned with was: 14 7N + 14 7N → 24 12Mg + 4 2He (alpha particle) + 17.7 MeV.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Oppenheimer spoke these words in the television documentary <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/90984-the-decision-to-drop-the-bomb-vwr">The Decision to Drop the Bomb</a> (1965).<a href="#cite_note-The_Decision_to_Drop_the_Bomb-123">[118]</a> Oppenheimer read the original text in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, "kālo'smi lokakṣayakṛtpravṛddho lokānsamāhartumiha pravṛttaḥ" (XI,32),<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> which he translated as "I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds". In the literature, the quote usually appears in the form shatterer of worlds, because this was the form in which it first appeared in print, in <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a> on November 8, 1948.<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> It later appeared in Robert Jungk's Brighter than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists (1958),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJungk1958201-126">[121]</a> which was based on an interview with Oppenheimer. See Hijiya, The Gita of Robert Oppenheimer<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHijiya2000123–124-127">[122]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> The small crater in the southeast corner was from the earlier test explosion of 108 tons of TNT (450 GJ). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nris-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. July 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhlsum-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nhlsum_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhlsum_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/nhl/find/statelists/nm/NM.pdf">"National Historic Landmarks Survey, New Mexico"</a> (PDF). National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118103928/https://www.nps.gov/nhl/find/statelists/nm/NM.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved December 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Historic+Landmarks+Survey%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2Ffind%2Fstatelists%2Fnm%2FNM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzasz19923–8-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzasz19923–8_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzasz1992">Szasz 1992</a>, pp. 3–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones198530–31-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones198530–31_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1985">Jones 1985</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones198576-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones198576_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1985">Jones 1985</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones198563-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones198563_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1985">Jones 1985</a>, p. 63. </li> <li 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Retrieved December 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27The+Bomb%27+Helps+Return+Nukes+to+the+TV+Spotlight&rft.date=2015-07-27&rft.aulast=Genzlinger&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F07%2F28%2Farts%2Ftelevision%2Fthe-bomb-helps-return-nukes-to-the-tv-spotlight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollis2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Collis, Clark (July 18, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ew.com/movies/oppenheimer-christopher-nolan-atomic-bomb-recreation/">"Christopher Nolan takes us inside creating Oppenheimer's atomic bomb explosion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230722140219/https://ew.com/movies/oppenheimer-christopher-nolan-atomic-bomb-recreation/">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=Christopher+Nolan+takes+us+inside+creating+Oppenheimer%27s+atomic+bomb+explosion&rft.date=2023-07-18&rft.aulast=Collis&rft.aufirst=Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Fmovies%2Foppenheimer-christopher-nolan-atomic-bomb-recreation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlperovitz1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Alperovitz, Gar</a> (1996). The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb. New York: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-76285-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-76285-X"><bdi>0-679-76285-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decision+to+Use+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-679-76285-X&rft.aulast=Alperovitz&rft.aufirst=Gar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngelo2004" class="citation book cs1">Angelo, Joseph A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nucleartechnolog0000ange">Nuclear Technology</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-05907-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-05907-0"><bdi>978-0-313-05907-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61253172">61253172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Technology&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61253172&rft.isbn=978-0-313-05907-0&rft.aulast=Angelo&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnucleartechnolog0000ange&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBainbridge1975" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Bainbridge" title="Kenneth Bainbridge">Bainbridge, Kenneth</a> (May 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dQsAAAAAMBAJ&q=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists+Bainbridge+1975&pg=PA40">"'All in Our Time' – A Foul and Awesome Display"</a>. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 31 (5). Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00963402.1975.11458241">10.1080/00963402.1975.11458241</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0096-3402">0096-3402</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928190925/https://books.google.com/books?id=dQsAAAAAMBAJ&q=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists+Bainbridge+1975&pg=PA40#v=snippet&q=Bulletin%20of%20the%20Atomic%20Scientists%20Bainbridge%201975&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=%27All+in+Our+Time%27+%E2%80%93+A+Foul+and+Awesome+Display&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1975-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00963402.1975.11458241&rft.issn=0096-3402&rft.aulast=Bainbridge&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdQsAAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DBulletin%2Bof%2Bthe%2BAtomic%2BScientists%2BBainbridge%2B1975%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBainbridge1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Bainbridge" title="Kenneth Bainbridge">Bainbridge, Kenneth</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib-www.lanl.gov/la-pubs/00317133.pdf">Trinity</a> (PDF). Los Alamos: <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/692261377">692261377</a>. LA-6300-H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928190926/https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-06300-H">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trinity&rft.place=Los+Alamos&rft.pub=Los+Alamos+National+Laboratory&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F692261377&rft.aulast=Bainbridge&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib-www.lanl.gov%2Fla-pubs%2F00317133.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerHeckerHarbur1983" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Richard D.; Hecker, Siegfried S.; Harbur, Delbert R. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib-www.lanl.gov/la-pubs/07-16.pdf">"Plutonium: A Wartime Nightmare but a Metallurgist's Dream"</a> (PDF). Los Alamos Science (Winter/Spring). Los Alamos National Laboratory: 142–151. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0273-7116">0273-7116</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928190927/https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-83-5074">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved November 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Alamos+Science&rft.atitle=Plutonium%3A+A+Wartime+Nightmare+but+a+Metallurgist%27s+Dream&rft.issue=Winter%2FSpring&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=0273-7116&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft.au=Hecker%2C+Siegfried+S.&rft.au=Harbur%2C+Delbert+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib-www.lanl.gov%2Fla-pubs%2F07-16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethe1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe, Hans A.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadfromlosalamo00beth">The Road from Los Alamos</a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-74012-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-74012-1"><bdi>0-671-74012-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22661282">22661282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+from+Los+Alamos&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22661282&rft.isbn=0-671-74012-1&rft.aulast=Bethe&rft.aufirst=Hans+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froadfromlosalamo00beth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouvilleBeckThiessenHoffman2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bouville, André; Beck, Harold L; Thiessen, Kathleen M.; Hoffman, Owen; Potischman, Nancy; Simon, Steven L. (October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7497484">"The Methodology Used to Assess Doses from the First Nuclear Weapons Test (Trinity) to the Populations of New Mexico"</a>. Health Physics. 119 (4): 400–427. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FHP.0000000000001331">10.1097/HP.0000000000001331</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-9078">0017-9078</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7497484">7497484</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32881739">32881739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Physics&rft.atitle=The+Methodology+Used+to+Assess+Doses+from+the+First+Nuclear+Weapons+Test+%28Trinity%29+to+the+Populations+of+New+Mexico&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E400-%3C%2Fspan%3E427&rft.date=2020-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7497484%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0017-9078&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32881739&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FHP.0000000000001331&rft.aulast=Bouville&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Beck%2C+Harold+L&rft.au=Thiessen%2C+Kathleen+M.&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+Owen&rft.au=Potischman%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Simon%2C+Steven+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7497484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoster-Mullen2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Coster-Mullen" title="John Coster-Mullen">Coster-Mullen, John</a> (2012). Atom Bombs: The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man. Waukesha, Wisconsin: J. Coster-Mullen. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/298514167">298514167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atom+Bombs%3A+The+Top+Secret+Inside+Story+of+Little+Boy+and+Fat+Man&rft.place=Waukesha%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=J.+Coster-Mullen&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F298514167&rft.aulast=Coster-Mullen&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonne1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">Donne, John</a> (1896). Poems of John Donne, Volume I. London: Lawrence & Bullen. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/314096074">314096074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poems+of+John+Donne%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Lawrence+%26+Bullen&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F314096074&rft.aulast=Donne&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvorak2013" class="citation journal cs1">Dvorak, Darrell F. (Winter 2013). "The First Atomic Bomb Mission: Trinity B-29 Operations Three Weeks Before Hiroshima". Air Power History. 60 (4): 4–17. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1044-016X">1044-016X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Power+History&rft.atitle=The+First+Atomic+Bomb+Mission%3A+Trinity+B-29+Operations+Three+Weeks+Before+Hiroshima&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1044-016X&rft.aulast=Dvorak&rft.aufirst=Darrell+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeynman1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman, Richard P.</a> (1985). Ralph Leighton (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Surely_You%27re_Joking,_Mr._Feynman!:_Adventures_of_a_Curious_Character" class="mw-redirect" title="Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!: Adventures of a Curious Character">Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!: Adventures of a Curious Character</a>. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-01921-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-01921-7"><bdi>0-393-01921-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10925248">10925248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surely+You%27re+Joking%2C+Mr.+Feynman%21%3A+Adventures+of+a+Curious+Character&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10925248&rft.isbn=0-393-01921-7&rft.aulast=Feynman&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraikor2021" class="citation book cs1">Fraikor, Frederick J. 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(1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/47744/1/327.full.pdf">"Interpretation of Records Obtained from the New Mexico Atomic Test, July 16, 1945"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 36: 327–330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1785%2FBSSA0360040327">10.1785/BSSA0360040327</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-1106">0037-1106</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412054247/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/47744/1/327.full.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019. 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Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05852-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05852-6"><bdi>0-520-05852-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13794117">13794117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dragon%27s+Tail%3A+Radiation+Safety+in+the+Manhattan+Project%2C+1942%E2%80%931946&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13794117&rft.isbn=0-520-05852-6&rft.aulast=Hacker&rft.aufirst=Barton+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdragonstailradia0000hack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamming1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hamming" title="Richard Hamming">Hamming, Richard</a> (1998). 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Los Angeles: Tomash Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-938228-08-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-938228-08-0"><bdi>978-0-938228-08-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8846295">8846295</a>. 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New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-44132-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-44132-3"><bdi>0-521-44132-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26764320">26764320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Assembly%3A+A+Technical+History+of+Los+Alamos+During+the+Oppenheimer+Years%2C+1943%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26764320&rft.isbn=0-521-44132-3&rft.aulast=Hoddeson&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rft.au=Henriksen%2C+Paul+W.&rft.au=Meade%2C+Roger+A.&rft.au=Westfall%2C+Catherine+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcriticalassembly0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1985" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Vincent (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.army.mil/html/books/011/11-10/CMH_Pub_11-10.pdf">Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb</a> (PDF). 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Day of Trinity. London: Hutchison. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/749843408">749843408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Day+of+Trinity&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchison&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F749843408&rft.aulast=Lamont&rft.aufirst=Lansing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurence1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Laurence" class="mw-redirect" title="William Laurence">Laurence, William Leonard</a> (1946). Dawn Over Zero: The Story of the Atomic Bomb. New York: A.A. 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Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 85 (1): 103–120. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JEnvR..85..103P">2006JEnvR..85..103P</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.494.5179">10.1.1.494.5179</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvrad.2005.01.017">10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.01.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0265-931X">0265-931X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16102878">16102878</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412054249/http://ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/Trinitite-JER-2006.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Radioactivity&rft.atitle=Radioactivity+in+Trinitite+six+decades+later&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JEnvR..85..103P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.494.5179%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16102878&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jenvrad.2005.01.017&rft.issn=0265-931X&rft.aulast=Parekh&rft.aufirst=P.P.&rft.au=Semkow%2C+T.M.&rft.au=Torres%2C+M.A.&rft.au=Haines%2C+D.K.&rft.au=Cooper%2C+J.M.&rft.au=Rosenberg%2C+P.M.&rft.au=Kitto%2C+M.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecolo.org%2Fdocuments%2Fdocuments_in_english%2FTrinitite-JER-2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Rhodes, Richard</a> (1986). <a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_Atomic_Bomb" title="The Making of the Atomic Bomb">The Making of the Atomic Bomb</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-44133-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-44133-7"><bdi>0-671-44133-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13793436">13793436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13793436&rft.isbn=0-671-44133-7&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwin1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sherwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Sherwin">Sherwin, Martin</a> (1987). A World Destroyed: Hiroshima and the Origins of the Arms Race. New York: Vintage Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Destroyed%3A+Hiroshima+and+the+Origins+of+the+Arms+Race&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Sherwin&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1945" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_DeWolf_Smyth" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth">Smyth, Henry DeWolf</a> (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gp2aAAAAIAAJ">Atomic Energy for Military Purposes: the Official Report on the Development of the Atomic Bomb under the Auspices of the United States Government, 1940–1945</a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1722-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1722-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-1722-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/770285">770285</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210217041917/https://books.google.com/books?id=gp2aAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atomic+Energy+for+Military+Purposes%3A+the+Official+Report+on+the+Development+of+the+Atomic+Bomb+under+the+Auspices+of+the+United+States+Government%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F770285&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1722-9&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Henry+DeWolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgp2aAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeney2001" class="citation book cs1">Sweeney, Michael S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretsofvictory00swee">Secrets of Victory: The Office of Censorship and the American Press and Radio in World War II</a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2598-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2598-0"><bdi>0-8078-2598-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44420454">44420454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+Victory%3A+The+Office+of+Censorship+and+the+American+Press+and+Radio+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44420454&rft.isbn=0-8078-2598-0&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretsofvictory00swee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzasz1984" class="citation book cs1">Szasz, Ferenc Morton (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/daysunrosetwic00szas">The Day the Sun Rose Twice: The Story of the Trinity Site Nuclear Explosion, July 16, 1945</a>. Albuquerque: UNM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-0768-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-0768-X"><bdi>0-8263-0768-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10779209">10779209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Day+the+Sun+Rose+Twice%3A+The+Story+of+the+Trinity+Site+Nuclear+Explosion%2C+July+16%2C+1945&rft.place=Albuquerque&rft.pub=UNM+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10779209&rft.isbn=0-8263-0768-X&rft.aulast=Szasz&rft.aufirst=Ferenc+Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdaysunrosetwic00szas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzasz1992" class="citation book cs1">Szasz, Ferenc Morton (1992). British Scientists and the Manhattan Project: the Los Alamos Years. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-06167-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-06167-8"><bdi>978-0-312-06167-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23901666">23901666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Scientists+and+the+Manhattan+Project%3A+the+Los+Alamos+Years&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23901666&rft.isbn=978-0-312-06167-8&rft.aulast=Szasz&rft.aufirst=Ferenc+Morton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidner2009" class="citation book cs1">Widner, Thomas (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lahdra.org/pubs/reports/In%20Pieces/Chapter%2010-%20Trinity%20Test.pdf">Draft Report of the Los Alamos Historical Document Retrieval and Assessment (LAHDRA) Project</a> (PDF). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/423402933">423402933</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185341/http://www.lahdra.org/pubs/reports/In%20Pieces/Chapter%2010-%20Trinity%20Test.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Draft+Report+of+the+Los+Alamos+Historical+Document+Retrieval+and+Assessment+%28LAHDRA%29+Project&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F423402933&rft.aulast=Widner&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lahdra.org%2Fpubs%2Freports%2FIn%2520Pieces%2FChapter%252010-%2520Trinity%2520Test.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrinity+%28nuclear+test%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_(nuclear_test)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trinity_test" class="extiw" title="commons:Trinity test">Trinity test</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discover.lanl.gov/publications/national-security-science/2020-summer/the-trinity-test/">"The Trinity Test"</a>, a 2020 article by Virginia Grant published in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lanl.gov/discover/publications/national-security-science/">National Security Science</a> magazine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandia.gov/labnews/2000/11/03/trinity-story/">The Trinity test</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sandia_National_Laboratories" title="Sandia National Laboratories">Sandia National Laboratories</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trinityremembered.com/">Trinity Remembered: 60th Anniversary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/places/000/trinity-site.htm">"Trinity Site – Manhattan Project National Historical Park"</a> information from the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">NPS</a>, including a link for the public open house(s)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atomicarchive.com/Maps/TrinityMap.shtml">Trinity Test Fallout Pattern</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atomicarchive.com/media/photographs/trinity/index.html">Trinity Test Photographs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.randomuseless.info/vacation/vacation.html">"My Radioactive Vacation"</a>, report of a visit to the Trinity site, with pictures comparing its past with its present state</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://3quarksdaily.blogs.com/3quarksdaily/2005/08/poison_in_the_i.html">"Visiting Trinity"</a> Short article by Ker Than at <a href="/wiki/3_Quarks_Daily" title="3 Quarks Daily">3 Quarks Daily</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/smyth-report/smyth_appendix_6.html">"War Department release on New Mexico test, July 16, 1945"</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Smyth_Report" title="Smyth Report">Smyth Report</a>, with eyewitness reports from Groves and Farrell (1945)</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.doe.0800001">Nuclear Test Film – Trinity Shot (1945)</a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.doe.0800000">Nuclear Test Film – Nuclear Testing Review (1945)</a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2012/03/30/trinitys-cloud-1945/">Trinity's cloud (1945)</a>, photographs of mushroom cloud</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqge1SbMjp8/">Video of the site, original blast, and the ranch where the bomb was assembled</a> from 2017</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Documentation_Programs#Historic_American_Engineering_Record" title="Heritage Documentation Programs">Historic American Engineering Record</a> (HAER) No. NM-1-A, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/nm0139/">White Sands Missile Range, Trinity Site</a>", 106 photos, 11 measured drawings, 116 data pages, 8 photo caption pages</li> <li>Rice, James. Downwind of the Atomic State: Atmospheric Testing and the Rise of the Risk Society. (New York University Press, 2023): <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://nyupress.org/9781479815340/downwind-of-the-atomic-state/">https://nyupress.org/9781479815340/downwind-of-the-atomic-state/</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manhattan_Project" title="Template:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manhattan_Project" title="Template talk:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manhattan_Project" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manhattan_Project245" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Manhattan_Project" title="Timeline of the Manhattan Project">Timeline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ames_Project" title="Ames Project">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_Laboratory" title="Metallurgical Laboratory">Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Site_A" title="Site A">Site A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Project" title="Dayton Project">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_Engineer_Works" title="Hanford Engineer Works">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Camel" title="Project Camel">Inyokern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Y" title="Project Y">Los Alamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Laboratory" title="Montreal Laboratory">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Engineer_Works" title="Clinton Engineer Works">Oak Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Wells_Pilot_Plant" title="Salt Wells Pilot Plant">Salt Wells Pilot Plant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendover_Air_Force_Base" title="Wendover Air Force Base">Wendover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-9_Project" title="P-9 Project">Heavy water sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Conant" title="James B. Conant">James B. Conant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Duffield" title="Priscilla Duffield">Priscilla Duffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrell_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Farrell (United States Army officer)">Thomas Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lansdale_Jr." title="John Lansdale Jr.">John Lansdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Marshall" title="James C. Marshall">James Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Matthias" title="Franklin Matthias">Franklin Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_McKibbin" title="Dorothy McKibbin">Dorothy McKibbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Kenneth Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons" title="William Sterling Parsons">Deak Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pash" title="Boris Pash">Boris Pash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Purnell" title="William R. Purnell">William Purnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Spedding" title="Frank Spedding">Frank Spedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_Thomas" title="Charles Allen Thomas">Charles Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul Tibbets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Uanna" title="William L. Uanna">Bud Uanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_L._Warren" title="Stafford L. Warren">Stafford Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Westcott" title="Ed Westcott">Ed Westcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Charles_Wilson" title="Roscoe Charles Wilson">Roscoe Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">Aage Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris_Bradbury" title="Norris Bradbury">Norris Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Critchfield" title="Charles Critchfield">Charles Critchfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Daghlian" title="Harry Daghlian">Harry Daghlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Dunning" title="John R. Dunning">John R. Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Koval" title="George Koval">George Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Pegram" title="George B. Pegram">George B. Pegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Norman Ramsey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">James Rainwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Slotin" title="Louis Slotin">Louis Slotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_DeWolf_Smyth" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth">Henry DeWolf Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Szilard" title="Leo Szilard">Leo Szilard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulam" title="Stanisław Ulam">Stanisław Ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_Woods" title="Leona Woods">Leona Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsos_Mission" title="Alsos Mission">Alsos Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peppermint" title="Operation Peppermint">Operation Peppermint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Alberta" title="Project Alberta">Project Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_bomb" title="Pumpkin bomb">Pumpkin bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)" title="Thin Man (nuclear bomb)">Thin Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_scientists_and_technicians_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="African-American scientists and technicians on the Manhattan Project">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1946">Atomic Energy Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_phosphate_process" title="Bismuth phosphate process">Bismuth phosphate process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron_Girls" title="Calutron Girls">Calutron Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon_core" title="Demon core">Demon core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Szilard_letter" title="Einstein–Szilard letter">Einstein–Szilard letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Report" title="Franck Report">Franck Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Committee" title="Interim Committee">Interim Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">K-25 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Primer" title="Los Alamos Primer">Los Alamos Primer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_who_worked_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="List of Nobel laureates who worked on the Manhattan Project">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_security_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppenheimer security hearing">Oppenheimer security hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RaLa_Experiment" title="RaLa Experiment">RaLa Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-1_Executive_Committee" title="S-1 Executive Committee">S-1 Executive Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-50_(Manhattan_Project)" title="S-50 (Manhattan Project)">S-50 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyth_Report" title="Smyth Report">Smyth Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-10_Graphite_Reactor" title="X-10 Graphite Reactor">X-10 Graphite Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Y-12 Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Manhattan_Project" title="Category:Manhattan Project">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nuclear_weapons_tests_conducted_by_the_United_States143" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Nuclear weapons tests of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Nuclear weapons tests of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear weapons tests of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuclear_weapons_tests_conducted_by_the_United_States143" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_nuclear_weapons_tests" title="List of United States nuclear weapons tests">Nuclear weapons tests conducted by the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Anvil_(nuclear_test)" title="Operation Anvil (nuclear test)">Anvil</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Aqueduct" title="Operation Aqueduct">Aqueduct</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Arbor" title="Operation Arbor">Arbor</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Argus" title="Operation Argus">Argus</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Bedrock" title="Operation Bedrock">Bedrock</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Bowline" title="Operation Bowline">Bowline</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Buster%E2%80%93Jangle" title="Operation Buster–Jangle">Buster–Jangle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Castle" title="Operation Castle">Castle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Charioteer" title="Operation Charioteer">Charioteer</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Cornerstone" title="Operation Cornerstone">Cornerstone</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Cresset" title="Operation Cresset">Cresset</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Crossroads</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Crosstie" title="Operation Crosstie">Crosstie</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Dominic" title="Operation Dominic">Dominic</a>" <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Starfish_Prime" title="Starfish Prime">Starfish Prime</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Emery" title="Operation Emery">Emery</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Fishbowl" title="Operation Fishbowl">Fishbowl</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Flintlock_(nuclear_test)" title="Operation Flintlock (nuclear test)">Flintlock</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Fulcrum" title="Operation Fulcrum">Fulcrum</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Fusileer" title="Operation Fusileer">Fusileer</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Greenhouse" title="Operation Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Grenadier" title="Operation Grenadier">Grenadier</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Grommet" title="Operation Grommet">Grommet</a>" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannikin" title="Cannikin">Cannikin</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Guardian" title="Operation Guardian">Guardian</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Hardtack_I" title="Operation Hardtack I">Hardtack I</a>" <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Hardtack_Teak" title="Hardtack Teak">Hardtack Teak</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Hardtack_II" title="Operation Hardtack II">Hardtack II</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Ivy" title="Operation Ivy">Ivy</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Julin" title="Operation Julin">Julin</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Latchkey" title="Operation Latchkey">Latchkey</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Little_Feller_(nuclear_tests)" title="Little Feller (nuclear tests)">Little Feller</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Mandrel" title="Operation Mandrel">Mandrel</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Musketeer_(nuclear_test)" title="Operation Musketeer (nuclear test)">Musketeer</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Niblick" title="Operation Niblick">Niblick</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Nougat" title="Operation Nougat">Nougat</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Phalanx" title="Operation Phalanx">Phalanx</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Plumbbob" title="Operation Plumbbob">Plumbbob</a>" <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Plumbbob_Hood" title="Plumbbob Hood">Hood</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Praetorian" title="Operation Praetorian">Praetorian</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_56_(nuclear_test)" title="Project 56 (nuclear test)">Project 56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_57" title="Project 57">Project 57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_58/58A" title="Project 58/58A">Project 58/58A</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Quicksilver_(1978)" title="Operation Quicksilver (1978)">Quicksilver</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Ranger" title="Operation Ranger">Ranger</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Redwing" title="Operation Redwing">Redwing</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Roller_Coaster" title="Operation Roller Coaster">Roller Coaster</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Sandstone" title="Operation Sandstone">Sandstone</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Sculpin" title="Operation Sculpin">Sculpin</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Storax" title="Operation Storax">Storax</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Sunbeam" title="Operation Sunbeam">Sunbeam</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Teapot" title="Operation Teapot">Teapot</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Tinderbox" title="Operation Tinderbox">Tinderbox</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Toggle" title="Operation Toggle">Toggle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Touchstone" title="Operation Touchstone">Touchstone</a>"</li> <li>"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trinity</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Tumbler%E2%80%93Snapper" title="Operation Tumbler–Snapper">Tumbler–Snapper</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Upshot%E2%80%93Knothole" title="Operation Upshot–Knothole">Upshot–Knothole</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Whetstone" title="Operation Whetstone">Whetstone</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Wigwam" title="Operation Wigwam">Wigwam</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Test areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">New Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">Alamogordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gnome_(nuclear_test)" title="Project Gnome (nuclear test)">Carlsbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gasbuggy" title="Project Gasbuggy">Carson National Forest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Nevada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchman_Flat" title="Frenchman Flat">Frenchman Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahute_Mesa" title="Pahute Mesa">Pahute Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainier_Mesa" title="Rainier Mesa">Rainier Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucca_Flat" title="Yucca Flat">Yucca Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crosstie" title="Operation Crosstie">Central Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Shoal" title="Project Shoal">Sand Springs Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range" title="Nevada Test and Training Range">Nevada Test and Training Range</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mississippi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Site" title="Salmon Site">Salmon Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Alaska</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amchitka#Nuclear_testing" title="Amchitka">Amchitka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colorado</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Rulison" title="Project Rulison">Parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Rio_Blanco" title="Project Rio Blanco">Rifle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Proving_Grounds" title="Pacific Proving Grounds">Pacific Proving Grounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Argus" title="Operation Argus">South Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Atomic_Testing_Museum" title="National Atomic Testing Museum">National Atomic Testing Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout:_An_American_Nuclear_Tragedy" title="Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy">Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_C._Graves" title="Alvin C. Graves">Alvin C. Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Hadley" title="Reed Hadley">Reed Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hansen" title="Chuck Hansen">Chuck Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbin_Harney" title="Corbin Harney">Corbin Harney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Rock_exercises" title="Desert Rock exercises">Desert Rock exercises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unethical_human_experimentation_in_the_United_States" title="Unethical human experimentation in the United States">Unethical human experimentation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_against_Nuclear_Tests" title="International Day against Nuclear Tests">International Day against Nuclear Tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Desert_Experience" title="Nevada Desert Experience">Nevada Desert Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">Nuclear weapons testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Plowshare" title="Project Plowshare">Project Plowshare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_Exposure_Compensation_Act" title="Radiation Exposure Compensation Act">Radiation Exposure Compensation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Atomic_Cafe" title="The Atomic Cafe">The Atomic Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Bikini" title="Radio Bikini">Radio Bikini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactor-grade_plutonium_nuclear_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactor-grade plutonium nuclear test">Reactor-grade plutonium nuclear test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_and_Beyond:_The_Atomic_Bomb_Movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie">Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vela_Uniform" title="Vela Uniform">Vela Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Vitale" title="Louis Vitale">Louis Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_testing_at_Bikini_Atoll" title="Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll">Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places516" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Template:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Template talk:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places516" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_architectural_style_categories" title="National Register of Historic Places architectural style categories">Architectural style categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributing_property" title="Contributing property">Contributing property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">Historic district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="History of the National Register of Historic Places">History of the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register" title="Keeper of the Register">Keeper of the Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Property types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._National_Historic_Landmarks_by_state" title="List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state">List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alabama" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alaska" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arizona" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arkansas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_California" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Connecticut" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Delaware" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Georgia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hawaii" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Idaho" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Illinois" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Indiana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iowa" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kansas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kentucky" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Louisiana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maine" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maryland" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Massachusetts" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Michigan" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Minnesota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mississippi" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nebraska" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nevada" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Hampshire" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Jersey" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Mexico" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ohio" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oklahoma" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oregon" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pennsylvania" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rhode_Island" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tennessee" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Texas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Utah" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Vermont" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_state" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington state">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_West_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wisconsin" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wyoming" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_American_Samoa" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Guam" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Minor Outlying Islands">Minor Outlying Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Puerto_Rico" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by associated state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Palau" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington,_D.C." title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Legation,_Tangier" title="American Legation, Tangier">American Legation, Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Preservation_Act" title="National Historic Preservation Act">National Historic Preservation Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Preservation_Fund" title="Historic Preservation Fund">Historic Preservation Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jails_and_prisons_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places">List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_and_college_buildings_listed_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places">University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/32px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" 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data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Category:National Register of Historic Places">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Mexico_during_World_War_II1774" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Aeby" title="Jack Aeby">Jack Aeby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_C._Begay" title="Jerry C. Begay">Jerry C. Begay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Dempsey" title="John J. Dempsey">John J. Dempsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrell_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Farrell (general)">Thomas Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Miles" title="John E. Miles">John E. Miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Nez" title="Chester Nez">Chester Nez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Oliver" title="Lloyd Oliver">Lloyd Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Varnell_Oliver" title="Willard Varnell Oliver">Willard Varnell Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merril_Sandoval" title="Merril Sandoval">Merril Sandoval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_G._Segr%C3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio G. Segrè">Emilio G. Segrè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Tsosie_Thompson" title="Frank Tsosie Thompson">Frank Tsosie Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_-_Explosion_15s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Trinity_-_Explosion_15s.jpg/150px-Trinity_-_Explosion_15s.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Trinity_-_Explosion_15s.jpg/225px-Trinity_-_Explosion_15s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Trinity_-_Explosion_15s.jpg/300px-Trinity_-_Explosion_15s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="635" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military installations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holloman_Air_Force_Base#World_War_II" title="Holloman Air Force Base">Alamogordo Army Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordsburg,_New_Mexico#World_War_II" title="Lordsburg, New Mexico">Camp Lordsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_Air_Force_Base#World_War_II" title="Cannon Air Force Base">Clovis Army Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavern_City_Air_Terminal#History" title="Cavern City Air Terminal">Carlsbad Army Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deming_Municipal_Airport#World_War_II" title="Deming Municipal Airport">Deming Army Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Stanton" title="Fort Stanton">Fort Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumner_Municipal_Airport#History" title="Fort Sumner Municipal Airport">Fort Sumner Army Aifield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbs_Army_Airfield" title="Hobbs Army Airfield">Hobbs Army Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Air_Force_Base#World_War_II" title="Kirtland Air Force Base">Kirtland Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Air_Force_Base#World_War_II" title="Walker Air Force Base">Roswell Army Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">White Sands Proving Ground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/200th_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="200th Coast Artillery (United States)">200th Coast Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">American Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">Arizona during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_bomb" title="Bat bomb">Bat bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_talker" title="Code talker">Code talker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Fort_Stanton" title="Escape from Fort Stanton">Escape from Fort Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordsburg_killings" title="Lordsburg killings">Lordsburg Killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">Military history of the United States during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II" title="Nevada during World War II">Nevada during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_World_War_II_Army_Airfields" title="New Mexico World War II Army Airfields">New Mexico World War II Army Airfields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Fe Riot">Santa Fe Riot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trinity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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